[Federal Register Volume 68, Number 52 (Tuesday, March 18, 2003)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 12982-13141]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 03-5239]
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Part II
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Service
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50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations and
Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 42 Plant Species From the
Island of Molokai, Hawaii; Final Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 68, No. 52 / Tuesday, March 18, 2003 / Rules
and Regulations
[[Page 12982]]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AH08
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations
and Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 42 Plant Species From the
Island of Molokai, HI
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate
critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act), for 41 of 51 listed species known historically from the
Hawaiian island of Molokai. A total of approximately 9,843 hectares
(24,333 acres) of land on Molokai fall within the boundaries of the 88
critical habitat units designated for these 41 species. This critical
habitat designation requires the Service to consult under section 7 of
the Act with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic
and other relevant impacts when specifying any particular area as
critical habitat. This rule also determines that designating critical
habitat would not be prudent for one species, Pritchardia munroi. We
solicited data and comments from the public on all aspects of the
proposed rule, including data on economic and other impacts of the
designation.
DATES: This rule becomes effective on April 17, 2003.
ADDRESSES: Comments and materials received, as well as supporting
documentation, used in the preparation of this final rule will be
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300
Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific
Islands Office at the above address (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile
808/541-3470).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
In the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12),
there are 51 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported
from the island of Molokai (Table 1).
Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 51 Species From Molokai
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Island distribution
Species (common name) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii N.W. Isles, Kahoolawe, Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)... C H C R R C ..............................
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)............. C C C ........... C ........... ..............................
Bidens wiebkei (kookoolau)................ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Bonamia menziesii (No common name)........ C C H C C C ..............................
Brighamia rockii (pua ala)................ ........... ........... C H H ........... ..............................
Canavalia molokaiensis (awikiwiki)........ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)............. C C C C C ........... ..............................
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (oha ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
wai).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)............... H C C C C H ..............................
Cyanea dunbarii (haha).................... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha).. ........... C C C C ........... ..............................
Cyanea mannii (haha)...................... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Cyanea procera (haha)..................... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)............ C C H H ........... ........... Ni (C)
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia). C C C H C C ..............................
Diplazium molokaiense (No common name).... H H H H C ........... ..............................
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi)................ ........... C H ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame).......... C C H ........... C C ..............................
Hedyotis mannii (pilo).................... ........... ........... C C C ........... ..............................
Hesperomannia arborescens (No common name) ........... C C H C ........... ..............................
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
(kokio keokeo).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)..... H C H C C C Ka (R)
Ischaemum byroneHilo ischaemum)........... R ........... C ........... C ........... ..............................
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula). H H H H H C Ni (H)
Labordia triflora (kamakahala)............ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Lysimachia maxima (No common name)........ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Mariscus fauriei (No common name)......... ........... ........... C H ........... C ..............................
Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi)................ ........... C C ........... ........... ........... Ni (H)
Melicope mucronulata (alani).............. ........... ........... C ........... C ........... ..............................
Melicope munroi (alani)................... ........... ........... H C ........... ........... ..............................
Melicope reflexa (alani).................. ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Neraudia sericea (No common name)......... ........... ........... C H C ........... Ka (H)
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)............ C C C ........... C ........... ..............................
Phyllostegia mannii (No common name)...... ........... ........... C ........... H ........... ..............................
Phyllostegia mollis (No common name)...... ........... C H ........... C ........... ..............................
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)....... C C C ........... C H ..............................
Platanthera holochila (No common name).... C H C ........... C ........... ..............................
Pritchardia munroi (loulu)................ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Pteris lidgatei (No common name).......... ........... C H ........... C ........... ..............................
Schiedea lydgatei (No common name)........ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
[[Page 12983]]
Schiedea nuttallii (No common name)....... C C C ........... R ........... ..............................
Schiedea sarmentosa (No common name)...... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Sesbania, tomentosa (ohai)................ C C C H C C Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C)
Silene alexandri (No common name)......... ........... ........... H ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Silene lanceolata (No common name)........ H C C H ........... C ..............................
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai)....... H ........... H ........... H H C
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No common name).. C C C C C C ..............................
Stenogyne bifida (No common name)......... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Tetramolopium rockii (No common name)..... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Vigna o-wahuensis (No common name)........ ........... H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)............... C ........... C H C C ..............................
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KEY: C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)--reported
from undocumented observations.
Sixteen of these species are endemic to the island of Molokai,
while 35 species are reported from Molokai and one or more other
Hawaiian islands. Each of these species is described in more detail
below in the section ``Discussion of Plant Taxa.'' Although we
considered designating critical habitat on Molokai for each of the 51
plant species, for the reasons described below, the final designation
includes critical habitat for 41 of 51 plant species. Species that also
occur on other Hawaiian islands may have critical habitat designated on
those other islands in subsequent rulemakings.
The Island of Molokai
The island of Molokai, the fifth largest in the Hawaiian Islands
chain, is approximately 61 kilometers (km) (38 miles (mi)) long, up to
17 km (10 mi) wide, and encompasses an area of about 688 square (sq) km
(266 sq mi). Three shield volcanoes make up most of the land mass of
Molokai: West Molokai Mountain, East Molokai Mountain, and a volcano
that formed Kalaupapa Peninsula.
The taller and larger East Molokai Mountain rises 1,813 meters (m)
(4,970 feet (ft)) above sea level and comprises roughly 50 percent of
the island's area. Topographically, the windward (north) side of East
Molokai differs from the leeward (south) side. Precipitous cliffs line
the windward coast and deep valleys dissect the coastal area. The
annual rainfall on the windward side is 200 to over 375 centimeters
(cm) (75 to over 150 inches (in)), distributed throughout the year. The
soils are poorly drained and high in organic matter. The gulches and
valleys are usually very steep, but sometimes gently sloping. Much of
the native vegetation on windward East Molokai is intact because of its
relative inaccessibility to humans and animals, although destructive
ungulates have begun to enter the area in recent years.
Discussion of Plant Taxa
Species Endemic to Molokai
Bidens wiebkei (kookoolau)
Bidens wiebkei, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a
short-lived perennial herb, which is somewhat woody at the base and
grows from 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall with opposite, pinnately
compound leaves. This plant is distinguished from other Bidens species
that grow on Molokai by its erect habit and the curved or twisted,
winged achenes (Ganders and Nagata 1999, 57 FR 46325).
This species has been observed in flower during May. Little else is
known about the life history of Bidens wiebkei. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. (Hawaii
Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000, United States Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service) 1996a).
Historically, Bidens wiebkei was known from Pelekunu and the
easternmost section of Molokai at Halawa. It is found currently in
Halawaiki Gulch, Lamaloa Gulch, and below Puu Kolekole on private
lands. There are a total of 5 occurrences containing more than 200
individuals (Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000,
HINHP Database 2000).
The currently known populations of Bidens wiebkei are scattered
along slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) dominated mesic
shrublands or dry or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Leptechophylla
tameiameiae (pukiawe) lowland shrubland between 8 and 1,205 m (26 and
3,952 ft) in elevation. Other associated plant species include
Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Lysimachia sp.
(kolokolo kuahiwi), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), Phyllanthus
distichus (pamakani mahu), Pisonia sp. (papala kepau), Psydrax odorata
(alahee), or Scaevola gaudichaudii (naupaka kuahiwi) (Gagne and Cuddihy
1999, Ganders and Nagata 1999, HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Bidens wiebkei include habitat degradation and
possible predation by axis deer (Axis axis) and feral goats (Capra
hircus); competition with nonnative plants, such as Melinus minutiflora
(molasses grass) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry); fire;
and damage by humans of those plants found along trails (HINHP Database
2000, 57 FR 46325).
Canavalia molokaiensis (awikiwiki)
Canavalia molokaiensis, a member of the legume family (Fabaceae),
is a short-lived perennial climbing herb with twining branches and
leaves made up of three lance-shaped or sometimes oval leaflets. The
only species of this genus found on Molokai, this plant can be
distinguished from others in the genus by its more narrow leaflets and
its larger, rose-purple flowers (Wagner and Herbst 1999, 57 FR 46325).
This species has been observed in flower during May and December.
Fruits and flowers were observed in March. Little else is known about
the life history of Canavalia molokaiensis. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and
[[Page 12984]]
limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Historically, Canavalia molokaiensis was known from East Molokai at
Kalaupapa, Pelekunu, and farther south in Kahuaawi Gulch, and in the
region of Manawai. It now has a more restricted range, from Kalaupapa
to Waialeia, Kaunakakai, Pelekunu, and Kamakou. There are a total of 7
occurrences containing more than 50 plants on State lands, including
lands managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National
Historical Park, and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000).
Canavalia molokaiensis typically grows in exposed sites, both dry
and mesic, on steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa
lowland shrubland and mesic shrublands between 271 and 1,140 m (889 and
3,739 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Artemisia sp.
(hinahina), Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, or Wikstroemia sp. (akia) (HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to this species include habitat degradation by feral
ungulates, such as feral goats and pigs (Sus scrofa), possible
predation by feral goats, and competition with nonnative plants, such
as Melinis minutiflora (Service 1996a).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (oha wai)
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, a member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived perennial shrub or tree that
reaches a height of 2 to 7 m (6.6 to 23 ft). This species is
distinguished from others in the genus by the structure of its calyx
and corolla, as well as by the lengths of the flower, the floral lobes,
and the green hypanthium (base of flower). This subspecies differs from
others of the species by the shape and length of its leaves, leaf
stalks, and flower stalks (Lammers 1988, 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. brevipes. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes is known from five
individuals on the privately owned land of the Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii's (TNCH) Pelekunu Preserve. The historical range of this
subspecies is not known (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; Joel Lau,
HINHP, in litt. 2000).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes occurs in shallow soil on
gulch slopes in the wet Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated forests
between 776 and 1,508 m (2,545 and 4,946 ft) in elevation. Associated
plant species include Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Cheirodendron
trigynum (olapa), Cibotium spp. (hapuu), Hedyotis terminalis (manono),
or Melicope sp. (alani) (HINHP Database 2000; Joel Lau, HINHP, in litt.
2000).
The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation by
feral pigs; possible predation on the fruit or plant parts by rats
(Rattus rattus), as evidence on related species suggests; and random
naturally occurring events that may cause the extinction of the entire
species due to the very small number of individuals (Service 1996a, 57
FR 46325).
Cyanea dunbarii (haha)
Cyanea dunbarii, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is a short-lived perennial, branched shrub 1.5 to 2 m (4.9 to 6.6 ft)
tall with oval to broadly elliptic leaves that have irregularly lobed
or cleft margins. This species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the lack of prickles on the stems and the
irregularly lobed and cleft leaf margins (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea dunbarii has been observed in flower, with immature fruit,
in September. Little is known about the life history of Cyanea
dunbarii. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1998a).
Cyanea dunbarii was collected in 1918 at Waihanau and Waialae
Valleys, and was not observed again until 1992, when Joel Lau of HINHP
found it in Mokomoko Gulch on State-owned land within Molokai Forest
Reserve. Currently it is known from one occurrence of approximately 30
mature plants at an elevation of 671 m (2,200 ft) (GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000; 61 FR 53130; Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical
Garden (NTBG), in litt. 2000).
Cyanea dunbarii occurs on a streambank in a mesic to wet
Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe)-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest
on moderate to steep slopes between 191 and 1,248 m (626 and 4,093 ft)
in elevation. Associated species include Charpentiera obovata (papala),
Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia kakeana (ohawai), Diplazium
sandwichianum (hoio), Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Perrottetia
sandwicensisr (olomea), or Pipturus albidus (mamaki) (HINHP Database
2000, Service 1998a).
The major threats to Cyanea dunbarii on Molokai are competition
with the non-native plants Buddleia asiatica (butterfly bush),
Commelina diffusa (honohono), Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane),
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), or Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry);
catastrophic extinction by naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or flooding; reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of individuals; predation by rats as rats are known to be in the
area and are known to eat stems and fruits of other species of Cyanea;
and habitat degradation and predation by axis deer and pigs (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, Service 1998a).
Cyanea mannii (haha)
Cyanea mannii, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is a branched, short-lived perennial shrub 1.5 to 3 m (5 to 10 ft) tall
with narrowly elliptic or lance-shaped leaves. This species is
distinguished from the seven other species of the genus on Molokai by a
combination of the following characteristics: a branched, woody habit;
leaves with small, hardened, marginal teeth; and a purplish corolla
(Lammers 1999, 57 FR 46325).
Cyanea mannii has been observed in flower during July. Little is
known about the life history of Cyanea mannii. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Historically, Cyanea mannii was known only from Kalae on East
Molokai. In 1984, a single plant was discovered by Joan Aidem on
privately owned land west of Puu Kolekole on East Molokai. Since then,
seven additional occurrences have been discovered in the east and west
forks of Kawela Gulch on privately owned land on East Molokai and
within the State's Molokai Forest Reserve. These 8 occurrences contain
approximately 200 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; Service 1996a; Ken Wood, NTBG,
in litt. 2000).
This species typically grows on the sides of deep gulches in
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane mesic forests between 191 and
1,248 m (626 and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species
include Dicranopteris linearis, Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), or Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2000, Lammers 1999, Service 1996a).
Threats to Cyanea mannii are habitat degradation by feral pigs;
predation by rats, which may feed on the fruit or other parts of the
plant, as suggested by
[[Page 12985]]
evidence from related species; and catastrophic extinction through
naturally occurring events due to this species few occurrences and
small number of individuals (Service 1996a).
Cyanea procera (haha)
Cyanea procera, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is a palm-like, short-lived perennial tree 3 to 9 m (10 to 30 ft) tall.
It has stalkless, lance-shaped leaves 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) long
and 10 to 17 cm (3.9 to 6.7 in) wide with tiny hardened teeth along the
margins. This species can be distinguished from other species of the
genus by its growth habit, its stalkless leaves, and the single-lipped
appearance of the corolla (Lammers 1999, 57 FR 46325).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea procera. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically, Cyanea procera was known only from an unspecified
site in the Kamalo region of East Molokai. Currently, this species is
found on private land and the State's Puu Alii Natural Area Reserve
(NAR) with a total of 5 occurrences containing at least 10 individuals
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
Cyanea procera is found on the walls of steep gulches in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated lowland mixed forests between 277 and
1,248 m (909 and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species
include Asplenium spp. (no common name (NCN)), Brousaissia arguta,
Coprosma ochracea (pilo), Cyanea spp. (haha), Cyrtandra macrocalyx
(haiwale), Dicranopteris linearis, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia spp.,
Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi), or Touchardia latifolia (olona)
(HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Threats to Cyanea procera are predation by rats (as suggested by
evidence on related species) and feral goats, habitat degradation by
feral goats and pigs, habitat destruction through erosion, and
catastrophic extinction from naturally occurring events due to the
vulnerability of a few occurrences with a small number of individuals
(57 FR 46325).
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (kokio keokeo)
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, a member of the hibiscus
family (Malvaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree up to 3 m (10 ft)
tall with alternate, oval, toothed leaves measuring 5 to 7 cm (2 to 2.8
in) long and 4 to 6.5 cm (1.6 to 2.6 in) wide. This subspecies is
distinguished from other native Hawaiian members of the genus by its
white petals and white staminal column (Bates 1999, 57 FR 46325).
This species was observed in flower during July. Little else is
known about the life history of Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus once ranged from Waihanau
Valley east to Papalaua Valley on East Molokai. Currently this species
is found west of Papalaua Valley on privately owned land and in the
State's Olokui NAR above Waiehu. There are a total of 3 occurrences
containing between 20 and 30 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000).
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus individuals are scattered
along steep sea cliffs in mesic forests between 8 and 1,014 m (26 and
3,326 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include
Athyrium spp. (akolea), Cyanea grimesiana (haha), Antidesma
platyphyllum, Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Diospyros sandwicensis
(lama), Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus spp. (mamaki), Psydrax
odorata, or Urera glabra (opuhe) (Bates 1999, HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Hibiscus arnottianus spp. immaculatus are
habitat destruction by feral goats and catastrophic extinction by
naturally occurring events due to the vulnerability of the three
occurrences and few individuals (Service 1996a).
Labordia triflora (kamakahala)
Labordia triflora, a short-lived perennial member of the logan
family (Loganiaceae), is similar to L. tinifolia var. lanaiensis,
except in the following characteristics: The stems of L. triflora are
climbing; the leaf stalks are only 1 to 3 millimeters (mm) (0.04 to 0.1
in) long; inflorescence stalks are 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 in) long; and
each flower stalk is 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to 1 in) long (Motley 1995).
The flowers of this species are functionally unisexual. Little else
is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Motley
1995, HINHP Database 2000).
Until 1990, Labordia triflora was known only from the type
collection at Mapulehu and was believed to be extinct. In 1990, Joel
Lau rediscovered the species in Kua Gulch on Molokai. Currently, only
10 individuals are known from one occurrence on privately owned land
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Motley 1995).
This species occurs on gulch slopes in mixed mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha forest, between 191 and 1,143 m (626 and 3,749 ft) in
elevation. Associated species include Coprosma sp., Myrsine lessertiana
(kolea lau nui), Nephrolepis exaltata (sword fern), Pouteria
sandwicensis (alaa), Sadleria cyatheoides (amau), or Tetraplasandra
hawaiensis (ohe ohe) (Motley 1995; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The threats to Labordia triflora include habitat degradation and
destruction by feral pigs and goats; predation by rats that eat seeds;
competition with the non-native plant species Schinus terebinthifolius;
catastrophic extinction through environmental events; and reduced
reproductive vigor due to the species' few occurrences and small number
of individuals (Motley 1995, 64 FR 48307).
Lysimachia Maxima (NCN)
Lysimachia maxima, a member of the primrose family (Primulaceae),
is a sprawling, short-lived perennial shrub with reddish-brown bark.
This species is differentiated from others in this genus by the leaves
borne in groups of 3, the broadest portion of the leaf located above
the middle, and rusty hairs that disappear with maturity (Wagner et al.
1999).
Flowers, buds, and immature fruit of Lysimachia maxima have been
observed in late May through July. Little is known about the life
history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a, 61 FR 53130).
Lysimachia maxima is only known from one occurrence containing
between 45 and 50 individuals on the rim of Pelekunu Valley near
Ohialele, on the privately owned land of TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve (GDSI
2000, HINHP Database 2000).
This species occurs in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis montane wet forest between 446 and 1,329 m (1,463 and 4,359
ft) in elevation. Associated species include Dubautia sp. (naenae),
Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Ilex anomala (kawau), Psychotria sp. (kopiko), or
Vaccinium sp. (HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Lysimachia maxima are catastrophic extinction
from random environmental events (e.g., landslides); reduced
reproductive vigor
[[Page 12986]]
due to the small number of individuals in the only known occurrence;
and habitat degradation and/or predation by feral pigs and goats that
are known from adjacent areas (Service 1998a).
Melicope reflexa (alani)
Melicope reflexa, a long-lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub 1 to 3 m (3.3 to 10 ft) tall with
short, yellowish-brown, short-lived hairs on new growth. Opposite
leaves with leaf stalks usually over 1 cm (0.4 in) long, larger leaves
and fruit, and partially fused sections of the capsule (fruit) separate
it from other species of the genus (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically, Melicope reflexa occurred from a ridge between
Hanalilolilo and Pepeopae to as far east as Halawa on East Molokai. The
3 remaining occurrences of fewer than a total of 1,000 individuals are
on State and private lands in Honomuni, the Wailau-Mapulehu summit
area, and Kukuinui Ridge in Wailau Valley (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000).
Melicope reflexa typically grows in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated forest with native trees, such as Cheirodendron sp. (olapa),
at elevations between 319 and 1,508 m (1,046 and 4,946 ft). Associated
native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Alyxia oliviformis
(maile), Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium spp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Freycinetia arborea, or Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha) (Stone et al.
1999; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Major threats to Melicope reflexa include habitat degradation and
predation by ungulates (axis deer and feral pigs); competition with the
non-native plant Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse); and catastrophic
extinction from environmental events due to this species' few
occurrences and small number of individuals (Service 1996a, 57 FR
46325).
Pritchardia munroi (loulu)
Pritchardia munroi, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a
long-lived perennial tree about 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) tall. The leaves
are deeply divided into segments with long, drooping tips. This species
is distinguished from others of the genus by its relatively smooth
leaves; the grayish-brown hair on the inflorescence stalks, which are
shorter than the petioles (leaf stalks); and the small size of the
fruits (Read and Hodel 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically and currently, Pritchardia munroi is found in leeward
East Molokai, above Kamalo, near Kapuaokoolau Gulch. The only known
wild individual is found on privately owned land (HINHP Database 2000,
Read and Hodel 1999).
The only known wild individual grows near the base of a small
ravine in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Leptechophylla
tameiameiae shrubland at elevations between 189 and 1,205 m (619 and
3,952 ft). Associated plant species include Bidens menziesii
(kookoolau), Coprosma sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Dubautia linearis
(naenae), Pleomele auwahiensis (hala pepe), Pseudognaphalium
sandwicensium (enaena), Sida fallax (ilima), or Wikstroemia sp. (Read
and Hodel 1999; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Threats to the only known wild individual of Pritchardia munroi
include habitat degradation by ungulates (axis deer, goats, or pigs)
around its fenced exclosure, which prevents the establishment of
seedlings; predation of seeds by rats; and catastrophic extinction by
random environmental events (e.g., fire) due to its extreme rarity
(Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Schiedea lydgatei (NCN)
Schiedea lydgatei, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is a low, hairless short-lived perennial with branched stems 10 to 40
cm (4 to 16 in) long that are woody at the base. The opposite, thin,
three-veined leaves with petioles and the smooth, open flower clusters
with relatively larger, green sepals separate this species from other
members of this endemic Hawaiian genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed with flowers and fruit in June.
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Historically, Schiedea lydgatei was found in Kalae, Poholua,
Makolelau, and Ohia Gulch on East Molokai. This species is now known
from 4 occurrences in a more restricted area in Makakupaia, Kawela, and
Makolelau. The 4 occurrences total more than 1,000 individuals on State
and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
This species is found along ridges in dry to mesic grassland,
shrubland, and forest with scattered native trees. It ranges in
elevation between 458 and 1,047 m (1,502 and 3,434 ft). Associated
plant species include Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Metrosideros polymorpha (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, HINHP Database 2000, Wagner et al. 1999).
The major threats to Schiedea lydgatei are habitat degradation by
feral ungulates; competition with the non-native plant species Melinus
minutiflora; and catastrophic extinction due to random environmental
events, primarily fire, because in this species' dry, windswept habitat
a single fire could potentially destroy a large part of the occurrence
(Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Schiedea sarmentosa (NCN)
Schiedea sarmentosa, a short-lived perennial herb of the pink
family (Caryophyllaceae), is a many-branched shrub. The opposite leaves
are slender, threadlike, and covered with dense, glandular hairs. The
flowers are female on some plants and bisexual on others. This species
differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its densely bushy
habit, leaf width, hairiness, and staminode (false stamen) length
(Wagner et al. 1999).
The population in Makolelau Gulch has a frequency of 31 percent
female plants. Based on analyses of pollen-ovule ratios, pollen size,
inflorescence structure, and comparison to other Schiedea species
tested in a wind tunnel, Schiedea sarmentosa could be wind-pollinated.
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998a).
Schiedea sarmentosa has been found in Kawela Gulch, Makolelau, and
Onini Gulch. Currently, only five occurrences are known to be extant on
private lands. Estimates of the total number of individuals have ranged
to over 1,000. An accurate count is difficult because this species
grows interspersed with Schiedea lydgatei (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000, Service 1998a).
Schiedea sarmentosa is typically found on steep or gentle to
moderate slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry
or mesic shrubland, or dry to mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha and/or Diospyros sandwicensis, at elevations between 316 and
1,072 m (1,036 and 3,516 ft). Associated species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Bidens menziesii, Carex meyenii (NCN),
[[Page 12987]]
Chamaesyce sp., Chenopodium oahuense (aheahea), Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Lipochaeta rockii (nehe), Nestegis sandwicensis,
Nothocestrum latifolium (aiea), Pleomele auwahiensis, Sida fallax, or
Sophora chrysophylla (mamane) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in litt.
2001).
Major threats to Schiedea sarmentosa include habitat degradation by
feral goats and pigs, competition by the non-native plants Melinis
minutiflora and Ricinus communis (castor bean), and fire. The species
is also threatened by a risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events due to the low number of occurrences (Service 1998a, 61 FR
53130).
Silene alexandri (NCN)
Silene alexandri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
an erect, short-lived perennial herb, 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) tall, and
woody at the base. The narrow, elliptic leaves are hairless except for
a fringe along the margins. Flowers are arranged in open clusters on
stalks. The hairless stems, flowering stalks, and sepals and the larger
flowers with white petals separate this species from other members of
the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically, Silene alexandri was known from Makolelau and Kamalo
on East Molokai. Recently, the single known occurrence, comprised of
fewer than 10 individuals, was reported to be extirpated in the wild.
However, individuals remain in cultivation (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; Steve Perlman, NTBG, pers. comm., 2001).
The only known occurrence was found on moderate to steep slopes or
cliffs in dry forest at an elevation between 316 and 1,073 m (1,036 and
3,519 ft). Associated plant species include Bidens menziesii, Carex
wahuensis (NCN), Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Schiedea spp. (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Threats to Silene alexandri include habitat degradation by feral
goats, possible predation by goats and cattle (Bos taurus), and
catastrophic extinction through random environmental events, of which
the most serious is fire (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Stenogyne bifida (NCN)
Stenogyne bifida, a nonaromatic member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a climbing, short-lived perennial herb, with smooth or
slightly hairy, four-angled stems. The long, narrow calyx teeth and the
deep lobe in the upper lip of the yellow corolla separate this species
from others of the genus (Weller and Sakai 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically, Stenogyne bifida was known from scattered occurrences
from Waianui in central Molokai to Pukoo Ridge on East Molokai. This
species is now known from only 5 East Molokai occurrences totaling
fewer than 10 individuals on Manawai-Kahananui Ridge on private lands;
on Kolo Ridge, at Kamoku Flats; and on the east fork of Kawela Gulch on
the privately owned land of TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP
Database 2000).
Stenogyne bifida typically grows on gulch slopes in Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated montane mesic to wet forest with native species
such as Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium sp.,
Cyanea sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis
hillebrandii (manono), Hedyotis sp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae,
Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Vaccinium sp.,
or Wikstroemia sp. at elevations between 336 and 1,300 m (1,102 and
4,264 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The most pervasive threat to this species is habitat degradation by
ungulates (axis deer, goats, and pigs) (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Tetramolopium rockii (NCN)
Tetramolopium rockii, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is
a glandular, hairy, prostrate short-lived perennial shrub that forms
complexly branching mats. The species has been divided into two
varieties in the most recent treatment of this genus in Hawaii. Leaves
of T. rockii var. calcisabulorum have slightly inrolled edges and are
whitish due to the long silky hairs on their surfaces, whereas var.
rockii has smaller, less hairy, flat, yellowish-green leaves. This
species differs from others of the genus by its growth habit, its hairy
and glandular surfaces, its spatulate leaf shape, and its yellow disk
florets (Lowrey 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Of the two recognized varieties of Tetramolopium rockii, var.
rockii was first discovered at Moomomi about 80 years ago and is still
extant in that area. Tetramolopium rockii var. rockii is found in four
areas from Kalawao to Kahinaakalani, Keieho Point to Kapalauoa, and
Moomomi to Kahinaakalani. Tetramolopium rockii var. calcisabulorum is
only reported from Keieho Point to Kapalauoa, intergrading with var.
rockii where their ranges overlap. The total number of individuals of
both varieties in the 4 occurrences is estimated to be 174,000; they
are located on State lands, including land managed by the National Park
Service at Kalaupapa National Historical Park, and privately owned
lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
Tetramolopium rockii is restricted to hardened calcareous sand
dunes or ash-covered basalt in the coastal spray zone or coastal dry
shrubland and grassland between sea level and 199 m (0 and 653 ft) in
elevation. Native plant species associated with this species include
Diospyros sandwicensis, Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu akiaki), Heliotropium
anomalum (hinahina), Melanthera integrifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax
odorata, Scaevola sp. (naupaka), Sida fallax, or Sporobolus virginicus
(akiaki) (HINHP Database 2000, Lowrey 1999, Service 1996a).
The major threats to Tetramolopium rockii are habitat degradation
by ungulate (axis deer and cattle) activity and human recreation,
competition with the non-native plant Prosopis pallida (kiawe), and
catastrophic extinction due to fire (57 FR 46325).
Multi-Island Species
Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)
Adenophorus periens, a short-lived perennial member of the
grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not
rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from other species in
this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (leaflet)
margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the
placement of the sori (a cluster of spore cases) on the pinnae, and the
degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989, Service 1999a).
Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens,
which seems to grow only in dense closed-canopy forest with high
humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very
likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores (minute,
reproductive dispersal unit of ferns) are dispersed by wind, possibly
by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or
[[Page 12988]]
insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat, which may indicate that
their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the
weak differences between seasons, there seems to be no evidence of
seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989, Service 1999a).
Historically, Adenophorus periens was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, East Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, it is known from
several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Molokai, it is
found in a single occurrence containing seven individuals on private
land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Adenophorus periens is an epiphyte usually growing on
Metrosideros polymorpha trunks, and is found in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Myrsine lessertiana forest at elevations between 811 and
1,508 m (2,660 and 4,946 ft). It is found in habitats of well-
developed, closed canopy providing deep shade and high humidity.
Associated native species include Anoectochilus sandvicensis (jewel
orchid), Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium glaucum
(hapuu), Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale),
Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex
anomala, Labordia hirtella (NCN), Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Machaerina
angustifolia (uki), Melicope sp., Psychotria spp., Stenogyne
kamehamehae (NCN), Syzygium sandwicensis, Vaccinium calycinum (ohelo),
or Viola chamissoniana ssp. robusta (pamakani) (HINHP Database 2000,
Linney 1989, Service 1999a).
The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation by
feral pigs and goats, and competition with the non-native plant Psidium
cattleianum (strawberry guava) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59
FR 56333).
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)
Alectryon macrococcus, a long-lived perennial member of the
soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus
and auwahiensis, both of which are trees with reddish-brown branches
and leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped
leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs only when
young in A. macrococcus var. macrococcus and whether young or mature
(persistent) in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis (only found on East
Maui). The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is
distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree
with a hard fruit 2.3 cm (0.9 in) or more in diameter (Wagner et al.
1999).
Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree
that grows in xeric (dry) to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic
drought. Little else is known about the life history of this species.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, and
specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997).
Historically and currently, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Molokai. On Molokai, it is found
on private land, along the Puu Kolekole jeep road, Kaunakakai Gulch,
and Kamiloloa Gulch in a total of six occurrences containing nine
individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP
Database 2000).
On Molokai, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus typically grows
on talus slopes or in gulches within dry or mesic lowland forest
between elevations of 534 and 1,120 m (1,751 and 3,674 ft). Associated
native plants include Dodonaea viscosa, Lipochaeta sp. (nehe), Myrsine
sp. (kolea), Nestegis sandwicensis, Nothocestrum sp. (aiea), Pleomele
sp. (halapepe), Psychotria sp., or Streblus pendulina (aiai) (HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1997, Wagner et al. 1999).
The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Molokai
include habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from
non-native plant species, such as Melinus minutiflora, Pennisetum
clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Psidium cattleianum, or Schinus
terebinthifolius; damage from the black twig borer (Xylosandrus
compactus); seed predation by rats, mice (Mus domesticus), and insects
(probably the endemic microlepidopteran (small caterpillar) Prays cf.
fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; and catastrophic extinction through
a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance (e.g., fire)
due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited
distribution on Molokai (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1997, 57 FR
20772).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Bonamia menziesii, a member of the morning glory family
(Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a vine with twining
branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of
the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from
other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and
petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this
species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. This species
was last collected on Molokai in 1918 from Maunaloa by J. F. Rock
(HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Bonamia menziesii on Molokai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Bonamia menziesii on Molokai.
Brighamia rockii (pua ala)
Brighamia rockii, a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched plant with a succulent stem
that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a
compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This species is a member of a unique
endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on Kauai,
from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer calyx
(sepal) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers 1999).
Observations of Brighamia rockii by Gemmill (1996) have provided
the following information: The reproductive system is protandrous,
meaning male flower parts are produced before female parts, in this
case, separated by several days; only five percent of the flowers
produce pollen; very few fruits are produced per inflorescence; there
are 20 to 60 seeds per capsule; and plants have been known to flower at
nine months of age. This species has been observed in flower during
August. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Historically, Brighamia rockii ranged along the northern coast of
East Molokai from Kalaupapa to Halawa and may possibly have grown on
Lanai and Maui. Currently, it is only extant on Molokai in a total of 5
occurrences with between 121 and 131 individual plants occurring on
State and privately owned lands. It occurs on steep, inaccessible sea
cliffs along East Molokai's northern coastline from Anapuhi Beach to
Wailau Valley on private lands, and on the relatively inaccessible
State-owned sea stack of Huelo, east of Anapuhi Beach (GDSI
[[Page 12989]]
2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
On Molokai, Brighamia rockii is found in rock crevices on steep
basalt sea cliffs, often within the spray zone, in coastal dry or mesic
forest, Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu) mixed coastal cliff communities
or shrubland, or Pritchardia sp. (loulu) coastal mesic forest between
sea level and 671 m (0 and 2,201 ft) in elevation. Associated native
species include Artemisia sp., Bidens sp. (kookoolau), Carex wahuensis
ssp. wahuensis (NCN), Chamaesyce celastroides var. amplectans (akoko),
Cocculus orbiculatus (huehue), Cyperus phleoides ssp. phleoides (NCN),
Cyrtomium falcatum (ahina kuahiwi), Dianella sandwicensis (ukiuki),
Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis littoralis (NCN), Lepidium bidentatum
var. o-waihiense (anaunau), Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Pandanus tectorius (hala), Peucedanum sandwicensis
(makou), Phymatosorus grossus (lauae), Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa),
Pritchardia hillebrandii (loulu), Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia
sandwicensis (ohe), Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai), Schiedea
globosa (NCN), Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), Tetramolopium spp., or
Wikstroemia uva-ursi (akia) (HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; K.
Wood, in litt. 2000).
The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation (and
possibly predation) by axis deer and goats; competition with the non-
native plants Cyperus gracilis (McCoy grass), Digitaria ciliaris
(Henry's crabgrass), Digitaria insularis (sourgrass), Ficus microcarpa
(Chinese banyan), Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara (lantana), Oxalis
corniculata (yellow wood sorrel), Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush),
Portulaca oleracea (pigweed), and Solanum seaforthianum (NCN); seed
predation by rats; and lack of pollinators (HINHP Database 2000,
Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)
Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of the gentian family
(Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless
flowers. This species is distinguished from Centaurium erythraea
(bitter herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and
the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April.
Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Occurrences are found in
dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy
rains. This species appears to be an annual; triggered by declining
photo-period, the plant produces seeds and dies. Medeiros et al. (1999)
noted that in the wild, seedlings first appeared in March and April;
flowers first appeared in April and May; mature capsules were observed
beginning in May and continuing through June; and by the first week of
July, most plants were dead. Little is known about the life history of
this species. Its pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1995a).
Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from
scattered localities on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui.
Currently on Molokai, there are a total of two occurences containing
thousands of individuals, near Mokio Point on privately owned land and
in Kalaupapa National Historical Park on State-owned land managed by
the National Park Service (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et
al. 1999; Chuck Chimera, U.S. Geological Survey, pers. comm., 2000).
On Molokai, Centaurium sebaeoides grows in volcanic or clay soils
or on cliffs in arid coastal areas at elevations between sea level and
409 m (0 and 1,341 ft). Associated species include Artemisia sp.,
Bidens sp., Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Cyperus phleoides (NCN),
Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, Heteropogon contortus (pili
grass), Jacquemontia ovalifolia (pauohiiaka), Lipochaeta heterophylla
(nehe), Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), Lycium sandwicense (ohelo kai),
Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Melanthera integrifolia,
Panicum fauriei (NCN), Panicum torridum (kakonakona), Scaevola sericea,
Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi (Medeiros et al.
1999, Wagner et al. 1999, 56 FR 55770).
The major threats to this species on Molokai are displacement by
non-native, woody species, such as Casuarina equisetifolia (paina),
Casuarina glauca (saltmarsh), Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole),
Prosopis pallida, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini (Java
plum), and Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope); trampling and
habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle; and damage caused by
off-road vehicles (Medeiros et al. 1999).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)
Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm
(0.2 to 0.4 in) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered
with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk.
Ctenitis squamigera can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian
species of Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its
fronds (Degener and Degener 1957, Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of this species.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998b).
Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. It is currently
found on Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. There is currently a single
occurrence with 20 individuals on the island of Molokai in Wawaia Gulch
on privately owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in
litt. 2000).
On Molokai, Ctenitis squamigera is found in mesic forest and gulch
slopes between elevations of 757 and 1,133 m (2,483 and 3,716 ft).
Associated native plant taxa include Carex meyenii, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha,
Nephrolepis exaltata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis,
Pouteria sandwicensis, or Xylosma hawaiiense (maua) (Service 1998b; 59
FR 49025; J. Lau, in litt. 2000).
The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera are habitat degradation
by goats and competition with the non-native plants Melinis minutiflora
and Schinus terebinthifolius (Service 1998b; 59 FR 49025; J. Lau, in
litt. 2000).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a short-lived perennial member
of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub with pinnately
divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the
width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the
other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which
overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. On Molokai,
flowering plants have been observed in July and August. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1999a).
Historically and currently, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is
known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Molokai, it is found in a
total of two occurrences containing seven individuals in Wailau, Puu
Kahea and Olokui NAR on State-owned lands
[[Page 12990]]
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
On Molokai, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is typically found in
mesic forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or M.
polymorpha and Acacia koa (koa), or on cliffs, at elevations between 93
and 1,354 m (305 and 4,441 ft). Associated plants include Antidesma sp.
(hame), Bobea sp. (ahakea), Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Doodia sp. (okupukupu lauii), Freycinetia arborea,
Nephrolepis sp. (kupukupu), Psychotria sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or
Xylosma sp. (maua) (HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation and/
or destruction caused by axis deer, feral goats, and pigs; competition
with various non-native plants, such as Clidemia hirta; catastrophic
extinction by randomly naturally occurring events (e.g., fire,
landslides) due to the small number of existing individuals; trampling
by hikers; seed predation by rats; and predation by various species of
slugs (Milax spp.) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 61 FR 53108).
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)
Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae),
is a short-lived perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome
(underground stem). The culms (aerial stems) are densely tufted,
obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at the
base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the
short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape
of the glumes (floral bracts), and the length of the culms (Koyama
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyperus trachysanthos.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known from Niihau, Kauai,
and scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. This species is
now extant on Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu. This species was last collected
on Molokai in 1912 from Maunaloa by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat or native species
associated with Cyperus trachysanthos on Molokai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Cyperus trachysanthos on
Molokai.
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia)
Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped
fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales.
This species differs from other members of the genus in having larger
brown or dark gray scales, fused or separate sori along both margins of
the pinna, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins
that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950,
Wagner 1952).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1999a).
Historically, Diellia erecta was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, it is known from Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Molokai, it is known from a total
of 4 occurrences containing at least 10 individuals in Halawa Valley,
Kahuaawi Gulch, Makolelau, and Onini Gulch on privately owned lands
(HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999a; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
On Molokai, Diellia erecta is found in mixed mesic forest and mesic
Diospyros sandwicensis forest between elevations of 716 and 1,133 m
(2,348 and 3,716 ft). Associated native plant species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma foliosa (pilo), Dodonaea viscosa,
Dryopteris unidentata, Dubautia linearis ssp. opposita (naenae),
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp.,
Ochrosia compta (holei), Pleomele auwahiensis, Psychotria sp., Sophora
chrysophylla, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
The major threats to Diellia erecta on Molokai are habitat
degradation by pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with the non-
native plant species Blechnum occidentale (NCN), Fraxinus uhdei
(tropical ash), Melinus minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum, and Ricinus
communis; catastrophic extinction due to random naturally occurring
events; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
existing individuals (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999;
Service 1999a; 59 FR 56333).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived fern in the spleenwort family
(Aspleniaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome, and green or straw
colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be
distinguished from other species of Diplazium on the Hawaiian Islands
by a combination of characters, including venation pattern, the length
and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection
of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Diplazium molokaiense.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors for Diplazium
molokaiense are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species is known only from
Maui. This species was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from Kaluaaha
Valley by C. N. Forbes (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Diplazium molokaiense was found on steep, rocky, wooded
gulch walls in wet forests between elevations of 97 and 1,349 m (318
and 4,425 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).
There is no information on threats that may affect Diplazium
molokaiense on Molokai (Service 1998a).
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi)
Eugenia koolauensis, a member of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is
a long-lived perennial tree or shrub between 2 and 7 m (7 and 23 ft)
tall with branch tips covered with dense brown hairs. Eugenia
koolauensis differs from the other species in the genus in having
leaves that are densely hairy on the lower surface and leaf margins
that curve under the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower from February to December
in various years. No other information exists on its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Eugenia koolauensis was known from Maunaloa on
western Molokai and from Oahu. Currently, this species is extant on
Oahu. It was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from the west end of the
island by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Eugenia koolauensis was found in rocky gulches or on
gentle slopes with deep soil between 475 and 992 m (1,558 and 3,254 ft)
in elevation. Associated native plant species include Diospyros
sandwicensis, Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), Nesoluma polynesicum,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia
sandwicensis, or Xylosma hawaiiense (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Information on threats that may affect Eugenia koolauensis on
Molokai is unknown.
[[Page 12991]]
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)
Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae),
is a large tree up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 2 m (7 ft) in diameter
with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This
species is usually dioecious (having separate male and female plants)
and is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii. It can be
distinguished from other Hawaiian species in the family by its hairless
whitish lower leaf surfaces and round fruits (Hayden 1999, Service
1999).
Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female
flowers and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of this
species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Hayden 1999, Service 1999a).
Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from Molokai, Oahu,
Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this species is found on
Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. This species was last collected on
Molokai in 1931 from Waihii by G. W. Russ (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Flueggea neowawraea occurred in gulches in mesic forest
between 450 and 840 m (1,476 and 2,755 ft) in elevation (J. Lau, in
litt. 2001).
Information on threats that may affect Flueggea neowawraea on
Molokai is unknown.
Hedyotis mannii (pilo)
Hedyotis mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a
short-lived perennial with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1
to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or -winged.
This species' growth habit; its quadrangular or winged stems; the
shape, size, and texture of its leaves; and its dry capsule, which
opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner
et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically and currently, Hedyotis mannii is found on Lanai, West
Maui, and Molokai. After an absence of 50 years, this species was
rediscovered on Molokai in 1987 by Steve Perlman on private land in
Kawela Gulch in TNCH's Kamakou Preserve. Only one occurrence of five
plants is known to exist in this area (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Hedyotis mannii grows on dark, narrow, rocky gulch
walls in mesic and perhaps wet forests at 593 to 1,212 m (1,945 to
3,975 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Cibotium sp.,
Cyanea sp., Pipturus sp., Psychotria sp., or Scaevola sp. (HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1996a, Wagner et al. 1999).
The threats to Hedyotis mannii on Molokai are habitat degradation
by feral pigs; competition with the non-native plant Melinis
minutiflora; and catastrophic extinction through random environmental
events to which the limited number of individuals are extremely
vulnerable (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Hesperomannia arborescens, a long-lived perennial member of the
aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands
1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus
differs from other Hesperomannia species in having the following
combination of characters: Erect to ascending flower heads, thick
flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves
(Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower from April through June
and in fruit during March and June. No other information is available
on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998c).
Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai,
and Oahu. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On
Molokai, one occurrence of three individuals is known from private land
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Hesperomannia arborescens is found on slopes or ridges
in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland forest or
mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-M. polymorpha lowland forest transition
zones between 175 and 959 m (574 and 3,146 ft) in elevation. Associated
native species include Antidesma sp., Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia
arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cibotium glaucum, Clermontia pallida (oha
wai), Coprosma sp., Cyrtandra sp., Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau
nui), Elaphoglossum sp. (ekaha), Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis sp.,
Ilex anomala, Myrsine sp., Nephrolepis exaltata, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Pipturus sp., Psychotria mauiensis (kopiko), Smilax melastomifolia (hoi
kuahiwi), Thelypteris sp. (palapalaia), Urera glabra, or Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens on Molokai are
habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and humans; competition with
non-native plants, such as Clidemia hirta, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Rubus
rosifolius; and catastrophic extinction due to random environmental
events or reduced reproductive vigor resulting from this species'
limited numbers (HINHP Database 2000, 59 FR 14482).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)
Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial member of the
mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree.
This species differs from other members of the genus in having the
following combination of characteristics: Yellow petals, a calyx
consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib,
bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules (leaf bracts) that
fall off, leaving an elliptical scar. Three subspecies of Hibiscus
brackenridgei are now recognized: ssp. brackenridgei, molokaiana, and
mokuleianus. Subspecies molokaiana was found on the island of Molokai.
At the time when we listed this species in 1994, only two subspecies,
brackenridgei and mokuleianus, were recognized. Subsequent to the final
rule listing this species in 1994, we became aware of Wilson's (1993)
taxonomic treatment of this group, in which Hibiscus brackenridgei var.
molokaiana was changed to subspecies status and recognized as distinct
from Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei. Wilson's (1993)
treatment is cited in the supplement in the revised edition of the
``Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'' as the basis for
recognizing Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana. We will address
this name change in a future Federal Register document (Bates 1999,
HINHP Database 2000, Wagner et al. 1999, Wilson 1993).
Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year.
Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else
is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was known from
Molokai and is currently found on Oahu. This subspecies was last
collected on Molokai in 1920 from Laau
[[Page 12992]]
Point by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana occurred on
slopes in lowland dry forest and shrubland from 11 to 467 m (36 to
1,531 ft) in elevation (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Information on threats that may affect Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
molokaiana on Molokai is unknown (Service 1999a).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)
Ischaemum byrone, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a
short-lived perennial species with creeping underground and erect
stems. Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished from other Hawaiian
grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower
units, which are awned and two-flowered, and a two-or three-tiered
inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996b).
Ischaemum byrone was historically distributed on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this species is found on
Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. On Molokai, there are a total
of 2 occurrences containing between 100 and 1,000 individuals located
in Wailau Valley and the eastern edge of Kikipua on privately owned
lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, 59 FR 10305).
On Molokai, Ischaemum byrone is found in coastal dry shrubland or
Artemisia sp. cliff communities, near the ocean, among rocks or on
basalt cliffs or talus slopes, at elevations between sea level and 238
m (0 and 781 ft). Associated taxa include Bidens molokaiensis (NCN),
Fimbristylis cymosa, Hedyotis littoralis, Lysimachia mauritiana, or
Pandanus tectorius (hala) (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, HINHP Database 2000,
O'Connor 1999).
The threats to Ischaemum byrone on Molokai are competition by non-
native grasses, particularly Digitaria ciliaris; predation by goats and
axis deer; and elimination and degradation of habitat through fire and
residential development (Service 1996b).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)
Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-lived perennial member of the
violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub. It is
distinguished from other taxa in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow
flowers and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner et al. 1999).
During periods of drought, this species drops all but the newest
leaves. After sufficient rain, the plants produce flowers with seeds
ripening one to two months later. No further information is available
on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service
1996c).
Isodendrion pyrifolium was known historically from Kauai, Oahu,
Maui, Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently, this species is
only extant on the island of Hawaii. It was last collected on Molokai
in the 1800s (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Isodendrion pyrifolium was found in dry shrublands at
low elevations between 69 and 422 m (226 and 1,384 ft). Associated
native plant species included Bidens menziesii, Dodonaea viscosa,
Heteropogon contortus, or Leptecophylla tameiameiae (HINHP Database
2000; Wagner et al. 1999; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Information on threats that may have affected Isodendrion
pyrifolium on Molokai is unknown (Service 1996a).
Mariscus fauriei (NCN)
Mariscus fauriei, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a
short-lived perennial plant with somewhat enlarged underground stems
and three-angled, single or grouped aerial stems 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20
in) tall. This species differs from others in the genus in Hawaii by
its smaller size and its narrower, flattened, and more spreading
spikelets (flower clusters) (Koyama 1999, 59 FR 56333).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996b).
Historically, Mariscus fauriei was found on east Molokai, Lanai,
and Hawaii Island. This species is no longer extant on Lanai. Currently
on Molokai, there is one occurrence with 20 to 30 plants above
Kamiloloa on State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Mariscus fauriei typically grows in Diospyros
sandwicensis-dominated lowland dry forests, often on a lava substrate,
at elevations between 436 and 1,120 m (1,430 and 3,673 ft). Associated
species include Peperomia sp. (ala ala wai nui), Psydrax odorata, or
Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao) (HINHP Database 2000, Koyama 1999).
The threats to Mariscus fauriei on Molokai include predation and
habitat degradation by feral goats and axis deer. Because there is only
one known occurrence on Molokai, the species is also threatened by the
risk of extinction through random environmental events and through
reduced reproductive vigor (Service 1996b, 59 FR 56333).
Marsilea villosa (ihiihi)
Marsilea villosa, a member of the marsilea family (Marsileaceae),
is a short-lived perennial aquatic to semi-aquatic fern, similar in
appearance to a four-leaved clover. The leaves are borne in pairs along
a thin rhizome. A hard sporocarp (hard-walled case containing male and
female spores) is borne at the base of a leaf pair. The plant occurs
either in scattered clumps or as a dense interwoven mat, depending on
the competition with other species for limited habitat resources. The
species is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii and is closely
related to Marsilea vestita (NCN) of the western coast of the United
States (Service 1996c).
Marsilea villosa requires periodic flooding for spore release and
fertilization, then a decrease in water level for the young plants to
establish, and finally dry soil for sporocarps to mature. Shading
reduces the vigor of Marsilea villosa. No other life history
information is known for this species (Service 1996c).
Marsilea villosa was known historically from Oahu, Molokai, and
Niihau. Currently, it is found only on Oahu and Molokai. On Molokai,
there are four occurrences with an unspecified number of individuals
located at Kamaka ipo, Ilio Point, Kaiehu Point, and from Kaeo to Mokio
on State- and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Marsilea villosa typically occurs in shallow
depressions in clay soil or lithified sand dunes overlain with alluvial
clay. All reported populations occur at elevations between 125 and 172
m (410 and 564 ft). While Marsilea villosa can withstand minimal
shading, it appears most vigorous growing in open areas. The associated
native vegetation with Marsilea villosa on Molokai includes Centaurium
sebaeoides, Heteropogon contortus, Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax,
Tetramolopium sylvae (pamakani), or Waltheria indica (uhaloa) (Service
1996c).
The threats to Marsilea villosa on Molokai are the destruction of
natural hydrology; encroachment and competition from naturalized, non-
native plants such as Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), Chamaecrista
nictitans
[[Page 12993]]
(partridge pea), Digitaria insularis, Lantana camara, and Prosopis
pallida; damage by off-road vehicles or by grazing cattle and axis
deer; habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation through
development, fire, and trampling by humans and introduced mammals; and
catastrophic extinction from random environmental events and from
reduced reproductive vigor due to few occurrences and small occurrence
sizes (Service 1996c, 57 FR 27863).
Melicope mucronulata (alani)
Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 13 ft (4 m) tall with oval to
elliptic-oval leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower
cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness
of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997).
First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui, Melicope mucronulata
was not relocated until 1983. On Molokai, two occurrences of three
individuals were found two years later in Kupaia on the privately owned
Kamakou Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Stone et al. 1999).
On Molokai, Melicope mucronulata occurs on steep, west- or north-
facing slopes in mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha
forest, M. polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa shrubland, or M. polymorpha-
Leptechophylla tameiameiae shrubland between elevations of 199 and
1,143 m (653 and 3,749 ft). Associated native species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), Coprosma foliosa, Hedyotis
terminalis, Melicope hawaiensis (alani), Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea),
Nestegis sandwicensis, Ochrosia compta, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Phyllanthus sp. (NCN), Pleomele auwahiensis, Pittosporum sp., or
Psychotria mariniana (kopiko) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in litt.
2001).
On Molokai, the major threat to the continued existence of this
species is catastrophic extinction from random environmental events due
to the few extant occurrences and small number of individuals. Habitat
degradation by goats and pigs, predation by goats, and competition with
non-native plants, particularly Melinis minutiflora, also pose
immediate threats to this species (Service 1997, 57 FR 20772).
Melicope munroi (alani)
Melicope munroi, a long lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. The new growth
of this species has minute hairs. This species differs from other
Hawaiian members of the genus in the shape of the leaf and the length
of the inflorescence (flower cluster) stalk (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope munroi. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 2001).
Historically, this species was known from the Lanaihale summit
ridge of Lanai and above Kamalo on Molokai. Currently, Melicope munroi
is only known from Lanai. This species was last collected on Molokai in
1910 by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plants
associated with Melicope munroi on Molokai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Melicope munroi on Molokai.
Neraudia sericea (NCN)
Neraudia sericea, a short-lived perennial and a member of the
nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with
densely hairy branches. The lower leaf surface is densely covered with
irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. Neraudia
sericea differs from the other four species of this endemic Hawaiian
genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the
lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Neraudia sericea was known historically from Molokai, Lanai, Maui,
and Kahoolawe. Currently, this species is found only on Maui and
Molokai. On Molokai, one occurrence of 50 to 100 individuals is known
from Makolelau on privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000).
On Molokai, Neraudia sericea generally occurs on gulch slopes and
gulch bottoms in lowland dry to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea
viscosa-Leptechophylla tameiameiae shrubland or forest between 691 and
1,043 m (2,266 and 3,421 ft) in elevation. Other associated plant
species include Alyxia oliviformis, Coprosma sp., Hedyotis sp., or
Pleomele auwahiensis (HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999; J. Lau,
in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Neraudia sericea on Molokai are habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the non-native
plant Melinus minutiflora; and catastrophic extinction through random
environmental events due to the vulnerability of a single population
(Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)
Peucedanum sandwicense, a short-lived perennial member of the
parsley family (Apiaceae), is a parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow
stems arise from a short, vertical stem with several fleshy roots. This
species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995b).
Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. In 1990, it was discovered on Oahu. On
Molokai, five occurrences are known from private and State-owned lands
in Pelekunu Valley, on Huelo Islet and Mokapu Islet, and State-owned
lands managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National
Historical Park. The 5 occurrences total approximately 50 individuals
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995b; K. Wood, in litt.
2000).
On Molokai, Peucedanum sandwicense grows in cliff habitats in brown
soil and talus in Chamaesyce celastroides var. amplectans-Chenopodium
oahuense coastal dry shrubland or Diospyros sandwicensis forest from
sea level to above 840 m (0 to 2,755 ft) in elevation. Peucedanum
sandwicense is associated with native species such as Artemisia
australis (ahinahina), Dianella sandwicensis, Eragrostis sp. (kawelu),
Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense, Melathera integrifolia,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Peperomia remyi
(NCN), Pittosporum halophilum, Plectranthus parviflorus (ala ala wai
nui), Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), Portulaca lutea (ihi), Pritchardia
hillebrandii, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Santalum ellipticum
(iliahialoe), Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, Senna gaudichaudii,
or Sida fallax (Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP
[[Page 12994]]
Database 2000; Service 1995b; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Major threats to Peucedanum sandwicense on Molokai are seed
predation by rats and competition with the non-native plant species
Ageratum conyzoides (maile hohono), Coronopus didymus (swinecress),
Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Malvastrum coromandelianum ssp.
coromandelianum (false mallow), Morinda citrifolia (noni), Plantago
lanceolata (English plantain), Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush),
Portulaca oleracea, Pseudoelephantopus spicatus (NCN), Schinus
terebinthifolius, and Sonchus oleraceus (pualele) (Service 1995b; 59 FR
9304; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Phyllostegia mannii (NCN)
Phyllostegia mannii, a short-lived perennial and nonaromatic member
of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with many-branched,
four-sided, hairy stems. This species is distinguished from others in
the genus by its hairiness; its thin, narrow leaves, which are not
pinnately divided; and the usually six flowers per false whorl in a
terminal inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in fruit in July. Little is known
about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1996a).
Historically, Phyllostegia mannii was found from Hanalilolilo to
Ohialele on East Molokai and at Ukulele on East Maui. It has not been
seen on Maui for over 70 years and is apparently extirpated on that
island. On Molokai, this species is now known from only one occurrence
on Puu Alii on privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000,
Service 1996a).
On Molokai, Phyllostegia mannii grows in shaded sites in sometimes
foggy and windswept, wet, open Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated
montane forest with a native shrub and Cibotium sp. understory between
590 and 1,508 m (1,935 and 4,946 ft) in elevation. Associated plant
species include Asplenium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea sp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Hedyotis hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis,
Psychotria sp., Touchardia latifolia, Vaccinium sp., or Wikstroemia sp.
(HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
The only known occurrence of Phyllostegia mannii is threatened by
habitat destruction and degradation by feral pigs. A single natural or
human-caused environmental event could extirpate the species (Service
1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)
Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, non-aromatic,
perennial herb. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the
kind and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and
details of the various plant parts separate this species from other
members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately five
years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Little
is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998b).
Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from Oahu, Molokai, and
East Maui. Currently, this species is found only on Oahu and Maui. It
was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from Kamakou Preserve by J. F.
Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Phyllostegia mollis typically grew in mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha forests between 551 and 1,216 m (1,807 and
3,988 ft) in elevation (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats that may have affected Phyllostegia
mollis on Molokai.
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)
Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This
species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its
large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the
flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from
the base. The four varieties, vars. anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata,
and princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the
stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of
the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. However,
individuals have been observed in fruit from April through September
(Service 1999a).
Plantago princeps was historically known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Maui, and Hawaii Island. It no longer occurs on Hawaii Island. Plantago
princeps var. anomala is currently known from Kauai and Oahu; var.
longibracteata is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. princeps is known
from Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Molokai and Maui. On
Molokai, there is currently one remaining occurrence of Plantago
princeps var. laxiflora with five individuals in Kawela Gulch on
privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
On Molokai, Plantago princeps var. laxiflora is typically found on
streambanks in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest between 592
and 1,213 m (1,942 and 3,979 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species
include Coprosma sp., Cyanea sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris
unidentata, Pipturus albidus, or Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), (Wagner
et al. 1999; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. laxiflora on Molokai
are predation and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and
competition with various non-native plant species (Service 1999a, 59 FR
56333).
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Platanthera holochila, a short-lived perennial member of the orchid
family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from
underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance-to egg-shaped, and
the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. It is distinguished
by other Hawaiian orchids by its underground tubers that lack roots at
the nodes or pseudobulbs, and the shape and length of its dorsal sepal.
This is the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian
Islands (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1999a).
Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu,
Molokai, and Kauai. Currently, P. holochila is extant on Kauai,
Molokai, and Maui. On Molokai, one occurrence with less than 10
individuals is reported from Hanalilolilo on the privately owned land
of Kamakou Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Platanthera holochila is found on slightly sloping
ridgetops in Metrosideros polymorpha-
[[Page 12995]]
Cheirodendron trigynum wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed montane bog
between 551 and 1,382 m (1,807 and 4,532 ft) in elevation. Associated
native plants include Cibotium sp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or
Oreobolus furcatus (NCN) (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Platanthera holochila on Molokai are habitat
degradation and destruction by feral pigs, competition with non-native
plants, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or
reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining
occurrences and individuals. Predation by non-native slugs may also be
a potential threat to this species (Service 1999a, 61 FR 53108).
Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family
(Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft)
tall. Pteris lidgatei can be distinguished from other species of Pteris
in the Hawaiian Islands by the texture of its fronds and the tendency
of the sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short segments
instead of being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner
1992).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and West
Maui. Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. It was last
collected on Molokai in 1912 from the slopes of Olokui by C. N. Forbes
(HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Pteris lidgatei grew on steep streambanks between 78
and 1,266 m (256 and 4,152 ft) in elevation in wet forest (HINHP
Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the threats that may have affected Pteris
lidgatei on Molokai (Service 1998a).
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Schiedea nuttallii, a long-lived perennial member of the pink
family (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This
species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by
its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence,
number of flowers per inflorescence, and smaller leaves, flowers, and
seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).
Based on field and greenhouse observations, Schiedea nuttallii is
hermaphroditic (flowers contain both male and female parts). Plants on
Oahu have been under observation for 10 years, and they appear to be
long-lived. Schiedea nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing (requires
cross-pollination) species. Under greenhouse conditions, plants fail to
set seed unless hand-pollinated, suggesting that this species requires
insects for pollination. Fruits and flowers are abundant in the wet
season but can be found throughout the year. Little else is known about
the life history of this plant. Its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dipersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a; Weller
et al. 1990; Kapua Kawelo, U.S. Deptartment of Defense, Army
Environmental, in litt. 1999).
Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was known from scattered locations
on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. Currently, populations occur on
Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On Molokai, one occurrence with 22
individuals of Schiedea nuttallii is reported on private lands (GDSI
2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
On Molokai, Schiedea nuttallii typically grows in streamside
grottos in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest at
elevations between 677 and 1,423 m (2,220 and 4,667 ft). Associated
plants include Asplenium lobulatum (piipii lau manamana), Asplenium
macraei (iwaiwa lau lii), Asplenium unilaterale (pamoho) Cyrtandra
hawaiiensis (haiwale), Thelypteris sandwicensis (NCN), or Vandenboschia
davallioides (palai hihi) (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Schiedea nuttallii on Molokai is seriously threatened by
competition with several non-native plants; predation by the black twig
borer, slugs, and snails; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events (e.g., landslides) and/or from reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of individuals (Service 1999a, 61 FR
53108).
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)
Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived perennial member of the pea
family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub but may also be a
small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic
leaflets, which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky
hairs. The flowers are salmon colored tinged with yellow, orange-red,
scarlet or, rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic
Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized S. sesban
(Egyptian rattlepod) by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and
calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa has been studied by
David Hopper, University of Hawaii. His findings suggest that, although
many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of successful
pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus Hylaeus and
that occurrences at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator-
limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring
rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other
aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999a).
Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on six of the eight main
Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii
Island) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker
islands). It is no longer found on Niihau and Lanai. On Molokai,
Sesbania tomentosa is known from 9 occurrences with over 2,000
individuals, occurring from Moomomi to Nenehanaupo and from Kamiloloa
to Makolekau on State- and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).
On Molokai, Sesbania tomentosa is found in Scaevola sericea coastal
dry shrubland on windswept slopes, sea cliffs and weathered basaltic
slopes between sea level and 516 m (0 and 1,692 ft) in elevation.
Associated plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Jacquemontia
ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis, Melanthera integrifolia, or Sida fallax
(HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Molokai are
competition with various non-native plant species, such as Lantana
camara and grass species; habitat degradation by feral cattle; lack of
adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice, and potentially
non-native insects; and destruction by random environmental events
(e.g., fire) and human activities (e.g., off-road vehicles) (Service
1999a, 59 FR 56333).
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Silene lanceolata, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to
20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The flowers are white with
deeply-lobed, clawed petals. This species is distinguished from S.
alexandri, the only other member of the genus found on Molokai, by its
smaller flowers and capsules and its stamens, which are
[[Page 12996]]
shorter than the sepals (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
The historical range of Silene lanceolata includes five Hawaiian
Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. Silene lanceolata is
presently found on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. On
Molokai, one occurrence of approximately 100 individuals was found in
1987 on private land near Puu Kolekole (GDSI 2000; Service 1996a; K.
Wood, in litt. 1999).
On Molokai, Silene lanceolata grows on gulch slopes, ridge tops,
and cliffs in dry to mesic shrubland between 581 and 1,043 m (1,906 and
3,421 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include Bidens
menziesii, Carex wahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Dubautia linearis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha,
or Schiedea spp. (NCN) (Service 1996a; J. Lau, in litt. 2001; K. Wood,
in litt. 1999).
Habitat destruction by feral ungulates (goats and pigs), wildfires,
and competition by invading non-native plants are immediate threats to
Silene lanceolata on Molokai (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai)
Solanum incompletum, a short-lived perennial member of the
nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower
leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes
with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces.
This species differs from other native members of the genus by being
generally prickly and having loosely clustered white flowers, curved
anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8
in) in diameter (Symon 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Solanum incompletum. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (59 FR 56333).
Historically, Solanum incompletum was known from Lanai, Maui, and
the island of Hawaii. According to David Symon (1999), the known
distribution of Solanum incompletum also extended to the islands of
Kauai and Molokai. Currently, the species is only known from the island
of Hawaii. It is unclear when the last individual was collected on
Molokai (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Solanum incompletum on the island of Molokai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Solanum incompletum on Molokai.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves are dissected
into narrow, lance-shaped divisions. Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the
only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from
other native members of the family by being a non-succulent annual with
an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is found on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Molokai, there is
one known occurrence with approximately 600 individuals on privately
owned land in Kamalo (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59
FR 56333).
On Molokai, Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from ridge crests and
gulch slopes in dry to mesic shrublands at elevations between 432 and
972 m (1,416 and 3,188 ft). Associated plant species include Dodonaea
viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Metrosideros polymorpha (J. Lau,
in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Molokai are
habitat degradation by feral goats; competition with various non-native
plants, such as Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, and grasses; and
habitat destruction and extinction due to natural environmental events,
such as erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering
(Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a
slender twining short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf
is made up of three leaflets, which vary in shape from round to linear.
This species differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish
petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods, which may or may not be
slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
it is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and
the island of Hawaii. On Molokai, 2 occurrences with approximately 16
individuals occur on privately owned lands at Onini Gulch and Makolelau
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
On Molokai, Vigna o-wahuensis occurs in dry to mesic grassland and
shrubland between 516 and 1,041 m (1,692 and 3,414 ft) in elevation.
Associated plant species include Chenopodium oahuense, Cyperus
laevigatus (makaloa), Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis,
Heteropogon contortus, Ipomoea sp. (morning glory), Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, or Vitex rotundifolia
(pohinahina) (Geesink et al. 1999, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
The primary threats to Vigna o-wahuensis on Molokai are competition
with various non-native plant species and a risk of extinction due to
random environmental events (primarily fire) and/or reduced
reproductive vigor because of the small number of existing occurrences
and individuals (Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived perennial in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a medium-sized tree with pale to dark gray bark and
lemon-scented leaves. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian members
of the genus by several characteristics: three leaflets all of similar
size, one joint on the lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with
a rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996b).
Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from the islands of
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island
of Hawaii. On Molokai, the four occurrences with a
[[Page 12997]]
total of five individuals are located at Makolelau and Puu Hoi Ridge on
private lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is found on gulch slopes in
mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis forest between
754 and 1,084 m (2,473 and 3,555 ft) in elevation. Associated species
include Alyxia oliviformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Pleomele auwahiensis, or Psychotria spp. (HINHP
Database 2000; Stone et al. 1999; 59 FR 10305; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Molokai include browsing,
grazing, and trampling by feral goats; competition with non-native
plant species; habitat degradation and destruction by humans; and
extinction from naturally occurring events (primarily fire) and/or from
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and
occurrences (Service 1996b, 59 FR 10305).
A summary of occurrences and landownership for the 51 plant species
reported from the island of Molokai is given in Table 2.
Table 2.--Summary of Existing Occurrences on Molokai and of Landownership for 51 Species Reported From Molokai
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Landownership
Species current -----------------------------------------
occurrences Federal State Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens...................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Alectryon macrococcus.................................... 6 ............ X X
Bidens wiebkei........................................... 5 ............ ............ X
Bonamia menzeisii........................................ 0 ............ ............ ............
Brighamia rockii......................................... 5 ............ X X
Canavalia molokaiensis................................... 7 ............ X* X
Centaurium sebaeoides.................................... 2 ............ X* X
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes.................... 5 ............ ............ X
Ctenitis squamigera...................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Cyanea dunbarii.......................................... 1 ............ X ............
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana........................ 2 ............ X ............
Cyanea mannii............................................ 8 ............ X X
Cyanea procera........................................... 5 ............ X X
Cyperus trachysanthos.................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Diellia erecta........................................... 4 ............ ............ X
Diplazium molokaiense.................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Eugenia koolauensis...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Flueggea neowawraea...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Hedyotis mannii.......................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Hesperomannia arborescens................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus.................... 3 ............ X X
Hibiscus brackenridgei................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Ischaemum byrone......................................... 2 ............ ............ X
Isodendrion pyrifolium................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Labordia triflora........................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Lysimachia maxima........................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Mariscus fauriei......................................... 1 ............ X ............
Marsilea villosa......................................... 4 ............ X X
Melicope mucronulata..................................... 2 ............ ............ X
Melicope munroi.......................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Melicope reflexa......................................... 3 ............ X X
Neraudia sericea......................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Peucedanum sandwicense................................... 5 ............ X* X
Phyllostegia mannii...................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Phyllostegia mollis...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Plantago princeps........................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Platanthera holochila.................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Pritchardia munroi....................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Pteris lidgatei.......................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Schiedea lydgatei........................................ 4 ............ X X
Schiedea nuttallii....................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Schiedea sarmentosa...................................... 5 ............ ............ X
Sesbania tomentosa....................................... 9 ............ X X
Silene alexandri......................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Silene lanceolata........................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Solanum incompletum...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.................................. 1 ............ ............ X
Stenogyne bifida......................................... 5 ............ ............ X
Tetramolopium rockii..................................... 4 ............ X* X
Vigna o-wahuensis........................................ 2 ............ ............ X
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense................................... 2 ............ ............ X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Some occurrences are on State land that is managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National
Historical Park and/or the U.S. Coast Guard Reservation at Kalaupapa.
[[Page 12998]]
Previous Federal Action
Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that
document, Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as A. macrococcum
var. macrococcum and A. mahoe), Bidens wiebkei, Bonamia menziesii,
Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Flueggea neowawraea (as
Drypetes phyllanthoides), Hedyotis mannii (as H. thyrsoidea var.
thyrsoidea), Hesperomannia arborescens (as H. arborescens var. bushiana
and var. swezeyi), Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (as H.
immaculatus), Hibiscus brackenridgei (as H. brackenridgei var.
brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. ``from Hawaii''), Ischaemum
byrone, Marsilea villosa, Melicope reflexa (as P. reflexa), Neraudia
sericea (as N. kahoolawensis), Peucedanum sandwicense (as P.
kauaiense), Plantago princeps (as P. princeps var. elata, var.
laxifolia, var. princeps), Sesbania tomentosa (as S. hobdyi and S.
tomentosa var. tomentosa), Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum (as S. haleakalense and S. incompletum var. glabratum, var.
incompletum, and var. mauiensis), Vigna o-wahuensis (as V. sandwicensis
var. heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(as Z. hawaiiense var. citiodora) were considered endangered; Diellia
erecta and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Z. hawaiiense var. hawaiiense and
var. velutinosum) were considered threatened; and Ctenitis squamigera,
Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia triflora,
Melicope mucronulata (as Pelea mucronulata), Melicope munroi (as Pelea
munroi), Plantago princeps (as P. princeps var. acaulis, var.
denticulata, and var. queleniana), and Tetramolopium rockii were
considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published a notice in the
Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Smithsonian
report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section
4(b)(3)) of the Act, and we gave notice of our intention to review the
status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on
June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41
FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the
Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the
above taxa except Labordia triflora and Melicope munroi. The list of
1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data
received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to
House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register
publication (40 FR 27823).
General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal were
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over
2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals
already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice
in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the
June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four
other proposals that had expired. We published updated Notices of
Review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27,
1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993
(58 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). We listed the 51
species as endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1999. A summary of
the listing actions can be found in Tables 3(a) and 3(b).
Table 3(a).--Summary of Listing Actions for 51 Plant Species From Molokai
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed listing rule Final listing rule
Species Federal -------------------------------------------------------------------
Status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens........... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Alectryon macrococcus......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Bidens wiebkei................ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Bonamia menzeisii............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Brighamia rockii.............. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Canavalia molokaiensis........ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Centaurium sebaeoides......... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
brevipes.
Ctenitis squamigera........... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Cyanea dunbarii............... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51436 10/10/96 61 FR 53130
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
grimesiana.
Cyanea mannii................. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Cyanea procera................ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Cyperus trachysanthos......... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Diellia erecta................ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Diplazium molokaiense......... E 12/14/92 57 FR 39066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932
Eugenia koolauensis........... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089
Flueggea neowawraea........... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Hedyotis mannii............... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Hesperomannia arborescens..... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
immaculatus.
Hibiscus brackenridgei........ E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Isodendrion pyrifolium........ T 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Ischaemum byrone.............. E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Labordia triflora............. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Lysmachia maxima.............. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51436 10/10/96 61 FR 53130
Mariscus fauriei.............. E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Marsilea villosa.............. E 02/15/91 56 FR 6349 06/22/92 57 FR 27863
[[Page 12999]]
Melicope mucronulata.......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Melicope munroi............... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Melicope reflexa.............. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Neraudia sericea.............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Peucedanum sandwicense........ T 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 9304
Phyllostegia mannii........... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Phyllostegia mollis........... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089
Plantago princeps............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Platanthera holochila......... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Pritchardia munroi............ E 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 09/20/91 56 FR 47718
Pteris lidgatei............... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089
Schiedea lydgatei............. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Schiedea nuttallii............ E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Schiedea sarmentosa........... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51436 10/10/96 61 FR 53130
Sesbania tomentosa............ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Silene alexandri.............. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Silene lanceolata............. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Solanum incompletum........... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Spermolepis hawaiiensis....... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Stenogyne bifida.............. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Tetramolopium rockii.......... T 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Vigna o--wahuensis............ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense........ E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key: E=Endangered T=Threatened.
Table 3(b).--Summary of Listing Actions (Proposed and Final Critical Habitat Determinations) for 51 Plant Species From Molokai
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed designation or nondesignation of critical habitat Designation or nondesignation of critical habitat
Species -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date(s) Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens............. 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Alectryon macrococcus........... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, ........................ ...............................
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Bidens wiebkei.................. 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Bonamia menzeisii............... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Brighamia rockii................ 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Canavalia molokaiensis.......... 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Centaurium sebaeoides........... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, ........................ ...............................
[[Page 13000]]
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
brevipes.
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Ctenitis squamigera............. 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Cyanea dunbarii................. 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
grimesiana.
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, ........................ ...............................
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Cyanea mannii................... 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Cyanea procera.................. 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Cyperus trachysanthos........... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Diellia erecta.................. 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Diplazium molokaiense........... 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Eugenia koolauensis............. 04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, NA NA
05/28/2002, 67 FR 37108, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Flueggea neowawraea............. 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Hedyotis mannii................. 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003 68 FR 1220
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, ........................ ...............................
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Hesperomannia arborescens....... 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003 68 FR 1220
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
[[Page 13001]]
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
immaculatus.
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Hibiscus brackenridgei.......... 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Isodendrion pyrifolium.......... 01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, 01/09/2003 68 FR 1220
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Ischaemum byrone................ 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968 ........................ ...............................
Labordia triflora............... 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Lysmachia maxima................ 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Mariscus fauriei................ 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Marsilea villosa................ 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Melicope mucronulata............ 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, NA NA
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Melicope munroi................. 12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 01/09/2003 68 FR 1220
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Melicope reflexa................ 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Neraudia sericea................ 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003 68 FR 1220
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Peucedanum sandwicense.......... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, ........................ ...............................
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Phyllostegia mannii............. 04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Phyllostegia mollis............. 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, NA NA
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Plantago princeps............... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, ........................ ...............................
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Platanthera holochila........... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, ........................ ...............................
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
[[Page 13002]]
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Pritchardia munroi.............. NA NA NA NA
Pteris lidgatei................. 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, NA NA
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Schiedea lydgatei............... 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Schiedea nuttallii.............. 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Schiedea sarmentosa............. 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Sesbania tomentosa.............. 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/14/2002, 67 FR 34522 ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Silene alexandri................ 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Silene lanceolata............... 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Solanum incompletum............. 01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, 01/09/2003 68 FR 1220
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis......... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, ........................ ...............................
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Stenogyne bifida................ 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Tetramolopium rockii............ 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, NA NA
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492 ........................ ...............................
Vigna o-wahuensis............... 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 01/09/2003, 68 FR 1220,
12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
03/04/2002, 67 FR 9806, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002, 67 FR 36968, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 ........................ ...............................
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.......... 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 02/27/2003 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, ........................ ...............................
12/29/2000, 65 FR 83158, ........................ ...............................
01/28/2002, 67 FR 3940, ........................ ...............................
04/03/2002, 67 FR 15856, ........................ ...............................
04/05/2002, 67 FR 16492, ........................ ...............................
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968 ........................ ...............................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 13003]]
At the time each plant was listed, we found that designation of
critical habitat was prudent for two of these plants (Labordia triflora
and Melicope munroi) and not prudent for the other 49 plants because it
would not benefit the plant or would increase the degree of threat to
the species. The not prudent findings for these species, along with
others, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt,
2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the United States
District Court for the District of Hawaii directed us to review the
prudency findings for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii, including 49
of the 51 species reported from Molokai. Among other things, the court
held that in most cases we did not sufficiently demonstrate that the
species are threatened by human activity or that such threats would
increase with the designation of critical habitat. The court also held
that we failed to balance any risks of designating critical habitat
against any benefits (id. at 1283-85).
On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed
critical habitat designations or nondesignations for at least 100
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or
nondesignations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002
(Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 24 F. Supp. 2d 1074 (D.
Haw. 1998)).
At the time we listed Labordia triflora and Melicope munroi (64 FR
48307), we found that designation of critical habitat was prudent and
stated that we would develop critical habitat designations for these
two taxa, along with eight others, by the time we completed
designations for the other 245 Hawaiian plant species. This timetable
was challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, Civ. No.
99-00283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000).
The court agreed that it was reasonable for us to integrate these 10
Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa into the
schedule established for designating critical habitat for the other 245
Hawaiian plants, but the court ordered us to publish proposed critical
habitat designations for the 10 Maui Nui species with the first 100
plants from the group of 245 by November 30, 2000, and to publish final
critical habitat designations by November 30, 2001.
On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation
of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63
FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened
from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received more
than 100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the
State Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), county governments,
and Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense--Army, Navy, Air
Force). Only a few responses offered information on the status of
individual plant species or on current management actions for one or
more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. While some of the respondents
expressed support for the designation of critical habitat for 245
Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent opposed the designation of
critical habitat for these plants. In general, these respondents
opposed designation because they believed it would cause economic
hardship, discourage cooperative projects, polarize relationships with
hunters, or potentially increase trespass or vandalism on private
lands. In addition, commenters also cited a lack of information on the
biological and ecological needs of these plants, which, they suggested,
may lead to designation based on guesswork. The respondents who
supported the designation of critical habitat cited that designation
would provide a uniform protection plan for the Hawaiian Islands;
promote funding for management of these plants, educate the public and
State government, and protect partnerships with landowners and build
trust.
On February 18, 1999, we contacted landowners on the island of
Molokai, notifying them of our requirement to designate critical
habitat for 51 plant species. We included a copy of the November 30,
1998, Federal Register notice, a map showing the general locations of
the species that may be on his/her property, and a handout containing
general information on critical habitat. We held an open house on the
island of Molokai, at the Mitchell Pauole Community Center, on March
15, 2000, to meet one-on-one with local landowners and other interested
members of the public. In addition, we met with Maui County DOFAW staff
and discussed their management activities on Molokai.
On December 29, 2000, we published the fourth of the court-ordered
proposed critical habitat designations or nondesignations for 32
Molokai plants (65 FR 83158). The prudency findings and proposed
critical habitat designations for Kauai and Niihau plants were
published on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), for Maui and Kahoolawe
plants on December 18, 2000 (65 FR 79192), and for Lanai plants on
December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086). All of these proposed rules had been
sent to the Federal Register by or on November 30, 2000, as required by
the court orders.
In those rules, we proposed that critical habitat was prudent for
47 species (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei,
Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea
procera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Flueggea neowawraea,
Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Labordia
triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Marsilea villosa,
Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago
princeps, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii,
Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene
lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium
rockii, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) that are
reported from Molokai as well as on Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, and
Lanai. We proposed that critical habitat was not prudent for one
species, Pritchardia munroi, because it would increase the threat of
vandalism or collection of this species on Molokai. Critical habitat
was not proposed in that rule for two species, Lysimachia maxima and
Phyllostegia mannii, because they are currently found only in areas on
Molokai that do not require special management consideration or
protection because they are already protected and managed to the
benefit of these species.
On December 29, 2000, we proposed designation of critical habitat
on approximately 6,163 hectares (ha) (15,228 acres (ac)) of land on the
island of Molokai. The publication of the proposed rule opened a 60-day
public comment period, which closed on February 27, 2001. On February
22, 2001, we published a notice (66 FR 11132) announcing the reopening
of the comment period until April 2, 2001, on the proposal to designate
critical habitat for plants from Molokai and a notice of a public
hearing. On March 21, 2001, we held a public hearing at the Mitchell
Pauole Center Hall, Molokai.
On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation to the U.S.
District Court with Earthjustice (representing the plaintiffs in Hawaii
Conservation Council v. Babbitt) requesting extension of the court
order for the final rules to designate critical habitat for plants from
[[Page 13004]]
Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002),
Lanai (September 16, 2002), and Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing the
need to revise the proposals to incorporate or address new information
and comments received during the comment periods. The joint stipulation
was approved and ordered by the court on October 5, 2001.
On April 5, 2002, we published a revised proposed rule for 51 plant
species from Molokai (67 FR 16492). Critical habitat for 46
(Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia
rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera,
Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus
fauriei, Marsilea villosa, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa,
Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris
lidgatei, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa,
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o-wahuensis,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) of the 51 plant species from Molokai was
proposed on approximately 17,614 ha (43,532 ac) of land (67 FR 16492).
We proposed that critical habitat was prudent for one species (Eugenia
koolauensis) for which a prudency finding had not been made previously.
Critical habitat was not proposed for Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Melicope munroi, and Solanum incompletum on the island
of Molokai because these plants no longer occur on Molokai, and we are
unable to identify habitat that is essential to their conservation on
this island.
The publication of the revised proposed rule opened a 60-day public
comment period, which closed on June 4, 2002. On July 11, 2002, we
submitted joint stipulations to the U.S. District Court with
Earthjustice requesting extension of the court orders for the final
rules to designate critical habitat for plants from Lanai (December 30,
2002), Kauai and Niihau (January 31, 2003), Molokai (February 28,
2003), Maui and Kahoolawe (April 18, 2003), Oahu (April 30, 2003), the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (April 30, 2003), and the island of
Hawaii (May 30, 2003), citing the need to conduct additional review of
the proposals, address comments received during the public comment
periods, and to conduct a series of public workshops on the proposals.
The joint stipulations were approved and ordered by the court on July
12, 2002. On August 12, 2002, we published a notice announcing the
availability of the draft economic analysis on the proposed critical
habitat (67 FR 52419). On August 23, 2002, we published a notice
announcing a public hearing (67 FR 54607). On August 26, 2002, we held
a public information meeting at the Mitchell Pauole Center Hall,
Kaunakakai, Molokai. On August 26, 2002, we published a notice
reopening the public comment period until September 30, 2002 (67 FR
54766). On September 9, 2002, we held a public hearing at the Mitchell
Pauole Center Hall, Kaunakakai, Molokai.
Summary of Comments and Recommendations
We received a total of two oral and 702 written comments during the
three comment periods on the revised proposal and draft economic
analysis, including the public hearing held on September 9, 2002. These
included responses from three State agencies, two county agencies, and
19 private organizations or individuals, including four designated peer
reviewers. Approximately 680 of these were identical letters submitted
as part of a mailing campaign, in support of the proposed critical
habitat designations. Of the 24 parties who did not respond as part of
the mailing campaign, eight supported the proposed designations, 13
were opposed, and three provided information or declined to oppose or
support the proposed designations.
We reviewed all comments received for substantive issues and new
information regarding critical habitat for Adenophorus periens,
Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium
molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Marsilea
villosa, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis,
Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea
nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri,
Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida,
Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
Similar comments were grouped into general issues and are addressed in
the summary below.
Peer Review
In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34270), we solicited independent opinions from 15 knowledgeable
individuals with expertise in one or several fields, including
familiarity with the species, familiarity with the geographic region
that the species occurs in, and familiarity with the principles of
conservation biology. We received comments from four. All four
generally supported our methodology and conclusion, but none supported
or opposed the proposed critical habitat designations. Comments
received from the peer reviewers are summarized in the following
section and were considered in developing the final rule.
Issue 1: Biological Justification and Methodology
(1) Comment: One peer reviewer wrote that the amount and location
of lands in the proposed rule appears to be adequate for the long-term
conservation of these species if lands, that were not included in the
proposal because they were not in need of special management or
protection are managed properly. Further, the peer reviewer stated that
deletion of significant portions of any of the proposed critical
habitat units is likely to prevent the recovery of, or lead to the
extinction of, listed species. Another peer reviewer commented that the
proposed rule identifies enough land to provide for the long-term
conservation of multiple populations. Another commenter wrote in
support of tripling the acreage of critical habitat on Molokai in order
to help ensure the survival of plant species. Conversely, other
commenters felt that the proposed critical habitat units are larger
than necessary and that the Service should work to ensure that: (1) The
benefits of exclusion are carefully weighed against the benefits of
designating critical habitat, (2) ``critical habitat does not include
the entire geographical area which can be occupied by the threatened or
endangered species'' (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(C)), and (3) the final rule
will exclude large areas that do not
[[Page 13005]]
contain the primary constituent elements for habitat designation.
Our Response: We made revisions to the unit boundaries based on
information supplied by commenters, as well as information gained from
field visits to some of the sites. This new information showed that the
primary constituent elements were not present in certain portions of
some of the proposed units and that recent changes in land use had
occurred that would preclude those areas from supporting the primary
constituent elements in the future, or that the areas should not be
considered essential to the conservation of the species in question. In
many cases, critical habitat boundaries were reduced for multi-island
species because we have proposed or otherwise identified adequate and
more appropriate habitat on other islands. In addition, some areas
excluded from this designation, such as TNCH lands, will still
contribute significantly to the recovery of these species. These areas
are counted towards the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations of 100,
300, or 500 individuals.
(2) Comment: One commenter was concerned that there is an absence
of good scientific data on the plants in this rulemaking and stated
that guesswork is an unacceptable way to designate critical habitat.
Our Response: When developing this rule to designate critical
habitat for 46 plants from Molokai, we used the best scientific data
currently available, including but not limited to, information from the
known locations, site-specific species information from the HINHP
database and our own rare plant database; species information from the
Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant monitoring database;
the final listing rules for these species; information received during
the public comment periods and the informational meetings and public
hearings held on Molokai on September 9, 2002; recent biological
surveys and reports; our recovery plans for these species; GIS
information (e.g., vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, elevation
contours, landownership); information received from landowners, land
managers, and interested parties on the island of Molokai; discussions
with botanical experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii Pacific
Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000; HPPRCC 1998; Service 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a,
1998b, 1999, 2001; 65 FR 83158; 67 FR 16492; CPC in litt. 1999).
In accordance with our policy on peer review published on July 1,
1994 (59 FR 34270), we solicited the expert opinions of knowledgeable
and independent specialists regarding the proposed rule. The purpose of
this peer review was to ensure that our designation methodology of
critical habitat of Molokai plants was based on scientifically sound
data, assumptions, and analysis. The comments of the peer reviewers
were taken into consideration in the development of this final
designation and nondesignation. We are required under a court-approved
stipulation to finalize this designation by February 28, 2003. If
provided with new information, we may revise the critical habitat
designation in the future.
(3) Comment: One commenter felt that the Service's definition of a
population is not adequate.
Our Response: We acknowledge the difficulty in identifying a
discrete, quantitative distance between populations but believe, as do
the peer reviewers who commented on this issue, that the use of 1,000 m
(3,280 ft) is a scientifically reasonable convention. We have defined a
population, for the purpose of this rule, as a discrete aggregation of
individuals located a sufficient distance from a neighboring
aggregation such that the two are not affected by the same small-scale
events and are not believed to be consistently cross-pollinated. In the
absence of more specific information indicating the appropriate
distance to assure limited cross-pollination, we are using a distance
of 1,000 m (3,280 ft) based on our review of current literature on gene
flow (Barret and Kohn 1991, Fenster and Dudash 1994, Havens 1998,
Schierup and Christiansen 1996).
(4) Comment: One peer reviewer suggested that sites significantly
altered by human activities, such as roads and buildings, should not be
included in ``conservation plans,'' but that areas that have been
altered by agriculture and other activities that do not significantly
disturb the soil should be included as they provide potential sites for
restoration of plant species.
Our Response: Agricultural lands are generally not considered to be
the highest ranking places to designate critical habitat because they
usually have had the most disturbance. However, for some species some
of this land is essential for their conservation because suitable
habitat does not exist elsewhere. Approximately 11 percent of
designated land on Molokai is within the State Agricultural District.
(5) Comment: One commenter stated that the presence of an
endangered species in a particular habitat is not necessarily an
indication that such habitat is best for the species' survival and
reproduction. For example, conservationists believed that the Hawaiian
goose (nene) (Branta sandvicensis) preferred uplands because it
remained extant in upland habitats, but later information suggests that
the nene prefer lower elevations.
Our Response: The best available information, both historic and
current, was used from a variety of sources (see ``Methods'' section)
to determine the primary constituent elements. Historic information is
scant for many species. However, the Service remains obligated to use
the best available information, which includes the characteristics of
the habitat supporting a taxon's remaining individuals. We expect more
will become known in the future about the specific life history needs
of these species, but we believe at this time that we have used the
best available scientific information, including peer review and expert
scientific input.
(6) Comment: One peer reviewer and other commenters stated that the
proposed rule is improved by the inclusion of appropriate unoccupied
habitat because such habitat will help to recover species that have
been reduced to an unsustainable number of populations. Several
commenters opposed designating critical habitat in unoccupied areas.
Two commenters wrote that the lands in urban, agricultural, and rural
districts are designated, used, and intended for a wide variety of land
use activities. As such, there is a much greater likelihood that
critical habitat designation will have an adverse economic impact on
the landowner. These commenters recommend the following rebuttable
presumption: Non-conservation lands that are unoccupied by any listed
species should not be designated as critical habitat.
Our Response: Our recovery plans for these species identify the
need to expand existing populations and reestablish wild populations
within historical range. Because of the very limited current range of
these species, designating only occupied areas would not meet the
conservation requirements of the species. Occupied areas, as well as
the similar habitat around them within the designated units of critical
habitat that may be occupied in the future, provide the essential life-
cycle needs of the species and provide some or all of the habitat
components essential for the conservation (primary constituent
elements) of these species. Additional, nonadjacent, areas of
unoccupied habitat are essential to the conservation of the species
because they provide habitat for the establishment of new populations.
[[Page 13006]]
(7) Comment: One commenter felt that critical habitat should be
designated for Pritchardia munroi. This commenter opposed the Service's
decision that it is not prudent to designate critical habitat on the
grounds that: (1) Designation of critical habitat would not increase
the threat of vandalism to this species; (2) the Service failed to list
overcollecting as one of the threats to this species in the revised
proposal (67 FR 16497); (3) the species' existence on non-Federal land
is irrelevant; (4) the Service cannot refuse to designate critical
habitat because it cannot think of a future Federal activity likely to
trigger consultation under section 7 of the Act; and (5) critical
habitat offers benefits that go far beyond the protection that
Pritchardia munroi receives under section 7, namely, critical habitat
will help a species recover, whereas section 7 merely protects a
species from extinction.
Our Response: In this final rule to designate or not designate
critical habitat for 42 plants from Molokai we have incorporated new
information and addressed comments and new information received during
the comment periods. However, no additional information was provided
during the comment periods that demonstrates that the threats to
Pritchardia munroi from vandalism or collection would not increase if
critical habitat was designated for this species on Molokai.
We believe that designation of critical habitat would likely
increase the threat from vandalism or collection to this species of
Pritchardia on Molokai. First, it is easy to identify, and second, it
may be attractive to collectors of rare palms either for their personal
use or to trade or sell for personal gain (Johnson 1996). We believe
that the evidence shows that this species of palm may be attractive to
such collectors. Several nurseries advertise and sell Pritchardia
palms, including Pritchardia munroi and six other federally listed
Pritchardia species. See the section entitled ``Prudency'' in this rule
for more information regarding instances of vandalism, collection, and
commercial trade of Hawaiian species of Pritchardia. Although the final
listing rule and proposed critical habitat do not list vandalism or
overcollection as threats, in light of documented vandalism and
overcollection events on species in the same genus on Kauai, we believe
that Pritchardia munroi is vulnerable to the same types of threats
because of the similarity in appearance of the species.
In addition, we believe that designation would not provide
significant benefits that would outweigh these increased risks. First,
Pritchardia munroi does not occur on Federal land. The private land
where it is found is zoned for agriculture, though the single tree has
been fenced (HINHP Database 2000). In addition, this species is found
in a small ravine in an area that is remote and inaccessible to
standard vehicles. It is, therefore, unlikely that the land on which it
is found will be developed. Since there does not appear to be any
actions in the future that would involve a Federal agency, designation
of critical habitat would not provide any additional protection to the
species that it does not already have through listing alone. If,
however, any future Federal involvement did occur, such as through the
permitting process or funding by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
the U.S. Department of Interior, the Corps through section 404 of the
Clean Water Act, the U.S. Federal Department of Housing and Urban
Development, or the Federal Highway Administration, the actions would
be subject to consultation under section 7 of the Act.
We acknowledge that critical habitat designation, in some
situations, may provide some value to the species, for example, by
identifying areas important for conservation and calling attention to
those areas in need of special protection. However, for this species,
we believe that the benefits of designating critical habitat do not
outweigh the potential increased threats from vandalism or collection.
Given all of the above considerations, we have determined that
designation of critical habitat for Pritchardia munroi is not prudent.
(8) Comment: One commenter asked why other federally listed plants
on Molokai and historically listed plants were not included in the
critical habitat proposal. One peer reviewer questioned the decision to
not designate critical habitat for Gardenia brighamii and Kokia cookei
based on: (1) Recent records of Gardenia brighamii on Molokai; (2) the
recovery plan's stated need for three populations of Gardenia brighamii
on Molokai; and (3) Kokia cookei being known only from Molokai.
Our Response: The proposed rule to designate critical habitat for
46 species found on Molokai was prepared in response to a lawsuit (see
``Previous Federal Action''). Species listed prior to 1991, such as
Gardenia brighamii and Kokia cookei, were not included in this lawsuit
and were thus not addressed in the proposed rule. In addition, critical
habitat was not proposed for four species (Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Melicope munroi, and Solanum incompletum) that no longer
occur on Molokai and for which we were unable to identify any habitat
that is essential to their conservation on the island. Finally,
critical habitat is not designated for four species (Hedyotis mannii,
Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila, and Vigna o-wahuensis)
because they are currently found only in areas on Molokai that do not
require special management consideration or protection because they are
already protected and managed within TNCH preserves.
Issue 2: Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
(9) Comment: Critical habitat must accommodate the traditional
cultural gathering rights of Native Hawaiians as reflected in Article
XII of the State constitution and upheld by the Hawaii Supreme Court in
the Public Access Shoreline Hawaii and Ka Paakai o Ka Aina decisions.
Our Response: Critical habitat designation does not affect
activities, including human access, on State or private lands unless
some kind of Federal permit, license, or funding is involved and the
activities may affect the species. It imposes no regulatory
prohibitions on State or other non-Federal lands, nor does it impose
any restrictions on State or non-Federal activities that are not funded
or authorized by any Federal agencies. Access to Federal lands that are
designated as critical habitat is not restricted unless access is
determined to result in the destruction or adverse modification of the
critical habitat. If we determine that access will result in adverse
modification of the critical habitat, we will suggest reasonable or
prudent alternatives that allow the proposed activities to proceed.
Activities of the State or private landowner or individual, such as
farming, grazing, logging, and gathering generally are not affected by
a critical habitat designation, even if the property is within the
geographical boundaries of the critical habitat. A critical habitat
designation has no regulatory effect on access to State or private
lands. Recreational, commercial, and subsistence activities, including
hunting, on non-Federal lands are not regulated by this critical
habitat designation, and may be impacted only where there is Federal
involvement in the action and the action is likely to destroy or
adversely modify critical habitat.
(10) Comment: Several commenters believed that critical habitat
will not help to recover listed plants and is unnecessarily
restrictive, even if it is scientifically based. These commenters
[[Page 13007]]
generally advocated on-the-ground management in place of critical
habitat designation. Suggested alternatives included voluntary
outplanting and propagation, Service support for conservation programs,
and incentives for landowners to recover species. The commenters
recommended that research be conducted to determine if critical habitat
areas can be effectively managed in light of the many threats that face
them. They concluded that private landowners may welcome the
introduction of listed species on their property if the Service could
help support such projects and cooperation and, in doing so, showed
trust in landowners.
Our Response: While we agree that critical habitat will not take
the place of on-the-ground management, critical habitat designation is
one of a number of conservation tools established in the Act that can
play an important role in the recovery of a species. For a Federal
action to adversely modify critical habitat, the action would have to
adversely affect the critical habitat's constituent elements or their
management in a manner likely to appreciably diminish or preclude the
conservation of the species. Designation of critical habitat is a way
to guide Federal agencies in evaluating their actions, in consultation
with the Service, such that their actions do not preclude conservation
of listed species. There also are educational or informational benefits
to the designation of critical habitat. Educational benefits include
notifying landowners, land managers, and the general public about the
importance of protecting the habitat of these species and disseminating
information about their essential habitat requirements. On-the-ground
management for restoration of these species is addressed in the
species' recovery plans. The Service routinely coordinates with and
assists private landowners and others interested in conservation
through a variety of programs.
Issue 3: Site-Specific Biological Comments
(11) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that critical habitat should
be designated for TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve unless assurances exist
that: (1) Ungulates will be unequivocally controlled if they reach
specified damage thresholds; (2) damage thresholds will be reevaluated
if experience shows that current thresholds are inadequate to protect
listed species; and (3) control of ungulates to threshold levels will
occur even if the Molokai Hunters Working Group objects to the control.
Another commenter pointed out that the fact that TNCH recognized the
need to manage these fragile areas for conservation should confirm that
the habitat not only ``may'' but actually does ``require special
management considerations or protection,'' and thus more than satisfies
the definition of critical habitat. According to the commenter, failure
to designate TNCH lands as critical habitat would be violating the
requirement that the Service designate critical habitat ``to the
maximum extent prudent and determinable'' (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)). The
commenter also stated that critical habitat designation will protect
TNCH's Moomomi, Pelekunu, and Kamakou Preserves from Federal actions
occurring outside the preserves that may modify or destroy essential
habitat found within preserve boundaries. Another commenter noted that
TNCH's land should be designated because it is the among the highest
quality native habitat areas on Molokai.
Our Response: In the revised proposed determinations of prudency
and proposed designations of critical habitat for plant species from
the island of Molokai, Hawaii (April 5, 2002; 67 FR 16492), we
indicated that we believed that lands managed by TNCH provided adequate
special management or protection for 19 of the Molokai plant species.
This was based the definition of critical habitat (section 3(5)), which
specifies critical habitat as areas within the geographical area
occupied by the species on which are found those physical or biological
features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II)
which may require special management considerations or protection. In
order to give meaning to this last clause, we considered that if an
area was already adequately managed then there would be no requirement
for special management considerations or protection.
However, in a recent opinion (Center for Biological Diversity v.
Norton, Civ. No. 01-409 TUC DCB D. Ariz. Jan. 13, 2003), a Federal
district court determined that our definition of critical habitat, as
it applies to special management, is not correct. The court stated that
``whether habitat does or does not require special management by
defendant or FWS is not determinative on whether or not the habitat is
`critical' to a threatened or endangered species (pages 13-14 of the
court's decision).'' We continue to believe that our interpretation was
reasonable. However, we nevertheless have not declined to include areas
from this final designation because they are adequately managed.
As discussed in detail in the ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section
4(b)(2),'' we have determined that the benefits of excluding TNCH's
Molokai preserves as critical habitat outweigh the benefits of
including them as critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Hedyotis mannii, Labordia
triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope mucronulata,
Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila,
Schiedea sarmentosa, Silene alexandrii, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium
rockii, and Vigna o-wahuense.
(12) Comment: One peer reviewer questioned the designation of
critical habitat in the western portion of Kalaupapa Peninsula because
it is heavily degraded and does not appear to be good habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
Our Response: We agree and have removed this portion of the
Kalaupapa Peninsula from critical habitat.
(13) Comment: The Service provides no rationale for the decision to
eliminate from critical habitat an area that Marsilea villosa currently
occupies in Kamakaipo Gulch on the west shore of Molokai.
Our Response: In the April 5, 2002, revised proposal, we stated
there was critical habitat for Marsilea villosa within Molokai unit A1.
Upon further inspection, we discovered that certain areas contain the
suitable habitat for this species were inadvertently left out of the
designation. We are unable at this time to publish another revised
proposal to include this suitable habitat for Marsilea villosa. We have
proposed critical habitat for this species on the island of Molokai. We
will publish a separate rule incorporating this suitable habitat for
the species after completing the final rules for the other Hawaiian
islands.
Issue 4: Legal Issues
(14) Comment: A peer reviewer and other commenters noted that
critical habitat should be identified for all areas that may need to be
managed for the benefit of the listed species. The Act defines critical
habitat (Section 3(5)(A)(I)) as ``the specific areas* * *(I) essential
to the conservation of the species and (II) which may require special
management considerations or protection* * *.'' It does not use the
phrase ``which may require additional special management considerations
or protection.'' Therefore, all areas that meet the definition of
critical habitat
[[Page 13008]]
should be designated, even if they are currently being managed for
conservation. Designation of these areas would be in accordance with
the mandatory duty to designate critical habitat ``to the maximum
extent prudent and determinable'' (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)). Also,
designation will provide an additional measure of protection by
preventing Federal agencies from carrying out, funding, or approving
any activity likely to result in adverse modification or destruction of
critical habitat--whether directly or indirectly, regardless of the
location of the activity. Furthermore, areas that may have adequate
management in place may not be safe from even direct threats from
Federal activities, which can arise with little warning.
Our Response: Section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) defines critical
habitat as areas on which are found those physical or biological
features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II)
which may require special management considerations or protection. In
order to give meaning to the last clause of the definition, we have
previously considered that, if an area was already adequately managed,
then there would be no requirement for special management
considerations or protection. We believed that adequate special
management or protection would be provided by a legally operative plan
that addresses the maintenance and improvement of essential habitat
elements and that provides for the long-term conservation of the
species. We considered a plan adequate when it: (1) Provides a
conservation benefit to the species (i.e., the plan must maintain or
provide for an increase in the species' population, or the enhancement
or restoration of its habitat within the area covered by the plan); (2)
provides assurances that the management plan will be implemented (i.e.,
those responsible for implementing the plan are capable of
accomplishing the objectives, have an implementation schedule in place,
and/or have adequate funding for the management plan); and (3) provides
assurances that the conservation plan will be effective (i.e., it
identifies biological goals, has provisions for reporting progress, and
is of a duration sufficient to implement the plan and achieve the
plan's goals and objectives). Therefore, if an area provides physical
and biological features essential to the conservation of the species,
and also is covered by a plan that meets these criteria, then such an
area would not have constituted critical habitat as defined by the Act
because the physical and biological features found there do not require
special management.
However, in a recent opinion (Center for Biological Diversity v.
Norton, Civ. No. 01-409 TUC DCB D. Ariz. Jan. 13, 2003), a Federal
district court determined that our definition of critical habitat, as
it applies to special management, is not correct. The court stated that
``whether habitat does or does not require special management by
defendant or FWS is not determinative on whether or not the habitat is
`critical' to a threatened or endangered species (pages 13-14 of the
court's decision).'' We continue to believe that our interpretation was
reasonable. However, we nevertheless have not declined to include areas
from this final designation because they are adequately managed.
(15) Comment: Critical habitat designation, and the underlying
decision to list as endangered the species that are the subject of the
designation, exceed the constitutional limits of the Service's
delegated authority. Congress enacted the Endangered Species Act as an
exercise of its commerce clause power and delegated exercise of that
Commerce Clause power to the Service to apply the Act by regulation.
The listed species are not interstate. They exist only in Hawaii and do
not cross state lines. Nor are they in commerce as the subject of any
economic endeavor. They lack any commercial value. Therefore, the
Service's regulations listing these species and designating critical
habitat for them within Hawaii exceed the Federal power to regulate
interstate commerce under the governing precedents interpreting the
Commerce Clause.
Our Response: The Federal government has the authority under the
Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution to protect these species, for
the reasons given in Judge Wald's opinion and Judge Henderson's
concurring opinion in Nat'l Ass'n of Home Builders v. Babbitt, 130 F.3d
1041 (D.C. Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 1185 S. Ct. 2340 (1998). See also
Gibbs v. Babbitt, No.99-1218 (4th Cir. 2000). The Home Builders case
involved a challenge to application of ESA prohibitions to protect the
listed Delhi Sands flower-loving fly. As with the species at issue
here, the Delhi Sands flower-loving fly is endemic to only one State.
Judge Wald held that application of the ESA to this fly was a proper
exercise of Commerce Clause power because it prevented loss of
biodiversity and destructive interstate competition.
(16) Comment: With regard to the Draft Economic Analysis (DEA), a
commenter stated that since State law prohibits taking of endangered
plants, a court could follow Federal precedents and say that an action
that degrades critical habitat injures the plant and so is an
``illegal'' taking of the plant. The economic impact of a landowner not
being able to use his own land for fear of injuring species needs to be
taken into account.
Our Response: Possible costs resulting from interplay of the
Federal Endangered Species Act and Hawaii State law were discussed in
the economic analysis under indirect costs (e.g., possible conservation
management mandate for the private landowner and reduction in game
mammal populations). The economic analysis considers the economic
impacts of section 7 consultations related to critical habitat even if
they are attributable co-extensively to the listed status of the
species. In addition, the economic analysis examines any indirect costs
of critical habitat designation, such as where critical habitat
triggers the applicability of a State or local statute. However, where
it is the listing of a species that prompts action at the State or
local level, the impacts are not attributable to critical habitat
designation and are not appropriately considered in the economic
analysis of critical habitat designation. Take prohibitions under
Hawaii law are purely attributable to a listing decision and do not co-
extensively occur because of critical habitat designations. There are
no take prohibitions associated with critical habitat.
Issue 5: Economic Issues
(17) Comment: A commenter stated that the DEA must take into
account the unique local circumstances of landownership and limited
economic base of Molokai, which are especially susceptible to
detrimental impacts of regulations.
Our Response: The DEA considers all activities that are reasonably
foreseeable to affect the proposed critical habitat areas over the next
10 years. The analysis first considers the impact of preexisting State
and local land-use restrictions and the likely presence or absence of a
Federal nexus on these activities. Subsequently, the analysis estimates
the likely direct effects of implementation of section 7 of the Act on
the identified reasonably foreseeable activities, as well as discusses
the indirect effects associated with potential changes in land use
regulations, property values, and other changes. Based on this
comprehensive review of
[[Page 13009]]
land uses and activities, the DEA estimates the total direct costs
associated with implementation of section 7 for the plants would range
from $109,070 to $804,750. Subsequently, based on a review of public
comments and information from the Service regarding the intended
removal or reduction of critical habitat units, the Addendum estimates
the revised total direct costs to be approximately $54,470 to $269,150.
When considered in the context of the island economy, these revised
costs represent, in the worst case, approximately 0.2 percent of the
total personal income of Molokai in 2000.
In addition, Chapter VI, Section 5.b. of the DEA addresses the
limited economic base of Molokai by examining potential impacts on
small entities (small businesses, small organizations, and small
governmental jurisdictions) under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of
1996). The DEA concludes that a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities will not result from the critical
habitat designation. After considering the information provided in
public comments and the Service's intended reduction or removal of
critical habitat units, the Addendum does not revise this conclusion.
(18) Comment: A commenter stated that the Service must analyze all
economic impacts of critical habitat designation, not merely those
impacts that are a ``but for'' result of the critical habitat
designation. The commenter further stated that the DEA does not
adequately analyze the full scope of economic impacts, but focuses
primarily on section 7(a)(2) of the Act, which requires consultation
with the Service when Federal permits, funding, or other Federal action
is required, and says that other sections of the Act are outside the
scope of this economic analysis. The commenter believes that the
critical habitat designations will have a significant economic effect
extending far beyond the draft's narrow concept of a Federal nexus.
Our Response: The Service has authority under section 7 of the Act
to consult on activities on land owned by individuals, organizations,
States, or local and tribal governments only if the activities on the
land have a Federal nexus. A Federal nexus occurs when the activities
require a Federal permit, license, or other authorization, or involve
Federal funding. The Service does not have jurisdiction under section 7
to consult on activities occurring on non-Federal lands when the
activities are not federally funded, authorized, or carried out. In
addition, consultation is not required for activities that are not
likely to affect listed species or their critical habitat.
The economic analysis considered the economic impacts of section 7
consultations related to critical habitat even if they are attributable
co-extensively to the listed status of the species. In addition, the
economic analysis examined any indirect costs of critical habitat
designation such as where critical habitat triggers the applicability
of a State or local statute.
However, where it is the listing of a species, rather than the
designation of critical habitat, that prompts action at the State or
local level, the impacts are not attributable to critical habitat
designation and are appropriately not considered in the economic
analysis of critical habitat designation. For example, there are no
take prohibitions associated with critical habitat. Take prohibitions
under Hawaii law are purely attributable to a listing decision and do
not co-extensively occur because of critical habitat designations.
Thus, the economic analysis did not include an analysis of the impact
of these other sections of the Act.
(19) Comment: A commenter stated that the DEA fails to recognize
all the connections between Federal and State law. For example, if the
Federal government approves eligibility for flood insurance, flood
plain development programs shall become subject to consultations under
the Act. Another comment stated that while the Service has stated that
critical habitat affects only activities that require Federal permits
or funding, and does not require landowners to carry out special
management or restrict use of their land, the DEA fails to address the
breadth of Federal activities that affect private property in Hawaii
and the extent to which private landowners are required to obtain
Federal approval before they can use their property. The commenter
elaborated that these requirements also extend to State agencies
requiring Federal funds or approvals.
Our Response: The analysis in the DEA, as revised by the Addendum,
is based on a review of all ``reasonably foreseeable'' projects, land
uses, and activities that may be directly affected by the
implementation of section 7 for the species in question. ``Reasonably
foreseeable'' projects, land uses, and activities were broadly defined
in the analysis as those that are: (1) Currently authorized, permitted,
or funded; (2) proposed in plans currently available to the public; or
(3) projected or likely to occur within the next ten years, based on
(a) recent economic or land-use trends, development patterns, evolving
technologies, competitive advantages, etc., and (b) limits imposed by
land-use controls, access, terrain, infrastructure, and other
restrictions on development. After determining the ``reasonably
foreseeable'' projects, land uses, and activities that could affect the
physical and biological features of the proposed critical habitat
units, the next step in the analysis was to determine Federal
involvement. Thus, while the economic analysis did not evaluate all
possible activities with Federal nexus, it was focused on the most
relevant subset of these activities--those that are ``reasonably
foreseeable.'' The results of this analysis are presented in
Table[chyph]VI-3 in the DEA and Table Add-2 in the Addendum.
More specifically, the critical habitat units as modified overlap
slightly with areas identified by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency as within the flood zone. No residential or commercial
development is located or planned within this area. Thus, no
consultations for eligibility for flood insurance or flood plain
development programs are anticipated within the next ten years.
(20) Comment: One commenter stated that several economic impacts
are acknowledged in the DEA, but their impacts are not quantified in
summary tables. These include: (1) The value of hunting estimated at
$1,430,000; (2) economic loss of up to $675,000,000 if the State places
critical habitat in the Protective Subzone of the Conservation
District; and (3) indirect costs beyond section 7 costs.
Our Response: (1) The DEA does not estimate the value of hunting on
Molokai at $1,430,000. Instead, the DEA reported a number of figures
that act as indicators of the value of hunting. Specifically, the DEA
reported that hunting on Molokai generates approximately $340,000 in
direct sales, $670,000 in direct and indirect sales, $280,000 in
income, and $140,000 in surplus value. These estimates reflect separate
methods to illustrate the total value of hunting and are not intended
to be added together. Moreover, it should be noted that some of these
estimates were updated in Section 5 of the Addendum to incorporate data
from the Service's 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and
Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Specifically, the revised estimates
indicate that hunting generates approximately $317,000 in direct sales,
$563,000 in total direct and indirect sales, and $185,000 in income.
[[Page 13010]]
(2) The potential economic loss associated with a reduction in
property value due to redistricting of all Agricultural land to the
Protective Subzone of the Conservation District has been significantly
reduced due to the modification of critical habitat units. While the
economic loss as estimated for the modified designation could approach
$715,000, the probability of redistricting is estimated to be small,
resulting in a low expected property value loss.
(3) In addition to property value losses, the DEA and associated
Addendum do address several types of indirect costs, including the
possibility of mandated conservation management, loss in hunting
revenue, and others. However, although the economic analysis does
provide stylized and/or worst-case estimates of some of the potential
indirect costs, the actual probability of these impacts occurring is
not estimated due to the limited information regarding the likelihood
of these impacts. As a result, the expected value of the impacts is not
reported. Rather than report the stylized and/or worst-case estimates,
the analysis presents qualitative descriptions of the magnitude of the
impacts to account for the fact that the expected values are not known.
(21) Comment: One commenter stated that the Service is unaware of a
significant number of future housing or resort development activities
in coastal areas on Molokai that might trigger section 7 consultation
by requiring permits from Federal agencies.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 3.e. of the DEA discussed
potential residential development within the critical habitat and
concluded that no resort or residential development was anticipated
within the next 10 years. This estimate reflected information gathered
that the lands within the proposed designation are either: (1) Managed
by landowners who stated that they do not have plans to develop; (2)
within a recreational preserve; (3) governed by agreements under the
East Molokai Watershed Partnership; or (4) do not have publicly
available development plans. No new information has been provided that
contradicts this conclusion; thus, no changes have been made to the DEA
in this regard.
(22) Comment: One commenter noted that critical habitat Units F and
G are potential sites for groundwater exploration, and Federal funding
or agencies may be involved.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 3.g. of the DEA discussed section
7 costs associated with water system development as part of the Molokai
Irrigation System or by Molokai Ranch. The Addendum analyzes additional
information from the Maui County Department of Water Supply regarding a
proposed backup well and concludes that the planned well and
accompanying access road are located outside the critical habitat, as
modified. As such, no additional costs were included in the Addendum
for this project.
(23) Comment: One commenter stated that the designation of critical
habitat in Units F and G would require hundreds of Kapaakea subdivision
future beneficiaries to conduct an environmental assessment and section
7 consultation in order to construct their home and prepare ground for
farming. The commenter further noted that Department of Hawaiian
Homeland's homesteading program uses Federal programs to guarantee and
insure the mortgages of homesteaders, and Federal funds may be used to
construct site improvements and homes.
Our Response: The economic analysis focused primarily on the
``reasonably foreseeable'' projects, land uses, and activities that
could affect the physical and biological features of the proposed
critical habitat units as these are the activities that could be
affected by the critical habitat designation. As previously discussed,
``Reasonably foreseeable'' projects, land uses, and activities were
defined in the DEA as those which are: (1) Currently authorized,
permitted, or funded; (2) proposed in plans currently available to the
public; or (3) projected or likely to occur within the next 10 years
based on (a) recent economic or land-use trends, development patterns,
evolving technologies, competitive advantages, etc., and (b) limits
imposed by land-use controls, access, terrain, infrastructure, and
other restrictions on development. The economic analysis did not
discuss future development within Kapaakea because none of the
information available indicated that new residential development or new
agricultural activity was likely within the next 10 years; thus, these
activities were not considered ``reasonably foreseeable.''
Units F and G have been modified, and as a result, the total amount
of DHHL land within critical habitat has been reduced by two-thirds,
from approximately 1,350 ha (3,336 ac) to 425 ha (1,049 ac). The DHHL
land remaining in critical habitat is located mauka (towards the
mountains) and eastward of the existing Kapaakea Homestead, and most is
adjacent to the Molokai Forest Reserve. There are no publicly available
plans for development of this area within the next 10 years, nor has
DHHL indicated that development of this area within the next 10 years
is likely. Thus, no section 7 costs for residential development by
Native Hawaiian beneficiaries in Units F and G subdivision were
included in the Addendum.
(24) Comment: One commenter stated that Molokai hunters were
concerned about the potential loss of hunting areas and questioned
whether or not fences to exclude ungulates will be constructed, and, if
so, where construction will take place. Another commenter questioned
why a cost was associated with project modifications to the management
of game hunting on State managed lands, because Molokai does not have
any State hunting areas that are managed to maintain or enhance game
mammal populations. The commenter also questioned the methodology used
to estimate the project modification cost because game mammals travel
freely.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 3.a. of the DEA discussed the
direct impacts of section 7 implementation on hunting taking place on
DLNR lands on Molokai. The analysis estimated future project
modifications associated with game mammal management by extrapolating
from historical consultation records. These records indicate that DLNR
generally installs fencing around bird watering stations as a project
modification stemming from consultations with the Service. As a result,
the analysis assumed that fencing would continue to occur around
watering stations in the future.
The DEA goes on to estimate an increase in the number of watering
stations to be fenced under the assumption that the proposed habitat
area would extend beyond the area historically considered in
consultations with the Service on the listed plants. The DEA presents a
cost estimate of $17,600 to $148,000. However, public comment suggested
that consultations already do address areas both occupied and
unoccupied by the listed plants because ungulates are assumed to roam
freely across the island. As such, there would likely not be an
increase in the number of watering stations fenced. Adopting this new
assumption, and also incorporating the intended reductions in the
designation as indicated by the Service, the Addendum revised the
estimate to a range of $4,400 to $37,000. This conclusion is based on
discussions with DLNR, other stakeholders familiar with the issue, and
decades of public testimony by hunters.
(25) Comment: One commenter requested that its lands not be
designated as critical habitat due to the following reasons: (1) Land
values
[[Page 13011]]
would be detrimentally affected; (2) designation may conflict with
existing operations of an economically vital surface water collection
system that is maintained in Kaunakakai ahupuaa and Kawela Forest
Reserve lands; and (3) lands proposed for designation on the west end
of the ranch are used for grazing and recreation.
Our Response: As modified, the designated acreage of land owned by
Molokai Ranch is approximately 226 ha (558 ac) (reduced for biological
reasons from the 1,080 ha (2,670 ac) proposed for designation).
Approximately 77 ha (190 ac) are located near the northern coastline on
the west side of Molokai, in a remote area. Most of the 77 ha (190 ac)
are in the Agricultural District, but a portion of the land along the
coastline is within the Conservation District. The remaining 149 ha
(367 ac) are located in the Conservation District within the Molokai
Forest Reserve.
Chapter VI, Section 4.g. of the DEA discussed the potential
indirect impact that the designation of critical habitat could have on
property values. The DEA noted that the worst-case scenario--and one
that is not expected over the long term because uncertainties about the
implications of the designation are likely to dissipate over time--
would be a perception among potential buyers that the land should be
valued as if it were subject to the same restrictions as land in the
Conservation District. The DEA also states that land values on Molokai
could drop between $1,000 per acre for remote agricultural land to
$75,000 per acre for land suitable for development as a result of
redistricting to the Conservation District. The commenter did not
provide alternative numbers.
Thus, an estimate of the potential impact on Molokai Ranch's land
values is as follows: The 149 ha (367 ac) are not likely to lose value
due to critical habitat designation because of their presence within
the Conservation District. While the total decrease in value for the
approximately 77 ha (190 ac) in the Agricultural District could range
from $190,000 to $14.2 million, any loss in value due to redistricting
is more likely to be on the lower end of the range due to the remote
location and distance from infrastructure of these 77 ha (190 ac).
No costs are expected to occur from impacts to the existing water
collection system because none of the designated species are stream-
dependent for their survival and therefore would not cause a reduction
in water diversion. In addition, water infrastructure is considered a
manmade feature and therefore its operation and maintenance are not
considered critical habitat, as these features and structures normally
do not contain, and are not likely to develop, any primary constituent
elements.
No costs are expected to occur from impacts to designated lands on
the west end of the ranch that are used for grazing and recreation. As
noted in Chapter III of the DEA, the Service does not have jurisdiction
under section 7 to consult on activities occurring on non-Federal lands
when the activities are not federally funded, authorized, or carried
out. Because there is no known Federal involvement in the grazing and
recreational activities identified by the commenter, no costs are
anticipated to occur as a result of critical habitat designation.
(26) Comment: One commenter stated that because unemployment is so
high on Molokai, restrictions on subsistence activities, such as
hunting and fishing, may cause a much greater economic impact than is
suggested in the DEA.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 4.d. of the DEA discussed the
economic impact critical habitat designation may have on subsistence
activities. The designation of critical habitat by itself will not
directly impact subsistence activities, as critical habitat designation
does not require: (1) Creating any reserve, refuge, or wilderness
areas; (2) fencing for any reason; (3) removing ungulates; or (4)
closing areas to hunters or gatherers. Instead, it requires only that
if the State or a private landowner seeks to undertake an activity that
may affect the designated area using Federal funding or with a Federal
permit, the Federal Action agency consult with the Service.
However, the DEA recognized that there is some risk that
designation of critical habitat could have an indirect impact on
subsistence activities if, as a result of a future lawsuit, a court
mandated actions that reduce the ability of individuals to practice
subsistence activities in these areas. However, the probability of a
lawsuit being filed, the likelihood of its success, and the role of
critical habitat in the suit are unknown. In addition, the DEA
recognized the possibility that the State or private landowners could
adopt a policy of restricting access into areas that overlap critical
habitat units without a judicial mandate. The likelihood of voluntary
landowner restrictions is also unknown. Based on professional judgment,
however, the probability of a complete restriction of subsistence
activities within critical habitat as a result of lawsuits or voluntary
action was deemed unlikely.
The DEA was unable to quantify this indirect impact because of (1)
The lack of information on the amount of the subsistence harvest; (2)
the lack of information on the proportion of the subsistence harvest
derived from areas within versus outside of critical habitat; and (3)
the lack of information on the cultural significance of the subsistence
activities conducted within critical habitat. Thus, the DEA concluded
that while there could be a significant loss associated with the
restriction of subsistence activities within the proposed critical
habitat, the probability of subsistence activities actually being
restricted within the proposed critical habitat was undetermined but
generally unlikely.
(27) Comment: One commenter notes that a Federal nexus exists for
the nonpoint source water discharge program. This commenter was
concerned that if water discharge into critical habitat does not meet
water quality standards, a permit could be denied. The commenter
suggested that the effect on agriculture may be devastating since some
runoff from agricultural activities is unavoidable.
Our Response: The State Department of Health Polluted Runoff
Control Program and the State Office of Planning, Coastal Zone
Management Program, work together to address nonpoint source pollution
through outreach and education and programs that utilize incentives.
Under the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments, Section 6217,
the State is required to meet various conditions for approval of the
State's Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. To meet these conditions, the State
Department of Health is developing administrative rules to create
State-wide enforceable policies and mechanisms to address nonpoint
source pollution. These draft rules are currently the subject of public
informational meetings. Public comments and suggestions received during
these meetings will be considered before final rules are drafted and
proposed to the Governor.
At the present time, there is no permit requirement for nonpoint
source pollution. Moreover, the proposed rules regarding nonpoint
source pollution make no reference to critical habitat. The proposed
rules simply provide a general prohibition on nonpoint source pollution
and allow for exemption of violation under certain conditions (for
example, if best management practices are utilized). The probability
that these rules will be adopted without significant changes is
impossible to
[[Page 13012]]
determine, as the recent elections resulted in an administration change
and the new Governor's position on the issue of non-point source water
pollution is not yet known. Moreover, at this point, critical habitat
does not appear to play any role in the proposed rules. Thus, the
possible economic impact, if any, caused by the interplay of nonpoint
source pollution requirements and the designation of critical habitat
is entirely speculative and unable to be estimated.
(28) Comment: One comment stated that the DEA fails to consider
economic impacts of critical habitat that result through interaction
with State law, specifically Hawaii's Land Use Law. Critical habitat
could result in downzoning under State law. HRS Sec. 205-2(e) states
that Conservation Districts shall include areas necessary for
conserving endangered species. HRS Sec.195D-5.1 states that the DLNR
shall initiate amendments in order to include the habitat of rare
species. Even if the DLNR does not act, the State Land Use Commission
may initiate such changes, or they may be forced by citizen suits.
Areas for endangered species may be placed in the Protective Subzone
with the most severe restrictions. While existing uses can be
grandfathered in, downzoning will prevent landowners from being able to
shift uses in the future, reduce market value, and make the land
unmortgageable. Additionally, forced redistricting from Agricultural to
Conservation could increase real property taxes even while driving down
the real value of the property.
Our Response: Both the DEA and this Addendum attempt to quantify
the potential impacts from downzoning. As indicated earlier in this
Addendum, the Service has indicated that it plans to remove most of the
land in the Agricultural District from the final critical habitat
designation. The intended modification would result in the inclusion of
about 2,608 acres of Agricultural lands in the revised designation.
Limited grazing takes place in these Agricultural lands. As discussed
in section 5.c. of the Addendum, assuming Agricultural land in reserves
would not lose value and assuming relatively low land values due to the
remoteness of the Agricultural lands designated, reduction in land
values due to redistricting land within the intended critical habitat
designation from Agricultural to Conservation District could approach
$715,000. As discussed in section 5.c. of the Addendum, redistricting
these lands to the Conservation District is not likely to interfere
with the use of the land or significantly reduce its economic value.
The remaining privately owned land (715 acres) is considered remote
Agricultural land. Therefore, utilizing the value from the lower end of
the range, an estimate of the total drop in property value should
redistricitng of all privately owned Agricultural land occur would be
$715,000 (715 x $1,000). Under this scenario, even if a landowner has
no plans to sell the land, the loss in land value could reduce
potential mortgage financing. However, the likelihood of redistricting
is not reasonably certain.
(29) Comment: One comment stated that the DEA fails to consider
economic impacts of listing and critical habitat that result through
interaction with State law, specifically Hawaii's Endangered Species
Act. New Mexico Cattlegrowers Association v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service requires consideration of the impact of listing as well as the
impact of designating an area as critical habitat. Instead, the
analysis is expressly limited to the impact of Federal agency
consultation under the jeopardy standard. However, since Federal
listing triggers listing under State law, the Service must consider the
impact of take prohibitions under State law (and consequently Federal
law which prohibits destruction of plants in knowing violation of State
law).
Our Response: The economic analysis considers the economic impacts
of section 7 consultations related to critical habitat even if they are
attributable co-extensively to the listed status of the species. In
addition, the economic analysis examines any indirect costs of critical
habitat designation such as where critical habitat triggers the
applicability of a State or local statute. However, where it is the
listing of a species that prompts action at the State or local level,
the impacts are not attributable to critical habitat designation and
are not appropriately considered in the economic analysis of critical
habitat designation. Take prohibitions under Hawaii law are purely
attributable to a listing decision and do not co-extensively occur
because of critical habitat designations. There are no take
prohibitions associated with critical habitat.
(30) Comment: A commenter stated that the DEA fails to consider
economic impacts of critical habitat that result through interaction
with State law, specifically Hawaii's Environmental Impact Statement
Law. HRS Sec. 343-5 applies to any use of conservation land, and a full
Environmental Impact Statement is required if any of the significance
criteria listed in HAR Sec. 11-200-12 apply. One of these criteria is
that an action is significant if it ``substantially affects a rare,
threatened or endangered species or its habitat.'' This will result in
costly procedural requirements and delays. However, the DEA does not
acknowledge that any impact on endangered species habitat will be
deemed to be ``significant.'' Multiple commenters also stated the
following: The DEA fails to evaluate the practical effect that critical
habitat designation will have on development. Special Management Area
permits administered by Maui County, as required by Hawaii's Coastal
Zone Management Act, will be harder to get, will result in delays, will
cause a decline in property values, and may make it impossible to
develop.
Another commenter stated that the Service has taken the position in
other States that it has a right to intervene in local land-use
proceedings if they affect endangered species on private property. The
commenter provided the example of the Service's petition to the local
zoning board in Arizona to postpone approval of a rezoning petition
pending a survey to determine the extent to which an endangered plant
was present on the property, even though no Federal approval was being
sought. The commenter concluded that the failure of the Service to
address these activities in the DEA is a fundamental error of the
analysis.
Our Response: Adverse impacts on development, including delays for
additional studies and agency reviews, increased costs for
environmental studies, increased risk of project denials, increased
risk of costly mitigation measures, increased risk of litigation over
approvals, etc., are not expected since there are no known development
plans within the areas proposed for designation, as modified.
Furthermore, the following factors make future development projects in
areas designated as critical habitat highly unlikely: (1) As modified,
approximately 89 percent of critical habitat is in the Conservation
District where development is already limited; (2) the approximately 11
percent of critical habitat in the Agricultural District is in arid
areas or areas lined with gulches or steep cliffs that generally
support limited, if any, grazing; (3) there are no known plans for
development within the proposed critical habitat as modified; and (4)
as modified, most of the land being designated as critical habitat in
the Special Management Area is also within the Conservation District,
where development is severely limited. In general, the Service does not
intervene in local land use decisions, except to provide information on
potential effects
[[Page 13013]]
to threatened or endangered species or trust resources, when asked to
do so.
(31) Comment: A commenter stated that the DEA fails to consider
economic impacts of critical habitat that result through interaction
with State law, specifically the State Water Code. HRS Sec. 174C-2
states that ``adequate provision shall be made for protection of fish
and wildlife.'' HRS Sec. 174C-71 instructs the Commission of Water
Resource Management to establish an instream use protection program to
protect fish and wildlife. Since landowners may depend on water pumped
from other watersheds, these effects can be far-reaching. It is
impossible to tell from the descriptions in the proposal whether any
water diversions will have to be reduced as a result of listing and
critical habitat designation. The Service has an obligation to
thoroughly investigate this issue and refrain from designating critical
habitat until it has determined whether its actions will affect water
use and balance this against any benefit to the species. Another
commenter stated that if the critical habitat proposal would require
reducing water diversions from any stream, the Service should
investigate whether that would take anyone's vested water rights.
Our Response: No costs are expected to occur from such impacts to
water systems, because none of the 41 species are stream-dependent for
their survival and therefore would not cause a reduction in water
diversion. In addition, water infrastructure is considered a manmade
feature and therefore its operation and maintenance are not subject to
the critical habitat provisions of section 7, because these features
and structures normally do not contain, and are not likely to develop,
any primary constituent elements.
(32) Comment: One commenter stated that the DEA fails to discuss
economic impacts that may occur if opponents of water diversions use
critical habitat designations to delay and confuse water use decisions
on the grounds that any water diversion upstream of critical habitat
may increase an endangered plant's risk of extinction. Furthermore, the
burden of proof that diversions will not cause extinction will be
placed on those diverting water. Proof will be difficult because so
little is known about the needs of these species.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 3.g.(1) of the DEA states that it
is highly unlikely that a new ditch system or major expansion to an
existing one (including new diversions) would be proposed or approved
in the proposed critical habitat. This assessment is made due to the
existing protections provided by the baseline environmental
regulations, current environmental and cultural concerns, current
economic and financial constraints, probable public opposition to
stream diversions, and difficulties in obtaining permits.
(33) Comment: One commenter stated that the cost of potential
citizen lawsuits preventing certain activities or requiring some sort
of management in critical habitat was not discussed in the DEA. Another
commenter stated that critical habitat designation will bring
unnecessary and costly litigation. One commenter stated that the
proposed critical habitat could entail considerable cost to both the
State and private landowners. One commenter stated that critical
habitat designation could indirectly result in limitations or special
management requirements (such as fencing or control of invasive
species) being established on private lands. The commenter pointed out
that the DEA estimates that the Palila court decision may be
interpreted to mandate private conservation and therefore the proposed
critical habitat designation could cost Molokai landowners $840,000 to
$2,240,000 per year, or $8.4 million to $22.4 million over 10 years.
However, Table VI-3 of the DEA dismisses these costs as minor and does
not add them to the total cost estimate. The commenter suggested that
these costs be considered.
Our Response: The Act does not obligate landowners to manage their
land to protect critical habitat, nor would landowners and managers be
obligated under the Act to participate in projects to recover a species
for which critical habitat has been established. However, Chapter VI,
Section 4.c. of the DEA does discuss the potential mandate for
conservation management pursuant to litigation and the resulting costs
for the proposed designation on Molokai. Specifically, adverse impacts
on development, including delays for additional studies and agency
reviews, increased costs for environmental studies, increased risk of
project denials, increased risk of costly mitigation measures,
increased risk of litigation over approvals, etc., are not expected
since there are no known development plans within the proposed
designation, as modified. Furthermore, the following factors make
future development projects in the designated critical habitat highly
unlikely: (1) As modified, approximately 89 percent of the proposed
critical habitat is in the Conservation District where development is
already limited; (2) the approximately 11 percent of the proposed
critical habitat in the Agricultural District are in arid areas or
areas lined with gulches or steep cliffs that generally host only
limited, if any, grazing; (3) there are no known plans for development
within the proposed critical habitat as modified; and (4) as modified,
most of the land being designated as critical habitat in the Special
Management Area is also within the Conservation District. While it is
conceivable that there may initially be an increase in subsequent
lawsuits related to the critical habitat designation, it is not
possible to predict their number, degree of complexity, or any other
associated effect due to scant historical evidence for the 41 plant
species.
(34) Comment: Several commenters stated that the cost of potential
citizen suits preventing certain activities or requiring some sort of
management in critical habitat was not discussed in the DEA. Litigation
regarding land management requirements is not only foreseeable, but is
likely. Critical habitat designation will bring unnecessary and costly
litigation, thus creating an economic disaster that would severely
challenge one private landowner's economic viability. Another commenter
also stated that even if litigation is unrealistic, expectations of
litigation alone can lower property values.
Our Response: As discussed in the DEA and in the Addendum, an
undetermined probability exists that a Federal or State court could
mandate certain indirect impacts as a result of critical habitat. While
the economic analysis did not assess the legal merits of the arguments
for or against the various indirect impacts, the DEA and the Addendum
present the worst-case scenario of the costs associated with the
potential outcomes of third-party lawsuits whenever possible. For
example, for the sake of illustration, the DEA and Addendum assume a
worst-case scenario whereupon mountainous areas (approximately 95
percent of the designated area) are subject to required conservation
management. While the illustrative cost of such a scenario is estimated
to be $695,000 to $1.85 million per year, the probability of such a
conservation mandate is unclear due to the inability to predict whether
a suit would be filed, its likelihood of success, or the extent of its
coverage if successful. The Service believes the likelihood of the
worst case scenario occurring is extremely low, and has not occurred in
areas designated as critical habitat in Hawaii.
(35) Comment: One commenter stated that the Service did not
adequately address the takings of private property as a result of
designating critical habitat for the Molokai plant species. In
[[Page 13014]]
addition, if the proposed designation of critical habitat precipitates
conversion of agricultural lands to conservation land that has no
economically beneficial use, then the Federal and State governments
will have taken private property. Additionally, the landowner may incur
the cost of litigation against the government to make it pay just
compensation.
Our Response: The possible costs associated with redistricting land
were discussed in the DEA under indirect costs. Since the publication
of the DEA, we have removed most of the land in the Agricultural
District from the final critical habitat designation. As noted above,
redistricting the remaining parcels to the Conservation District is not
likely to significant reduce the value of the land because: (1) Any
areas that have been historically grazed are likely to be put in a
subzone that will allow grazing (i.e., not the Protective Subzone); and
(2) the economic use of the land is already constrained by topography,
remote location, and other existing restrictions.
(36) Comment: One commenter stated that precise mapping of manmade
objects is needed and that the estimate of the time to investigate the
implications of critical habitat is too low given the size of the
proposed designated areas, the vagueness of the regulations concerning
these unmapped holes, and the real costs of obtaining all necessary
approvals for a development project in Hawaii. Another commenter
questioned whether the indirect cost of investigating the implications
of critical habitat should be considered a ``sunk'' cost of the
critical habitat designation process rather than a potential future
cost of a final designation.
Our Response: To address these concerns, the Addendum revisited the
hour estimates presented in the DEA. Chapter VI, Section 4.f. of the
DEA indicated that the landowner may want to learn how the designation
may affect: (1) The use of his land (either through restrictions or new
obligations); and (2) the value of his land. Since the commenters did
not provide an estimate of time or cost incurred in order to
investigate implications of critical habitat, the Addendum
conservatively doubled the estimate of hours spent by the landowner
and/or his attorneys or professional staff on investigating the issues.
Using these new assumptions, the analysis estimated that total section
7 costs range from $73,500 to $218,500, all of which are attributable
to critical habitat.
While some landowners may expend time and money to investigate the
implications of critical habitat on their land during the designation
process, many landowners may not do so until after final designation is
complete. Thus, the DEA and the Addendum treated these costs as a cost
attributable to the final designation and nondesignation.
(37) Comment: One commenter stated that the DEA lacks a thorough
benefits analysis. The commenter maintained that the DEA does not
include the benefits of watershed protection and improvement,
protection of other stream and riparian biota, and the value of the
designated plant species as an indicator of ecological health. Other
multiple commenters stated that the DEA ignored the benefit of keeping
other native species off the endangered species list, of maintaining
water quality and quantity, of promoting ground water recharge, and of
preventing siltation of the marine environment, thus protecting coral
reefs. Another commenter noted that additional benefits of critical
habitat include combating global warming, providing recreational
opportunities, attracting ecotourism, and preserving Hawaii's natural
heritage. The commenter also noted that the Service must use the tools
available, such as the University of Hawaii (UH) Secretariat for
Conservation Biology study that estimated the value of ecosystem
services, to determine the benefits of critical habitat. Another
commenter stated that the DEA overestimates economic benefits and many
of the alleged benefits are entirely speculative, unquantifiable or
lack any commercial value.
Our Response: There is little disagreement in the published
economic literature that real social welfare benefits can result from
the conservation and recovery of endangered and threatened species
(Bishop 1978, 1980; Brookshire and Eubanks 1983; Boyle and Bishop 1986;
Hageman 1985; Samples et al. 1986; Stoll and Johnson 1984). Such
benefits have also been ascribed to preservation of open space and
biodiversity (see examples in Pearce and Moran (1994) and Fausold and
Lilieholm (1999)), both of which are associated with species
conservation.
Chapter VI, Section 6.c. of the DEA and Section 6 of the Addendum
discuss the potential benefits addressed in the above comments.
However, the DEA and Addendum also indicate that these benefits are not
quantified due to lack of information available on: (1) Quantified data
on the value of the 41 species; and (2) quantified data on the change
in the quality of the ecosystem and the species as a result of the
designation (for example, how many fewer ungulates will roam into the
critical habitat, how many fewer invasive plants will be introduced as
a result, and therefore how many more individuals of the 41 species
will be present in the area).
Although the UH study does value ecosystem services, it has limited
applicability for valuing the benefits of the proposed critical habitat
designation for the 41 species for a number of reasons. First, the UH
study had a different purpose, which was to estimate the total value of
environmental benefits provided by the entire Koolau Mountains on the
island of Oahu versus the value of the more limited benefits provided
by the proposed critical habitat for the 41 species on the island of
Molokai. Consistent with its purpose, the UH study provides no
estimates of the changes in environmental conditions resulting from
changes in land and stream management due to critical habitat
designation.
Furthermore, many of the assumptions and much of the analysis in
the UH study are not transferable to the economic analysis of critical
habitat for the 41 species. For example, the value of water recharge in
the UH study reflects projected water supply and demand conditions on
Oahu, an island which is more than twice the size of Molokai but has a
population more than 115 times that of Molokai. Also, the UH benefit
analysis of reducing soil runoff is unique to three valleys that drain
through partially channelized streams in urban areas into the manmade
Ala Wai Canal. Since this canal was designed with inadequate flushing
from stream or ocean currents, it functions as an unintended settling
basin and so must be dredged periodically. In addition, the
recreational and ecotourism values provided in the UH study apply to
areas that are accessible to most hikers, which is not the case with
most of the critical habitat for the 41 species. Most of the Molokai
critical habitat units are in mountainous areas with steep slopes and
difficult access or on coastal cliffs. Perhaps more importantly, a
critical habitat designation provides no guarantee of public use of or
access to the property. It therefore is not clear to what extent a
study which derived values from expectations of public use would be
applicable to critical habitat designations.
(38) Comment: One commenter stated that although agricultural
production areas are excluded from the proposed critical habitat units,
agricultural resources appear to be included, particularly the source
for the Molokai Irrigation System in Waikolu Valley.
[[Page 13015]]
The commenter requested assurance that long term improvements to the
irrigation system will not be precluded by critical habitat
designation.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 3.g. of the DEA and Section 4.g.
of the Addendum address impacts of the proposed critical habitat
designation on the Molokai Irrigation System. The economic analysis
indicates that the lack of any current plant for new improvements,
coupled with the difficulty of obtaining funding, completing impact
studies, and securing permits were new improvements to be envisioned,
makes it extremely unlikely that any new water improvements will be
proposed or approved within the next 10 years. In addition, this final
rule, existing man-made features and structures within the critical
habitat units, including but not limited to aqueducts and other water
system features such as diversions, flumes, pumping stations,
irrigation ditches, pipelines, siphons, tunnels, water tanks, gaging
stations, intakes, and wells do not contain the primary constituent
elements essential for the conservation of each species and, therefore,
are not included in the critical habitat designations.
Even if new projects were proposed, a number of circumstances must
occur before there would be any direct impact of section 7 on water
improvement proposals. Chapter III of the DEA noted that section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to consult with us to
ensure that activities they fund, authorize, permit, or carry out do
not result in destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
Further, the DEA noted that we do not have jurisdiction under section 7
to consult on activities occurring on non-Federal lands when the
activities are not federally funded, authorized, or carried out. Thus,
because the Molokai Irrigation System is not located on Federal land,
critical habitat designation will have no direct impact on any long-
term improvements constructed by the State unless the improvements
involve Federal funding or require Federal permits. In addition, even
if Federal funding or permitting is identified and a consultation is
initiated, no direct impacts will result unless the Service (1) finds
that the activity may jeopardize the continued existence of a listed
species and/or destroy or adversely modify the critical habitat; and
(2) can identify reasonable and prudent alternatives that will keep the
action below the thresholds of jeopardy and/or adverse modification.
Thus, long-term improvements to the Molokai Irrigation System will
not be precluded by critical habitat designation, but under a worst-
case scenario, long-term improvements to the Molokai Irrigation System
may involve the development of reasonable and prudent alternatives to
prevent adverse modification of the critical habitat.
(39) Comment: One commenter stated that the designation of critical
habitat in unoccupied areas may effectively extinguish the potential
for intensive or extensive agricultural use or irrigation water
resource development.
Our Response: As noted above, Chapter III of the DEA noted that
section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to consult with
the Service to ensure that activities they fund, authorize, permit, or
carry out do not result in destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat. Further, the DEA noted that the Service does not have
jurisdiction under section 7 to consult on activities occurring on non-
Federal lands when the activities are not federally funded, authorized,
or carried out.
As a result, future intensive or extensive agricultural use or
irrigation water resource development in unoccupied areas of designated
critical habitat will not be subject to section 7 consultation unless
it involves Federal funding or requires Federal permits.
The involvement of Federal funding and/or Federal permits will not
extinguish the potential for intensive or extensive agricultural use or
irrigation water resource development. Instead, the Federal agency with
the nexus to the activity initiates consultation with the Service. The
consultation between the Federal Action agency and the Service may
involve informal consultation, formal consultation in the case of
adverse impacts, or both. If during informal consultation the Federal
Action agency determines that its action (as originally proposed or
revised and taking into account direct and indirect effects) ``is not
likely to adversely affect'' listed species or critical habitat (e.g.,
the effects are beneficial, insignificant or discountable), and the
Service agrees with that determination, then the Service provides
concurrence in writing, and no further consultation is required.
If, however, the proposed action, as revised during informal
consultation, is still likely to adversely affect listed species or
critical habitat, the Action agency must request in writing initiation
of formal consultation with the Service. If the Service finds, in its
biological opinion, that a proposed action is not likely to jeopardize
the continued existence of a listed species, or destroy or adversely
modify the critical habitat, even though the action may adversely
affect listed species or critical habitat, then the action likely can
be carried out without violating section 7(a)(2) of the Act.
On the other hand, if the Service finds that a proposed action is
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species and/or
destroy or adversely modify the critical habitat, then the Service
provides the Action agency with reasonable and prudent alternatives
that will keep the action below the thresholds of jeopardy and/or
adverse modification, if any can be identified. The Service works with
Action agencies and Applicants in developing reasonable and prudent
alternatives. A reasonable and prudent alternative is one that: (1) Can
be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended purpose of the
action; (2) can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Action
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction; and (3) is economically and
technologically feasible. The Service will, in most cases, defer to the
Action agency's expertise and judgment as to the feasibility of an
alternative. Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight
project modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of a project.
Costs associated with implementing reasonable and prudent alternatives
vary accordingly.
In summary, the potential for intensive or extensive agricultural
use or irrigation water resource development will not be extinguished
as a direct result of critical habitat designation. Rather, and only if
Federal funding or Federal permits are involved, the Federal Action
agency will consult with the Service to determine if the activity ``is
likely to adversely affect'' the critical habitat. In the worst case,
the proposed agricultural use or irrigation water development may
involve the development of reasonable and prudent alternatives to
prevent adverse modification of the critical habitat.
Chapter VI, Section 4.e. of the DEA and Section 5.c. of the
Addendum discuss the indirect impacts resulting from the redistricting
of private land in the Agricultural District into the Conservation
District. The DEA noted that under a worst-case scenario, areas
designated as critical habitat could be placed in the Protective
Subzone with the most severe restrictions, which could prevent a new
agricultural use or interfere with irrigation water development. As
indicated in the Addendum, the likelihood of mandated redistricting is
undetermined, but is expected to be small. The assessment of the
probabilities of certain indirect impacts in the DEA is based on State
[[Page 13016]]
and local laws and regulations; discussions with State and local
officials, landowners, and lawyers; and professional judgment. As
discussed in the Addendum, the total drop in property value should
redistricting of all privately owned Agricultural land occur is
estimated at $715,000.
Summary of Changes From the Revised Proposed Rule
Based on a review of public comments received on the proposed
determinations of critical habitat, we have reevaluated our proposed
designations and included several changes to the final designations of
critical habitat. These changes include the following:
(1) We published 88 single species critical habitat units for 41
plant species on Molokai.
(2) The scientific names were changed for the following associated
species found in the ``Supplementary Information: Discussion of the
Plant Taxa'' section: Chenopodium oahuensis changed to Chenopodium
oahuense in the discussions of Schiedea sarmentosa; Cocculus trilobus
changed to Cocculus orbiculatus in the discussion of Brighamia rockii;
Elephantopus spicatus changed to Pseudoelephantopus spicatus in the
discussion of Peucedanum sandwicense; Jacquemontia sandwicensis changed
to Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis in the discussion of
Sesbania tomentosa; Lipochaeta integrifolia changed to Melanthera
integrifolia in the discussion of Centaurium sebaeoides, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Sesbania tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii; Mariscus
phleoides changed to Cyperus phleoides in the discussions of Brighamia
rockii and Centaurium sebaeoides; Phymatosorus scolopendria changed to
Phymatosorus grossus in the discussions of Brighamia rockii; Pluchea
symphytifolia changed to Pluchea carolinensis in the discussions of
Brighamia rockii; Psychotria hexandra changed to Psychotria spp. in the
discussions of Adenophorus periens; Styphelia tameiameiae changed to
Leptecophylla tameiameiae in the discussions of Adenophorus periens,
Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Diellia erecta, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Neraudia sericea, Platanthera holochila, Pritchardia
munroi, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea sarmentosa, Silene alexandri,
Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Vigna o-
wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; Tetramolopium cassia changed to
Tetramolopium spp. in the discussion of Brighamia rockii; and Viola
robusta changed to Viola chamissoniana ssp. robusta in the discussion
of Adenophorus periens.
(3) In order to avoid confusion regarding the number of location
occurrences for each species (that do not necessarily represent viable
populations) and the number of recovery populations (e.g., 8 to 10 with
100, 300, or 500 reproducing individuals) we changed the word
``population'' to ``occurrence'' and updated the number of occurrences
for the following species found in the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Discussion of the Plant Taxa section and ``Table 2.--Summary of
existing occurrences on Molokai, and landownership for 51 species
reported from Molokai'': Alectryon macrococcus, changed from three
populations to six occurrences; Bidens wiebkei, changed from three
populations to five occurrences; Brighamia rockii, changed from four
populations to five occurrences; Canavalia molokaiensis, changed from
five populations to seven occurrences; Centaurium sebaeoides, changed
from five populations to two occurrences; Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, changed from three populations to five occurrences; Cyanea
mannii, changed from three populations to eight occurrences; Cyanea
procera, changed from two populations to five occurrences; Diellia
erecta, changed from three populations to four occurrences; Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, changed from two populations to three
occurrences; Lysimachia maxima, changed from two populations to one
occurrence; Peucedanum sandwicense, changed from four populations to
five occurrences; Schiedea sarmentosa, changed from two populations to
five occurrences; Sesbania tomentosa, changed from six populations to
nine occurrences; Tetramolopium rockii, changed from three populations
to four occurrences; and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, changed from two
populations to four occurrences.
(4) We updated the number of individuals for the following species
found in the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Discussion of the Plant Taxa
section: Schiedea lydgatei and Schiedea sarmentosa changed to greater
than 1,000; Stenogyne bifida changed to less than 13; Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana changed to less than 7; Hesperomannia arborescens and
Melicope mucronulata changed to 3; and Sesbania tomentosa changed to
over 2,000.
(5) We revised the list of excluded, manmade features in the
Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat and section 17.99 to include
additional features based on information received during the public
comment periods.
(6) We made revisions to the unit boundaries based on information
supplied by commenters, as well as information gained from field visits
to some of the sites, that indicated that the primary constituent
elements were not present in certain portions of the proposed unit,
that certain changes in land use had occurred on lands within the
proposed critical habitat that would preclude those areas from
supporting the primary constituent elements, or that the areas were not
essential to the conservation of the species in question.
(7) As discussed in detail in the ``Analysis of Impacts Under
Section 4(b)(2),'' we have determined that the benefits of excluding
TNCH's Molokai preserves as critical habitat outweigh the benefits of
including them as critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Hedyotis mannii, Labordia
triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope mucronulata,
Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila,
Schiedea sarmentosa, Silene alexandrii, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium
rockii, and Vigna o-wahuense.
(8) In accordance with the revisions described in (5), we revised
sections 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants and 17.99 Sec. 17.99
Critical habitat; plants on the islands of Kauai, Niihau, and Molokai,
HI, as appropriate.
A brief summary of the modifications made to each unit is given
below (see also Figure 1).
[[Page 13017]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.000
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
Molokai A1
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for three species:
Centaurium sebaeoides, Marsilea villosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. We
excluded the proposed critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, a
multi-island species. This area is not essential for the conservation
of Centaurium sebaeoides because it lacks one or more of the primary
constituent elements, has a lower proportion of associated native
species than other areas we consider to be essential to the
conservation of Centaurium sebaeoides, and is not currently managed for
conservation of this species. In addition, there are at least 10 other
locations that have been identified to meet the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations throughout its historical range on Molokai and other
islands. Habitat also exists on Molokai for Centaurium sebaeoides
within Moomomi Preserve. The area designated as critical habitat for
Tetramolopium rockii provides habitat within its historical range for
one population.
This modification resulted in the reduction from 472 ha (1,167 ac)
to 68 ha (167 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 1--Tetramolopium
rockii--a.
In the April 5, 2002, revised proposal, we stated that there was
critical habitat for Marsilea villosa within Molokai A1. Upon further
inspection, we discovered that the actual areas that contain the
suitable habitat for this species were inadvertently left out of the
proposed unit Molokai A1. We are unable at this time to publish
proposed critical habitat for Marsilea villosa in this final rule.
Critical habitat is proposed for this species on the island of Oahu. We
plan to publish a proposed rule to designate critical habitat for
Marsilea villosa on Molokai subsequent to publication of this final
rule for 41 plants on Molokai.
Molokai A2
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for three species:
Centaurium sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
This area is not essential for the conservation of Centaurium
sebaeoides because it lacks one or more of the primary constituent
elements, has a lower proportion of associated native species than
other areas we consider to be essential to the conservation of
Centaurium sebaeoides, and is not currently managed for conservation of
this species. In addition, there are at least 10 other locations that
have been identified to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations
throughout the historical range on Molokai and other islands. Habitat
also exists on Molokai for Centaurium sebaeoides within Moomomi
Preserve. The areas designated as critical habitat for Tetramolopium
rockii and Sesbania tomentosa provides habitat within their historical
range for one population of each species.
This modification resulted in the reduction from 1,532 ha (3,786
ac) to 131 ha (325 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 2--Sesbania
tomentosa--a and Molokai 2--Tetramolopium rockii--b.
Molokai B1
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 18 species:
Adenophorus periens, Brighamia rockii, Centaurium sebaeoides,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
[[Page 13018]]
procera, Hedyotis mannii, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus,
Ischaemum byrone, Lysimachia maxima, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea
nuttallii, Stenogyne bifida, and Tetramolopium rockii. Modifications
were made to this unit to exclude areas not essential to the
conservation of Centaurium sebaeoides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, and Peucedanum sandwicense, all multi-island species. Areas
proposed for these three species were excluded because we have proposed
adequate habitat elsewhere on Molokai and on other islands within their
historical ranges.
We excluded the proposed critical habitat for Hedyotis mannii,
Ischaemum byrone, Plantago princeps, and Platanthera holochila, all
multi-island species. This area is not essential to the conservation of
these four species because it lacks one or more of the primary
constituent elements, has a lower proportion of associated native
species than other areas we consider to be essential to the
conservation of these four species, and is not currently managed for
the conservation of these species. In addition, there are at least
eight other locations that have been identified to meet the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout their historical ranges on other
islands. There is habitat designated elsewhere on Molokai for Ischaemum
byrone and Plantago princeps. Habitat exists on Molokai for Hedyotis
mannii and Platanthera holochila within Pelekunu Preserve.
We excluded the proposed critical habitat for Stenogyne bifida, an
island-endemic species. This area is not essential for the conservation
of Stenogyne bifida because it lacks one or more of the primary
constituent elements, has a lower proportion of associated native
species than other areas we consider to be essential to the
conservation of Stenogyne bifida, and is not currently managed for
conservation of this species. In addition, there are at least 10 other
locations that have been identified to meet the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations throughout its historical range on Molokai. In addition,
habitat for Stenogyne bifida exists within Kamakou and Pelekunu
Preserves.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following island-
endemic species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus and
Tetramolopium rockii, two populations of Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, three populations of Cyanea procera, six populations of
Lysimachia maxima, and seven populations of Cyanea dunbarii.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following multi-
island species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Adenophorus periens, Brighamia rockii, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Schiedea nuttallii, and two
populations of Phyllostegia mannii.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 2,179 ha (5,384
ac) to 909 ha (2,246 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 3--Centaurium
sebaeoides--a, Molokai 3--Tetramolopium rockii--c, Molokai 4--Brighamia
rockii--a, Molokai 4--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--a, Molokai
6--Adenophorus periens--a, Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--c, Molokai 6--
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--a, Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--
a, Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--a, Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus--b, Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--a, Molokai 6--Lysimachia
maxima--b, Molokai 6--Peucedanum sandwicense--b, Molokai 6--
Phyllostegia mannii--a, and Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii--a.
Molokai B2
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for four species:
Brighamia rockii, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and
Tetramolopium rockii. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for
Ischaemum byrone, a multi-island species. This area is not essential
for the conservation of Ischaemum byrone because it lacks one or more
of the primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion of
associated native species than other areas we consider to be essential
to the conservation of Ischaemum byrone, and is not currently managed
for conservation of this species. There are also at least 10 other
locations that have been identified to meet the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations throughout its historical range on Molokai and other
islands. The area designated as critical habitat for the island-endemic
species Tetramolopium rockii provides habitat within its historical
range for one population. The area designated as critical habitat for
the multi-island species Brighamia rockii and Peucedanum sandwicense
provides habitat within their historical ranges for one population of
each species.
This modification resulted in a reduction from 20 ha (50 ac) to 4
ha (10 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 5--Brighamia rockii--b,
Molokai 5--Peucedanum sandwicense--a, and Molokai 5--Tetramolopium
rockii--d.
Molokai C
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 14 species:
Adenophorus periens, Brighamia rockii, Centaurium sebaeoides,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Ischaemum byrone, Lysimachia maxima,
Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, and
Pteris lidgatei. Modifications were made to this unit to exclude areas
not essential to the conservation of Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum
sandwicense, both multi-island species. Areas proposed for these two
species were excluded because we have proposed adequate habitat
elsewhere on Molokai and on other islands within their historical
ranges. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for Centaurium
sebaeoides, a multi-island species. This area is not essential for the
conservation of Centaurium sebaeoides because it lacks one or more of
the primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion of associated
native species than other areas we consider to be essential to the
conservation of Centaurium sebaeoides, and is not currently managed for
conservation of this species. There are also at least 10 other
locations that have been identified to meet the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations throughout its historical range on Molokai and other
islands. Habitat also exists on Molokai for Centaurium sebaeoides
within Moomomi Preserve.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following island-
endemic species provides habitat within their historical ranges for
three populations of Lysimachia maxima, four to five populations of
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, five to six populations of
Clermintia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, and eight populations of
Melicope reflexa.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following multi-
island species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Diplazium molokaiense and Peucedanum sandwicense:
two populations each of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Hesperomannia arborescens, and Ischaemum byrone; three populations each
of Adenophorus periens, Brighamia rockii, and Pteris lydgatei; and five
populations of Phyllostegia mannii.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 4,507 ha (11,138
ac) to
[[Page 13019]]
4,423 ha (10,930 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 6--Adenophorus
periens--b, Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--c, Molokai 6--Brighamia
rockii--d, Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--e, Molokai 6--Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--b, Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes--c, Molokai 6--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a, Molokai
6--Diplazium molokaiense--a, Molokai 6--Hesperomannia arborescens--a,
Molokai 6--Hesperomannia arborescens--b, Molokai 6--Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--c, Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus--d, Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--a, Molokai 6--Ischaemum
byrone--b, Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--c, Molokai 6--Melicope
reflexa--a, Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--b, Molokai 6--Peucedanum
sandwicense--c, Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--b, Molokai 6--
Phyllostegia mannii--c, and Molokai 6--Pteris lidgatei--a.
Molokai D
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for four species: Bidens
wiebkei, Centaurium sebaeoides, Ischaemum byrone, and Peucedanum
sandwicense. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for Centaurium
sebaeoides, Ischaemum byrone, and Peucedanum sandwicense, all multi-
island species. This area is not essential for the conservation of
Centaurium sebaeoides, Ischaemum byrone, and Peucedanum sandwicense
because it lacks one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a
lower proportion of associated native species than other areas we
consider to be essential to the conservation of these species, is not
currently managed for conservation of this species. In addition, there
are at least 10 other locations that have been identified to meet the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout their historical ranges
on Molokai and other islands. Habitat also exists on Molokai for
Centaurium sebaeoides within Moomomi Preserve. The area designated as
critical habitat for the island-endemic species, Bidens wiebkei,
provides habitat within its historical range for two populations.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 466 ha (1,153
ac) to 240 ha (593 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 7--Bidens
wiebkei--b.
Molokai E1
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for one species: Bidens
wiebkei. Modifications were made to this unit to exclude areas not
essential to the conservation of Bidens wiebkei, an island-endemic,
because we have designated adequate habitat elsewhere on Molokai within
its historical range. Habitat also exists within Pelekunu and Kamakou
preserves. The area designated as critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei
provides habitat within its historical range for two populations.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 127 ha (315 ac)
to 124 ha (305 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 8--Bidens wiebkei--c.
Molokai E2
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for one species: Bidens
wiebkei. This unit was excluded from critical habitat because the area
is not essential to the conservation of this species. The area is
highly degraded. This area is not essential for the conservation of
Bidens wiebkei because it lacks one or more of the primary constituent
elements, has a lower proportion of associated native species than
other areas we consider to be essential to the conservation of Bidens
wiebkei, and is not currently managed for conservation of this species.
In addition, there are at least 8 other locations that have been
identified to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout
its historical range on Molokai. Habitat also exists on Molokai for
Bidens wiebkei within Kamakou and Pelekunu preserves. This modification
resulted in the complete removal of this unit (332 ha (821 ac)) from
the final designation.
Molokai F
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 34 species:
Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hedyotis mannii, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima,
Mariscus fauriei, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia
sericea, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera
holochila, Plantago princeps, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii,
Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene
lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Vigna o-
wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Modifications were made to this
unit to exclude areas not essential to the conservation of Alectryon
macrococcus, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Mariscus fauriei,
Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Plantago princeps, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, all multi-island species. Areas proposed for
these eight species were excluded because we have designated more
adequate and more appropriate habitat elsewhere on Molokai and on other
islands within their historical ranges. Habitat also exists on Molokai
for Mariscus fauriei and Melicope mucronulata within Pelekunu Preserve.
Modifications were also made to this unit to exclude areas not
essential to the conservation of Canavalia molokaiensis, Cyanea
dunbarii, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea
sarmentosa, Silene alexandri, and Stenogyne bifida, all island-endemic
species. Areas proposed for these eight species were excluded because
we have designated adequate and more appropriate habitat elsewhere on
Molokai within their historical ranges. Habitat also exists on Molokai
for Canavalia molokaiensis, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Schiedea
sarmentosa, Silene alexandri, and Stenogyne bifida within Kamakou
Preserve. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a multi-island species. This area is not
essential for the conservation of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
because it lacks one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a
lower proportion of associated native species than other areas we
consider to be essential to the conservation of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, and is not currently managed for conservation of this
species. There are also at least 10 other locations that have been
identified to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout
its historical range on Molokai and other islands. We excluded the
proposed critical habitat for Hedyotis mannii, Phyllostegia mollis,
Platanthera holochila, and Vigna o-wahuensis, all multi-island species.
This area is not essential for the conservation of these four species
because it lacks one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a
lower proportion of associated native species than other areas we
consider to be essential to the conservation of these four species, and
is not currently managed for conservation of these species. In
addition, there are at least 10 other locations that have been
identified to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations per species
throughout their historical ranges on other islands. Habitat also
exists on Molokai for all four of these species within Pelekunu
Preserve.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following island-
endemic species provides habitat within their historical
[[Page 13020]]
ranges for one population of Bidens wiebkei; 3 populations each of
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes and Stenogyne bifida; 5
populations of Canavalia molokaiense and Cyanea mannii; 6 populations
of Cyanea procera, Lysimachia maxima, and Melicope reflexa; 7
populations of Schiedea sarmentosa and Silene alexandrii; 8 populations
of Labordia triflora; and 10 populations of Cyanea dunbarii and
Schiedea lydgatei. The area designated as critical habitat for the
following multi-island species provides habitat within their historical
ranges for one population each of Adenophorus periens, Alectryon
macrococcus, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Fluggea neowawraea,
Plantago princeps, Schiedea nuttallii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; two populations of Eugenia koolauensis,
Phyllostegia mannii, and Silene lanceolata; four populations of
Mariscus fauriei and Melicope mucronulata; and six populations of
Neraudia sericea.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 4,956 ha (12,247
ac) to 3,819 ha (9,436 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 6--
Adenophorus periens--b, Molokai 6--Alectryon macrococcus--a, Molokai
6--Bidens wiebkei--a, Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--a, Molokai 6--
Canavalia molokaiensis--b, Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--c,
Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--b, Molokai 6--
Ctenitis squamigera--a, Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--a, Molokai 6--
Cyanea dunbarii--b, Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--c, Molokai 6--Cyanea
mannii--a, Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--b, Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--c,
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--d, Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--e, Molokai 6--
Cyanea procera--a, Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--b, Molokai 6--Diellia
erecta--a, Molokai 6--Eugenia koolauensis--a, Molokai 6--Flueggea
neowawraea--a, Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--a, Molokai 6--Labordia
triflora--b, Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--c, Molokai 6--Labordia
triflora--d, Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--a, Molokai 6--Lysimachia
maxima--b, Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--a, Molokai 6--Mariscus
fauriei--b, Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--a, Molokai 6--Melicope
mucronulata--b, Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--c, Molokai 6--Melicope
mucronulata--d, Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--e, Molokai 6--Melicope
reflexa--b, Molokai 6--Neraudia sericea--a, Molokai 6--Phyllostegia
mannii--b, Molokai 6--Plantago princeps--a, Molokai 6--Schiedea
lydgatei--a, Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--b, Molokai 6--Schiedea
nuttallii--b, Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa--a, Molokai 6--Schiedea
sarmentosa--b, Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--a, Molokai 6--Silene
alexandri--b, Molokai 6--Silene lanceolata--a, Molokai 6--Spermolepis
hawaiiensis--a, Molokai 6--Stenogyne bifida--a, and Molokai 6--
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a.
Molokai G
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for four species:
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, and
Sesbania tomentosa. Modifications were made to this unit to exclude
areas not essential to the conservation of these multi-island species.
Areas proposed for these four species were excluded because we have
designated adequate habitat elsewhere on Molokai and on other islands
within their historical ranges. Habitat exists for Mariscus fauriei
within Pelekunu Preserve. The area designated as critical habitat for
these four multi-island species provides habitat within their
historical ranges for one population each of Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Sesbania tomentosa, and three populations
of Mariscus fauriei.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 3,023 ha (7,471
ac) to 130 ha (321 ac). This unit was renamed Molokai 9--Isodendrion
pyrifolium--a, Molokai 9--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a, Molokai 6--
Mariscus fauriei--b, Molokai 9--Sesbania tomentosa--b.
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) the
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those
physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of
the species and (II) that may require special management considerations
or protection; and, (ii) specific areas outside the geographic area
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
``Conservation,'' as defined by the Act, means the use of all methods
and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or threatened
species to the point at which listing under the Act is no longer
necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the requirement that Federal agencies ensure that any action
they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to result in the
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. Section 7 also
requires conferences with us on Federal actions that are likely to
result in the destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical
habitat. In our regulations at 50 CFR 402.02, we define destruction or
adverse modification as, ``* * * a direct or indirect alteration that
appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat for both the
survival and recovery of a listed species. Such alterations include,
but are not limited to, alterations adversely modifying any of those
physical or biological features that were the basis for determining the
habitat to be critical.''
The relationship between a species' survival and its recovery has
been a source of confusion to some in the past. We believe that a
species' ability to recover depends on its ability to survive into the
future when it is recovery can be achieved; thus, the concepts of long-
term survival and recovery are linked. However, in the March 15, 2001,
decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
(Sierra Club v. Fish and Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434)
regarding a not prudent finding, the Court found our definition of
destruction or adverse modification as currently contained in 50 CFR
402.02 to be invalid. In response to this decision, we are reviewing
the regulatory definition of adverse modification in relation to the
conservation of the species. Nevertheless, because consultation under
section 7 of the Act does not apply to activities on private or other
non-Federal lands that do not involve a Federal nexus, critical habitat
designation would not result in any regulatory requirements for these
actions.
In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, the
habitat must first contain physical and biological features to be
``essential to the conservation of the species.'' Critical habitat
designations identify, to the extent known, using the best scientific
and commercial data available, habitat areas that provide essential
lifecycle needs of the species (i.e., areas on which are found the
primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR 424.12(b)).
Section 4 requires that we designate critical habitat for a
species, to the extent such habitat is determinable, at the time of
listing. When we designate critical habitat at the time of listing or
under short court-ordered deadlines, we may not have sufficient
information to identify all the areas containing physical and
biological features
[[Page 13021]]
essential for the conservation of the species. Nevertheless, we are
required to designate those areas we know to be critical habitat, using
the best information available to us.
Within the geographic areas occupied by the species, we will
designate only areas currently known to be essential. Essential areas
should already have one or more of the features and habitat
characteristics that are necessary to sustain the species. We will not
speculate about what areas might be found to be essential if better
information became available, or what areas may become essential over
time. If the information available at the time of designation does not
show that an area provides essential life cycle needs of the species,
then the area should not be included in the critical habitat
designation.
Our regulations state that ``The Secretary shall designate as
critical habitat areas outside the geographical area presently occupied
by a species only when a designation limited to its present range would
be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species' (50 CFR
424.12(e)). Accordingly, when the best available scientific and
commercial data do not demonstrate that the conservation needs of the
species require designation of critical habitat outside of occupied
areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the
geographic area occupied by the species.
Our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species
Act, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271),
provides criteria, establishes procedures, and provides guidance to
ensure that our decisions represent the best scientific and commercial
data available. It requires our biologists, to the extent consistent
with the Act and with the use of the best scientific and commercial
data available, to use primary and original sources of information as
the basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat. When
determining which areas are critical habitat, a primary source of
information should be the listing package for the species. Additional
information may be obtained from recovery plans, articles in peer-
reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and counties,
scientific status surveys and studies, and biological assessments or
other unpublished materials.
Habitat is often dynamic, and populations may move from one area to
another over time. We recognize that designation of critical habitat
may not include all of the habitat areas that may eventually be
determined to be necessary for the recovery of the species. For these
reasons, all should understand that critical habitat designations do
not signal that habitat outside the designation is unimportant or may
not be required for recovery. Areas outside the critical habitat
designation will continue to be subject to conservation actions that
may be implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act and to the
regulatory protections afforded by the Act's 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard
and section 9 prohibitions, as determined on the basis of the best
available information at the time of the action. We specifically
anticipate that federally funded or assisted projects affecting listed
species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still
result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of
future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans, or other species
conservation planning efforts if new information available to these
planning efforts calls for a different outcome.
A. Prudency
Designation of critical habitat is not prudent when the species is
threatened by taking or other human activity, and identification of
critical habitat can be expected to increase the degree of such threat
to the species (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)).
Due to low numbers of individuals and/or populations and their
inherent immobility, the 51 plants may be vulnerable to unrestricted
collection, vandalism, or disturbance. We examined the evidence
currently available for each of these taxa and found specific evidence
of vandalism, disturbance, and/or the threat of unrestricted collection
for one species of Pritchardia, the native palm, on Molokai. At the
time of listing, we determined that designation of critical habitat was
not prudent for Pritchardia munroi because it would increase the degree
of threat from vandalism or collecting, and would provide no benefit
(57 FR 46325). We received information on the commercial trade in palms
conducted through the Internet (Grant Canterbury, USFWS, in litt.
2000). Several nurseries advertise and sell seedlings and young plants,
including 13 species of Hawaiian Pritchardia. Seven of these species
are federally protected, including Pritchardia munroi. In light of this
information, we believe that designation of critical habitat would
likely increase the threat from vandalism or collection to this species
of Pritchardia on Molokai. First, it is easy to identify, and second,
it may be attractive to collectors of rare palms either for their
personal use or to trade or sell for personal gain (Johnson 1996). We
believe that the evidence shows that this species of palm may be
attractive to such collectors. Although the final listing rule and
proposed critical habitat do not list vandalism or overcollection as a
threats, in light of documented vandalism and overcollection events on
species in the same genus on Kauai, we believe that Pritchardia munroi
is vulnerable to the same types of threats because of the similarity in
appearance of the species.
In addition, we believe that designation would not provide
significant benefits that would outweigh these increased risks. First,
Pritchardia munroi does not occur on Federal land. It is in a remote
location, not accessible to standard vehicles. It is, therefore,
unlikely that the land on which it is found will be developed. Since
there does not appear to be any actions in the future that would
involve a Federal agency, designation of critical habitat would not
provide any additional protection to the species that it does not
already have through listing alone. If however in the future any
Federal involvement did occur, such as through the permitting process
or funding by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department
of Interior, the Corps through section 404 of the Clean Water Act, the
U.S. Federal Department of Housing and Urban Development or the Federal
Highway Administration, the actions would be subject to consultation
under section 7 of the Act.
We acknowledge that critical habitat designation, in some
situations, provides additional value to the species, (e.g., by
identifying areas important for conservation and calling attention to
those areas in need of special protection). However, for this species,
we believe that the benefits of designating critical habitat do not
outweigh the potential increased threats from vandalism or collection.
Given all of the above considerations, we determine that designation of
critical habitat for Pritchardia munroi is not prudent.
We made final prudent findings for the following 29 multi-island
species in other published final critical habitat rules: Adenophorus
periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium
molokaiense, Flueggea neowawraea,
[[Page 13022]]
Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, Mariscus
fauriei, Melicope munroi, Peucedanum sandwicense, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene
lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna o-
wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (64 FR 48307, 68 FR 1220, 68 FR
9116)
Three species no longer occur on Molokai but are reported from one
or more other islands. To find whether critical habitat would be
prudent for these three species, we analyzed the potential threats and
benefits for each species in accordance with the court's orders. These
three plants were listed as endangered species under the Act between
1991 and 1996. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that
designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation
would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not
benefit the plant. We examined the evidence available for these three
species and have not, at this time, found specific evidence of taking,
vandalism, collection, or trade of these species or of similar species.
Consequently, while we remain concerned that these activities could
potentially threaten Eugenia koolauensis, Phyllostegia mollis, or
Pteris lidgatei in the future, consistent with applicable regulations
(50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's discussion of these
regulations, we do not find that these species are currently threatened
by taking or other human activity, which would be exacerbated by the
designation of critical habitat. In the absence of finding that
critical habitat would increase threats to a species, if there are any
benefits to critical habitat designation, then a prudent finding is
warranted. The potential benefits include: (1) Triggering section 7
consultation in new areas where it would not otherwise occur because,
for example, it is or has become unoccupied or the occupancy is in
question; (2) focusing conservation activities on the most essential
areas; (3) providing educational benefits to State or county
governments or private entities; and (4) preventing people from causing
inadvertent harm to the species. In the case of Eugenia koolauensis,
Phyllostegia mollis, and Pteris lidgatei there would be some benefits
to designating critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of
critical habitat is the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies
refrain from taking any action that destroys or adversely modifies
critical habitat. None of these three species are reported from Federal
lands on Molokai where actions are subject to section 7 consultation.
However, all three of these species are reported from Federal lands or
lands that are administered by a Federal agency on Oahu (Eugenia
koolauensis is reported from the United States Army's Kahuku Training
Area; Phyllostegia mollis is reported from the United States Army's
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation/Schofield Barracks East Range;
and Pteris lidgatei is reported from the United States Army's Schofield
Barracks Military Reservation/Schofield Barracks East Range and
Kawailoa Training Area, as well as the Service's Oahu Forest National
Wildlife Refuge). While a critical habitat designation for habitat
currently occupied by Eugenia koolauensis, Phyllostegia mollis, and
Pteris lidgatei would not likely change the section 7 consultation
outcome there may be instances where section 7 consultation would be
triggered only if critical habitat were designated. There may also be
some educational or informational benefits to the designation of
critical habitat. Educational benefits include the notification of
landowner(s), land managers, and the general public of the importance
of protecting the habitat of these species and dissemination of
information regarding their essential habitat requirements. Therefore,
we find that designating critical habitat is prudent for Eugenia
koolauensis, Phyllostegia mollis, and Pteris lidgatei.
We examined the evidence available for the other 18 taxa and have
not, at this time, found specific evidence of taking, vandalism,
collection, or trade of these taxa or of similar species. Consequently,
while we remain concerned that these activities could potentially
threaten these 18 plant species in the future, consistent with
applicable regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's
discussion of these regulations, we do not find that any of these
species are currently threatened by taking or other human activity,
which would be exacerbated by the designation of critical habitat.
In the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase
threats to a species a prudent finding is warranted. The potential
benefits include: (1) Triggering section 7 consultation in new areas
where it would not otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has
become unoccupied; (2) focusing conservation activities; (3) providing
educational benefits to State or county governments or private
entities; and (4) preventing people from causing inadvertent harm to
the species.
In the case of these 18 species, there would be some benefits to
critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is
the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any
action that destroys or adversely modifies critical habitat. One of
these species is reported on or near Federal lands (see Table 2), where
actions are subject to section 7 consultation. Although a majority of
the species considered in this rule are located exclusively on non-
Federal lands with limited Federal activities, there could be Federal
actions affecting these lands in the future. While a critical habitat
designation for habitat currently occupied by these species would not
likely change the section 7 consultation outcome, there may be
instances where section 7 consultation would be triggered only if
critical habitat were designated. There would also be some educational
or informational benefits to the designation of critical habitat.
Benefits of designation would include the notification of land owners,
land managers, and the general public of the importance of protecting
the habitat of these species and dissemination of information regarding
their essential habitat requirements.
Therefore, designation of critical habitat is prudent for these 18
plant species: Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea
procera, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Lysimachia maxima,
Marsilea villosa, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia
sericea, Phyllostegia mannii, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea sarmentosa,
Silene alexandri, Stenogyne bifida, and Tetramolopium rockii.
B. Methods
As required by the Act and regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR
424.12), we used the best scientific information available to determine
areas that contain the physical and biological features that are
essential for the conservation of Adenophorus periens, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia
koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
[[Page 13023]]
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus
fauriei, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris
lidgatei, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa,
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. This information included the known locations: Site-
specific species information from the HINHP database and our own rare
plant database; species information from the Center for Plant
Conservation's (CPC's) rare plant monitoring database housed at the
University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; island-wide Geographic
Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g., vegetation, soils, annual
rainfall, elevation contours, landownership); the final listing rules
for these 41 species; the December 29, 2000, proposal; the April 5,
2002, revised proposal; information received during the public comment
periods and public hearings; recent biological surveys and reports; our
recovery plans for these species; information received from landowners,
land managers, and interested parties on the island of Molokai;
discussions with botanical experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii
and Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (see also
the discussion below) (CPC in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; HPPRCC 1998; Service 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b,
1999, 2001; 65 FR 83158; 67 FR 16492).
In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat
it believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and
threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on
most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published
them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999).
The HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to further refine
the locations of important habitat areas and that new survey
information or research may also lead to additional refinement of
identifying and mapping of habitat important for the recovery of these
species.
The HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all listed,
proposed, and candidate plants and evaluated species of concern to
determine if essential habitat areas would provide for their habitat
needs. However, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat is distinct from the
regulatory designation of critical habitat as defined by the Act. More
data have been collected since the recommendations made by the HPPRCC
in 1998. Much of the area that was identified by the HPPRCC as
inadequately surveyed has now been surveyed to some degree. New
location data for many species have been gathered. Also, the HPPRCC
identified areas as essential based on species clusters (areas that
included listed species, as well as candidate species and species of
concern), while we have only delineated areas that are essential for
the conservation of the specific listed species at issue. As a result,
the critical habitat designations in this rule include not only some
habitat that was identified as essential in the 1998 recommendations
but also habitat that was not identified as essential in those
recommendations.
C. Primary Constituent Elements
In accordance with sections 3(5)(A)(i) and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act
and regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose
as critical habitat, we are required to base critical habitat
determinations on the best scientific and commercial data available and
to consider those physical and biological features (primary constituent
elements) that are essential to the conservation of the species and
that may require special management considerations or protection. These
features include, but are not limited to: Space for individual and
population growth, and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light,
minerals, or other nutritional or physiological requirements; cover or
shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, rearing of offspring,
germination, or seed dispersal; and habitats that are protected from
disturbance or are representative of the historic geographical and
ecological distributions of a species.
Much of what is known about the specific physical and biological
requirements of Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens
wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea mannii,
Cyanea procera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia
koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus
fauriei, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris
lidgatei, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa,
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense is described in the ``Background'' section of this final
rule. We are unable to identify these features for Bonamia menziesii,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Melicope munroi, and Solanum incompletum, which
no longer occur on the island of Molokai, because information on the
physical and biological features (i.e., the primary constituent
elements) that are considered essential to the conservation of these
four species on Molokai is not known. Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus
trachysanthos, and Melicope munroi were last reported on Molokai
between 1910 and 1918. According to David Symon (1999), the known
distribution of Solanum incompletum included Molokai, as well as Kauai,
Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. It is unclear when Solanum
incompletum was last reported on Molokai, as there are no collections
of this species from Molokai in the HINHP Database or the Bishop Museum
(Chris Puttock, Bishop Museum, pers comm, 2002). There is currently no
information about the plant communities, associated native plant
species, locales, and elevations of these four species on Molokai.
All areas designated as critical habitat are within the historical
range of the 41 species at issue and contain one or more of the
physical or biological features (primary constituent elements)
essential for the conservation of the species.
As described in the discussions for each of the 41 species for
which we are designating critical habitat, we are defining the primary
constituent elements on the basis of the habitat features of the areas
from which the plant species are reported, as described by the type of
plant community (e.g., mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest),
associated native plant species, locale information (e.g., steep rocky
cliffs, talus slopes, gulches, streambanks), and elevation. The habitat
features provide the ecological components required by the plant. The
type of plant community and associated native plant species indicate
specific microclimate (localized climatic) conditions, retention and
availability of water in the soil, soil microorganism community, and
nutrient cycling and availability. The locale indicates information on
soil type, elevation, rainfall regime, and temperature. Elevation
indicates information on daily and seasonal
[[Page 13024]]
temperature and sun intensity. Therefore, the descriptions of the
physical elements of the locations of each of these species, including
habitat type, plant communities associated with the species, location,
and elevation, as described in the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Discussion of the Plant Taxa section above, constitute the primary
constituent elements for these species on the island of Molokai.
D. Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat
The lack of detailed scientific data on the life history of these
plant species makes it impossible for us to develop a robust
quantitative model (e.g., population viability analysis (National
Research Council 1995)) to identify the optimal number, size, and
location of critical habitat units to achieve recovery (Beissinger and
Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. 2001; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and
Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; Taylor 1995). At this
time, and consistent with the listing of these species and their
recovery plans, the best available information leads us to conclude
that the current size and distribution of the extant populations are
not sufficient to expect a reasonable probability of long-term survival
and recovery of these plant species. Therefore, we used available
information, including expert scientific opinion, to identify
potentially suitable habitat within the known historic range of each
species.
We considered several factors in the selection and proposal of
specific boundaries for critical habitat for these 41 species. For each
of these species, the overall recovery strategy outlined in the
approved recovery plans includes: (1) Stabilization of existing wild
populations, (2) protection and management of habitat, (3) enhancement
of existing small populations and reestablishment of new populations
within historic range, and (4) research on species biology and ecology
(Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c).
Thus, the long-term recovery of these species is dependent upon the
protection of existing population sites and potentially suitable
unoccupied habitat within their historic range.
The overall recovery goal stated in the recovery plans for each of
these species includes the establishment of 8 to 10 populations with a
minimum of 100 mature, reproducing individuals per population for long-
lived perennials; 300 mature, reproducing individuals per population
for short-lived perennials; and 500 mature, reproducing individuals per
population for annuals. There are some specific exceptions to this
general recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for species that are
believed to be very narrowly distributed on a single island, and the
proposed critical habitat designations reflect this exception for these
species. For example, the recovery goals for Tetramolopium rockii are
three populations, protected from all threats, with the total number of
individuals sustained or exceeded in each population for five
consecutive years (Service 1996a). To be considered recovered, the
populations of a multi-island species should be distributed among the
islands of its known historic range (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a,
1996b, 1996c, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c). A population, for the
purposes of this discussion and as defined in the recovery plans for
these species, is a unit in which the individuals could be regularly
cross-pollinated and influenced by same small-scale events (such as
landslides), and which contains a minimum of 100, 300, or 500 mature,
reproducing individuals, depending on whether the species is a long-
lived perennial, short-lived perennial, or annual.
By adopting the specific recovery objectives enumerated above, the
adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and random environmental events
and catastrophes, such as landslides, hurricanes, or tsunamis, that
could destroy a large percentage of a species at any one time may be
reduced (Menges 1990; Podolsky 2001). These recovery objectives were
initially developed by the HPPRCC and are found in all of the recovery
plans for these species. While they are expected to be further refined
as more information on the population biology of each species becomes
available, the justification for these objectives is found in the
current conservation biology literature addressing the conservation of
rare and endangered plants and animals (Beissinger and Westphal 1998;
Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix
and Kyhl 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe
and Carroll 1996; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; Podolsky 2001;
Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf
and Harrison 2001). The overall goal of recovery in the short-term is a
successful population that can carry on basic life-history processes,
such as establishment, reproduction, and dispersal, at a level where
the probability of extinction is low. In the long-term, the species and
its populations should be at a reduced risk of extinction and be
adaptable to environmental change through evolution and migration.
Many aspects of species life history are typically considered to
determine guidelines for species' interim stability and recovery,
including longevity, breeding system, growth form, fecundity, ramet (a
plant that is an independent member of a clone) production,
survivorship, seed longevity, environmental variation, and successional
stage of the habitat. Hawaiian species are poorly studied, and the only
one of these characteristics that can be uniformly applied to all
Hawaiian plant species is longevity (i.e., long-lived perennial, short-
lived perennial, and annual). In general, long-lived woody perennial
species would be expected to be viable at population levels of 50 to
250 individuals per population, while short-lived perennial species
would be viable at population levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or
more per population. These population numbers were refined for Hawaiian
plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due to the restricted distribution
of suitable habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and the likelihood of
smaller genetic diversity of several species that evolved from a single
introduction. For recovery of Hawaiian plants, the HPPRCC recommended a
general recovery guideline of 100 mature, reproducing individuals per
population for long-lived perennial species, 300 mature, reproducing
individuals per population for short-lived perennial species, and 500
mature, reproducing individuals per population for annual species.
The HPPRCC also recommended the conservation and establishment of 8
to 10 populations to address the numerous risks to the long-term
survival and conservation of Hawaiian plant species. Although absent
the detailed information inherent to the types of population
variability analysis models described above (Burgman et al. 2001), this
approach employs two widely recognized and scientifically accepted
goals for promoting viable populations of listed species--(1) Creation
or maintenance of multiple populations so that a single or series of
catastrophic events cannot destroy the entire listed species (Luijten
et al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2)
increasing the size of each population in the respective critical
habitat units to a level where the threats of genetic, demographic, and
normal environmental uncertainties are diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl
2000; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll 1996; Podolsky 2001;
Service 1997; Tear
[[Page 13025]]
et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In general, the larger the number
of populations and the larger the size of each population, the lower
the probability of extinction (Meffe and Carroll 1996; Raup 1991). This
basic conservation principle of redundancy applies to Hawaiian plant
species. By maintaining 8 to 10 viable populations in several critical
habitat units, the threats represented by a fluctuating environment are
alleviated, and the species has a greater likelihood of achieving long-
term survival and recovery. Conversely, loss of one or more of the
plant populations within any critical habitat unit could result in an
increase in the risk that the entire listed species may not survive and
recover.
Due to the reduced size of suitable habitat areas for these
Hawaiian plant species, they are now more susceptible to the variations
and weather fluctuations affecting quality and quantity of available
habitat, as well as direct pressure from hundreds of species of
nonnative plants and animals. Establishing and conserving 8 to 10
viable populations on one or more islands within the historic range of
the species will provide each species with a reasonable expectation of
persistence and eventual recovery, even with the high potential that
one or more of these populations will be eliminated by normal or random
adverse events, such as the hurricanes that occurred in 1982 and 1992
on Kauai, fires, and nonnative plant invasions (HPPRCC 1994; Luijten et
al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper
1992). We conclude that designation of adequate suitable habitat for 8
to 10 populations as critical habitat is essential to give the species
a reasonable likelihood of long-term survival and recovery, based on
currently available information.
In summary, the long-term survival and recovery of Hawaiian plant
species requires the designation of critical habitat units on one or
more of the Hawaiian islands with suitable habitat for 8 to 10
populations of each plant species. Some of this habitat is currently
not known to be occupied by these species. To recover the species, it
will be necessary to conserve suitable habitat in these unoccupied
units, which in turn will allow for the establishment of additional
populations through natural recruitment or managed reintroductions.
Establishment of these additional populations will increase the
likelihood that the species will survive and recover in the face of
normal and stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, and nonnative
species introductions) (Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey
and Taper 1992).
In this rule, we have defined the primary constituent elements
based on the general habitat features of the areas from which the
plants are reported, such as the type of plant community, the
associated native plant species, the physical location (e.g., steep
rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and elevation. The areas we
are designating as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat
components essential for the conservation of the 41 plant species.
Our approach to delineating critical habitat units was applied in
the following manner:
1. We proposed and will designate critical habitat on an island-by-
island basis for ease of understanding for landowners and the public,
for ease of conducting the public hearing process, and for ease of
conducting public outreach. In Hawaii, landowners and the public are
most interested and affected by issues centered on the island on which
they reside.
2. We focused on designating units representative of the known
current and historical geographic and elevational range of each
species; and
3. We designated critical habitat units to allow for expansion of
existing wild populations and reestablishment of wild populations
within the historic range, as recommended by the recovery plans for
each species.
The proposed critical habitat units were delineated by creating
rough units for each species by screen digitizing polygons (map units)
using ArcView (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.), a
computer GIS program. We created polygons by overlaying current and
historic plant location points onto digital topographic maps of each of
the islands.
We then evaluated the resulting shape files (delineating historic
elevational range and potentially, suitable habitat). We refined
elevation ranges, and we avoided land areas identified as not suitable
for a particular species (i.e., not containing the primary constituent
elements). We then considered the resulting shape files for each
species to define all suitable habitat on the island, including
occupied and unoccupied habitat.
We further evaluated these shape files of suitable habitat. We used
several factors to delineate the proposed critical habitat units from
these land areas. We reviewed the recovery objectives (as described
above) and recovery plans for each of the species to determine if the
number of populations and population size requirements needed for
conservation would be available within the suitable habitat units
identified as containing the appropriate primary constituent elements
for each species. If more than the area needed for the number of
recovery populations was identified as potentially suitable, only those
areas within the least disturbed suitable habitat were designated as
proposed critical habitat. A population for this purpose is defined as
a discrete aggregation of individuals located a sufficient distance
from a neighboring aggregation such that the two are not affected by
the same small-scale events and are not believed to be consistently
cross-pollinated. In the absence of more specific information
indicating the appropriate distance to assure limited cross-
pollination, we are using a distance of 1,000 m (3,280 ft) based on our
review of current literature on gene flow (Barret and Kohn 1991;
Fenster and Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; Schierup and Christiansen 1996).
We further refined the resulting critical habitat units by using
satellite imagery and parcel data to eliminate areas that did not
contain the appropriate vegetation or associated native plant species,
as well as features such as cultivated agriculture fields, housing
developments, and other areas that are unlikely to contribute to the
conservation of one or more of the 41 plant species for which critical
habitat was proposed on April 5, 2002. We used geographic features
(ridge lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, etc.) or manmade features
(roads or obvious land use) that created an obvious boundary for a unit
as unit area boundaries.
Following publication of the proposed critical habitat rules, some
of which were revised, for 255 Hawaiian plants (67 FR 3940, 67 FR 9806,
67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492, 67 FR 34522, 67 FR 36968, 67 FR 37108), we
reevaluated proposed critical habitat, State-wide, for each species
using the recovery guidelines (8 to 10 populations with a minimum of
100 mature, reproducing individuals per population for long-lived
perennials; 300 mature, reproducing individuals per population for
short-lived perennials; and 500 mature, reproducing individuals per
population for annuals) to determine if we had inadvertently proposed
for designation too much or too little habitat to meet the essential
recovery goals of 8 to 10 populations per species distributed among the
islands of the species' known historic range (HINHP Database 2000,
2001; Wagner et al. 1990, 1999). Based on comments and information we
received during the comment periods, we assessed the proposed critical
habitat in order to ascertain which areas contained the
[[Page 13026]]
highest quality habitat and had the highest likelihood of conserving
the species. We ranked areas of the proposed critical habitat by the
quality of the primary constituent elements (i.e., intact native plant
communities, predominance of associated native plants versus nonnative
plants), potential as a conservation area (i.e., whether the land is
zoned conservation and whether the landowner is already participating
in plant conservation or recovery actions), and current or expected
management of known threats (e.g., ungulate control; weed control;
nonnative insect, slug, and snail control). We ranked as most essential
areas that contain high quality primary constituent elements, are zoned
for conservation, and have ongoing or expected threat abatement
actions. This ranking process also included determining which habitats
were representative of the historic geographical and ecological
distributions of the species (see ``Primary Constituent Elements'').
Areas that are zoned for conservation or have been identified as a
State Forest Reserve, NAR, Wildlife Preserve, State Park, or are
managed for conservation by a private landowner have a high likelihood
of providing conservation benefit to the species and are therefore more
essential than other comparable habitat outside of those types of
areas. Of these most essential areas, we selected adequate area for our
recovery goals of 8 to 10 populations distributed among the islands of
each species' historical range. Of the proposed critical habitat for a
species, areas that were not ranked most essential and that may provide
habitat for populations above the recovery goal of 8 to 10 were
determined not essential for the conservation of the species and were
excluded from the final designation.
Within the critical habitat boundaries, section 7 consultation is
generally necessary, and adverse modification could occur only if the
primary constituent elements are affected. Therefore, not all
activities within critical habitat would trigger an adverse
modification conclusion. In selecting areas of designated critical
habitat, we made an effort to avoid developed areas, such as towns and
other similar lands, that are unlikely to contribute to the
conservation of the 41 species. However, the minimum mapping unit that
we used to approximate our delineation of critical habitat for these
species did not allow us to exclude all such developed areas from the
maps. In addition, existing manmade features and structures within the
boundaries of the mapped unit, such as buildings; roads; aqueducts and
other water system features--including, but not limited to, pumping
stations, irrigation ditches, pipelines, siphons, tunnels, water tanks,
gaging stations, intakes, reservoirs, diversions, flumes, and wells;
telecommunications towers and associated structures and equipment;
electrical power transmission lines and distribution, and communication
facilities and regularly maintained associated rights-of-way and access
ways; radars; telemetry antennas; missile launch sites; arboreta and
gardens; heiau (indigenous places of worship or shrines) and other
archaeological sites; airports; other paved areas; and lawns and other
rural residential landscaped areas do not contain one or more of the
primary constituent elements and are therefore excluded under the terms
of this regulation. Federal actions limited to those areas would not
trigger a section 7 consultation unless they affect the species or
primary constituent elements in adjacent critical habitat.
In summary, for these species, we utilized the approved recovery
plan guidance to identify appropriately sized land units containing
essential occupied and unoccupied habitat. Based on the best available
information, we believe these areas constitute the essential habitat on
Molokai to provide for the recovery of these 41 species.
The critical habitat areas described below constitute our best
assessment of the physical and biological features needed for the
conservation of the 41 plant species and of the special management
needs of these species, and are based on the best scientific and
commercial information available and described above. We publish this
final rule acknowledging that we have incomplete information regarding
many of the primary biological and physical requirements for these
species. However, both the Act and the relevant court orders require us
to proceed with designation at this time based on the best information
available. As new information becomes available, we may consider
reevaluating the boundaries of areas that warrant critical habitat
designation.
The approximate areas of the designated crtical habitat by
landownership or jurisdiction are shown in Table 4.
Table 4.--Approximate Critical Habitat Area Designated by Unit and Landownership or Jurisdiction, Molokai, Maui
County, Hawaii \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name State/local Private Federal Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai 1--Tetramolopium ................... 68 ha .................. 68 ha
rockii--a. (167 ac) (167 ac)
Molokai 2--Sesbania tomentosa-- 57 ha < 1 ha .................. 58 ha
a. (142 ac) (< 1 ac) (143 ac)
Molokai 2--Tetramolopium 103 ha 9 ha .................. 112 ha
rockii--b. (254 ac) (23 ac) (278 ac)
Molokai 3--Centaurium 94 ha .................. 1 ha 95 ha
sebaeoides--a. (233 ac) (3 ac) (235 ac)
Molokai 3--Tetramolopium 104 ha .................. < 1 ha 104 ha
rockii--c. (257 ac) (< 1 ac) (257 ac)
Molokai 4--Brighamia rockii--a. 20 ha .................. .................. 20 ha
(50 ac) (50 ac)
Molokai 4--Hibiscus arnottianus 56 ha .................. .................. 56 ha
ssp. immaculatus--a. (139 ac) (139 ac)
Molokai 5--Brighamia rockii--b. 4 ha .................. .................. 4 ha
(10 ac) (10 ac)
Molokai 5--Peucedanum 4 ha .................. .................. 4 ha
sandwicense--a. (10 ac) (10 ac)
Molokai 5--Tetramolopium 4 ha .................. .................. 4 ha
rockii--d. (10 ac) (10 ac)
[[Page 13027]]
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens-- 79 ha < 1 ha .................. 79 ha
a. (194 ac) (< 1 ac) (194 ac)
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens-- 49 ha 347 ha .................. 396 ha
b. (121 ac) (858 ac) (980 ac)
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens-- 209 ha 5 ha 214 ha
c. (517 ac) (12 ac) (530 ac)
Molokai 6--Alectryon 125 ha .................. .................. 125 ha
macrococcus--a. (309 ac) (309 ac)
Molokai 6--Bidens wiebkei--a... ................... 220 ha .................. 220 ha
(543 ac) (543 ac)
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--c. 38 ha .................. .................. 38 ha
(94 ac) (94 ac)
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--d. 127 ha 17 ha .................. 144 ha
(313 ac) (42 ac) (355 ac)
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--e. 83 ha .................. .................. 83 ha
(205 ac) (205 ac)
Molokai 6--Canavalia 80 ha .................. .................. 80 ha
molokaiensis--a. (197 ac) (197 ac)
Molokai 6--Canavalia < 1 ha 76 ha .................. 76 ha
molokaiensis--b. (1 ac) (187 ac) (188 ac)
Molokai 6--Canavalia 150 ha .................. .................. 150 ha
molokaiensis--c. (371 ac) (371 ac)
Molokai 6--Clermontia 130 ha 1 ha .................. 131 ha
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--a. (322 ac) (3 ac) (325 ac)
Molokai 6--Clermontia 104 ha 253 ha .................. 358 ha
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--b. (258 ac) (626 ac) (884 ac)
Molokai 6--Clermontia 422 ha 5 ha .................. 427 ha
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--c. (1,042 ac) (12 ac) (1,054 ac)
Molokai 6--Ctenitis squamigera-- ................... 58 ha .................. 58 ha
a. (144 ac) (144 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--a.. 195 ha 133 ha .................. 328 ha
(481 ac) (329 ac) (810 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--b.. 47 ha 41 ha .................. 88 ha
(115 ac) (102 ac) (218 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--c.. 23 ha .................. .................. 23 ha
(56 ac) (56 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea grimesiana 1,898 ha 235 ha .................. 2,133 ha
ssp. grimesiana--a. (4,690 ac) (581 ac) (5,272 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--a.... 110 ha .................. .................. 110 ha
(272 ac) (272 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--b.... 81 ha .................. .................. 81 ha
(200 ac) (200 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--c.... < 1 ha 78 ha .................. 78 ha
(< 1 ac) (192 ac) (192 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--d.... 114 ha 46 ha .................. 161 ha
(283 ac) (114 ac) (397 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--e.... < 1 ha 168 ha .................. 168 ha
(1 ac) (415 ac) (416 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--a... 301 ha 47 ha .................. 348 ha
(744 ac) (117 ac) (861 ac)
Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--b... 85 ha 287 ha .................. 373 ha
(211 ac) (710 ac) (921 ac)
Molokai 6--Diellia erecta--a... ................... 99 ha .................. 99 ha
(244 ac) (244 ac)
Molokai 6--Diplazium 355 ha 13 ha .................. 368 ha
molokaiense--a. (876 ac) (32 ac) (909 ac)
Molokai 6--Eugenia koolauensis-- ................... 471 ha .................. 471 ha
a. (1,164 ac) (1,164 ac)
Molokai 6--Flueggea neowawraea-- 61 ha .................. .................. 61 ha
a. (151 ac) (151 ac)
Molokai 6--Hesperomannia 158 ha 3 ha .................. 160 ha
arborescens--a. (390 ac) (6 ac) (397 ac)
Molokai 6--Hesperomannia 127 ha 47 ha .................. 175 ha
arborescens--b. (315 ac) (117 ac) (432 ac)
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus 108 ha .................. .................. 108 ha
ssp. immaculatus--b. (268 ac) (268 ac)
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus 213 ha 4 ha .................. 218 ha
ssp. immaculatus--c. (527 ac) (11 ac) (538 ac)
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus 146 ha 130 ha .................. 276 ha
ssp. immaculatus--d. (361 ac) (320 ac) (681 ac)
[[Page 13028]]
Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--a. 15 ha 15 ha .................. 30 ha
(37 ac) (36 ac) (73 ac)
Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--b. ................... 28 ha .................. 28 ha
(70 ac) (70 ac)
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--a 2 ha .................. .................. 2 ha
(5 ac) (5 ac)
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--b ................... 2 ha .................. 2 ha
(6 ac) (6 ac)
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--c ................... 13 ha .................. 13 ha
(32 ac) (32 ac)
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--d 81 ha 442 ha .................. 523 ha
(201 ac) (1,091 ac) (1,292 ac)
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--a 408 ha .................. .................. 408 ha
(1,008 ac) (1,008 ac)
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--b 65 ha 376 ha .................. 441 ha
(161 ac) (930 ac) (1,091 ac)
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--c 400 ha 15 ha .................. 414 ha
(987 ac) (36 ac) (1,023 ac)
Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--a. 9 ha .................. .................. 9 ha
(22 ac) (22 ac)
Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--b. 304 ha 3 ha .................. 307 ha
(751 ac) (6 ac) (758 ac)
Molokai 6--Melicope 84 ha .................. .................. 84 ha
mucronulata--a. (207 ac) (207 ac)
Molokai 6--Melicope 84 ha < 1 ha .................. 84 ha
mucronulata--b. (207 ac) (< 1 ac) (208 ac)
Molokai 6--Melicope ................... 72 ha .................. 72 ha
mucronulata--c. (177 ac) (177 ac)
Molokai 6--Melicope 113 ha 14 ha .................. 127 ha
mucronulata--d. (278 ac) (36 ac) (314 ac)
Molokai 6--Melicope 60 ha 30 ha .................. 89 ha
mucronulata--e. (147 ac) (73 ac) (221 ac)
Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--a. 476 ha 8 ha .................. 484 ha
(1,176 ac) (19 ac) (1,195 ac)
Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--b. 397 ha 1,829 ha .................. 2,226 ha
(980 ac) (4,520 ac) (5,500 ac)
Molokai 6--Neraudia sericea--a. ................... 116 ha .................. 116 ha
(286 ac) (286 ac)
Molokai 6--Peucedanum 61 ha .................. .................. 61 ha
sandwicense--b. (150 ac) (150 ac)
Molokai 6--Peucedanum ................... 84 ha .................. 84 ha
sandwicense--c. (207 ac) (207 ac)
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii-- 480 ha .................. .................. 480 ha
a. (1,185 ac) (1,185 ac)
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii-- 118 ha 378 ha .................. 496 ha
b. (292 ac) (934 ac) (1,226 ac)
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii-- 441 ha 11 ha .................. 452 ha
c. (1,089 ac) (28 ac) (1,117 ac)
Molokai 6--Plantago princeps--a ................... 52 ha .................. 52 ha
(129 ac) (129 ac)
Molokai 6--Pteris lidgatei--a.. 1,154 ha 73 ha .................. 1,227 ha
(2,851 ac) (180 ac) (3,031 ac)
Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--a 75 ha 185 ha .................. 261 ha
(186 ac) (458 ac) (645 ac)
Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--b ................... 163 ha .................. 163 ha
(403 ac) (403 ac)
Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii-- 138 ha .................. .................. 138 ha
a. (340 ac) (340 ac)
Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii-- ................... 127 ha .................. 127 ha
b. (313 ac) (313 ac)
Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa-- 405 ha 203 ha .................. 608 ha
a. (1,000 ac) (502 ac) (1,502 ac)
Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa-- ................... 266 ha .................. 266 ha
b. (657 ac) (657 ac)
Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--a. 405 ha 203 ha .................. 608 ha
(1,000 ac) (502 ac) (1,502 ac)
Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--b. ................... 266 ha .................. 266 ha
(657 ac) (657 ac)
Molokai 6--Silene lanceolata--a ................... 289 ha .................. 289 ha
(714 ac) (714 ac)
[[Page 13029]]
Molokai 6--Spermolepis ................... 85 ha .................. 85 ha
hawaiiensis--a. (211 ac) (211 ac)
Molokai 6--Stenogyne bifida--a. 105 ha 480 ha .................. 585 ha
(259 ac) (1,185 ac) (1,444 ac)
Molokai 6--Zanthoxylum ................... 259 ha .................. 259 ha
hawaiiense--a. (640 ac) (640 ac)
Molokai 7--Bidens wiebkei--b... ................... 240 ha .................. 240 ha
(593 ac) (593 ac)
Molokai 8--Bidens wiebkei--c... 123 ha 1 ha .................. 124 ha
(303 ac) (2 ac) (305 ac)
Molokai 9--Isodendrion 101 ha .................. .................. 101 ha
pyrifolium--a. (249 ac) (249 ac)
Molokai 9--Hibiscus 107 ha .................. .................. 107 ha
brackenridgei--a. (264 ac) (264 ac)
Molokai 9--Sesbania tomentosa-- 88 ha .................. .................. 88 ha
b. (217 ac) (217 ac)
----------------------
Grand Total*............... 4,958 ha 4,884 ha 1 ha 9,843 ha
(12,251 ac) (12,068 ac) (3 ac) (24,333 ac)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or
differences due to rounding.
*Totals take into consideration overlapping individual species units.
Critical habitat includes habitat for these 41 species in the
northwestern, northeastern, central, and southern portions of Molokai.
Lands designated as critical habitat have been divided into a total of
88 units. A brief description of each unit is presented alphabetically
below.
Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--a
This unit is critical habitat for Adenophorus periens and is 79 ha
(194 ac) on State (Puu Alii NAR) and private land and contains a
portion of the eastern ridge of Waikolu Valley. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Adenophorus periens and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
Metrosideros polymorpha trunks in M. polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum
lowland wet forest and cloud forests in well-developed, closed canopy,
providing deep shade and high humidity. In addition, it is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--b
This unit is critical habitat for Adenophorus periens and is 396 ha
(980 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private land. The unit
contains a portion of Kaholoapele, Kamakou, Pakui, Puu o Wahaula, and
Uapa Summits, and Kalapa, Konomanu, and Kuana Ridges. This unit
provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Adenophorus periens and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
Metrosideros polymorpha trunks in M. polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum
lowland wet forest and cloud forests in well-developed, closed canopy,
providing deep shade and high humidity. In addition, it is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--c
This unit is critical habitat for Adenophorus periens and is 214 ha
(530 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve and Olokui NAR) and private
land. The unit contains a portion of Kapapa Pali, Olokui and
Pohakuulaula Summits. This unit provides habitat for one population of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Adenophorus periens and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, Metrosideros polymorpha trunks in M. polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum
lowland wet forest and cloud forests in well-developed, closed canopy,
providing deep shade and high humidity. In addition, it is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Alectryon macrococcus--a
This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is 125
ha (309 ac) on State land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a
portion of Kupaia Gulch. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Alectryon macrococcus and is currently occupied by 5 plants. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is essential
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to talus
slopes or gulches within dry or mesic lowland forest, which are unique
to the Molokai range of the species. In addition, it is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all recovery populations from being
[[Page 13030]]
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Bidens wiebkei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei and is 219 ha (542
ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion of
Puu Kolekole Summit. This unit provides habitat for one population of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Bidens
wiebkei and is currently occupied by one plant. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony
of this species and includes habitat that is essential for the
expansion of the present population, which is currently considered
nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, slopes in
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated mesic shrublands or dry or mesic M.
polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae lowland shrubland. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 7--Bidens wiebkei--b
This unit is critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei and is 240 ha (593
ac) on private land. The unit contains a portion of Kepuna, Kuinaho,
and Lamaloa Gulches, and Lamaloa Head Summit. This unit provides
habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Bidens wiebkei and is currently occupied by over
200 plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated mesic
shrublands or dry or mesic M. polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae lowland
shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the other two
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 8--Bidens wiebkei--c
This unit is critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei and is 124 ha (305
ac) on State and private lands. The unit contains a portion of
Alanuipuhipaka and Puu o Hoku Ridges, Papio Gulch, and Koalii Summit.
This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Bidens wiebkei and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, slopes in
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated mesic shrublands or dry or mesic M.
polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae lowland shrubland. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 4--Brighamia rockii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 20 ha (51
ac) on State land (Kalaupapa National Historical Park), containing a
portion of Kaala Cape. This unit, in combination with unit 5--Brighamia
rockii--b and unit 6--Brighamia rockii--c, provides habitat for one
population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Brighamia rockii and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, rock crevices on steep basalt sea
cliffs, within the spray zone, in coastal dry or mesic forest,
Eragrostis variabilis mixed coastal cliff communities or shrubland, or
Pritchardia sp. coastal mesic forest. This unit, together with units 5
and 6, provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Molokai that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 5--Brighamia rockii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 4 ha (10
ac) on State land (Mokapu Bird Sanctuary). This unit is Mokapu Island.
This unit in combination, with unit 4--Brighamia rockii--a and unit 6--
Brighamia rockii--c, provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Brighamia rockii
and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, rock
crevices on steep basalt sea cliffs, within the spray zone, in coastal
dry or mesic forest, Eragrostis variabilis mixed coastal cliff
communities or shrubland, or Pritchardia sp. coastal mesic forest. This
unit, together with units 4 and 6, provides for one population within
this multi-island species' historical range on Molokai that is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 38 ha (95
ac) on State land (Kalaupapa National Historical Park), containing a
portion of Leinaopapio Point. This unit, in combination with unit 4--
Brighamia rockii--a and unit 5--Brighamia rockii--b, provides habitat
for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial Brighamia rockii and is currently unoccupied. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, rock crevices on steep basalt sea
cliffs, within the spray zone, in coastal dry or mesic forest,
Eragrostis variabilis mixed coastal cliff communities or shrubland, or
Pritchardia sp. coastal mesic forest. This unit, together with units 4
and 5, provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Molokai that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--d
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 145 ha
(358 ac) on State (Olokui NAR) and private lands. The unit contains a
portion of Ananoio, Oloupena, and Waipu Beaches, Halekou Cape, Puukaoku
[[Page 13031]]
Point, Haloku, Oloupena, Puukaoku, and Wailele Falls. This unit
provides habitat for 2 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Brighamia rockii and is
currently occupied by 60 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, rock crevices on steep basalt
sea cliffs, within the spray zone, in coastal dry or mesic forest,
Eragrostis variabilis mixed coastal cliff communities or shrubland, or
Pritchardia sp. coastal mesic forest. In addition, it is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--e
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 83 ha
(206 ac) on State land. The unit contains a portion of Kahiwa Falls and
Lepau Point. This unit provides habitat for one population of 100
mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Brighamia
rockii and is currently occupied by 5 plants. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, rock crevices on steep basalt
sea cliffs, within the spray zone, in coastal dry or mesic forest,
Eragrostis variabilis mixed coastal cliff communities or shrubland, or
Pritchardia sp. coastal mesic forest. In addition, it is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Canavalia molokaiensis and is 80
ha (197 ac) on State land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains a
portion of Kapuna Spring and Mokomoko Gulch. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Canavalia molokaiensis and is currently unoccupied.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, exposed sites on steep slopes in dry
or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonea viscosa lowland shrubland.
This unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Canavalia molokaiensis and is 76
ha (187 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The
unit contains a portion of Kahuaawi Gulch. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Canavalia molokaiensis and is currently unoccupied.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, exposed sites on steep slopes in dry
or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonea viscosa lowland shrubland.
This unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--c
This unit is critical habitat for Canavalia molokaiensis and is 150
ha (371 ac) on State land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a
portion of Kaunakakai Gulch. This unit provides habitat for 3
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Canavalia molokaiensis and is currently occupied by an
unknown number of plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present
population. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, exposed
sites on steep slopes in dry or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonea
viscosa lowland shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from
the other two units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 3--Centaurium sebaeoides--a
This unit is critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides and is 96
ha (238 ac) on State and Federal lands (Kalaupapa National Historical
Park). The unit contains a portion of Kalapapa Peninsula, and Lae
Hoolehua and Kaupikiawa Capes. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 500 mature, reproducing individuals of the annual
Centaurium sebaeoides and is currently occupied by several thousand
plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present population.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, volcanic or clay soils or
cliffs in arid coastal areas. In addition, it is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--a
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes and is 131 ha (325 ac) on State (Puu Alii NAR) and private
lands, containing a portion of the eastern ridge of Waikolu Valley.
This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, shallow soil on gulch slopes in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated forests. This unit is geographically separated from the other
two units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
[[Page 13032]]
Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--b
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes and is 358 ha (884 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and
private lands. The unit contains a portion of Kaholoapele, Kamakou,
Pakui, Puu o Wahaula, and Uapa Summits, and Kalapa Konomanu and Kuana
Ridges. This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, shallow soil on gulch slopes in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated forests. This unit is geographically
separated from the other two units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes-c
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes and is 427 ha (1,054 ac) on State and private lands. The unit
contains a portion of Honukakau, Kapuki, and Olokui. This unit provides
habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, shallow
soil on gulch slopes in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated forests.
This unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Ctenitis squamigera--a
This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera and is 58 ha
(144 ac) on private land. The unit contains a portion of Kalapamoa
Ridge and Kua and Wawaia Gulches. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Ctenitis squamigera and is currently occupied by 20 plants.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
essential for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, mesic forests or gulch slopes. In addition, it is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea dunbarii and is 328 ha
(810 ac) on State (Kalaupapa National Historical Park and Molokai
Forest Reserve) and private lands. The unit contains a portion of
Waihanau Stream and Waianui Gulch. This unit provides habitat for 7
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea dunbarii and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, streambanks in mesic to wet
Dicranopteris linearis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest on
moderate to steep slopes. This unit is geographically separated from
the other two units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea dunbarii and is 88 ha (218
ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The unit
contains a portion of Mokomoko Gulch and Kapuna Spring. This unit
provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea dunbarii and is
currently occupied by 30 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, streambanks in mesic to wet
Dicranopteris linearis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest on
moderate to steep slopes. This unit is geographically separated from
the other two units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea dunbarii and is 23 ha (56
ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) land. The unit contains a portion
of Kaulolo Ridge and the Molokai Tunnel near Puu Makaliilii. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea dunbarii and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, streambanks
in mesic to wet Dicranopteris linearis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
forest on moderate to steep slopes. This unit is geographically
separated from the other two units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
and is 2,133 ha (5,272 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve and Olokui
NAR) and private lands. The unit contains a portion of Kahiwa Falls,
Kolo, Kukuinui, and Pohakaunoho Ridges, Puu Lua and Pakui Summit,
Malahini Cave, and Kuapuuiki Spring. This unit provides habitat for 2
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana and is currently occupied
by 7 plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or M.
polymorpha and Acacia koa, or cliffs. In
[[Page 13033]]
addition, it is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea mannii and is 110 ha (272
ac) on State land (Kalaupapa National Historical Park and Molokai
Forest Reserve). The unit contains a portion of Waihii Spring and
Waianui Gulch. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea
mannii and is currently occupied by 20 plants. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony
of this species and includes habitat that is essential for the
expansion of the present population, which is currently considered
nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, the sides
of deep gulches in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane mesic
forests. This unit is geographically separated from the other four
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea mannii and is 81 ha (199
ac) on State land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains a portion
of Kapuna Spring and Mokomoko Gulch. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea mannii and is currently occupied by 50 plants. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
essential for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, the sides of deep gulches in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated
montane mesic forests. This unit is geographically separated from the
other four units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea mannii and is 78 ha (192
ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands, containing a
portion of Kahuaawi Gulch. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea mannii and is currently occupied by 50 plants. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
essential for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, the sides of deep gulches in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated
montane mesic forests. This unit is geographically separated from the
other four units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea mannii and is 160 ha (396
ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The unit
contains a portion of Kikiakala Summit and Kaunakakai Gulch. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea mannii and is currently
occupied by 50 plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, the sides of deep gulches in
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane mesic forests. This unit is
geographically separated from the other four units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--e
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea mannii and is 168 ha (416
ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The unit
contains a portion of Kalaoamoa Ridge, and Kua, Malao, and Wawaia
Gulches. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea mannii and
is currently occupied by 40 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, the sides of deep gulches in
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane mesic forests. This unit is
geographically separated from the other four units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea procera and is 348 ha (860
ac) on State (Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Molokai Forest
Reserve, and Puu Alii NAR) and private lands. The unit contains a
portion of Kalahuapueo, Kaulahuki, Kikiakala, and Puu Kaeo Summits.
This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea procera and is
currently occupied by 2 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, walls of steep gulches in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated lowland mixed forests. This unit is
geographically separated from the other unit designated as critical
habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea procera and is 373 ha (921
ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The unit
contains a portion of Kalapamoa Ridge and Makalihua Summit. This unit
provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea procera and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, walls of
steep gulches in wet Metrosideros
[[Page 13034]]
polymorpha-dominated lowland mixed forests. This unit is geographically
separated from the other unit designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Diellia erecta--a
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia erecta and is 99 ha (244
ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion of
Makolelau Ridge, just below Puu Kolekole. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Diellia erecta and is currently occupied by an unknown
number of plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, mixed mesic forest or mesic Diospyros
sandwicensis forest. In addition, it is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Diplazium molokaiense--a
This unit is critical habitat for Diplazium molokaiense and is 368
ha (909 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve and Olokui NAR) and
private lands, containing a portion of the western ridge of Wailau
Valley. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Diplazium
molokaiense and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep, rocky, wooded gulch walls in wet forests. In addition, it is
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Eugenia koolauensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis and is 471 ha
(1,164 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains
a portion of Naa Puu Kulua and Pohakuloa Summits, and Waiakuilani
Gulch. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Eugenia koolauensis
and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, rocky
gulches or gentle slopes with deep soil. In addition, it is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Flueggea neowawraea--a
This unit is critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea and is 61 ha
(151 ac) on State land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains a
portion of Waihii Spring and Waianui and Mokomoko Gulches. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Flueggea neowawraea and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, gulches in
mesic forest. In addition, it is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Hesperomannia arborescens--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arborescens and is
160 ha (397 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve and Olokui NAR) and
private lands. The unit contains a portion of Puukaoku and Wailele
Falls. This unit provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Hesperomannia
arborescens and is currently occupied by 3 plants. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is essential
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, slopes
or ridges in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland
forest or mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
forest transition zones. In addition, it is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Hesperomannia arborescens--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arborescens and is
175 ha (432 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands,
containing a portion of Kukuinui Ridge. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Hesperomannia arborescens and is currently unoccupied. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, slopes or ridges in wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland forest or mesic Diospyros
sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest transition zones.
In addition, it is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 4--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus and is 56 ha (139 ac) on State land (Kalaupapa National
Historical Park), containing a portion of Puu Kauwa Summit. This unit,
in combination with unit 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--b,
provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep sea cliffs in mesic forests. This unit, together with unit
6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--b, is
[[Page 13035]]
geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus and is 108 ha (268 ac) on State land (Kalaupapa National
Historical Park and Puu Alii NAR). The unit contains a portion of the
eastern ridge at the mouth of Waikolu Valley and the coast from Alapai
to Wainene. This unit, in combination with unit 4--Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. immaculatus--a, provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep sea cliffs in mesic forests.
This unit, together with unit 4--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus--a, is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--c
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus and is 218 ha (538 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve and
Olokui NAR) and private lands. The unit contains a portion of Haloku,
Oloupena, and Puukaoku, and Wailele Falls, and Olokui and Pohakuulaula
Summits. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus and is currently occupied by 15 to 20
plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, steep sea cliffs in mesic forests. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--d
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus and is 276 ha (681 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve)
and private lands. The unit contains a portion of Kahiwa Falls and
Kukuinui Ridge. This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 100
mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus and is currently occupied by 6 plants.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
essential for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep sea cliffs in mesic forests. This unit is geographically
separated from the other three units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 9--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei and is 101
ha (249 ac) on State land, containing a portion of Kamiloloa, just
above Makakiloia. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Hibiscus
brackenridgei and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, slopes in lowland dry forest and shrubland. In addition, it is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--a
This unit is critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone and is 30 ha (75
ac) on State (Olokui NAR) and private lands. The unit contains a
portion of Puukaoku Point and Wailele Falls. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Ischaemum byrone and is currently occupied by 100 to
1,000 plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present population.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, coastal dry shrubland or
Artemisia cliff communities near the ocean, among rocks or on basalt
cliffs or talus slopes. In addition, it is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--b
This unit is critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone and is 29 ha (72
ac) on private land. The unit contains a portion of Kahiwa and
Waiahookalo Gulches, Kikipua, Lepau, and Milo Points, and Waiokala
Cape. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Ischaemum byrone
and is currently occupied by an unknown number of plants. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is essential
for the expansion of the present population. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, coastal dry shrubland or Artemisia cliff
communities near the ocean, among rocks or on basalt cliffs or talus
slopes. In addition, it is some distance away from the other critical
habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 9--Isodendrion pyrifolium--a
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium and is 107
ha (264 ac) on State land, containing a portion of Kamiloloa, just
above Makakiloia. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Isodendrion pyrifolium and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
[[Page 13036]]
include, but are not limited to, dry shrublands. In addition, it is
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--a
This unit is critical habitat for Labordia triflora and is 2 ha (5
ac) on State land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion of
Kupaia Gulch. This unit, in combination with unit 6--Labordia
triflora--b, unit 6--Labordia triflora--c, and lands within TNCH's
Pelekunu Preserve, provides habitat for 4 populations of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Labordia triflora
and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, gulch
slopes in mixed mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest. This unit,
together with units 6--Labordia triflora--b and 6--Labordia triflora--
c, is geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--b
This unit is critical habitat for Labordia triflora and is 2 ha (6
ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion of
the west side of the west fork of Kaweia Gulch. This unit, in
combination with unit 6--Labordia triflora--a, unit 6--Labordia
triflora--c, and lands within TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve, provides
habitat for 4 populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the
long-lived perennial Labordia triflora and is currently unoccupied.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, gulch slopes in mixed mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha forest. This unit, together with units 6--
Labordia triflora--a and 6--Labordia triflora--c, is geographically
separated from the other three units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--c
This unit is critical habitat for Labordia triflora and is 13 ha
(32 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion
of the east side of the east fork of Kaweia Gulch, near Puu Kolekole.
This unit, in combination with unit 6--Labordia triflora--a, unit 6--
Labordia triflora--b, and lands within TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve,
provide habitat for 4 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Labordia triflora and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, gulch
slopes in mixed mesic Metroside[chyph]ros polymorpha forest. This unit,
together with units 6--Labordia triflora--a and 6--Labordia triflora--
b, is geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--d
This unit is critical habitat for Labordia triflora and is 523 ha
(1,292 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The
unit contains a portion of Kaluaaha, Makalihua, and Maunaoluolu
Summits, Lae o Kapuna Ridge, and Pelekunu Gulch. This unit provides
habitat for 4 populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the
long-lived perennial Labordia triflora and is currently occupied by 10
plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, gulch slopes in mixed mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest.
This unit is geographically separated from the other three units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia maxima and is 408 ha
(1,009 ac) on State land (Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Molokai
Forest Reserve, and Puu Alii NAR). The unit contains a portion of
Kalahuapueo, Ohialele, and Puu Kaeo Summits. This unit provides habitat
for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Lysimachia maxima and is currently unoccupied. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis montane wet forest. This unit is geographically separated from
the other two units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia maxima and is 441 ha
(1,090 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The
unit contains a portion of Kalapa, Konomanu, and Kalapamoa Ridges, and
Lehuulua and Puu Haha Summits. This unit provides habitat for 3
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Lysimachia maxima and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis montane wet forest. This unit is geographically separated from
the other two units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--c
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia maxima and is 414 ha
(1,023 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve and Olokui NAR) and private
lands, containing a portion of Kolo Ridge. This unit provides habitat
for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Lysimachia maxima and is currently
[[Page 13037]]
unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of
additional populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest. This unit is geographically
separated from the other two units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Mariscus fauriei and is 9 ha (22
ac) on State land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion of
Kaunakakai Gulch. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Mariscus
fauriei and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, Diospyros sandwicensis-dominated lowland dry forest, which is
unique to Molokai for this species. In addition, it is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--b
This unit is critical habitat for Mariscus fauriei and is 307 ha
(758 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands,
containing a portion of Ooa Summit. This unit provides habitat for 3
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Mariscus fauriei and is currently occupied by 20 to 30
plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, Diospyros sandwicensis-dominated lowland dry forest, which
is unique to Molokai for this species. In addition, it is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata and is 84 ha
(206 ac) on State land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains a
portion of Waihii Spring and Waianui Gulch. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial Melicope mucronulata and is currently unoccupied. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep, west- or north-facing slopes in
mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha forest, M.
polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa shrubland, or M. polymorpha-Styphelia
tameiameiae shrubland. In addition, it is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--b
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata and is 84 ha
(208 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The unit
contains a portion of Kapuna Spring and Mokomoko Gulch. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Melicope mucronulata and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep,
west- or north-facing slopes in mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-
Metrosideros polymorpha forest, M. polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa
shrubland, or M. polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland. In
addition, it is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--c
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata and is 72 ha
(177 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion
of Kuhuaawi Gulch. This unit, in combination with unit 6--Melicope
mucronulata--d, provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Melicope
mucronulata and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep, west- or north-facing slopes in mesic Diospyros
sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha forest, M. polymorpha-Dodonaea
viscosa shrubland, or M. polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland.
This unit, together with the other unit, provides for one population
within this multi-island species' historical range on Molokai that is
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--d
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata and is 127
ha (314 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The
unit contains a portion of Kaunakakai and Kapaakea Gulches. This unit
in combination, with unit 6--Melicope mucronulata--c, provides habitat
for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial Melicope mucronulata and is currently unoccupied. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep, west- or north-facing slopes in
mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha forest, M.
polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa shrubland, or M. polymorpha-Styphelia
tameiameiae shrubland. This unit, together with the other unit,
provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Molokai that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
[[Page 13038]]
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--e
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata and is 89 ha
(221 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The unit
contains a portion of Pelekunu, Ohia, Manawai, and Kahananui Gulches.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Melicope
mucronulata and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep, west- or north-facing slopes in mesic Diospyros
sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha forest, M. polymorpha-Dodonaea
viscosa shrubland, or M. polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland. In
addition, it is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope reflexa and is 484 ha
(1,195 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve and Olokui NAR) and private
lands. The unit contains a portion of Kapapa Pali, Olokui and
Pohakuulaula Summits. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of
100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Melicope reflexa and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, wet Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other unit designated as critical
habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--b
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope reflexa and is 2,226 ha
(5,500 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The
unit contains a portion of Kahiwa and Papalaua Falls, Kaholoapele,
Kamakou, Kaunupahu, Kawaiuliuli, Keahiakalio, Naehu, Pakui, Pohakuloa,
Puu Lua, Puu o Wahaula, Puu Ohelo, Puuau, Uapa, and Waiopipi Summits,
and Kapea Stream. This unit provides habitat for 6 populations of 100
mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Melicope
reflexa and is currently occupied by an unknown number of plants. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
essential for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, wet Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other unit designated as critical
habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Neraudia sericea--a
This unit is critical habitat for Neraudia sericea and is 116 ha
(286 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve), located just below
Puu Kolekole. This unit provides habitat for 6 populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Neraudia
sericea and is currently occupied by 50 to 100 plants. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is essential
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, gulch
slopes and bottoms in lowland dry to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland or forest. In
addition, it is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 5--Peucedanum sandwicense--a
This unit is critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense and is 4
ha (10 ac) on State land (Mokapu Bird Sanctuary). This unit is Mokapu
Island. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Peucedanum
sandwicense and is currently occupied by an unknown number of plants.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
essential for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, cliff habitats in brown soil and talus in Chamaesyce celastroides
var. amplectans-Chenopodium oahuense coastal dry shrubland or Diospyros
sandwicensis forest. In addition, it is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Peucedanum sandwicense--b
This unit is critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense and is 61
ha (151 ac) on State land (Kalaupapa National Historical Park). The
unit contains a portion of Alapai Beach and Leinaopapio Point. This
unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Peucedanum sandwicense and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, cliff
habitats in brown soil and talus in Chamaesyce celastroides var.
amplectans-Chenopodium oahuense coastal dry shrubland or Diospyros
sandwicensis forest. In addition, it is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Peucedanum sandwicense--c
This unit is critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense and is 84
ha (208 ac) on private land. The unit contains a portion of Kahiwa
Falls, Lepau Point, Waiokala Cape, and Waiahookalo Gulch. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Peucedanum sandwicense and is
currently occupied by 7 to 8 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are
[[Page 13039]]
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, cliff
habitats in brown soil and talus in Chamaesyce celastroides var.
amplectans-Chenopodium oahuense coastal dry shrubland or Diospyros
sandwicensis forest. In addition, it is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Phyllostegia mannii and is 480 ha
(1,185 ac) on State land (Kalaupapa National Historical Park and Puu
Alii NAR), containing a portion of Ohialele Summit. This unit provides
habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Phyllostegia mannii and is currently unoccupied.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, shaded sites in foggy and windswept,
wet, open Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane forest, unique to
Molokai for this species. In addition, it is some distance away from
the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Phyllostegia mannii and is 496 ha
(1,226 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The
unit contains a portion of Kaholoapele, Kamakou, Pakui, Puu o Wahaula,
and Uapa Summits, and Kalapa Konomanu and Kuana Ridges. This unit
provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Phyllostegia mannii and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, shaded
sites in foggy and windswept, wet, open Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated montane forest, unique to Molokai for this species. In
addition, it is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Phyllostegia mannii and is 452 ha
(1,117 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve, Olokui NAR) and private
lands. The unit contains a portion of Kapapa Pali, and Olokui and
Pohakuulaula Summits. This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Phyllostegia mannii and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, shaded sites in foggy and windswept, wet, open Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated montane forest, unique to Molokai for this
species. In addition, it is some distance away from the other critical
habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Plantago princeps--a
This unit is critical habitat for Plantago princeps and is 52 ha
(129 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains a
portion of Kakakawawai and Puu Kolekole Summits. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Plantago princeps and is currently
unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary to the establishment of
additional populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, streambanks in Metrosideros
polymorpha lowland mesic forest. In addition, it is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Pteris lidgatei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei and is 1,227 ha
(3,031 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve and Olokui NAR) and private
lands. The unit contains a portion of Kolo and Pohakaunoho Ridges. This
unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Pteris lidgatei and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
streambanks in wet forest. In addition, it is some distance away from
the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Schiedea lydgatei and is 261 ha
(645 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The unit
contains a portion of Onini and Kawela Gulch. This unit provides
habitat for 6 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Schiedea lydgatei and is currently occupied by
over 300 plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, ridges in dry to mesic grassland,
shrubland, or forest. This unit is geographically separated from the
other unit designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--b
This unit is critical habitat for Schiedea lydgatei and is 163 ha
(403 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains a
portion of Kapuaokoolau and Waiakuilani Gulches. This unit provides
habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Schiedea lydgatei and is currently occupied by
thousands of plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present
population. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, ridges in
dry to mesic grassland, shrubland, or forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other unit designated
[[Page 13040]]
as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii and is 138 ha
(340 ac) on State land (Puu Alii NAR), containing a portion of the
eastern ridge of Waikolu Valley. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Schiedea nuttallii and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, streamside grottos in wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest, unique to Molokai for this
species. In addition, it is some distance away from the other critical
habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii and is 127 ha
(313 ac) on private land, containing a portion of Lehuula Summit. This
unit provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Schiedea nuttallii and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary to the
establishment of additional populations on Molokai in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, streamside
grottos in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest,
unique to Molokai for this species. In addition, it is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa--a
This unit is critical habitat for Schiedea sarmentosa and is 608 ha
(1,502 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands,
containing a portion of Kupaia Gulch. This unit provides habitat for 4
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Schiedea sarmentosa and is currently occupied by an unknown
number of plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry or mesic shrubland or dry to mesic forest.
This unit is geographically separated from the other unit designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa--b
This unit is critical habitat for Schiedea sarmentosa and is 266 ha
(657 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion
of Na Puu Kula Summit. This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Schiedea sarmentosa and is currently occupied by over 1,100 plants.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
essential for the expansion of the present population. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry or mesic shrubland or dry to mesic forest.
This unit is geographically separated from the other unit designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 2--Sesbania tomentosa--a
This unit is critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa and is 58 ha
(143 ac) on State and private lands. The unit contains a portion of
Anahaki Gulch, and Hinanaulua, Kahinaakalani, and Naaukahihi Capes.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Sesbania tomentosa
and is currently occupied by 114 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, Scaevola sericea coastal dry
shrubland on windswept slopes, sea cliffs and weathered basaltic
slopes, unique to Molokai for this species. In addition, it is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 9--Sesbania tomentosa--b
This unit is critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa and is 88 ha
(217 ac) on State land, containing a portion of Kamiloloa, just above
Makakiloia. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Sesbania
tomentosa and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrubland on windswept slopes, sea
cliffs and weathered basaltic slopes, unique to Molokai for this
species. In addition, it is some distance away from the other critical
habitat for this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--a
This unit is critical habitat for Silene alexandri and is 608 ha
(1,502 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands,
containing a portion of Kupaia Gulch. This unit provides habitat for 4
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Silene alexandri and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Molokai in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, moderate to steep slopes or cliffs in
dry forest. This unit is geographically separated from the other unit
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
[[Page 13041]]
Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--b
This unit is critical habitat for Silene alexandri and is 266 ha
(657 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve), containing a portion
of Na Puu Kulua Summit. This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Silene
alexandri and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, moderate to steep slopes or cliffs in dry forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other unit designated as critical
habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Silene lanceolata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Silene lanceolata and is 289 ha
(714 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains a
portion of Pohakuloa Summit, and Kapuakoolau and Waiakuilani Gulches.
This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Silene lanceolata and is
currently occupied by 100 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, gulch slopes, ridge tops, and
cliffs in dry to mesic shrubland, unique to Molokai for this species.
In addition, it is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis and is 85
ha (211 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains
a portion of Kapuakoolau and Waiakuilani Gulches. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 500 mature, reproducing individuals of
the annual Spermolepis hawaiiensis and is currently occupied by 600
plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present population.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, ridge crests and gulch slopes
in dry to mesic shrubland. In addition, it is some distance away from
the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Stenogyne bifida--a
This unit is critical habitat for Stenogyne bifida and is 585 ha
(1,445 ac) on State (Molokai Forest Reserve) and private lands. The
unit contains a portion of Kakakawawai, Lehuula, Puu Haha, and Puu
Kolekole Summits, and Kalapa Konomanu and Kalapamoa Ridges. This unit
provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Stenogyne bifida and is
currently occupied by one plant. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, gulch slopes in Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated montane mesic to wet forest. This unit is of
appropriate size so that each potential recovery population of this
island-endemic species is geographically separated enough to avoid
their destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 1--Tetramolopium rockii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Tetramolopium rockii and is 68 ha
(167 ac) on private land. The unit contains a portion of Manalo Gulch
and the area between the two radio towers to the west of Manalo Gulch.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Tetramolopium
rockii and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, hardened calcareous sand dunes or ash-covered basalt in the coastal
spray zone or coastal dry shrubland and grassland. Although we do not
believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal
of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is geographically
separated from the other three units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 2--Tetramolopium rockii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Tetramolopium rockii and is 112
ha (278 ac) on State and private lands. The unit contains a portion of
Anahaki Gulch and Kahinaakalani and Naaukahihi Capes. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Tetramolopium rockii based on
the recovery criteria listed in the recovery plan and is currently
occupied by 40,000 plants. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present
population. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, hardened
calcareous sand dunes or ash-covered basalt in the coastal spray zone
or coastal dry shrubland and grassland. Although we do not believe that
enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other three units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 3--Tetramolopium rockii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Tetramolopium rockii and is 105
ha (260 ac) on State and Federal lands (Kalaupapa National Historical
Park). The unit contains a portion of Lae Hoolehua, Kaupikiawa,
Makalii, and Mokio Capes. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Tetramolopium rockii based on the recovery criteria listed in the
recovery plan and is currently occupied by 50,000 plants. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is essential
for the expansion of the present population. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, hardened calcareous sand dunes or ash-covered
basalt in the coastal spray zone or coastal dry shrubland and
grassland.
[[Page 13042]]
Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently exists to
reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this
unit is geographically separated from the other three units designated
as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Molokai 5--Tetramolopium rockii--d
This unit is critical habitat for Tetramolopium rockii and is 4 ha
(10 ac) on State lands (Mokapu Bird Sanctuary). The unit is Mokapu
Island. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Tetramolopium
rockii and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Molokai in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, hardened calcareous sand dunes or ash-covered basalt in the coastal
spray zone or coastal dry shrubland and grassland. Although we do not
believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal
of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is geographically
separated from the other three units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Molokai 6--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a
This unit is critical habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense and is 259
ha (640 ac) on private land (Molokai Forest Reserve). The unit contains
a portion of Kapuakoolau and Waiakuilani Gulches. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of
the long-lived perennial Zanthoxylum hawaiiense and is currently
occupied by 3 plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is essential for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, gulch slopes in mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis forest. In addition, it is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are
not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Destruction
or adverse modification of critical habitat occurs when a Federal
action directly or indirectly alters critical habitat to the extent
that it appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat for the
conservation of the species. Individuals, organizations, States, local
governments, and other non-Federal entities are directly affected by
the designation of critical habitat only if their actions occur on
Federal lands, require a Federal permit, license, or other
authorization, or involve Federal funding.
Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is
proposed or listed as endangered or threatened, and with respect to its
critical habitat, if any is designated or proposed. Regulations
implementing this interagency cooperation provision of the Act are
codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires
Federal agencies (action agency) to confer with us on any action that
is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a species proposed
for listing or result in the destruction or adverse modification of
proposed critical habitat. Conference reports provide conservation
recommendations to assist the action agency in eliminating conflicts
that may be caused by the proposed action. The conservation measures in
a conference report are advisory.
We may issue a formal conference report, if requested by the
Federal action agency. Formal conference reports include an opinion
that is prepared according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if the species were
listed or critical habitat designated. We may adopt the formal
conference report as the biological opinion when the species is listed
or critical habitat designated, if no substantial new information or
changes in the action alter the content of the opinion (see 50 CFR
402.10(d)).
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of that species or destroy or adversely modify its
critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species or
its critical habitat, the responsible Federal action agency must enter
into consultation with us. Through this consultation, the action agency
would ensure that the permitted actions do not destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
consultation on previously reviewed actions under certain
circumstances, including instances when critical habitat is
subsequently designated and the Federal agency has retained
discretionary involvement, or control over the action has been retained
or is authorized by law. Consequently, some Federal agencies may
request reinitiation of consultation or conferencing with us on actions
for which formal consultation has been completed, if those actions may
affect designated critical habitat or adversely modify or destroy
proposed critical habitat.
If we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat, we also provide ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' to the
project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable and prudent alternatives
are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during
formal consultation that can be implemented in a manner consistent with
the intended purpose of the action, that are consistent with the scope
of the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are
economically and technologically feasible, and that we believe would
avoid the likelihood of resulting in the destruction or adverse
modification of critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives
can vary from slight project modifications to extensive redesign or
relocation of the project. Costs associated with implementing a
reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.
Activities on Federal lands that may affect critical habitat of
Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia
rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera,
Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei,
Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea,
[[Page 13043]]
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris
lidgatei, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa,
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense will require section 7 consultation. Activities on private
or State lands requiring a permit from a Federal agency (such as a
permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) under section 404
of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.)), the Department of
Housing and Urban Development, or a section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us;
or some other Federal action, including funding (e.g., from the Federal
Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), or Department of Energy), regulation of airport improvement
activities by the FAA, and construction of communication sites licensed
by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), will also continue to
be subject to the section 7 consultation process. Federal actions not
affecting critical habitat and actions on non-Federal lands that are
not federally funded, authorized, or permitted do not require section 7
consultation.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly describe and
evaluate in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may adversely
modify that habitat or that may be affected by that designation. We
note that such activities may also jeopardize the continued existence
of the species.
Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may directly or indirectly destroy or adversely modify
critical habitat include, but are not limited to:
(1) Activities that appreciably degrade or destroy the primary
constituent elements including, but not limited to: Overgrazing;
maintenance of feral ungulates; clearing or cutting of native live
trees and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, or other
means (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building,
mining, herbicide application); introducing or enabling the spread of
non-native species; and taking actions that pose a risk of fire;
(2) Activities that alter watershed characteristics in ways that
would appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, dynamic
wetland or other vegetative communities. Such activities may include
water diversion or impoundment, excess groundwater pumping,
manipulation of vegetation such as timber harvesting, residential and
commercial development, and grazing of livestock that degrades
watershed values;
(3) Rural residential construction that includes concrete pads for
foundations and the installation of septic systems in wetlands where a
permit under section 404 of the Clean Water Act would be required by
the Corps;
(4) Recreational activities that appreciably degrade vegetation;
(5) Mining of sand or other minerals;
(6) Introducing or encouraging the spread of non-native plant
species into critical habitat units; and
(7) Importation of non-native species for research, agriculture,
and aquaculture, and the release of biological control agents that
would have unanticipated effects on the listed species and the primary
constituent elements of their habitat.
If you have questions regarding whether specific activities will
likely constitute adverse modification of critical habitat, contact the
Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological Services Field Office (see
ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies of the regulations on listed
plants and animals, and inquiries about prohibitions and permits may be
addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Endangered
Species/Permits, 911 N.E. 11th Ave., Portland, OR 97232-4181 (telephone
503/231-2063; facsimile 503/231-6243).
Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2)
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to designate critical
habitat on the basis of the best scientific information available, and
to consider the economic and other relevant impacts of designating a
particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas from critical
habitat upon a determination that the benefits of such exclusions
outweigh the benefits of specifying such areas as critical habitat. We
cannot exclude such areas from critical habitat when such exclusion
will result in the extinction of the species concerned.
Economic Impacts
Following the publication of the revised proposed critical habitat
designation on April 5, 2002, a draft economic analysis was prepared to
estimate the potential economic impact of the proposed designation in
accordance with the N.M. Cattlegrowers Ass'n v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Serv., 248 F.3d 1277 (10th Cir. 2001). The draft analysis was made
available for review on August 12, 2002 (67 FR 52419). We accepted
comments on the draft analysis until September 30, 2002.
Our draft economic analysis evaluated the potential direct and
indirect economic impacts associated with the proposed critical habitat
designation for the 46 Molokai plant species over the next ten years.
Direct impacts are those related to consultations under section 7 of
the Act. They include the cost of completing the section 7 consultation
process and potential project modifications resulting from the
consultation. Indirect impacts are secondary costs and benefits not
directly related to the Act. Examples of indirect impacts include
potential effects to property values, potential effects of
redistricting of land from agricultural or urban to conservation, and
social welfare benefits of ecological improvements.
The categories of potential direct and indirect costs considered in
the analysis included the costs associated with: (1) Conducting section
7 consultations associated with the listing or with the critical
habitat, including incremental consultations and technical assistance;
(2) modifications to projects, activities, or land uses resulting from
the section 7 consultations; (3) uncertainty and public perceptions
resulting from the designation of critical habitat including potential
indirect costs resulting from the loss of hunting opportunities and the
interaction of State and local laws; and (4) potential offsetting
beneficial costs associated with critical habitat, including
educational benefits. The most likely economic effects of critical
habitat designation are on activities funded, authorized, or carried
out by a Federal agency (i.e., direct costs).
The draft economic analysis included an evaluation of the economic
impacts associated implementation of the section 7 provisions of the
Act for the 46 Molokai plant species. To quantify the proportion of
total potential economic impacts attributable to section 7
implementation, including both the section 7 listing provisions and the
proposed critical habitat designation, the analysis evaluated a
``without section 7'' baseline and compared it to a ``with section 7''
scenario. The ``without section 7'' baseline represented the current
and expected economic activity under all modifications except those
associated with section 7, including protections afforded the species
under Federal and State laws. The difference between the two scenarios
measured the net change in economic activity attributable to the
[[Page 13044]]
implementation of section 7 for the 46 Molokai plant species.
Following the close of the comment period on the draft economic
analysis, an addendum was completed that incorporated public comments
on the draft analysis and made other changes in the draft as necessary.
These changes were primarily the result of modifications made to the
proposed critical habitat designation based on biological information
received during the comment period. In addition, we have examined the
economic effects of including the areas identified in the proposed rule
as areas not meeting the definition of critical habitat because they
were not in need of special management under section 3(5)(a) of the
Act.
Together, the draft economic analysis, the addendum and the
addendum amendment constitute our final economic analysis. The final
economic analysis estimates that, over the next 10 years, the
designation co-extensive with the listing may result in potential
direct economic costs of between $54,470 and $269,150, and concludes
that economic impacts from the designation of critical habitat would
not be significant. The reduction of up to $536,600 from the costs
estimated in the draft economic analysis is due to the exclusion of
proposed unit Molokai E2 from final designation and the significant
reduction in size of proposed units Molokai A1, A2, B1, C, D, F, and G
(designation of 9,843 ha (24,323 ac) versus 17,614 ha (43,532 ac) as
proposed critical habitat, a reduction of approximately 7,771 ha
(19,209 ac)).
While our final economic analysis includes an evaluation of
potential indirect costs associated with the designation of critical
habitat for 46 plant species on Molokai, the reported costs are highly
speculative and, in general, thought to have a low probability of
occurrence. In addition, the final economic analysis discusses economic
benefits in qualitative terms rather than providing quantitative
estimates because of the lack of information available to estimate the
economic benefits of endangered species preservation and ecosystem
improvements.
A more detailed discussion of our economic analysis is contained in
the draft economic analysis and the addendum. Both documents are
included in our administrative record and are available for inspection
at the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES
section).
No critical habitat units in the proposed rule were excluded or
modified due to economic impacts because the expected cost of the
designation is not significant. The likely direct cost impact of
designating critical habitat on Molokai for the 46 plant species is
estimated to be between $5,447 and $27,000 per year over the next ten
years.
Other Impacts
Pursuant to section 4(b)(2) of the Act, the Service has decided to
exclude approximately 3,731 ha (9,218 ac) within three areas managed by
TNCH from final critical habitat designation because the benefits
provided by such an exclusion outweigh the benefits provided by a
designation of critical habitat.
In the proposed rule (April 4, 2002, 67 FR 16557), the Service
solicited comments from the public as to whether certain areas on
Molokai should be excluded from final critical habitat, and what
methodology we might use to determine if the benefits of such
exclusions outweigh the benefits of including such areas as critical
habitat. The rationale for our final decision is described below.
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to consider other relevant
impacts, in addition to economic impacts, of designating critical
habitat. In the revised proposed determinations of prudency and
proposed designations of critical habitat for plant species from the
island of Molokai, Hawaii (April 5, 2002; 67 FR 16492), we indicated
that we believed that lands managed by TNCH provided adequate special
management or protection for 19 of these species, and if any management
plans were submitted during the open comment period we would consider
whether such plans provide such protections. This was based the
definition of critical habitat (section 3(5)), which specifies critical
habitat as areas within the geographical area occupied by the species
on which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential
to the conservation of the species and (II) which may require special
management considerations or protection. In order to give meaning to
this last clause, we considered that if an area was already adequately
managed then there would be no requirement for special management
considerations or protection. We believed that adequate special
management or protection would be provided by a legally operative plan
that addresses the maintenance and improvement of essential habitat
elements and that provides for the long-term conservation of the
species. The three criteria identified in the proposed rule for
determining if a plan provides adequate special management or
protection are as follows: (1) A current plan or agreement must be
complete and provide sufficient conservation benefit to the species;
(2) the plan or agreement must provide assurances that the conservation
management strategies will be implemented; and (3) the plan or
agreement must provide assurances that the conservation management
strategies will be effective (i.e., provide for periodic monitoring and
revisions as necessary).
We proposed to not include the TNCH lands pursuant to this
interpretation of the definition of critical habitat. However, in a
recent opinion (Center for Biological Diversity v. Norton, Civ. No. 01-
409 TUC DCB D. Ariz. Jan. 13, 2003), a Federal district court
determined that our definition of critical habitat, as it applies to
special management, is not correct. The court stated that ``whether
habitat does or does not require special management by defendant or FWS
is not determinative on whether or not the habitat is `critical' to a
threatened or endangered species (pages 13-14 of the court's
decision).'' We continue to believe that our interpretation was
reasonable. However, we nevertheless have not declined to include areas
from this final designation because they are adequately managed.
It is important to note that this Court ruling also concluded that,
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, ``It is certainly reasonable to
consider a positive working relationship relevant, particularly when
that relationship results in the implementation of beneficial natural
resource programs, including species preservation.
We have come to a similar conclusion in relation to certain non-
Federal lands on Molokai. As explained below, we believe that the
exclusion of TNCH lands from critical habitat will help improve and
maintain our relationship with TNCH, and it will also provide
incentives to other landowners on Molokai to consider implementing
similar voluntary conservation activities on their lands. The Service
believes such an outcome will provide greater conservation benefits to
these listed species than would a critical habitat designation on these
TNCH lands.
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii
TNCH's Kamakou, Moomomi, and Pelekunu Preserves are occupied
habitat for 14 species and unoccupied habitat for five species.
According to our published recovery plans, recovery of these species
will require reproducing, self-sustaining populations located in a
geographic array across the landscape,
[[Page 13045]]
with population numbers and population locations of sufficient
robustness to withstand periodic threats due to natural disaster or
biological threats (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997,
1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999, 2001). The highest priority recovery tasks
include active management such as plant propagation and reintroduction,
fire control, non-native species removal, and ungulate fencing. Failure
to implement these active management measures, all of which require
voluntary landowner support and participation, virtually assures the
extinction of these species. Many of these types of conservation
actions in these areas of Molokai are carried out as part of TNCH's
participation with landowner incentive-based programs and by actions
taken on the landowner's initiative. These activities, which are
described in more detail below, require substantial voluntary
cooperation by TNCH and other cooperating landowners and local
residents.
The following analysis describes the likely conservation benefits
of a critical habitat designation compared to the conservation benefits
without critical habitat designation. The Service paid particular
attention to the following issues: to what extent a critical habitat
designation would confer regulatory conservation benefits on these
species; to what extent the designation would educate members of the
public such that conservation efforts would be noticeably enhanced; and
whether a critical habitat designation would have a positive, neutral,
or negative impact on voluntary conservation efforts on this privately-
owned TNCH land as well as other non-Federal lands on Molokai that
could contribute to recovery.
If a critical habitat designation reduces the likelihood that
voluntary conservation activities will be carried out on Molokai, and
at the same time fails to confer a counter-balancing positive
regulatory or educational benefit to the species, then the benefits of
excluding such areas from critical habitat outweigh the benefits of
including them. Although the results of this type of evaluation will
vary significantly depending on the landowners, geographic areas, and
species involved, we believe the TNCH lands on Molokai merit this
evaluation.
(1) Benefits of Inclusion
Suitable habitat in TNCH's Kamakou, Moomomi, and Pelekunu Preserves
exists for the following species: Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Hedyotis mannii, Labordia
triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope mucronulata,
Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila,
Schiedea sarmentosa, Silene alexandrii, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium
rockii, and Vigna o--wahuense. The primary direct benefit of inclusion
of these lands as critical habitat would result from the requirement
under section 7 of the Act that Federal agencies consult with us to
ensure that any proposed Federal actions do not destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat.
The benefit of a critical habitat designation would ensure that any
actions authorized, funded, or carried out by a Federal agency would
not likely destroy or adversely modify any critical habitat. Without
critical habitat, some site-specific projects might not trigger
consultation requirements under the Act in areas where species are not
currently present; in contrast, Federal actions in areas occupied by
listed species would still require consultation under section 7 of the
Act.
Seventy-four percent of the area on these lands is already occupied
habitat for 14 of the 19 listed species. Therefore, any Federal
activities that may affect these areas will in all likelihood require
section 7 consultation. Historically, we have conducted 19 informal and
no formal consultations under section 7 on the entire island of Molokai
for any of these plant species. None of these consultations involved
the TNCH lands. As a result of the low level of previous Federal
activity on these TNCH lands, and after considering the future Federal
activities that might occur on these lands, it is the Service's opinion
that there is likely to be a low number of future Federal activities
that would negatively affect habitat on TNCH lands. The land is in
permanent conservation and is not expected to be developed. Section 7
is expected to be limited to Federal funding for conservation
activities to improve the habitat for these species, not adversely
modify it. The possibility of such activity cannot be ruled out
entirely, but it can best be described as having a low likelihood of
occurrence. Therefore, we anticipate little additional regulatory
benefits from including these preserves in critical habitat beyond what
is already provided by the existing section 7 nexus for habitat areas
occupied by the listed extant species.
Another possible benefit is that the designation of critical
habitat can serve to educate the public regarding the potential
conservation value of an area, and this may focus and contribute to
conservation efforts by other parties by clearly delineating areas of
high conservation value for certain species. Information about the 19
species for which suitable habitat was identified on TNCH lands on
Molokai that reaches a wide audience, including other parties engaged
in conservation activities, could have a positive conservation benefit.
While we believe this educational outcome is important for the
conservation of these 19 species, we believe it has already been
achieved through the existing management, education, and public
outreach efforts carried out by TNCH and their conservation partners.
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii has a well-developed public outreach
infrastructure that includes magazines, newsletters, and well-
publicized public events on Molokai and throughout Hawaii. These and
other media extol and explain the conservation importance of these
Molokai reserves and their conservation value. A final designation of
critical habitat would add little to this effort and would simply
affirm what is already known and widely accepted by Hawaii's
conservationists, public agencies, and much of the general public
concerning the conservation value of these lands. The following
discussion on each of the three preserves demonstrates that the public
is already aware of the importance of this area for the conservation of
these 19 species.
Nineteen species (Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea
mannii, Cyanea procera, Hedyotis mannii, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia
maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope mucronulata, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea sarmentosa, Silene
alexandrii, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o-wahuense)
are reported from TNCH's Moomomi, Kamakou, and Pelekunu Preserves,
which are located on Molokai's northwest coast (Moomomi) and in the
East Molokai mountains (Kamakou and Pelekunu) (GDSI 2000; HINHP
database 2000; TNCH 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1997, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c). Two
of the preserves (Moomomi and Pelekunu) are owned by TNCH, while
Kamakou was established by a grant of a perpetual conservation easement
from the private landowner to TNCH. All three preserves are included in
the State's Natural Area Partnership (NAP) program, which provides
matching funds for the management of private lands that have been
permanently dedicated to conservation
[[Page 13046]]
(TNCH 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1997, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c).
Under the NAP program, the State of Hawaii provides matching funds
on a two-to-one basis for management of private lands dedicated to
conservation. In order to qualify for this program, the land must be
dedicated in perpetuity through transfer of fee title or a conservation
easement to the State or a cooperating entity. The land must be managed
by the cooperating entity or a qualified landowner according to a
detailed management plan approved by the Board of Land and Natural
Resources. Once approved, the 6-year partnership agreement between the
State and the managing entity is automatically renewed each year so
that there are always 6 years remaining in the term, although the
management plan is updated and funding amounts are re-authorized by the
board at least every 6 years. By April 1 of any year, the managing
partner may notify the State that it does not intend to renew the
agreement; however, in such case, the partnership agreement remains in
effect for the balance of the existing 6-year term, and the
conservation easement remains in full effect in perpetuity. The
conservation easement may be revoked by the landowner only if State
funding is terminated without the concurrence of the landowner and
cooperating entity. Prior to terminating funding, the State must
conduct one or more public hearings. The NAP program is funded through
real estate conveyance taxes which are placed in a Natural Area Reserve
Fund. Participants in the NAP program must provide annual reports to
the DLNR and DLNR makes annual inspections of the work in the reserve
areas. See Haw. Rev. Stat. Secs. 195-1-195-11 and Hawaii Administrative
Rules Secs. 13-210.
Management programs within the three preserves are documented in
long-range management plans and yearly operational plans. These plans
detail management measures that protect, restore, and enhance the rare
plants and their habitats within the preserves and in adjacent areas
(TNCH 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1997, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c). These management
measures address the factors which led to the listing of the 19 species
including control of non-native species of ungulates, rodents, weeds,
and fire control. In addition, habitat restoration and monitoring are
also included in these plans.
Kamakou Preserve
The primary management goals within Kamakou Preserve are to prevent
degradation of native forest by reducing feral ungulate damage;
suppress wildfires; and improve or maintain the integrity of native
ecosystems in selected areas of the preserve by reducing the effects of
non-native plants.
Specific management actions to address feral ungulate impacts
include the construction of fences, including strategic fencing (fences
placed in proximity to natural barriers such as cliffs); staff hunting;
and implementation of organized hunting through the Molokai Hunters
Working Group. By monitoring ungulate activity within the preserve, the
staff are able to direct hunters to problem areas, thereby increasing
hunting success. If increased hunting pressure does not reduce feral
ungulate activity in the preserve, the preserve staff will work with
the hunting group to identify and implement alternative methods (TNCH
1994, 1999).
The non-native plant control program within Kamakou Preserve
focuses on habitat-modifying non-native plants (weeds) and prioritizes
them according to the degree of threat to native ecosystems. A weed
priority list has been compiled for the preserve, and control and
monitoring of the highest priority species are ongoing. Weeds are
controlled manually, chemically, or through a combination of both.
Preventive measures (prevention protocol) are required by all who enter
the preserve. This protocol includes such things as brushing footgear
before entering the preserve to remove seeds of non-native plants. In
addition, the staff are actively promoting awareness of aggressive non-
native plants in Hawaii and their impacts to native ecosystems in the
local communities on Molokai through public education at schools,
fairs, and displays at the airport.
Wildfire pre-suppression and response plans are coordinated with
the Maui County Fire Department and the DOFAW Maui District Forester.
The Kamakou Wildfire Management Plan is reviewed annually with the fire
department and updated as necessary (TNCH 1994, 1999). In the event of
fires in areas bordering the preserve, staff from Kamakou assist with
fire suppression in concert with DOFAW staff.
Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track
the biological and physical resources of the preserve and evaluate
changes in these resources to guide management programs. Vegetation is
monitored throughout the preserve to document long-term ecological
changes; rare plant species are monitored to assess population status;
and, following fires on the boundaries or within the preserve, burned
areas are assessed for ingress of weeds and recovery of native plants.
In addition, the preserve staff provide logistical support to
scientists and others who are conducting research within the preserve.
In addition, TNCH, DOFAW, the Service and other Federal agencies
including the National Park Service, and neighboring landowners of East
Molokai's watershed areas have formed a partnership (East Molokai
Watershed Partnership) through a memorandum of understanding to ensure
the protection of over 8,903 ha (22,000 ac) of land on the island.
While the partnership is still in its infancy, the members have agreed,
in principle, to participate in cooperative management activities
within the East Molokai watershed because they believe that effective
management is best achieved through the coordinated actions of all
major landowners in the watershed.
Kamakou Preserve provides habitat for two populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Bidens
wiebkei; four populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Canavalia molokaiensis; two populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes; five populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea mannii; four
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea procera; four populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Labordia triflora; one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Lysimachia maxima; three populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Schiedea
sarmentosa; three populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Silene alexandri; and three populations of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Stenogyne bifida. Critical habitat is designated for these 10 island-
endemic species elsewhere on Molokai within their historical ranges to
reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for each species (see
``Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units'' section). This preserve
provides habitat for three populations of 500 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Mariscus fauriei; three
populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Melicope mucronulata; and one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
[[Page 13047]]
Phyllostegia mannii. Critical habitat is designated for these multi-
island species elsewhere on Molokai, and proposed on other islands
within their historical range to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for each species (see ``Descriptions of Critical Habitat
Units'' section).
Kamakou Preserve provides unoccupied habitat for four populations
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Hedyotis mannii. Critical habitat is proposed for this multi-island
species on Maui and recovery habitat is provided for this species on
Lanai under terms of a Memorandum of Agreement with the private
landowner (68 FR 1220) within its historical range to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations. This preserve provides unoccupied
habitat for three populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Phyllostegia mollis. Critical habitat is
proposed for this multi-island species on other islands within its
historical range to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations.
This preserve provides unoccupied habitat for two populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Platanthera holochila. Critical habitat is also being designated for
this multi-island species on Kauai and is proposed on other islands
within its historical range to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations. Lastly, this preserve provides unoccupied habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Vigna o-wahuensis. Critical habitat is proposed for this
multi-island species on other islands within its historical range to
reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations.
Moomomi Preserve
The primary management goals within Moomomi Preserve are to prevent
degradation of natural communities by reducing feral ungulate damage,
and improve or maintain the integrity of native ecosystems in selected
areas of the preserve by reducing the effects of non-native plants
(TNCH 1999).
Specific management actions to address feral ungulate impacts
include the construction of a perimeter fence to keep out livestock and
an agreement with the neighboring landowner, Molokai Ranch, in which
they will remove livestock within 48 hours of ingress. Analysis of
monitoring data collected within the axis deer exclosure will guide
future management strategies (TNCH 1999).
As with Kamakou Preserve, the non-native plant control program
within Moomomi Preserve focuses on habitat-modifying non-native plants
and prioritizes them according to the degree of threat to native
ecosystems. A weed priority list has been compiled for the preserve,
and control and monitoring of the highest priority species are on-
going. Weeds are controlled manually, chemically, or a through a
combination of both. Preventive measures (prevention protocol) are
required by all who enter the preserve. This protocol includes such
things as brushing footgear before entering the preserve to remove
seeds of non-native plants. In addition, the staff are actively
promoting awareness of aggressive non-native plants in Hawaii and their
impacts to native ecosystems in the local communities on Molokai
through public education at schools, fairs, and displays at the airport
(TNCH 1999).
Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track
the biological and physical resources of the preserve and evaluate
changes in these resources to guide management programs. Vegetation is
monitored throughout the preserve to document long-term ecological
changes; rare plant species are monitored to assess population status.
In addition, the preserve staff provide logistical support to
scientists and others who are conducting research within the preserve
(TNCH 1999).
Moomomi Preserve provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Tetramolopium
rockii. Critical habitat is designated for this island-endemic species
elsewhere on Molokai within its historical range (see ``Descriptions of
Critical Habitat Units'' section). This preserve provides habitat for
one population of 500 mature, reproducing individuals of the annual
Centaurium sebaeoides. Critical habitat is designated for this species
elsewhere on Molokai, on Kauai, and is proposed on other islands within
its historical range to reach the recovery goal of 8 to10 populations
(see ``Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units'' section).
Pelekunu Preserve
The primary management goals within Pelekunu Preserve are to
prevent degradation of native forest by reducing feral ungulate damage;
and improve or maintain the integrity of native ecosystems in selected
areas of the preserve by reducing the effects of non-native plants.
Specific management actions to address feral ungulate impacts
include staff hunting; implementation of organized hunting through the
Molokai Hunters Working Group; and quarterly transect and aerial
monitoring of ungulate activity. By monitoring ungulate activity within
the preserve, the staff are able to direct hunters to problem areas,
thereby increasing hunting success. If increased hunting pressure does
not reduce feral ungulate activity in the preserve, the preserve staff
will work with the hunting group to identify and implement alternative
methods (TNCH 1999).
As with the other two preserves on Molokai, the non-native plant
control program within Pelekunu Preserve focuses on habitat-modifying
non-native plants and prioritizes them according to the degree of
threat to native ecosystems. A weed priority list has been compiled for
the preserve, and control and monitoring of the highest priority
species are ongoing. Weeds are controlled manually, chemically, or
through a combination of both. Preventive measures (prevention
protocol) are required by all who enter the preserve. This protocol
includes such things as brushing footgear before entering the preserve
to remove seeds of non-native plants. In addition, the staff are
actively promoting awareness of aggressive non-native plants in Hawaii
and their impacts to native ecosystems in the local communities on
Molokai through public education at schools, fairs, and displays at the
airport.
Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track
the biological and physical resources of the preserve and evaluate
changes in these resources to guide management programs. Vegetation is
monitored in the preserve to document long-term ecological changes; and
rare plant species are monitored to assess population status. In
addition, the preserve staff provide logistical support to scientists
and others who are conducting research within the preserve.
Pelekunu Preserve provides habitat for two populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Bidens
wiebkei; one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Canavalia molokaiensis; and four populations of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Stenogyne bifida. Critical habitat is designated for these three
island-endemic species elsewhere on Molokai within their historical
ranges to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for each
species (see ``Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units'' section).
In sum, the Service believes that a critical habitat designation
for listed
[[Page 13048]]
plants on TNCH lands on Molokai would provide a relatively low level of
additional regulatory conservation benefit to each of the plant species
beyond what is already provided by existing section 7 consultation
requirements due to the physical presence of 14 of the 19 listed
species. Any regulatory conservation benefits would accrue through the
benefit associated with additional section 7 consultation associated
with critical habitat. Based on a review of past consultations and
consideration of the likely future activities in this specific area,
there is little Federal activity expected to occur on this privately
owned land that would trigger section 7 consultation. The Service also
believes that a final critical habitat designation provides little
additional educational benefits since the conservation value is already
well known by the landowner, the State, Federal agencies, private
organizations, and the general public, and the area has been identified
as suitable and important to the conservation of 19 Molokai plant
species through publication in the proposed critical habitat rule and
in this final rule.
(2) Benefits of Exclusion
Proactive voluntary conservation efforts are necessary to prevent
the extinction and promote the recovery of these listed plant species
on Molokai and other Hawaiian islands (Shogren et al. 1999, Wilcove and
Chen 1998, Wilcove et al. 1998). Consideration of this concern is
especially important in areas where species have been extirpated and
their recovery requires access and permission for reintroduction
efforts (Bean 2002, Wilcove et al. 1998). For example, five of the 19
species associated with these preserves are extirpated from TNCH lands,
and repopulation is likely not possible without human assistance and
landowner cooperation.
As described earlier, TNCH has a history of entering into
conservation agreements with various Federal and State agencies and
other private organizations on their lands. The Nature Conservancy's
mission is to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities that
represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and
waters they need to survive. The Service believes that each of the
listed species within TNCH's preserves will benefit substantially from
TNCH's voluntary management actions due to a reduction in ungulate
browsing and habitat conversion, a reduction in competition with non-
native weeds, a reduction in risk of fire, and the reintroduction of
species currently extirpated from various areas and for which the
technical ability to propagate these species currently exists or will
be developed in the near future.
The conservation benefits of critical habitat are primarily
regulatory or prohibitive in nature. But on Molokai, simply preventing
``harmful activities'' will not slow the extinction of listed plant
species (Bean 2002). Where consistent with the discretion provided by
the Act, the Service believes it is necessary to implement policies
that provide positive incentives to private landowners to voluntarily
conserve natural resources and that remove or reduce disincentives to
conservation (Wilcove et al. 1998). Thus, we believe it is essential
for the recovery of these 19 species to build on continued conservation
activities such as these with a proven partner, and to provide positive
incentives for other private landowners on Molokai who might be
considering implementing voluntary conservation activities but have
concerns about incurring incidental regulatory or economic impacts.
Approximately 80 percent of imperiled species in the United States
occur partly or solely on private lands where the Service has little
management authority (Wilcove et al. 1996). In addition, recovery
actions involving the reintroduction of listed species onto private
lands require the voluntary cooperation of the landowner (Bean 2002,
James 2002, Knight 1999, Main et al. 1999, Norton 2000, Shogren et al.
1999, Wilcove et al. 1998). Therefore, ``a successful recovery program
is highly dependent on developing working partnerships with a wide
variety of entities, and the voluntary cooperation of thousands of non-
Federal landowners and others is essential to accomplishing recovery
for listed species'' (Crouse et al. 2002). Because the Federal
government owns relatively little land on Molokai, and because large
tracts of land suitable for conservation of threatened and endangered
species are mostly owned by private landowners, successful recovery of
listed species on Molokai is especially dependent upon working
partnerships and the voluntary cooperation of non-Federal landowners.
(3) The Benefits of Exclusion Outweigh the Benefits of Inclusion
Based on the above considerations, and consistent with the
direction provided in section 4(b)(2) of the Act and the recent Federal
District Court decision concerning critical habitat (Center for
Biological Diversity v. Norton, Civ. No. 01-409 TUC DCB D. Ariz. Jan.
13, 2003), we have determined that the benefits of excluding TNCH's
Molokai preserves as critical habitat outweigh the benefits of
including them as critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Hedyotis mannii, Labordia
triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope mucronulata,
Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila,
Schiedea sarmentosa, Silene alexandrii, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium
rockii, and Vigna o-wahuense.
This conclusion is based on the following factors:
1. TNCH's mission is to preserve the plants, animals and natural
communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting
the lands and waters they need to survive. Therefore, all of their
preserve lands are currently being managed on a voluntary basis in
cooperation with the Service, State, and other private organizations to
achieve important conservation goals.
2. In the past, TNCH has cooperated with Federal and State
agencies, and private organizations to implement voluntary conservation
activities on their lands that have resulted in tangible conservation
benefits.
3. Simple regulation of ``harmful activities'' is not sufficient to
conserve these species. Landowner cooperation and support is required
to prevent the extinction and promote the recovery of all of the listed
species on Molokai due to the need to implement proactive conservation
actions such as ungulate management, weed control, fire suppression,
plant propagation, and outplanting. This need for landowner cooperation
is especially acute because the preserves are unoccupied by five of the
19 species. Future conservation efforts, such as translocation of these
five plant species back into unoccupied habitat on these lands and
expansion of the extant species, will require the cooperation of TNCH
and other non-Federal landowners on Molokai. Exclusion of TNCH lands
from this critical habitat designation will help the Service maintain
and improve this partnership by formally recognizing the positive
contributions of TNC to plant recovery, and by streamlining or reducing
unnecessary regulatory oversight.
4. Given the current partnership agreements between TNCH and many
organizations, the Service believes the additional regulatory and
educational benefits of including these lands as critical habitat are
relatively small. The designation of critical habitat can serve to
educate the general public as well as
[[Page 13049]]
conservation organizations regarding the potential conservation value
of an area, but this goal is already being accomplished through the
identification of this area in the management plans described above.
Likewise, there will be little additional Federal regulatory benefit to
the species because (a) there is a low likelihood that these proposed
critical habitat units will be negatively affected to any significant
degree by Federal activities requiring section 7 consultation, and (b)
much are already occupied by 14 listed species and a section 7 nexus
already exists. The Service is unable to identify any other potential
benefits associated with critical habitat for these TNCH preserves.
5. It is well documented that publicly owned lands and lands owned
by conservation organizations such as TNCH, alone, are too small and
poorly distributed to provide for the conservation of most listed
species (Bean 2002, Crouse et al. 2002). Excluding these TNCH lands
from critical habitat may, by way of example, provide positive social,
legal, and economic incentives to other non-Federal landowners on
Molokai who own lands that could contribute to listed species recovery
if voluntary conservation measures on these lands are implemented
(Norton 2000, Main et al. 1999, Shogren et al. 1999, Wilcove and Chen
1998). As resources allow, the Service would be willing to consider
future revisions or amendments to this final critical habitat rule if
landowners affected by this rule develop conservation programs or
partnerships (e.g., Habitat Conservation Plans, Safe Harbor Agreements,
conservation agreements, etc.) on their lands that outweigh the
regulatory and educational benefits of a critical habitat designation.
In conclusion, we find that the exclusion of critical habitat on
the TNCH Molokai preserves would most likely have a net positive
conservation effect on the recovery and conservation of these 19 plant
species when compared to the positive conservation effects of a
critical habitat designation. As described above, the overall benefits
to these species of a critical habitat designation for these TNCH areas
are relatively small. In contrast, we believe that this exclusion will
enhance our existing partnership with TNCH, and it will set a positive
example and provide positive incentives to other non-Federal landowners
who may be considering implementing voluntary conservation activities
on their lands. We conclude there is a higher likelihood of beneficial
conservation activities occurring in these and other areas of Molokai
without designated critical habitat than there would be with designated
critical habitat in these TNCH preserves.
(4) Exclusion of This Unit Will Not Cause Extinction of the Species
In considering whether or not exclusion of these Preserves might
result in the extinction of any of these 19 species, the Service first
considered the impacts to the 11 species endemic to Molokai (Bidens
wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes,
Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima,
Schiedea sarmentosa, Silene alexandrii, Stenogyne bifida, and
Tetramolopium rockii), and second to the eight species known from
Molokai and one or more other Hawaiian islands (Centaurium sebaeoides,
Hedyotis mannii, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope mucronulata, Phyllostegia
mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila, and Vigna o-
wahuense).
For both the 11 endemic and the eight ``multi-island'' species, it
is the Service's conclusion that the TNCH's mission and management
plans will provide as much or more net conservation benefits as would
be provided if these preserves were designated as critical habitat.
These management plans, which are described above, will provide
tangible proactive conservation benefits that will reduce the
likelihood of extinction for the listed plants in these areas of
Molokai and increase their likelihood of recovery. Extinction for any
of these species as a consequence of this exclusion is unlikely because
there are no known threats in these preserves due to any current or
reasonably anticipated Federal actions that might be regulated under
section 7 of the Act. Further, these areas are already occupied by 14
of the 19 species and thereby benefit from the section 7 protections of
the Act, should such an unlikely Federal threat actually materialize.
The exclusion of these preserves will not increase the risk of
extinction to any of these species, and it may increase the likelihood
these species will recover by encouraging other landowners to implement
voluntary conservation activities as TNCH has done.
In addition, critical habitat is being designated on other areas of
Molokai for all 11 of the endemic species (Molokai 6--Bidens wiebkei--
a, Molokai 7--Bidens wiebkei--b, Molokai 8--Bidens wiebkei--c, Molokai
6--Canavalia molokaiensis--a, Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--b,
Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--c, Molokai 6--Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--a, Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes--b, Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--a, Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--b,
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--c, Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--d, Molokai 6--
Cyanea mannii--e, Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--a, Molokai 6--Cyanea
procera--b, Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--a, Molokai 6--Labordia
triflora--b, Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--c, Molokai 6--Labordia
triflora--d, Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--a, Molokai 6--Lysimachia
maxima--b, Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa--a, Molokai 6--Schiedea
sarmentosa--b, Molokai 6--Silene alexandrii--a, Molokai 6--Silene
alexandrii--b, Molokai 6--Stenogyne bifida--a, Molokai 1--Tetramolopium
rockii--a, Molokai 2--Tetramolopium rockii--b, Molokai 3--Tetramolopium
rockii--c, Molokai 5--Tetramolopium rockii--d), and critical habitat
has been designated elsewhere on Molokai, and or designated on other
islands for the remaining eight multi-island species consistent with
the guidance in recovery plans. These other designations identify
conservation areas for the maintenance and expansion of the existing
populations.
In sum, the above analysis concludes that an exclusion of TNCH
lands from final critical habitat on Molokai will have a net beneficial
impact with little risk of negative impacts. Therefore, the exclusion
of these lands will not cause extinction and should in fact improve the
chances of recovery for Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea
mannii, Cyanea procera, Hedyotis mannii, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia
maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope mucronulata, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea sarmentosa, Silene
alexandrii, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, and Vigna o-
wahuense.
Taxonomic Changes
At the time we listed Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Mariscus fauriei, and Phyllostegia mollis, we followed
the taxonomic treatments in Wagner et al. (1990), the widely used and
accepted Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Subsequent to the
final listing, we became aware of new taxonomic treatments of these
species. Also, the soon-to-be-published book Hawaii's Ferns and Fern
Allies (Palmer, in press) has changed the family name for Ctenitis
squamigera (from Aspleniaceae to Dryopteridaceae). Due to the court-
ordered deadlines, we are required to
[[Page 13050]]
publish this final rule to designate critical habitat on Molokai before
we can prepare and publish a notice of taxonomic changes for these five
species. We plan to publish a notice of taxonomic change for these five
species after we have published the final critical habitat designations
on Molokai.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
In accordance with Executive Order 12866, the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB) has determined that this critical habitat designation
is not a significant regulatory action. This rule will not have an
annual economic effect of $100 million or more or adversely affect any
economic sector, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, or
other units of government. This designation will not create
inconsistencies with other agencies' actions or otherwise interfere
with an action taken or planned by another agency. It will not
materially affect entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, or
the rights and obligations of their recipients. Finally, this
designation will not raise novel legal or policy issues. Accordingly,
OMB has not reviewed this final critical habitat designation.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (as amended by the Small
Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996),
whenever a Federal agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking
for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for
public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the
effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small
organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the RFA to
require Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis
for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small entities.
Based on the information in our economic analysis (draft economic
analysis and addendum), we are certifying that the critical habitat
designation for 41 Molokai plant species will not have a significant
effect on a substantial number of small entities because a substantial
number of small entities are not affected by the designation. In
addition, the economic analysis concludes that the economic impacts
from the designation of critical habitat would not be significant,
based on the estimated cost of the designation which may result in
potential direct economic costs of between $5,447 and $27,000 per year
over the next 10 years.
Federal courts and Congress have indicated that an RFA/SBREFA
analysis may be limited to all impacts to entities directly subject to
the requirements of the regulation (Service 2002). As such, entities
indirectly impacted by the plant listings and critical habitat and,
therefore, not directly regulated by the listing or critical habitat
designation are not considered in this section of the analysis.
Small entities include small organizations, such as independent
non-profit organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions,
including school boards and city and town governments that serve fewer
than 50,000 residents, as well as small businesses. Small businesses
include manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500
employees, wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees,
retail and service businesses with less than $5 million in annual
sales, general and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5
million in annual business, special trade contractors doing less than
$11.5 million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with
annual sales less than $750,000. The RFA/SBREFA defines ``small
governmental jurisdiction'' as the government of a city, county, town,
school district, or special district with a population of less than
50,000. By this definition, Maui County is not a small governmental
jurisdiction because its population was 128,100 in 2000. Although
certain State agencies, such as DLNR, Department of Agriculture (DOA),
and Department of Transportation (DOT) may be affected by the critical
habitat designation, State governments are considered independent
sovereigns, not small governments, for the purposes of the RFA. To
determine if potential economic impacts to these small entities are
significant, we consider the types of activities that might trigger
regulatory impacts under this rule as well as the types of project
modifications that may result. In general, the term ``significant
economic impact'' is meant to apply to a typical small business firm's
business operations.
To determine if the rule would affect a substantial number of small
entities, we consider the number of small entities affected within
particular types of economic activities (e.g., housing development,
grazing, oil and gas production, timber harvesting, etc.). We apply the
``substantial number'' test individually to each industry to determine
if certification is appropriate. In estimating the numbers of small
entities potentially affected, we also consider whether their
activities have any Federal involvement; some kinds of activities are
unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so will not be affected by
critical habitat designation.
The primary projects and activities that might be affected by the
designation that could affect small entities include ranching
operations and conservation projects. Based on our draft economic
analysis and addendum, there were 170 cattle livestock operations in
Maui County in 2000. The combined cattle sales of all of these
operations in 2000 was about $3.2 million (Statistics of Hawaii
Agriculture, 2000). Since this implies average annual cattle sales per
business of $19,000, it is likely that all or almost all of the Maui
County cattle operations, including those on Molokai, meet the
definition of a small business (annual sales less than $750,000). Thus,
our draft economic analysis concluded that the proposed critical
habitat designation might affect two to three businesses out of 170
(one to two percent) of the small businesses in the cattle industry in
Maui County. It also found that one community organization was likely
to enter into section 7 consultation for coastal strand restoration due
to the receipt of funding from the Service. Because the Service is also
the funding entity and will likely provide technical assistance to the
organization, the impact on this organization was found to be minimal.
In addition, the consultation would have occurred regardless of
designation of critical habitat. For these reasons, the draft economic
analysis critical habitat designation would not be likely to affect
small community organizations.
However, even though the proposed designation would not affect a
``substantial'' number of small businesses in each industry, an
estimate of the impact was provided in the draft economic analysis. The
cost of consultations with Pu'u o Hoku Ranch was estimated to be
$15,300 to $25,800. The cost of the consultations with one to two
unknown ranching operations was estimated to be $9,700 to $41,200.
These costs reflect costs to the Service and NRCS to participate in the
consultations; in general, none of the consultation costs are absorbed
by the rancher. The estimated cost of consultations with Hui Malama o
Mo`omomi was $5,200 to $10,400.
[[Page 13051]]
Again, these costs reflect costs to the Service to conduct the
consultation.
The actual impacts of the final rule may even be smaller. These
estimates were based on the proposed designations. However, this final
rule designates 5,771 hectares (19,199 acres) less than had been
proposed, or a 44 percent reduction.
These conclusions are supported by the history of consultations on
Molokai. Since these 41 plant species were listed (between 1991 and
1999), we have conducted only 19 informal consultations and no formal
consultations on the island of Molokai, in addition to consultations on
Federal grants to State wildlife programs, which would not affect small
entities. The 19 informal consultations have concerned seven of the 41
species (Centaurium sebaeoides, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Eugenia
koolauensis, Labordia triflora, Sesbania tomentosa, and Tetramolopium
rockii) and were conducted with the U.S. Department of the Navy (Navy),
NRCS, State of Hawaii, Maui County, Corps, FCC, and private parties.
One informal consultation was conducted with the U.S. Navy regarding a
proposed U.S. Marine Corps training area on privately-owned leased land
in west Molokai. Three of the 41 species, Centaurium sebaeoides,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii, were reported from the
project area. One informal consultation was conducted on behalf of a
private non-profit organization, requesting a species list for Kamalo
and Kapualei. Three of the 41 species, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera,
and Labordia triflora, were reported from this area. One informal
consultation was conducted on behalf of a private consulting firm,
requesting a species list for a proposed project regarding a VHF
direction-finder in Mauna Loa. Two of the 41 species, Eugenia
koolauensis and Sesbania tomentosa, were reported from the project
area. Six informal consultations were conducted on behalf of private
individuals or consulting firms, requesting species lists for different
locations on Molokai. None of the 41 species were reported from these
locations. Five informal consultations were conducted on behalf of the
NRCS, requesting species lists or regarding revegetation or habitat
restoration projects at different locations on Molokai. None of the 41
species were reported from these locations. Two informal consultations
were conducted on behalf of the State of Hawaii and Maui County
regarding proposed landfill projects. None of the 41 species were
reported from these locations. Two informal consultations were
conducted on behalf of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, regarding a
stream restoration project and unexploded ordinance removal activities
at Papohaku Rangelands Bombing Range and Punakua Land Target Area. None
of the 41 species were reported from the project areas. One informal
consultation was conducted on behalf of the FCC regarding an antenna
cell site in Kaunakakai. None of the 41 species were reported from the
project area.
Seven of the informal consultations may have concerned small
entities (the private individuals, consulting firms, or the non-profit
organization). However, these seven informal consultations were
requests for species lists and not for our concurrence on a specific
proposed project. We have determined that the State of Hawaii and Maui
County are not small entities. The Corps, NRCS, FCC, and the Navy are
not small entities. For the 12 informal consultations with the State of
Hawaii, Maui County, and Federal agencies, we concurred with each
agency's or entity's determination that the project, as proposed, was
not likely to adversely affect listed species. Although four of the
NRCS projects are ongoing, they do not directly affect nor concern
small entities.
In addition, on Molokai, 49 percent of the designations are on
private lands, 50 percent of the designations are on State lands, and 1
percent of the designations are on Federal lands. Nearly all of the
land within the critical habitat units is unsuitable for development,
land uses, and activities. This is due to their remote locations, lack
of access, and rugged terrain. Approximately 89 percent of this land is
within the State Conservation District where State land-use controls
severely limit development and most activities.
Even where the requirements of section 7 might apply due to
critical habitat, based on our experience with section 7 consultations
for all listed species, virtually all projects--including those that,
in their initial proposed form, would result in jeopardy or adverse
modification determinations under section 7--can be implemented
successfully with, at most, the adoption of reasonable and prudent
alternatives. These measures by definition must be economically
feasible and within the scope of authority of the Federal agency
involved in the consultation.
For these reasons, we are certifying that the designation of
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens
wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea mannii,
Cyanea procera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia
koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus
fauriei, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris
lidgatei, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa,
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities. Therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis
is not required.
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2))
Under the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (5
U.S.C. 801 et seq.), this rule is not a major rule. Our detailed
assessment of the economic effects of this designation are described in
the draft economic analysis and the final addendum to the economic
analysis. Based on the effects identified in these documents, we
believe that this rule will not have an effect on the economy of $100
million or more, will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for
consumers, and will not have significant adverse effects on
competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the
ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based
enterprises. Refer to the final addendum to the economic analysis for a
discussion of the effects of this determination.
Executive Order 13211
On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211, on
regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, and
use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of
Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Although this rule is
a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, it is not
expected to significantly affect energy production supply and
distribution facilities because no energy production, supply, and
distribution facilities are included within designated critical
habitat. Further, for the reasons described in the economic analysis,
we do not believe that designation of critical habitat for the 41
Molokai plants
[[Page 13052]]
will affect future energy production. Therefore, this action is not a
significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is
required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.):
(a) For reasons described in an economic analysis, this rule will
not produce a Federal mandate on State or local governments or the
private sector of $100 million or greater in any year, that is, it is
not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates
Reform Act. The designation of critical habitat imposes no direct
obligations on State or local governments.
(b) This rule will not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small
governments so a Small Government Agency Plan is not required. Small
governments will not be affected unless they propose an action
requiring Federal funds, permits, or other authorizations. Any such
activities will require that the Federal agency ensure that the action
will not adversely modify or destroy designated critical habitat.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order 12630 (``Government Actions and
Interference with Constitutionally Protected Private Property
Rights''), we have analyzed the potential takings implications of
designating critical habitat for the 41 species from Molokai in a
takings implications assessment. The takings implications assessment
concludes that this final rule does not pose significant takings
implications.
Federalism
In accordance with Executive Order 13132, this final rule does not
have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. In keeping with Department of Interior policy, we requested
information from appropriate State agencies in Hawaii. The designations
may have some benefit to these governments, in that the areas essential
to the conservation of these species are more clearly defined and the
primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary to the survival
of the species are specifically identified. While this definition and
identification do not alter where and what federally sponsored
activities may occur, they may assist these local governments in long-
range planning, rather than waiting for case-by-case section 7
consultation to occur.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Department of the
Interior's Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does
not unduly burden the judicial system and does meet the requirements of
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We have designated critical
habitat in accordance with the provisions of the Endangered Species
Act. The rule uses standard property descriptions and identifies the
primary constituent elements within the designated areas to assist the
public in understanding the habitat needs of the 41 plant species from
Molokai.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any information collection requirements
for which OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act is required.
An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to
respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB
control number.
National Environmental Policy Act
We have determined that we do not need to prepare an Environmental
Assessment and/or an Environmental Impact Statement as defined by the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 in connection with
regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Endangered Species
Act. We published a notice outlining our reason for this determination
in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This
determination does not constitute a major Federal action significantly
affecting the quality of the human environment.
Government-to-Government Relationship with Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments'' (59 FR 22951) Executive Order 13175 and the Department of
the Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. We have determined that
there are no Tribal lands essential for the conservation of these 41
plant species. Therefore, designation of critical habitat for these 41
species does not involve any Tribal lands.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited in this final rule is
available upon request from the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife
Office (see ADDRESSES section).
Authors
The authors of this final rule are staff of the Pacific Islands
Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we hereby amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I,
title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. Amend Sec. 17.12(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened
Plants, as set forth below:
a. Under the table's heading FLOWERING PLANTS, by revising the
entries for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii,
Canavalia molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Eugenia koolauensis, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei,
Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Schiedea lydgatei,
Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene
alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne
bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, to read as
follows; and
b. Under the table's heading FERNS AND ALLIES, by revising the
entries for Adenophorus periens, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta,
Diplazium molokaiense, and Pteris lidgatei, to read as follows.
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
[[Page 13053]]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
-------------------------------------------------------- Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special
Scientific name Common name habitat rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flowering Plants
* * * * * * *
Alectryon macroccoccus........... Mahoe............... U.S.A. (HI)....... Sapindaceae........ E 467 17.99(a) NA
(1) and (c)
* * * * * * *
Bidens wiebkei................... Kookoolau........... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Brighamia rockii................. Puaala.............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Canavalia molokaiensis........... Awikiwiki........... U.S.A. (HI)........ Fabaceae........... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Centaurium sebaeoides............ Awiwi............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Gentianaceae....... E 448 17.99(a) NA
(1) and (c)
* * * * * * *
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Oha wai............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 480 17.99(c) NA
brevipes.
* * * * * * *
Cyanea dunbarii.................. Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 594 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 592 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea mannii.................... Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea procera................... Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Eugenia koolauensis.............. Nioi................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Myrtaceae.......... E 536 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Flueggea neowawraea.............. Mehamehame.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Euphorbiaceae...... E 559 17.99(a) NA
(1) and (c)
* * * * * * *
Hesperomannia arborescens........ None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E 536 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Kokio keokeo........ U.S.A. (HI)........ Malvaceae.......... E 480 17.99(c) NA
immaculatus.
* * * * * * *
Hibiscus brackenridgei........... Mao hau hele........ U.S.A. (HI)........ Malvaceae.......... E 559 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Ischaemum bryone................. Hilo ischaemum...... U.S.A. (HI)........ Poaceae............ E 532 17.99(a) NA
(1) and (c)
* * * * * * *
Isodendrion pyrifolium........... Wahine noho kula.... U.S.A. (HI)........ Violaceae.......... E 532 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Labordia triflora................ Kamakahala.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Loganiaceae........ E 666 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Lysimachia maxima................ None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Primulaceae........ E 594 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Mariscus fauriei................. None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Cyperaceae......... E 532 17.99(c) NA
[[Page 13054]]
* * * * * * *
Melicope mucronulata............. Alani............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Rutaceae........... E 467 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope reflexa................. Alani............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Rutaceae........... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Neraudia sericea................. None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Urticaceae......... E 559 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Peucedanum sandwicense........... Makou............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Apiaceae........... T 530 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia mannii.............. None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Lamiaceae.......... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Plantago princeps................ Laukahi kuahiwi..... U.S.A. (HI)........ Plantaginaceae..... E 559 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
* * * * * * *
Schiedea lydgatei................ None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea nuttallii............... None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E 592 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
Schiedea sarmentosa.............. None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E 594 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Sesbania tomentosa............... Ohai................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Fabaceae........... E 559 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
* * * * * * *
Silene alexandri................. None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Silene lanceolata................ None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.......... None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Apiaceae........... E 559 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
* * * * * * *
Stenogyne bifida................. None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Lamiaceae.......... E 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Tetramolopium rockii............. None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... T 480 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense........... Ae.................. U.S.A. (HI)........ Rutaceae........... E 532 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
* * * * * * *
Ferns and Allies
Adenophorus periens.............. Pendant kihi fern... U.S.A. (HI)........ Grammitidaceae..... E 559 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
* * * * * * *
Ctenitis squamigera.............. Pauoa............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Aspleniaceae....... E 553 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
* * * * * * *
Diellia erecta................... Asplenium-leaved U.S.A. (HI)........ Aspleniaceae....... E 559 17.99(a)(1) NA
diellia. and (c)
* * * * * * *
Diplazium molokaiense............ None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Aspleniaceae....... E 553 17.99(a)(1) NA
and (c)
[[Page 13055]]
* * * * * * *
Pteris lidgatei.................. None................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Adiantaceae........ E 553 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Amend Sec. 17.99 as set forth below:
a. By revising the section heading and the heading for paragraph
(a) to read as follows; and
b. By adding new paragraphs (c) and (d) to read as follows.
Sec. 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the islands of Kauai, Niihau,
and Molokai, HI..
(a) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions for the islands of
Kauai and Niihau, HI.* * *
* * * * *
(c) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions for the island of
Molokai, HI. The following paragraphs contain the legal descriptions of
the critical habitat units designated for the island of Molokai, HI.
Existing manmade features and structures within the critical habitat
units, such as buildings; roads; aqueducts and other watersystem
features, including but not limited to reservoirs, diversions, flumes,
pumping stations, irrigation ditches, pipelines, siphons, tunnels,
water tanks, gaging stations, intakes, and wells; telecommunications
equipment towers and associated structures, electrical power
transmission lines and distribution and regularly maintained associated
rights-of-way and access ways; radars and telemetry antennas; missile
launch sites; campgrounds; existing trails; arboreta and gardens, heiau
(indigenous places of worship or shrines) and other archaeological
sites; airports; other paved areas; lawns and other rural residential
landscaped areas do not contain the primary constituent elements
described for each species in paragraph (d) of this section and
therefore are not included in the critical habitat designations.
Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American
Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of
the 88 critical habitat units designated on the island of Molokai.
(1) Note: Map 1-Index map follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.001
(2) Molokai 1--Tetramolopium rockii--a (68 ha; 167 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points: Start at
689772, 2344661; 689621, 2344539; 689052, 2344319; 688718, 2344221;
688327, 2344075; 688023, 2343926; 687408, 2343701; 687025, 2344327;
687025, 2344327; 687188, 2344441; 687513, 2344733; 687571, 2344549;
687727, 2344013; 687757, 2343953; 688857, 2344469; 689205, 2344430;
689575,
[[Page 13056]]
2344638; 689833, 2344699; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 2 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.002
(3) Molokai 2--Sesbania tomentosa--a (58 ha; 143 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 16 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 696391, 2344805; 696219, 2344744;
696015, 2344744; 6953, 2345000; 694917, 2344983; 694654, 2345127;
694330, 2345195; 694288, 2345144; 694220, 2345221; 694024, 2345136;
693811, 2344940; 693548, 2344940; 692944, 2345229; 692833, 2345221;
692714, 2344991; 692614, 2344974; follow coastline and return to
starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 3 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.003
(4) Molokai 2--Tetramolopium rockii--b (112 ha; 278 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 694570, 2344946; 694440, 2344889;
694073, 2344750; 693846, 2344653; 693382, 2344612; 693146, 2344702;
692844, 2344921; 692641, 2344929; 692389, 2344922; 692389, 2344921;
692356, 2344921; 692201, 2344938; 692071, 2345043; follow coastline and
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 4 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.004
(5) Molokai 3--Centaurium sebaeoides--a (96 ha; 238 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 38 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 710676, 2347273; 712999, 2343399;
712824, 2343386; 712590, 2343678; 712603, 2343781; 712863, 2343820;
712941, 2343944; 712837, 2344106; 712792, 2344340; 712668, 2344541;
712526, 2344729; 712493, 2344936; 712337, 2345131; 712279, 2345365;
712214, 2345371; 712035, 2345519; 711799, 2345942; 711883, 2346053;
711827, 2346164; 711683, 2346195; 711618, 2346528; 711159, 2346569;
711092, 2346637; 710917, 2346701; 710858, 2346756; 710816, 2346864;
710811, 2346802; 710845, 2346718; 710832, 2346611; 710768, 2346591;
710734, 2346806; 710652, 2346855; 710629, 2346935; 710676, 2346982;
710788, 2347050; 710636, 2347297; 710642, 2347291;
[[Page 13057]]
710661, 2347288; follow coastline and return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 5 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.005
(6) Molokai 3--Tetramolopium rockii--c (106 ha; 260 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 34 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 713501, 2342654; 713473, 2342635;
713351, 2342635; 713245, 2342841; 713138, 2343077; 712902, 2343290;
712773, 2343465; 712591, 2343679; 712625, 2343781; 712863, 2343814;
712934, 2343924; 712831, 2344099; 712805, 2344327; 712526, 2344716;
712500, 2344936; 712337, 2345131; 712279, 2345365; 712208, 2345371;
712019, 2345540; 711819, 2345873; 711799, 2345962; 711883, 2346040;
711838, 2346156; 711689, 2346202; 711624, 2346539; 711169, 2346559;
711098, 2346649; 710890, 2346727; 710817, 2346864; 710810, 2346810;
710849, 2346706; 710832, 2346656; 710759, 2346712; 710802, 2347065;
follow coastline and return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 6 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.006
(7) Molokai 4--Brighamia rockii--a (20 ha; 51 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 714246, 2342381; 714703, 2342153;
714446, 2342101; 714255, 2342116; 714094, 2342204; 713837, 2342263;
713646, 2342395; 713740, 2342469; 713902, 2342456; follow coastline and
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 7 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.007
(8) Molokai 4--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--a (56 ha; 139 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 20 boundary points: Start at
714313, 2342111; 714313, 2342061; 714263, 2342030; 714146, 2342049;
714053, 2341993; 714065, 2341869; 714443, 2341627; 714530, 2341522;
714511, 2341429; 714158, 2341318; 713848, 2341497; 713697, 2341473;
713483, 2341578; 713601, 2342024; 713813, 2342101; 713769, 2342222;
713769, 2342222; 713743, 2342284; 713786, 2342315; 713991, 2342266;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 8 follows:
[[Page 13058]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.008
(9) Molokai 5--Brighamia rockii--b (4 ha; 10 ac)
(i) Area consists of the entire offshore island located at
approximately: 715517, 2343847.
(ii) Note: Map 9 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.009
(10) Molokai 5--Peucedanum sandwicense--a (4 ha; 10 ac)
(i) Area consists of the entire offshore island located at
approximately: 715517, 2343847.
(ii) Note: Map 10 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.010
(11) Molokai 5--Tetramolopium rockii--d (4 ha; 10 ac)
(i) Area consists of the entire offshore island located at
approximately: 715517, 2343847.
(ii) Note: Map 11 follows:
[[Page 13059]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.011
(12) Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--a (79 ha; 194 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 6 boundary points: Start at
718366, 2339098; 718483, 2338864; 718272, 2338643; 718311, 2337817;
717446, 2337682; 717549, 2338376; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 12 follows:
[[Page 13060]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.012
(13) Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--b (396 ha; 980 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 19 boundary points: Start at
721394, 2335607; 722329, 2335129; 722733, 2335104; 723117, 2335165;
723342, 2335105; 723236, 2334774; 723034, 2334703; 722442, 2334466;
721281, 2334442; 720262, 2334655; 718639, 2335464; 719529, 2336227;
719749, 2335976; 720611, 2335749; 721062, 2335514; 721066, 2335513;
721206, 2335488; 721387, 2335499; 721388, 2335510; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 13 follows:
[[Page 13061]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.013
(14) Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--c (214 ha; 530 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 20 boundary points: Start at
723720, 2340102; 723501, 2339267; 723764, 2338476; 723865, 2338213;
723777, 2338050; 723639, 2338043; 723426, 2338056; 723331, 2338018;
722967, 2338062; 722873, 2338122; 723352, 2338246; 723352, 2338246;
723351, 2338247; 723088, 2338481; 722803, 2339144; 722612, 2339432;
721900, 2339870; 722315, 2340090; 723124, 2340328; 723469, 2340315;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 14 follows:
[[Page 13062]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.014
(15) Molokai 6--Alectryon macrococcus--a (125 ha; 309 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 38 boundary points: Start at
712844, 2337089; 712698, 2337229; 712592, 2337339; 712695, 2337321;
712881, 2337456; 712940, 2337659; 713244, 2337600; 712999, 2337330;
713210, 2337389; 713430, 2337414; 713497, 2337642; 713742, 2337668;
713818, 2337870; 714080, 2338090; 714258, 2338132; 714331, 2338177;
714454, 2338134; 714593, 2338051; 714604, 2338018; 714460, 2337955;
714325, 2337836; 713954, 2337608; 713818, 2337397; 713489, 2337254;
713742, 2337076; 713970, 2337296; 714283, 2337448; 714553, 2337532;
714359, 2337279; 714722, 2337423; 714604, 2337228; 714660, 2337178;
714025, 2336784; 713852, 2336821; 713844, 2336766; 713421, 2336814;
713160, 2336950; 713033, 2336916; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 15 follows:
[[Page 13063]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.015
(16) Molokai 6--Bidens wiebkei--a (219 ha; 542 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 20 boundary points: Start at
718006, 2334920; 718258, 2334825; 718858, 2334816; 719204, 2334884;
719331, 2334723; 719289, 2334656; 719289, 2334656; 719020, 2334504;
719018, 2334503; 719018, 2334503; 719018, 2334503; 718994, 2334425;
718934, 2334106; 718097, 2334022; 717573, 2334098; 716744, 2334529;
716634, 2334732; 716135, 2335095; 715347, 2335551; 717956, 2334877;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 16 follows:
[[Page 13064]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.016
(17) Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--c (38 ha; 95 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 716089, 2342247; 716263, 2342102;
716347, 2341969; 716482, 2341996; 716375, 2341657; 716328, 2341655;
715888, 2341942; 715686, 2342053; 715313, 2342170; follow coastline and
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 17 follows:
[[Page 13065]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.017
(18) Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--d (145 ha; 358 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 35 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 720770, 2341981; 723204, 2341840;
723220, 2341842; 723377, 2341891; 724326, 2341946; 724920, 2341803;
724885, 2341725; 724781, 2341588; 724671, 2341562; 724262, 2341549;
724190, 2341601; 723996, 2341614; 723405, 2341582; 723256, 2341465;
723139, 2341465; 722691, 2341348; 722509, 2341348; 722158, 2341374;
721756, 2341147; 721620, 2341102; 721256, 2341251; 721139, 2341270;
720872, 2341522; 720861, 2341600; 720856, 2341640; 720767, 2341699;
720682, 2341883; 720682, 2341883; 720682, 2341883; 720690, 2341897;
720716, 2341917; 720755, 2341929; 720769, 2341936; 720777, 2341952;
720777, 2341970; follow coastline and return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 18 follows:
[[Page 13066]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.018
(19) Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--e (83 ha; 206 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 24 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 726360, 2342420; 726777, 2342655;
726909, 2342655; 727223, 2342748; 727399, 2342787; 727757, 2342861;
727860, 2342856; 728070, 2342704; 728207, 2342694; 728394, 2342640;
728580, 2342567; 728635, 2342558; 728678, 2342429; 728305, 2342483;
727815, 2342351; 727571, 2342464; 727394, 2342478; 726860, 2342366;
726591, 2342258; 726194, 2342170; 725949, 2342077; 725660, 2342155;
725633, 2342168; 725632, 2342174; follow coastline and return to
starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 19 follows:
[[Page 13067]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.019
(20) Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--a (80 ha; 197 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: Start at
711585, 2340110; 711750, 2339841; 711652, 2339833; 711589, 2339786;
711148, 2339857; 711062, 2339810; 710951, 2339857; 710881, 2339810;
710881, 2339715; 710487, 2339755; 710251, 2339841; 709913, 2339873;
709574, 2340038; 709469, 2339940; 709322, 2340226; 709637, 2340243;
709724, 2340298; 710220, 2340290; 710227, 2340156; 710338, 2340109;
710542, 2340211; 710778, 2340219; 710818, 2340125; 710936, 2340125;
711077, 2340188; 711376, 2340133; 711463, 2340038; 711455, 2339952;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 20 follows:
[[Page 13068]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.020
(21) Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--b (76 ha; 187 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 27 boundary points: Start at
711826, 2339337; 711860, 2339273; 711809, 2339212; 711431, 2339196;
711408, 2339109; 711589, 2339062; 711746, 2339109; 711880, 2339062;
711947, 2339066; 711971, 2338928; 711873, 2338886; 711654, 2338886;
710802, 2339069; 710534, 2339069; 710041, 2339210; 709997, 2339210;
709997, 2339210; 709837, 2339210; 709751, 2339417; 710102, 2339495;
710424, 2339432; 710763, 2339613; 711203, 2339660; 710794, 2339377;
711258, 2339283; 711573, 2339377; 711778, 2339330; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 21 follows:
[[Page 13069]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.021
(22) Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--c (150 ha; 371 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 36 boundary points: Start at
711848, 2336679; 711615, 2336901; 712021, 2337169; 712152, 2337176;
712518, 2337570; 712704, 2337521; 712587, 2337356; 712746, 2337335;
712939, 2337632; 713415, 2337666; 712987, 2337335; 713236, 2337363;
713457, 2337452; 713477, 2337590; 713678, 2337653; 713919, 2337860;
713966, 2337927; 714259, 2337694; 713940, 2337542; 713781, 2337363;
713512, 2337266; 713443, 2337197; 713533, 2337114; 713719, 2337087;
713995, 2337252; 714250, 2337404; 714299, 2337252; 714043, 2337073;
714085, 2336997; 714354, 2337121; 714517, 2337419; 714705, 2337206;
713938, 2336730; 713284, 2336921; 712794, 2336955; 712139, 2336804;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 22 follows:
[[Page 13070]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.022
(23) Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--a (131 ha; 325
ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 14 boundary points: Start at
717701, 2337728; 717628, 2338298; 717674, 2338869; 717807, 2339393;
718126, 2339914; 718369, 2339712; 718630, 2339684; 718798, 2339820;
718794, 2339660; 718369, 2339448; 718361, 2339127; 718483, 2338864;
718272, 2338643; 718311, 2337817; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 23 follows:
[[Page 13071]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.023
(24) Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--b (358 ha; 884
ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 27 boundary points: Start at
721397, 2335692; 721668, 2335452; 721947, 2335359; 722644, 2335147;
722856, 2335193; 723314, 2335207; 723493, 2335140; 723765, 2335120;
723904, 2335173; 723977, 2335160; 724070, 2335007; 724063, 2334550;
723652, 2334443; 723002, 2334377; 722511, 2334470; 722166, 2334470;
720938, 2334795; 719017, 2335788; 719529, 2336227; 719749, 2335976;
720611, 2335749; 720920, 2335559; 721062, 2335514; 721066, 2335513;
721206, 2335488; 721388, 2335510; 721396, 2335678; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 24 follows:
[[Page 13072]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.024
(25) Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--c (427 ha; 1,054
ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: Start at
722484, 2340959; 723300, 2341251; 723453, 2341231; 723499, 2341052;
723492, 2340727; 723539, 2340534; 723652, 2340415; 723711, 2340170;
723718, 2339871; 723711, 2339267; 723778, 2338922; 724196, 2338272;
724229, 2338099; 724149, 2338033; 724063, 2338006; 723844, 2338046;
723174, 2338080; 723028, 2338046; 722869, 2338119; 722868, 2338120;
723331, 2338266; 723088, 2338481; 722803, 2339144; 722612, 2339432;
721796, 2339934; 721731, 2340378; 721548, 2340570; 721380, 2340876;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 25 follows:
[[Page 13073]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.025
(26) Molokai 6--Ctenitis squamigera--a (58 ha; 144 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 21 boundary points: Start at
721326, 2333655; 721317, 2333769; 721287, 2333895; 721466, 2334108;
721505, 2334200; 721670, 2334169; 721897, 2334030; 722041, 2333969;
722176, 2333943; 722167, 2333799; 722145, 2333638; 722128, 2333429;
722119, 2333298; 722054, 2333159; 721988, 2333146; 721692, 2333207;
721666, 2333237; 721644, 2333298; 721697, 2333464; 721714, 2333525;
721679, 2333560; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 26 follows:
[[Page 13074]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.026
(27) Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--a (328 ha; 810 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 90 boundary points: Start at
712383, 2341010; 712509, 2340781; 712677, 2340542; 712803, 2340388;
712971, 2340262; 713243, 2339841; 713266, 2339806; 713715, 2339259;
714220, 2338754; 714297, 2338733; 714374, 2338677; 714760, 2338473;
715273, 2338222; 715234, 2338101; 715225, 2337922; 715157, 2337836;
715115, 2337848; 715023, 2338037; 714756, 2338059; 714707, 2337911;
714567, 2338002; 714503, 2337946; 714489, 2337777; 714272, 2337679;
713969, 2337560; 713829, 2337426; 713749, 2337418; 713485, 2337618;
713716, 2337686; 713906, 2337932; 714103, 2338087; 714609, 2338220;
714918, 2338213; 714813, 2338368; 714419, 2338347; 714103, 2338389;
714089, 2338684; 713829, 2338832; 713499, 2338930; 713358, 2338860;
713246, 2338979; 713158, 2339000; 713210, 2339000; 713105, 2339162;
712936, 2339352; 712620, 2339534; 712395, 2339759; 712248, 2339991;
712044, 2340188; 712051, 2340406; 711988, 2340567; 711861, 2340729;
711679, 2340743; 711433, 2341003; 711081, 2340996; 710800, 2340884;
710660, 2340940; 710547, 2340827; 710653, 2340778; 710856, 2340778;
711123, 2340743; 711531, 2340560; 711791, 2340321; 711666, 2340244;
711599, 2340252; 711348, 2340378; 711130, 2340462; 710976, 2340525;
710695, 2340497; 710564, 2340545; 710482, 2340767; 710454, 2340998;
710489, 2341159; 710587, 2341201; 711050, 2341229; 711309, 2341265;
711407, 2341229; 711520, 2341187; 711520, 2341187; 711590, 2341089;
711621, 2341088; 711621, 2341088; 711786, 2341082; 712007, 2341178;
712060, 2341201; 712183, 2341226; 712235, 2341236; 712236, 2341236;
712305, 2341201; 712382, 2341012; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 27 follows:
[[Page 13075]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.027
(28) Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--b (88 ha; 218 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 38 boundary points: Start at
712268, 2338661; 711464, 2339411; 711167, 2339755; 710877, 2340154;
710985, 2340181; 711039, 2340242; 711079, 2340187; 711133, 2340181;
711133, 2340113; 711295, 2340160; 711397, 2340201; 711410, 2340052;
711545, 2339985; 711687, 2340106; 711849, 2340046; 711836, 2339971;
711991, 2339830; 712227, 2339823; 712119, 2339721; 712261, 2339519;
712059, 2339505; 711755, 2339553; 711687, 2339445; 711748, 2339343;
711829, 2339350; 711843, 2339309; 711883, 2339303; 711802, 2339181;
711843, 2339120; 712011, 2339134; 712140, 2339087; 712194, 2339080;
712383, 2339114; 712423, 2339087; 712565, 2339093; 712741, 2338904;
712639, 2338796; 712525, 2338742; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 28 follows:
[[Page 13076]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.028
(29) Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--c (23 ha; 56 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 8 boundary points: Start at
713119, 2337891; 712721, 2338242; 712943, 2338337; 713018, 2338202;
713295, 2338323; 713301, 2338229; 713470, 2338418; 713767, 2338337;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 29 follows:
[[Page 13077]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.029
(30) Molokai 6--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a (2,133 ha; 5,272
ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 147 boundary points: Start at
724402, 2341280; 724061, 2341168; 723989, 2341034; 724140, 2340797;
724323, 2340631; 724436, 2340432; 724436, 2340432; 724485, 2340334;
724485, 2340334; 724485, 2340334; 724496, 2340239; 724495, 2340236;
724406, 2340142; 724406, 2340141; 724328, 2339992; 724289, 2339246;
724392, 2338911; 724498, 2338755; 724498, 2338755; 724580, 2338634;
724934, 2338251; 725144, 2337958; 724994, 2337760; 725003, 2337485;
725003, 2337479; 725003, 2337479; 725257, 2337263; 725252, 2336892;
725552, 2336696; 725813, 2336660; 726097, 2336793; 726225, 2337071;
726132, 2337378; 725950, 2337999; 725950, 2337999; 725948, 2337998;
725947, 2337998; 725906, 2338120; 725645, 2338566; 725448, 2338803;
725338, 2339603; 725350, 2340002; 725368, 2340078; 725368, 2340079;
725431, 2340616; 726134, 2340129; 726517, 2340344; 726517, 2340585;
726288, 2341264; 725894, 2341967; 725924, 2342152; 726122, 2342269;
726708, 2342417; 727260, 2342635; 727711, 2342629; 728174, 2342570;
728226, 2342394; 727905, 2342331; 727855, 2342374; 727164, 2342368;
726825, 2342214; 726406, 2342096; 726455, 2341942; 726831, 2341350;
726961, 2340727; 726862, 2340024; 726619, 2339809; 726149, 2339695;
726027, 2339695; 726106, 2339243; 726139, 2339057; 726506, 2338221;
726534, 2337929; 726712, 2337601; 727511, 2336999; 727854, 2336466;
727650, 2336110; 727313, 2335793; 727248, 2335596; 727088, 2335525;
726421, 2335393; 725792, 2335036; 725341, 2334952; 725013, 2334999;
724477, 2335168; 724109, 2335080; 723632, 2335018; 722824, 2335018;
722627, 2335055; 721913, 2335459; 721396, 2335678; 721470, 2336127;
721713, 2336326; 721929, 2336656; 721893, 2337028; 722037, 2337255;
721980, 2337890; 722331, 2337981; 723022, 2338160; 723014, 2338043;
723114, 2337949; 723297, 2337942; 723717, 2337932; 724017, 2338052;
723979, 2338221; 724036, 2338277; 723697, 2338841; 723585, 2339283;
723733, 2339688; 723818, 2340054; 723803, 2340329; 723696, 2340449;
723662,
[[Page 13078]]
2340693; 723538, 2341038; 723396, 2341086; 723176, 2341034; 722908,
2340945; 722675, 2340943; 722677, 2340938; 722661, 2340941; 722639,
2340938; 722637, 2340946; 722457, 2340989; 722243, 2340955; 721785,
2340772; 721651, 2340790; 721486, 2340778; 721475, 2340813; 720997,
2341127; 720995, 2341131; 720861, 2341600; 720942, 2341609; 721062,
2341540; 721334, 2341227; 721651, 2341103; 721861, 2341113; 722188,
2341248; 722488, 2341323; 722939, 2341279; 723503, 2341530; 723727,
2341654; 724109, 2341592; 724378, 2341623; 724450, 2341588; 724473,
2341445; 724325, 2341519; 724244, 2341392; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 30 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.030
(31) Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--a (110 ha; 272 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 31 boundary points: Start at
709340, 2340505; 709294, 2340681; 709294, 2340850; 709317, 2341088;
709693, 2341288; 710007, 2341357; 710238, 2341334; 710614, 2341241;
710790, 2341242; 710928, 2341272; 711128, 2341288; 711412, 2340812;
711005, 2341103; 710913, 2340927; 710215, 2341004; 709647, 2340888;
709977, 2340773; 710084, 2340781; 710199, 2340766; 710491, 2340812;
710783, 2340750; 710867, 2340758; 711136, 2340758; 711297, 2340581;
711235, 2340428; 711005, 2340520; 710783, 2340543; 710575, 2340566;
710146, 2340551; 709670, 2340666; 709462, 2340482; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 31 follows:
[[Page 13079]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.031
(32) Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--b (81 ha; 199 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 25 boundary points: Start at
709386, 2340236; 709700, 2340251; 709777, 2340244; 710360, 2340090;
710721, 2340190; 710890, 2340113; 711036, 2340244; 711105, 2340121;
711312, 2340129; 711527, 2340036; 711780, 2340167; 711842, 2339768;
711527, 2339729; 711205, 2339837; 711082, 2339791; 710890, 2339837;
710905, 2339683; 710583, 2339737; 710499, 2339745; 710391, 2339791;
709992, 2339860; 709839, 2339891; 709685, 2339898; 709624, 2339983;
709501, 2340067; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 32 follows:
[[Page 13080]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.032
(33) Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--c (78 ha; 192 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 25 boundary points: Start at
709961, 2339476; 710399, 2339438; 710644, 2339522; 710867, 2339568;
711159, 2339607; 711059, 2339476; 710821, 2339422; 710951, 2339353;
711320, 2339315; 711673, 2339307; 711865, 2339284; 711612, 2339184;
711642, 2339131; 712057, 2339154; 712087, 2339062; 712256, 2338962;
712172, 2338816; 712103, 2338900; 711888, 2338916; 711719, 2338931;
711581, 2338908; 711542, 2338954; 711220, 2339039; 710836, 2339023;
710207, 2339023; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 33 follows:
[[Page 13081]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.033
(34) Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--d (160 ha; 396 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 73 boundary points: Start at
712661, 2339820; 712658, 2339819; 712672, 2339802; 712901, 2339679;
713065, 2339521; 713151, 2339406; 713247, 2339345; 713227, 2339338;
713378, 2339028; 713664, 2338964; 713937, 2338939; 713943, 2338936;
714265, 2338754; 714620, 2338553; 714721, 2338508; 715049, 2338303;
715206, 2338154; 715047, 2338011; 714522, 2338019; 714260, 2337828;
714038, 2337597; 713569, 2337288; 713537, 2337168; 713934, 2337192;
714324, 2337470; 714403, 2337375; 714038, 2337065; 714141, 2337001;
714379, 2337129; 714570, 2337438; 714753, 2337438; 714586, 2337240;
714581, 2337183; 714556, 2337183; 714560, 2337116; 713942, 2336733;
713867, 2336746; 713697, 2336822; 713650, 2336839; 713539, 2336980;
713504, 2337120; 713445, 2337255; 713334, 2337337; 713308, 2337344;
713372, 2337417; 713426, 2337415; 713553, 2337613; 713775, 2337812;
714022, 2338058; 714459, 2338209; 714912, 2338297; 714697, 2338392;
714101, 2338305; 714101, 2338519; 714101, 2338702; 713903, 2338766;
713648, 2338845; 713402, 2338805; 713210, 2338869; 713291, 2338925;
713171, 2339131; 712925, 2339354; 712655, 2339521; 712369, 2339783;
712266, 2340021; 712094, 2340230; 712094, 2340233; 712204, 2340159;
712321, 2340118; 712461, 2339995; 712575, 2339895; 712590, 2339902;
712650, 2339829; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 34 follows:
[[Page 13082]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.034
(35) Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--e (168 ha; 416 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points: Start at
721578, 2334150; 721818, 2333970; 722169, 2333818; 722450, 2333777;
722673, 2333777; 722910, 2333761; 723049, 2333401; 723285, 2332769;
722714, 2332764; 722368, 2332823; 721718, 2332957; 721694, 2332993;
721595, 2333086; 721408, 2333315; 721338, 2333379; 721314, 2333467;
721314, 2333577; 721414, 2333839; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 35 follows:
[[Page 13083]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.035
(36) Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--a (348 ha; 860 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 64 boundary points: Start at
717603, 2337808; 717607, 2337707; 717538, 2337697; 717493, 2337690;
716789, 2337580; 715922, 2337961; 715922, 2337961; 715899, 2337947;
715302, 2337577; 715148, 2337577; 714597, 2338100; 714254, 2338220;
713860, 2338374; 713740, 2338408; 713648, 2338488; 713476, 2338552;
714171, 2339082; 714385, 2338922; 715008, 2338648; 715099, 2338665;
715512, 2338547; 715842, 2338374; 716007, 2338202; 716190, 2338008;
716282, 2337911; 716533, 2337808; 716653, 2337785; 716801, 2337820;
716864, 2337877; 716864, 2338048; 716859, 2338282; 716854, 2338447;
716801, 2338608; 716716, 2338911; 716636, 2339105; 716596, 2339225;
716567, 2339476; 716516, 2339568; 716499, 2339773; 716390, 2339888;
716316, 2340002; 716310, 2340070; 716167, 2340242; 716093, 2340453;
716087, 2340602; 716047, 2340762; 716005, 2340909; 716252, 2340933;
716289, 2340900; 716266, 2340906; 716562, 2340165; 716724, 2339814;
716872, 2339396; 717182, 2339302; 717290, 2339294; 717293, 2339185;
717390, 2338768; 717464, 2338534; 717470, 2338534; 717470, 2338517;
717470, 2338385; 717470, 2338340; 717577, 2337948; 717601, 2337860;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 36 follows:
[[Page 13084]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.036
(37) Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--b (373 ha; 921 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 24 boundary points: Start at
721773, 2334290; 722229, 2334092; 722786, 2333963; 723322, 2333892;
723936, 2333849; 724350, 2333885; 724757, 2333956; 725114, 2334042;
725130, 2334067; 725385, 2333227; 725353, 2333037; 725264, 2333013;
725228, 2333013; 725035, 2333013; 724850, 2332985; 724514, 2332971;
724100, 2332956; 723650, 2332921; 723357, 2332942; 722765, 2332949;
722244, 2332999; 721637, 2333171; 721522, 2333349; 721417, 2333581;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 37 follows:
[[Page 13085]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.037
(38) Molokai 6--Diellia erecta--a (99 ha; 244 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 5 boundary points: Start at
717246, 2334694; 718399, 2334223; 717831, 2333459; 717408, 2333703;
716905, 2334028; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 38 follows:
[[Page 13086]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.038
(39) Molokai 6--Diplazium molokaiense--a (368 ha; 909 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 31 boundary points: Start at
724370, 2340778; 724382, 2340717; 724401, 2340620; 724402, 2340548;
724402, 2340548; 724406, 2340143; 724406, 2340142; 724406, 2340141;
724411, 2339687; 724412, 2339620; 724349, 2339241; 724412, 2338841;
724498, 2338755; 724498, 2338755; 724498, 2338755; 724612, 2338641;
724801, 2338452; 724881, 2338317; 725086, 2337967; 724633, 2337631;
723549, 2337673; 723549, 2337936; 723538, 2338420; 723338, 2338957;
723212, 2339157; 723170, 2339420; 723265, 2339662; 723328, 2339957;
723402, 2340631; 723538, 2340830; 723812, 2340830; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 39 follows:
[[Page 13087]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.039
(40) Molokai 6--Eugenia koolauensis--a (471 ha; 1,164 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 14 boundary points: Start at
716675, 2334851; 717303, 2334375; 717982, 2334001; 719022, 2333773;
719028, 2333297; 719168, 2332885; 719193, 2332460; 718755, 2332409;
717855, 2332593; 717138, 2332929; 716434, 2333380; 715394, 2334071;
715432, 2334280; 715978, 2334477; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 40 follows:
[[Page 13088]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.040
(41) Molokai 6--Flueggea neowawraea--a (61 ha; 151 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 19 boundary points: Start at
709451, 2339945; 709152, 2340035; 708894, 2340184; 708809, 2340348;
708808, 2340350; 708842, 2340439; 708897, 2340586; 709165, 2340951;
709293, 2341039; 709468, 2341039; 709723, 2340851; 709481, 2340637;
709173, 2340349; 709227, 2340228; 709676, 2340228; 710031, 2340101;
710105, 2339900; 709756, 2339987; 709595, 2340060; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 41 follows:
[[Page 13089]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.041
(42) Molokai 6--Hesperomannia arborescens--a (160 ha; 397 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 49 boundary points: Start at
723690, 2341666; 723886, 2341679; 724133, 2341723; 724285, 2341723;
724349, 2341641; 724450, 2341609; 724545, 2341609; 724517, 2341540;
724481, 2341462; 724473, 2341445; 724325, 2341519; 724244, 2341392;
724356, 2341313; 724355, 2341311; 724222, 2341248; 723968, 2341229;
723867, 2341197; 723816, 2341140; 723785, 2341045; 723981, 2340880;
724152, 2340722; 724304, 2340468; 724330, 2340234; 724336, 2340038;
724330, 2340038; 724330, 2339987; 724323, 2339866; 724273, 2339778;
724152, 2339752; 723975, 2339752; 723804, 2339797; 723683, 2339803;
723633, 2339847; 723582, 2339898; 723556, 2340145; 723562, 2340145;
723537, 2340266; 723537, 2340373; 723442, 2340494; 723385, 2340621;
723354, 2340849; 723322, 2340982; 723189, 2341153; 723094, 2341261;
723088, 2341425; 723126, 2341520; 723271, 2341577; 723392, 2341641;
723506, 2341710; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 42 follows:
[[Page 13090]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.042
(43) Molokai 6--Hesperomannia arborescens--b (175 ha; 432 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 58 boundary points: Start at
726819, 2340382; 726807, 2340335; 726636, 2340063; 726484, 2339892;
726300, 2339809; 725990, 2339714; 725920, 2339581; 725901, 2339467;
725850, 2339353; 725806, 2339315; 725724, 2339359; 725572, 2339359;
725464, 2339397; 725407, 2339562; 725470, 2339816; 725527, 2340095;
725578, 2340240; 725629, 2340272; 725755, 2340234; 725933, 2340145;
726110, 2340082; 726275, 2340152; 726370, 2340209; 726503, 2340411;
726510, 2340431; 726497, 2340437; 726516, 2340532; 726516, 2340614;
726427, 2340791; 726433, 2340937; 726370, 2341184; 726224, 2341374;
726066, 2341603; 725933, 2341850; 725945, 2342128; 726002, 2342230;
726275, 2342287; 726541, 2342357; 726725, 2342414; 726839, 2342483;
727073, 2342566; 727149, 2342509; 727149, 2342458; 727118, 2342369;
726984, 2342306; 726870, 2342223; 726566, 2342116; 726459, 2342014;
726459, 2341945; 726484, 2341843; 726547, 2341691; 726642, 2341609;
726750, 2341425; 726782, 2341298; 726807, 2341127; 726839, 2340848;
726889, 2340671; 726851, 2340462; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 43 follows:
[[Page 13091]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.043
(44) Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--b (108 ha;
268 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 37 boundary points: Start at
715304, 2341435; 715298, 2341516; 715255, 2341795; 715255, 2341937;
715304, 2342104; 715304, 2342179; 715385, 2342234; 715614, 2342265;
715862, 2342216; 716066, 2342067; 716157, 2342009; 716159, 2342011;
716327, 2341937; 716447, 2341883; 716302, 2341425; 716141, 2341479;
715905, 2341726; 715910, 2341731; 715812, 2341813; 715738, 2341813;
715719, 2341677; 715720, 2341541; 715887, 2341206; 716048, 2340921;
716116, 2340859; 716097, 2340791; 716042, 2340741; 715912, 2340679;
715825, 2340698; 715738, 2340747; 715658, 2340847; 715404, 2341026;
715261, 2341144; 715193, 2341262; 715150, 2341342; 715174, 2341398;
715230, 2341417; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 44 follows:
[[Page 13092]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.044
(45) Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--c (218 ha; 538
ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 77 boundary points: Start at
723666, 2341344; 723521, 2341378; 723025, 2341248; 722721, 2341195;
722521, 2341178; 722223, 2341256; 722138, 2341256; 722107, 2341251;
721964, 2341109; 721712, 2341030; 721443, 2341048; 721225, 2341117;
721025, 2341152; 720987, 2341152; 720883, 2341439; 720861, 2341600;
720856, 2341640; 720767, 2341699; 720752, 2341731; 720765, 2341735;
721008, 2341674; 721417, 2341474; 721686, 2341422; 721947, 2341500;
722070, 2341534; 722069, 2341552; 722399, 2341587; 722816, 2341578;
723077, 2341691; 723538, 2341839; 723903, 2341830; 724233, 2341830;
724564, 2341674; 724453, 2341513; 724453, 2341513; 724423, 2341470;
724325, 2341519; 724244, 2341392; 724326, 2341334; 724270, 2341301;
724155, 2341272; 723949, 2341249; 723851, 2341180; 723845, 2341094;
723989, 2340961; 723989, 2340961; 723991, 2340959; 724000, 2340951;
724230, 2340796; 724390, 2340583; 724402, 2340549; 724402, 2340548;
724436, 2340446; 724436, 2340432; 724436, 2340432; 724436, 2340431;
724436, 2340314; 724390, 2340193; 724350, 2339964; 724310, 2339803;
724299, 2339751; 724115, 2339746; 724000, 2339792; 723920, 2339906;
723943, 2340027; 723989, 2340262; 723983, 2340440; 723874, 2340578;
723725, 2340583; 723644, 2340710; 723679, 2340842; 723725, 2340882;
723662, 2340974; 723650, 2341048; 723667, 2341152; 723702, 2341255;
723702, 2341289; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 45 follows:
[[Page 13093]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.045
(46) Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--d (276 ha; 681
ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 52 boundary points: Start at
728137, 2341804; 727911, 2341743; 727815, 2341830; 727763, 2341908;
727798, 2342065; 727902, 2342247; 727868, 2342360; 727737, 2342430;
727450, 2342456; 727111, 2342412; 726963, 2342273; 726685, 2342178;
726468, 2342108; 726424, 2342021; 726468, 2341900; 726520, 2341717;
726720, 2341456; 726790, 2341239; 726859, 2340848; 726824, 2340517;
726711, 2340152; 726564, 2339952; 726311, 2339813; 725877, 2339778;
725772, 2339561; 725425, 2339657; 725399, 2339996; 725368, 2340078;
725368, 2340079; 725294, 2340274; 725320, 2340569; 725422, 2340671;
725546, 2340613; 725674, 2340421; 726007, 2340256; 726381, 2340282;
726458, 2340381; 726442, 2340648; 726402, 2341022; 726123, 2341391;
725911, 2341717; 725877, 2342108; 726071, 2342357; 726416, 2342456;
726720, 2342630; 727033, 2342699; 728085, 2342734; 728494, 2342482;
728433, 2342369; 728276, 2342204; 728234, 2342042; 728234, 2342042;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 46 follows:
[[Page 13094]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.046
(47) Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--a (30 ha; 75 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 722523, 2341702; 725160, 2341840;
725118, 2341694; 724963, 2341709; 724963, 2341709; 724909, 2341714;
724840, 2341714; 724719, 2341743; 724418, 2341814; 724326, 2341831;
724245, 2341874; 723971, 2342008; 723722, 2342018; 723395, 2341836;
723249, 2341714; 722994, 2341641; 722702, 2341629; 722508, 2341629;
follow coastline and return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 47 follows:
[[Page 13095]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.047
(48) Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--b (29 ha; 72 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 26 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 728440, 2342742; 728356, 2342866;
728088, 2343003; 727978, 2342980; 727842, 2342898; 727728, 2342811;
727541, 2342752; 727327, 2342761; 727195, 2342757; 727194, 2342760;
727001, 2342673; 726661, 2342637; 726418, 2342516; 726151, 2342370;
725981, 2342297; 725835, 2342224; 725629, 2342188; 725763, 2342006;
725562, 2342041; 725558, 2342045; 725582, 2342067; 725624, 2342097;
725631, 2342109; 725630, 2342134; 725635, 2342160; 725632, 2342174;
follow coastline and return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 48 follows:
[[Page 13096]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.048
(49) Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--a (2 ha; 5 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 5 boundary points: Start at
714077, 2336828; 713934, 2336726; 713805, 2336774; 713819, 2336848;
713941, 2336855; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 49 follows:
[[Page 13097]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.049
(50) Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--b (2 ha; 6 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 4 boundary points: Start at
715351, 2335553; 715717, 2335465; 715866, 2335418; 715507, 2335425;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 50 follows:
[[Page 13098]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.050
(51) Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--c (13 ha; 32 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 10 boundary points: Start at
717469, 2335003; 717464, 2334998; 717421, 2334927; 717290, 2334910;
717137, 2334850; 717038, 2334834; 716956, 2334889; 716743, 2335118;
716660, 2335211; 716661, 2335212; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 51 follows:
[[Page 13099]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.051
(52) Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--d (523 ha; 1,292 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 34 boundary points: Start at
725106, 2333758; 725517, 2333924; 726111, 2334421; 726421, 2334714;
726628, 2334621; 726580, 2334022; 726403, 2333749; 726403, 2333749;
726386, 2333663; 726517, 2333545; 726703, 2333212; 726702, 2333211;
726649, 2333179; 726032, 2332999; 725026, 2332806; 725026, 2332805;
724835, 2332780; 723332, 2332760; 722771, 2332760; 721750, 2332951;
721570, 2333120; 721570, 2333277; 721452, 2333546; 721323, 2333635;
721309, 2333822; 721490, 2334177; 721866, 2333950; 722233, 2333793;
722416, 2333793; 722547, 2333767; 722765, 2333679; 723324, 2333609;
724137, 2333670; 724687, 2333723; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 52 follows:
[[Page 13100]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.052
(53) Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--a (408 ha; 1,009 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 72 boundary points: Start at
715599, 2338316; 715589, 2338334; 715539, 2338372; 715436, 2338451;
715426, 2338481; 715392, 2338575; 715392, 2338634; 715480, 2338634;
715670, 2338502; 715860, 2338283; 715998, 2338166; 716086, 2338042;
716166, 2337947; 716400, 2337830; 716641, 2337772; 716787, 2337845;
716853, 2338020; 716845, 2338232; 716751, 2338473; 716692, 2338641;
716663, 2339028; 716597, 2339466; 716509, 2339773; 716378, 2339948;
716217, 2340408; 716166, 2340744; 716045, 2340987; 716035, 2340985;
715903, 2341234; 715713, 2341533; 715670, 2341730; 715691, 2341847;
715845, 2341869; 715918, 2341847; 716027, 2341789; 716247, 2341606;
716337, 2341533; 716226, 2341182; 716397, 2341056; 716537, 2341006;
716619, 2341102; 716803, 2340912; 716949, 2340883; 717034, 2340760;
717233, 2340650; 717327, 2340487; 717417, 2340471; 717512, 2340386;
717678, 2340008; 717794, 2340014; 718125, 2339916; 718212, 2339767;
718369, 2339712; 718630, 2339684; 718798, 2339820; 718794, 2339660;
718638, 2339632; 718464, 2339513; 718342, 2339634; 718072, 2339707;
717817, 2339620; 717634, 2339379; 717503, 2338992; 717430, 2338575;
717517, 2338123; 717671, 2337717; 716789, 2337580; 715922, 2337961;
715922, 2337961; 715899, 2337947; 715859, 2337922; 715692, 2338137;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 53 follows:
[[Page 13101]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.053
(54) Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--b (441 ha; 1,090 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 21 boundary points: Start at
718975, 2335752; 719482, 2335559; 720322, 2335289; 721118, 2334924;
721592, 2334734; 722228, 2334683; 722563, 2334639; 723243, 2334639;
724024, 2334778; 724280, 2334822; 724374, 2334778; 724499, 2334624;
724564, 2334274; 723885, 2334084; 722542, 2333909; 722191, 2333916;
721256, 2333960; 720782, 2334179; 719825, 2334654; 719139, 2334902;
718454, 2335304; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 54 follows:
[[Page 13102]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.054
(55) Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--c (414 ha; 1,023 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 99 boundary points: Start at
723398, 2339253; 723381, 2339249; 723379, 2339344; 723376, 2339354;
723378, 2339355; 723371, 2339592; 723381, 2339985; 723316, 2340399;
723195, 2340566; 722958, 2340611; 722589, 2340566; 722226, 2340525;
722075, 2340480; 721933, 2340369; 721913, 2340111; 721962, 2339832;
721796, 2339934; 721815, 2340038; 721731, 2340378; 721548, 2340570;
721486, 2340778; 721475, 2340813; 720997, 2341127; 720995, 2341131;
720932, 2341305; 720944, 2341307; 721070, 2341237; 721237, 2341186;
721590, 2341156; 721802, 2341181; 721989, 2341242; 722059, 2341343;
722140, 2341398; 722256, 2341403; 722453, 2341403; 722695, 2341378;
722882, 2341378; 723043, 2341388; 723225, 2341449; 723341, 2341534;
723462, 2341625; 723659, 2341630; 723820, 2341620; 723951, 2341605;
724047, 2341565; 724017, 2341474; 723977, 2341378; 723931, 2341327;
723780, 2341242; 723735, 2341181; 723770, 2341025; 723916, 2340899;
723931, 2340793; 723871, 2340707; 723830, 2340687; 723851, 2340621;
723836, 2340621; 723911, 2340404; 723977, 2340232; 723957, 2339844;
723945, 2339508; 723957, 2339309; 724047, 2338941; 724123, 2338779;
724184, 2338658; 724295, 2338487; 724375, 2338345; 724374, 2338322;
724461, 2338239; 724492, 2338174; 724476, 2338083; 724426, 2337992;
724370, 2337896; 724234, 2337856; 724128, 2337881; 723825, 2337805;
723593, 2337775; 723381, 2337800; 723281, 2337831; 723104, 2337856;
722927, 2337891; 722776, 2337926; 722584, 2337952; 722549, 2337972;
722498, 2337972; 722463, 2338015; 722941, 2338139; 722953, 2338093;
723134, 2338068; 723281, 2338073; 723533, 2338078; 723780, 2338113;
723881, 2338169; 723836, 2338265; 723735, 2338497; 723598, 2338744;
723497, 2338966; 723437, 2339127; 723402, 2339238; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 55 follows:
[[Page 13103]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.055
(56) Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--a (9 ha; 22 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: Start at
713863, 2336745; 713857, 2336753; 713410, 2336878; 713325, 2336923;
713279, 2336986; 713376, 2336985; 713511, 2336946; 713642, 2336946;
713732, 2336895; 713879, 2336895; 714141, 2336856; 713932, 2336726;
713866, 2336753; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 56 follows:
[[Page 13104]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.056
(57) Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--b (307 ha; 758 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 29 boundary points: Start at
711134, 2334784; 711103, 2334882; 710967, 2334926; 710964, 2335005;
711076, 2335127; 711056, 2335185; 710777, 2335257; 710794, 2335355;
710715, 2335416; 710729, 2335488; 710676, 2335499; 710663, 2335614;
710663, 2335614; 710691, 2335624; 710671, 2335709; 710460, 2335743;
710429, 2335804; 710542, 2335849; 710583, 2335930; 710515, 2335992;
710409, 2335978; 710392, 2336053; 710593, 2336220; 711546, 2336604;
711828, 2336689; 712019, 2336866; 712138, 2336893; 713077, 2335992;
712699, 2335566; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 57 follows:
[[Page 13105]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.057
(58) Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--a (84 ha; 206 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 31 boundary points: Start at
709335, 2340440; 709281, 2340521; 709168, 2340808; 709174, 2340968;
709174, 2340969; 709403, 2341155; 709702, 2341325; 709740, 2341335;
710171, 2341369; 710202, 2341362; 710386, 2341296; 710256, 2341200;
710646, 2341064; 710595, 2340934; 710143, 2341019; 709911, 2340985;
709730, 2340923; 709899, 2340810; 710284, 2340748; 710527, 2340788;
710730, 2340737; 711052, 2340691; 711154, 2340578; 710838, 2340573;
710555, 2340573; 710278, 2340573; 709933, 2340607; 709673, 2340720;
709476, 2340618; 709582, 2340499; 709578, 2340495; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 58 follows:
[[Page 13106]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.058
(59) Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--b (84 ha; 208 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 25 boundary points: Start at
709700, 2339897; 709487, 2340217; 709638, 2340270; 710047, 2340146;
710491, 2340155; 710740, 2340244; 710794, 2340128; 710998, 2340190;
711221, 2340173; 711496, 2340004; 711594, 2340093; 711781, 2340101;
711852, 2339799; 711914, 2339826; 712021, 2339817; 711941, 2339692;
711959, 2339568; 711665, 2339621; 711194, 2339861; 711069, 2339799;
710865, 2339861; 710847, 2339790; 710856, 2339719; 710456, 2339763;
710171, 2339879; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 59 follows:
[[Page 13107]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.059
(60) Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--c (72 ha; 177 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 23 boundary points: Start at
711686, 2338887; 711563, 2338926; 711395, 2338998; 711198, 2339010;
710768, 2339040; 710356, 2339058; 710070, 2339422; 710055, 2339441;
710131, 2339465; 710391, 2339414; 710640, 2339527; 711007, 2339640;
711375, 2339651; 711539, 2339504; 710945, 2339442; 711030, 2339324;
711471, 2339278; 711346, 2339160; 711573, 2339069; 711940, 2339103;
712268, 2339092; 712279, 2338951; 711866, 2338911; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 60 follows:
[[Page 13108]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.060
(61) Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--d (127 ha; 314 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 54 boundary points: Start at
713151, 2337624; 713032, 2337762; 712811, 2338054; 712578, 2338275;
712261, 2338472; 712052, 2338634; 711975, 2338689; 712251, 2338741;
712403, 2338838; 712635, 2338804; 712403, 2338713; 712296, 2338594;
712426, 2338453; 712686, 2338572; 712872, 2338572; 712714, 2338464;
712573, 2338368; 712646, 2338278; 712861, 2338318; 712929, 2338380;
713073, 2338297; 713070, 2338261; 713573, 2338329; 713602, 2338227;
713325, 2338097; 713161, 2337786; 713138, 2337662; 713415, 2337741;
713443, 2337560; 713669, 2337656; 713828, 2337877; 714065, 2338091;
714159, 2338128; 714322, 2338006; 714422, 2337906; 714116, 2337622;
713720, 2337413; 713483, 2337277; 713596, 2337204; 713856, 2337176;
714127, 2337374; 714421, 2337458; 714263, 2337210; 714110, 2337074;
714336, 2337119; 714517, 2337362; 714738, 2337419; 714585, 2337260;
714634, 2337162; 713969, 2336749; 713796, 2336764; 713546, 2337045;
713480, 2337164; 713315, 2337345; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 61 follows:
[[Page 13109]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.061
(62) Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--e (89 ha; 221 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 8 boundary points: Start at
723107, 2333319; 723177, 2333312; 723171, 2333312; 723379, 2333304;
723379, 2333312; 724393, 2333404; 724790, 2332688; 723525, 2332647;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 62 follows:
[[Page 13110]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.062
(63) Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--a (484 ha; 1,195 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 58 boundary points: Start at
721122, 2341169; 721462, 2341052; 721683, 2341052; 721919, 2341079;
722176, 2341197; 722460, 2341246; 722744, 2341232; 722897, 2341232;
723209, 2341336; 723396, 2341398; 723534, 2341440; 723715, 2341447;
723770, 2341370; 723756, 2341273; 723701, 2341135; 723618, 2340892;
723611, 2340733; 723590, 2340573; 723652, 2340414; 723742, 2340150;
723687, 2339998; 723722, 2339797; 723742, 2339471; 723742, 2339193;
723715, 2339048; 723798, 2338881; 723840, 2338729; 723860, 2338639;
724082, 2338251; 724117, 2338153; 724048, 2338056; 723777, 2338008;
723465, 2337973; 723264, 2337987; 722945, 2338043; 722814, 2338070;
722795, 2338101; 723022, 2338160; 723352, 2338246; 723352, 2338246;
723352, 2338246; 723351, 2338247; 723331, 2338266; 723146, 2338429;
723088, 2338481; 722865, 2339034; 722803, 2339144; 722612, 2339432;
721796, 2339934; 721815, 2340038; 721731, 2340378; 721548, 2340570;
721486, 2340778; 721475, 2340813; 720997, 2341127; 720995, 2341131;
720966, 2341212; 721011, 2341232; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 63 follows:
[[Page 13111]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.063
(64) Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--b (2,226 ha; 5,500 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 83 boundary points: Start at
721387, 2335501; 721509, 2335424; 721760, 2335424; 722136, 2335290;
722228, 2335203; 722488, 2335115; 722822, 2335156; 723316, 2335315;
723516, 2335215; 724077, 2335474; 724470, 2335273; 725231, 2335081;
725608, 2335240; 726076, 2335574; 726712, 2335733; 727272, 2335967;
727540, 2336327; 727498, 2336679; 727088, 2337047; 726319, 2337457;
726168, 2337699; 726168, 2338051; 725875, 2338678; 725792, 2338979;
725743, 2339143; 725691, 2339180; 725658, 2339740; 725733, 2339983;
726118, 2339866; 726444, 2339958; 726695, 2340242; 726837, 2340661;
726820, 2341037; 726695, 2341430; 726519, 2341664; 726398, 2341832;
726285, 2342032; 726260, 2342150; 726293, 2342258; 726511, 2342267;
726804, 2342426; 727322, 2342543; 727581, 2342559; 727724, 2342551;
728050, 2342451; 728134, 2342400; 727832, 2341957; 727849, 2341865;
727907, 2341740; 727950, 2341648; 728125, 2341505; 728744, 2341572;
729221, 2341806; 729369, 2341792; 729593, 2341616; 729957, 2340844;
730108, 2340669; 730258, 2340309; 730192, 2339932; 730058, 2339648;
729740, 2338526; 729427, 2338327; 729264, 2337734; 728927, 2336948;
727849, 2336461; 727650, 2336110; 727313, 2335793; 727105, 2335206;
726607, 2335031; 726193, 2334817; 726193, 2334817; 725775, 2334663;
724830, 2334537; 724144, 2334654; 722304, 2334454; 722003, 2334571;
720806, 2335290; 720631, 2335399; 720539, 2335625; 720606, 2335742;
720920, 2335559; 721173, 2335498; 721387, 2335499; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 64 follows:
[[Page 13112]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.064
(65) Molokai 6--Neraudia sericea--a (116 ha; 286 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 19 boundary points: Start at
717801, 2333397; 717692, 2333442; 717579, 2333480; 717491, 2333530;
717347, 2333600; 716701, 2334383; 716295, 2334550; 716286, 2334559;
716380, 2334641; 716631, 2334855; 716863, 2334955; 717039, 2334968;
717121, 2334880; 717146, 2334754; 717341, 2334497; 717466, 2334340;
718000, 2334120; 718125, 2334064; 718129, 2334063; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 65 follows:
[[Page 13113]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.065
(66) Molokai 6--Peucedanum sandwicense--b (61 ha; 151 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 10 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 716106, 2342255; 716166, 2342156;
716323, 2342056; 716493, 2342030; 716336, 2341530; 716324, 2341534;
715896, 2341742; 715687, 2341830; 715259, 2342083; 715057, 2342471;
follow coastline and return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 66 follows:
[[Page 13114]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.066
(67) Molokai 6--Peucedanum sandwicense--c (84 ha; 208 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 17 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 727593, 2342860; 727604, 2342849;
727663, 2342832; 727670, 2342363; 727415, 2342390; 726998, 2342335;
726592, 2342181; 726251, 2342159; 726075, 2342071; 725757, 2341995;
725581, 2342066; 725582, 2342067; 725624, 2342097; 725631, 2342109;
725630, 2342134; 725635, 2342160; 725632, 2342174; follow coastline and
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 67 follows:
[[Page 13115]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.067
(68) Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--a (480 ha; 1,185 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 37 boundary points: Start at
716869, 2338015; 716890, 2338405; 716806, 2338901; 716711, 2339439;
716542, 2340030; 716162, 2340801; 715962, 2341265; 716004, 2341581;
716344, 2341557; 716226, 2341182; 716397, 2341056; 716537, 2341006;
716619, 2341102; 716803, 2340912; 716949, 2340883; 717034, 2340760;
717233, 2340650; 717327, 2340487; 717417, 2340471; 717512, 2340386;
717678, 2340008; 717794, 2340014; 718125, 2339916; 718212, 2339767;
718369, 2339712; 718630, 2339684; 718798, 2339820; 718794, 2339660;
718638, 2339632; 718369, 2339448; 718361, 2339127; 718483, 2338864;
718272, 2338643; 718273, 2338203; 718311, 2337817; 716789, 2337580;
716695, 2337621; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 68 follows:
[[Page 13116]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.068
(69) Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--b (496 ha; 1,226 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 32 boundary points: Start at
721391, 2335576; 721786, 2335398; 722335, 2335155; 722504, 2335113;
722757, 2335124; 722884, 2335208; 723517, 2335155; 723664, 2335155;
724266, 2335345; 724783, 2335134; 725131, 2335039; 725416, 2335039;
725479, 2334765; 725416, 2334532; 725289, 2334448; 724857, 2334406;
724076, 2334554; 723422, 2334427; 722314, 2334448; 721269, 2334638;
720436, 2334955; 719286, 2335282; 718807, 2335607; 719529, 2336227;
719749, 2335976; 720278, 2335860; 720611, 2335749; 720920, 2335559;
721062, 2335514; 721066, 2335513; 721173, 2335498; 721388, 2335510;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 69 follows:
[[Page 13117]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.069
(70) Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--c (452 ha; 1,117 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 61 boundary points: Start at
723531, 2340665; 723531, 2340665; 723599, 2340516; 723630, 2340429;
723723, 2340305; 723717, 2340125; 723698, 2340045; 723673, 2339815;
723605, 2339530; 723605, 2339263; 723649, 2338953; 723705, 2338693;
723835, 2338476; 723990, 2338277; 724008, 2338172; 723922, 2338066;
723773, 2337955; 723562, 2337905; 723351, 2337887; 723196, 2337887;
722805, 2337998; 722619, 2338035; 722603, 2338052; 723022, 2338160;
723352, 2338246; 723352, 2338246; 723352, 2338246; 723351, 2338247;
723331, 2338266; 723146, 2338429; 723088, 2338481; 722865, 2339034;
722803, 2339144; 722612, 2339432; 721796, 2339934; 721815, 2340038;
721731, 2340378; 721548, 2340570; 721486, 2340778; 721475, 2340813;
721196, 2340996; 721237, 2341043; 721361, 2340999; 721454, 2340975;
721689, 2340987; 721931, 2341099; 722148, 2341161; 722303, 2341185;
722464, 2341179; 722669, 2341167; 722886, 2341204; 723115, 2341278;
723289, 2341347; 723388, 2341409; 723611, 2341371; 723642, 2341353;
723605, 2341223; 723599, 2341068; 723587, 2340925; 723518, 2340782;
723543, 2340665; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 70 follows:
[[Page 13118]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.070
(71) Molokai 6--Plantago princeps--a (52 ha; 129 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points: Start at
717295, 2334884; 717244, 2334999; 717248, 2335060; 717948, 2334879;
717956, 2334877; 718173, 2335063; 718196, 2335083; 718480, 2335327;
718487, 2335324; 718623, 2335225; 718692, 2335058; 718669, 2334831;
718654, 2334694; 718555, 2334611; 718441, 2334618; 718274, 2334580;
717971, 2334633; 717492, 2334793; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 71 follows:
[[Page 13119]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.071
(72) Molokai 6--Pteris lidgatei--a (1,227 ha; 3,031 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 80 boundary points: Start at
723445, 2340106; 723260, 2340220; 722544, 2340390; 721922, 2340143;
721803, 2339930; 721731, 2340378; 721548, 2340570; 721486, 2340778;
721475, 2340813; 720997, 2341127; 720995, 2341131; 720883, 2341439;
721294, 2341263; 721528, 2341222; 721947, 2341235; 722100, 2341344;
722233, 2341375; 722232, 2341368; 722323, 2341386; 723080, 2341420;
723496, 2341619; 724036, 2341574; 724064, 2341546; 723750, 2341295;
723771, 2341089; 724145, 2340764; 724235, 2340541; 724295, 2339594;
724406, 2338835; 724644, 2338479; 724933, 2338228; 725017, 2338008;
724961, 2337795; 724790, 2337537; 724672, 2337327; 724612, 2337279;
724393, 2337216; 724159, 2337205; 723555, 2337244; 723081, 2337145;
723038, 2336915; 723379, 2336344; 723830, 2336114; 724367, 2335790;
724657, 2335771; 724657, 2335773; 725406, 2335875; 725917, 2336114;
726037, 2336097; 726147, 2335977; 726250, 2335603; 726122, 2335424;
725892, 2335339; 725287, 2335083; 724946, 2335109; 724631, 2335236;
724452, 2335211; 724146, 2335296; 723984, 2335296; 723600, 2335177;
723175, 2335296; 722689, 2335211; 722152, 2335364; 721398, 2335722;
721410, 2335958; 721470, 2336127; 721713, 2336326; 721929, 2336656;
721893, 2337028; 722035, 2337272; 721980, 2337890; 722904, 2338129;
722913, 2338109; 722924, 2338113; 723426, 2338095; 723943, 2338048;
723898, 2338235; 723856, 2338440; 723711, 2338763; 723549, 2339479;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 72 follows:
[[Page 13120]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.072
(73) Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--a (261 ha; 645 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 30 boundary points: Start at
714170, 2334964; 713902, 2334907; 713797, 2335102; 713416, 2335086;
713375, 2335296; 712986, 2335199; 712946, 2335434; 712548, 2335232;
712208, 2335321; 712191, 2335791; 711827, 2335726; 711462, 2335864;
711444, 2336201; 711819, 2336380; 712392, 2336016; 712634, 2335930;
712816, 2335930; 713078, 2335882; 713513, 2335857; 713845, 2335807;
714450, 2335533; 714788, 2335442; 714911, 2335383; 715195, 2335308;
715838, 2335147; 715840, 2335147; 715467, 2334842; 715299, 2334721;
715010, 2334771; 714498, 2334867; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 73 follows:
[[Page 13121]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.073
[FEDREG][VOL]*[/VOL][NO]*[/NO][DATE]*[/
DATE][RULES][RULE][PREAMB][AGENCY]*[/AGENCY][SUBJECT]*[/SUBJECT][/
PREAMB][SUPLINF][HED]*[/HED][REGTEXT][P]*[/P]?(74) Molokai
6--Schiedea lydgatei--b (163 ha; 403 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 16 boundary points: Start at
717142, 2334694; 717649, 2334467; 717799, 2334397; 718083, 2334354;
718335, 2334311; 718582, 2334274; 718897, 2334216; 718662, 2333788;
718751, 2333561; 718662, 2333172; 718585, 2332948; 718548, 2333269;
718208, 2333472; 717608, 2333577; 717202, 2333650; 716886, 2333975;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 74 follows:
[[Page 13122]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.074
(75) Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii--a (138 ha; 341 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 11 boundary points: Start at
716789, 2337580; 716978, 2337857; 716937, 2338109; 716872, 2338694;
716865, 2338724; 718265, 2338899; 718271, 2338719; 718092, 2338312;
718084, 2337808; 718087, 2337782; 716789, 2337580; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 75 follows:
[[Page 13123]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.075
(76) Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii--b (127 ha; 313 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points: Start at
719243, 2335981; 719377, 2335889; 719629, 2335799; 720198, 2335594;
719706, 2334719; 719336, 2334824; 719149, 2334897; 718824, 2335019;
718326, 2335195; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 76 follows:
[[Page 13124]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.076
(77) Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa--a (608 ha; 1,502 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 69 boundary points: Start at
713966, 2334650; 713788, 2334691; 713615, 2334727; 713388, 2334805;
712981, 2334936; 712897, 2334972; 712639, 2334989; 712070, 2335120;
711195, 2335499; 710655, 2335616; 709885, 2335800; 709748, 2335926;
710043, 2336068; 710830, 2336433; 710920, 2336613; 711297, 2336725;
711647, 2336798; 711968, 2336987; 712027, 2337192; 712260, 2337279;
712508, 2337556; 712727, 2337892; 713103, 2338002; 713052, 2337770;
712568, 2337381; 712726, 2337266; 713010, 2337570; 713220, 2337591;
713010, 2337297; 713378, 2337402; 713872, 2337886; 714166, 2337802;
713462, 2337213; 713693, 2337171; 714302, 2337413; 714071, 2337087;
714344, 2337118; 714523, 2337371; 714712, 2337413; 714649, 2337223;
714705, 2337206; 713885, 2336698; 713409, 2336824; 713242, 2336872;
712968, 2336950; 712064, 2336782; 711160, 2336425; 710834, 2336246;
711129, 2336088; 711654, 2336362; 712169, 2336582; 712821, 2336719;
713104, 2336561; 712053, 2336309; 711423, 2336067; 711517, 2335773;
712106, 2335973; 712610, 2336309; 712758, 2336162; 712505, 2335973;
712705, 2335889; 712652, 2335679; 712863, 2335815; 713115, 2335826;
713441, 2335973; 713554, 2336015; 714666, 2335727; 714306, 2334848;
714212, 2334524; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 77 follows:
[[Page 13125]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.077
[FEDREG][VOL]*[/VOL][NO]*[/NO][DATE]*[/
DATE][RULES][RULE][PREAMB][AGENCY]*[/AGENCY][SUBJECT]*[/SUBJECT][/
PREAMB][SUPLINF][HED]*[/HED][REGTEXT][P]*[/P]?(78) Molokai
6--Schiedea sarmentosa--b (266 ha; 657 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: Start at
717066, 2334401; 717233, 2334267; 717586, 2334045; 717849, 2333974;
718082, 2333944; 718381, 2333890; 718442, 2333895; 718444, 2333903;
718564, 2333925; 718720, 2333686; 718734, 2333470; 718650, 2333017;
718566, 2332647; 718524, 2332368; 718544, 2332329; 718510, 2332337;
718423, 2332353; 718140, 2332456; 718106, 2332490; 717980, 2332538;
717741, 2332640; 717257, 2332837; 717029, 2332921; 716778, 2333118;
716581, 2333214; 716538, 2333243; 716559, 2333270; 716896, 2334032;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 78 follows:
[[Page 13126]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.078
(79) Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--a (608 ha; 1,502 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 69 boundary points: Start at
713966, 2334650; 713788, 2334691; 713615, 2334727; 713388, 2334805;
712981, 2334936; 712897, 2334972; 712639, 2334989; 712070, 2335120;
711195, 2335499; 710655, 2335616; 709885, 2335800; 709748, 2335926;
710043, 2336068; 710830, 2336433; 710920, 2336613; 711297, 2336725;
711647, 2336798; 711968, 2336987; 712027, 2337192; 712260, 2337279;
712508, 2337556; 712727, 2337892; 713103, 2338002; 713052, 2337770;
712568, 2337381; 712726, 2337266; 713010, 2337570; 713220, 2337591;
713010, 2337297; 713378, 2337402; 713872, 2337886; 714166, 2337802;
713462, 2337213; 713693, 2337171; 714302, 2337413; 714071, 2337087;
714344, 2337118; 714523, 2337371; 714712, 2337413; 714649, 2337223;
714705, 2337206; 713885, 2336698; 713409, 2336824; 713242, 2336872;
712968, 2336950; 712064, 2336782; 711160, 2336425; 710834, 2336246;
711129, 2336088; 711654, 2336362; 712169, 2336582; 712821, 2336719;
713104, 2336561; 712053, 2336309; 711423, 2336067; 711517, 2335773;
712106, 2335973; 712610, 2336309; 712758, 2336162; 712505, 2335973;
712705, 2335889; 712652, 2335679; 712863, 2335815; 713115, 2335826;
713441, 2335973; 713554, 2336015; 714666, 2335727; 714306, 2334848;
714212, 2334524; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 79 follows:
[[Page 13127]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.079
(80) Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--b (266 ha; 657 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: Start at
717066, 2334401; 717233, 2334267; 717586, 2334045; 717849, 2333974;
718082, 2333944; 718381, 2333890; 718442, 2333895; 718444, 2333903;
718564, 2333925; 718720, 2333686; 718734, 2333470; 718650, 2333017;
718566, 2332647; 718524, 2332368; 718544, 2332329; 718510, 2332337;
718423, 2332353; 718140, 2332456; 718106, 2332490; 717980, 2332538;
717741, 2332640; 717257, 2332837; 717029, 2332921; 716778, 2333118;
716581, 2333214; 716538, 2333243; 716559, 2333270; 716896, 2334032;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 80 follows:
[[Page 13128]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.080
[FEDREG][VOL]*[/VOL][NO]*[/NO][DATE]*[/
DATE][RULES][RULE][PREAMB][AGENCY]*[/AGENCY][SUBJECT]*[/SUBJECT][/
PREAMB][SUPLINF][HED]*[/HED][REGTEXT][P]*[/P]?(81) Molokai
6--Silene lanceolata--a (289 ha; 714 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 33 boundary points: Start at
716266, 2334444; 716261, 2334516; 716359, 2334579; 716396, 2334646;
716504, 2334687; 716572, 2334713; 716655, 2334838; 716826, 2334915;
717038, 2334833; 717215, 2334703; 717292, 2334620; 717712, 2334413;
717800, 2334325; 718184, 2334200; 718262, 2334164; 718645, 2334060;
718728, 2334014; 718951, 2333920; 719060, 2333843; 719075, 2333754;
719029, 2333532; 719034, 2333329; 719138, 2333091; 719195, 2332759;
719174, 2332707; 719127, 2332687; 718946, 2332692; 718728, 2332749;
718578, 2332780; 718225, 2332946; 717852, 2333210; 717505, 2333428;
717256, 2333630; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 81 follows:
[[Page 13129]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.081
(82) Molokai 6--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--a (85 ha; 211 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 15 boundary points: Start at
716625, 2334674; 716813, 2334572; 717300, 2334062; 717795, 2333591;
718070, 2333402; 718415, 2333269; 718674, 2333206; 718698, 2333025;
718659, 2332868; 718629, 2332777; 717686, 2333184; 716684, 2334404;
716364, 2334553; 716353, 2334564; 716460, 2334611; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 82 follows:
[[Page 13130]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.082
(83) Molokai 6--Stenogyne bifida--a (585 ha; 1,445 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 40 boundary points: Start at
718790, 2335593; 719006, 2335519; 719486, 2335379; 720326, 2335124;
721475, 2334733; 722382, 2334483; 723214, 2334383; 723564, 2334400;
723789, 2334525; 724030, 2334533; 724230, 2334467; 724405, 2334350;
724629, 2333975; 724663, 2333617; 724604, 2333418; 724563, 2333368;
724330, 2333360; 724155, 2333343; 723597, 2333343; 723140, 2333310;
723015, 2333335; 722732, 2333393; 722241, 2333493; 721708, 2333584;
721417, 2333743; 721075, 2333976; 720376, 2334408; 719918, 2334617;
719436, 2334775; 719286, 2334733; 718936, 2334720; 718641, 2334751;
718269, 2334697; 718006, 2334697; 717897, 2334736; 717605, 2334906;
717621, 2334964; 717948, 2334879; 717956, 2334877; 718196, 2335083;
return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 83 follows:
[[Page 13131]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.083
(84) Molokai 6--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a (259 ha; 640 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 23 boundary points: Start at
719023, 2333460; 718836, 2333440; 718456, 2333509; 718235, 2333529;
717759, 2333668; 717061, 2333854; 716909, 2333978; 716661, 2334227;
716274, 2334669; 716143, 2334966; 716364, 2335228; 716429, 2335272;
717190, 2335075; 717206, 2335035; 717344, 2334876; 717572, 2334703;
718083, 2334400; 718256, 2334365; 718877, 2334268; 718926, 2334151;
718974, 2333999; 719085, 2333743; 719036, 2333536; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 84 follows:
[[Page 13132]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.084
[FEDREG][VOL]*[/VOL][NO]*[/NO][DATE]*[/
DATE][RULES][RULE][PREAMB][AGENCY]*[/AGENCY][SUBJECT]*[/SUBJECT][/
PREAMB][SUPLINF][HED]*[/HED][REGTEXT][P]*[/P]?
[[Page 13133]]
(85) Molokai 7--Bidens wiebkei--b (240 ha; 593 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 21 boundary points: Start at
733159, 2342717; 733159, 2342717; 733163, 2342721; 733418, 2343010;
733569, 2343051; 733836, 2343010; 734539, 2342951; 734906, 2342708;
734940, 2342357; 734814, 2342115; 734747, 2341873; 734741, 2341866;
734741, 2341866; 734576, 2341687; 734338, 2341564; 734246, 2341490;
733836, 2341246; 733552, 2341204; 733301, 2341680; 733301, 2341681;
733301, 2341684; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 85 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.085
(86) Molokai 8--Bidens wiebkei--c (124 ha; 305 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 42 boundary points: Start at
734689, 2340744; 734863, 2340794; 734864, 2340794; 735124, 2340970;
735291, 2341321; 735533, 2341329; 735776, 2341212; 735776, 2341212;
735776, 2341212; 735985, 2341212; 736223, 2341276; 736217, 2340947;
736005, 2340825; 735918, 2340811; 735826, 2340828; 735600, 2340485;
735600, 2340485; 735600, 2340485; 735600, 2340485; 735642, 2340318;
735606, 2340279; 735606, 2340279; 735466, 2340126; 735433, 2340017;
735366, 2340000; 735249, 2340109; 735273, 2340184; 735238, 2340212;
735183, 2340197; 735126, 2340248; 735057, 2340393; 735057, 2340393;
735057, 2340393; 734881, 2340469; 734706, 2340477; 734706, 2340477;
734706, 2340477; 734706, 2340477; 734162, 2340310; 733947, 2340597;
734672, 2340853; 734731, 2340835; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 86 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.086
(87) Molokai 9--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a (101 ha; 249 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 11 boundary points: Start at
709892, 2333333; 709202, 2334013; 709147, 2334290; 709480, 2334623;
709485, 2334639; 709485, 2334639; 709485, 2334641; 709486, 2334643;
709599, 2334575; 709599, 2334575; 710655, 2334053; return to starting
point.
(ii) Note: Map 87 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.087
(88) Molokai 9--Isodendrion pyrifolium--a (107 ha; 264 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 5 boundary points: Start at
709515, 2334641; 710692, 2334052; 709880, 2333311; 709180, 2334022;
709149, 2334306; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 88 follows:
[[Page 13134]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.088
(89) Molokai 9--Sesbania tomentosa--b (88 ha; 217 ac)
(i) Unit consists of the following 5 boundary points: Start at
709608, 2334578; 710672, 2334051; 709945, 2333376; 709250, 2334093;
709408, 2334472; return to starting point.
(ii) Note: Map 89 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18MR03.089
[FEDREG][VOL]*[/VOL][NO]*[/NO][DATE]*[/
DATE][RULES][RULE][PREAMB][AGENCY]*[/AGENCY][SUBJECT]*[/SUBJECT][/
PREAMB][SUPLINF][HED]*[/HED][REGTEXT][P]*[/P]?(90) Table of
Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for Molokai
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai 1--Tetramolopium rockii-- Tetramolopium
a. rockii.
Molokai 2--Sesbania tomentosa--a Sesbania ..................
tomentosa.
Molokai 2--Tetramolopium rockii-- Tetramolopium ..................
b. rockii.
Molokai 3--Centaurium Centaurium
sebaeoides--a. sebaeoides.
Molokai 3--Tetramolopium rockii-- Tetramolopium ..................
c. rockii.
Molokai 4--Brighamia rockii--a.. .................. Brighamia rockii.
Molokai 4--Hibiscus arnottianus Hibiscus
ssp. immaculatus. arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus.--a.
Molokai 5--Brighamia rockii--b.. .................. Brighamia rockii.
Molokai 5--Peucedanum Peucedanum ..................
sandwicense--a. sandwicense.
Molokai 5--Tetramolopium rockii-- .................. Tetramolopium
d. rockii.
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens-- .................. Adenophorus
a. periens.
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens-- .................. Adenophorus
b. periens.
[[Page 13135]]
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens-- .................. Adenophorus
c. periens.
Molokai 6--Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus--a. macrococcus.
Molokai 6--Bidens wiebkei--a.... Bidens wiebkei. ..................
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--c.. .................. Brighamia rockii.
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--d.. Brighamia rockii. ..................
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--e.. Brighamia rockii. ..................
Molokai 6--Canavalia .................. Canavalia
molokaiensis--a. molokaiensis.
Molokai 6--Canavalia .................. Canavalia
molokaiensis--b. molokaiensis.
Molokai 6--Canavalia Canavalia ..................
molokaiensis--c. molokaiensis.
Molokai 6--Clermontia .................. Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--a. oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes.
Molokai 6--Clermontia .................. Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--b. oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes.
Molokai 6--Clermontia .................. Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--c. oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes.
Molokai 6--Ctenitis squamigera-- Ctenitis ..................
a. squamigera.
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--a... .................. Cyanea dunbarii.
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--b... Cyanea dunbarii. ..................
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--c... .................. Cyanea dunbarii.
Molokai 6--Cyanea grimesiana Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana--a. ssp. grimesiana.
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--a..... Cyanea mannii. ..................
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--b..... Cyanea mannii. ..................
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--c..... Cyanea mannii. ..................
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--d..... Cyanea mannii. ..................
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--e..... Cyanea mannii. ..................
Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--a.... Cyanea procera. ..................
Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--b.... .................. Cyanea procera.
Molokai 6--Diellia erecta--a.... Diellia erecta. ..................
Molokai 6--Diplazium .................. Diplazium
molokaiense--a. molokaiense.
Molokai 6--Eugenia koolauensis-- .................. Eugenia
a. koolauensis.
Molokai 6--Flueggea neowawraea-- .................. Flueggea
a. neowawraea.
Molokai 6--Hesperomannia Hesperomannia ..................
arborescens--a. arborescens.
Molokai 6--Hesperomannia .................. Hesperomannia
arborescens--b. arborescens.
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus .................. Hibiscus
ssp. immaculatus--b. arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus.
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus Hibiscus ..................
ssp. immaculatus--c. arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus.
Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus Hibiscus
ssp. immaculatus--d. arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus.
Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--a.. Ischaemum byrone. ..................
Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--b.. Ischaemum byrone. ..................
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--a. .................. Labordia triflora.
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--b. .................. Labordia triflora.
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--c. .................. Labordia triflora.
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--d. Labordia triflora. ..................
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--a. .................. Lysimachia maxima.
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--b. .................. Lysimachia maxima.
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--c. .................. Lysimachia maxima.
Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--a.. .................. Mariscus fauriei.
Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--b.. Mariscus fauriei. ..................
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata-- .................. Melicope
a. mucronulata.
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata-- .................. Melicope
b. mucronulata.
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata-- .................. Melicope
c. mucronulata.
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata-- .................. Melicope
d. mucronulata.
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata-- .................. Melicope
e. mucronulata.
Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--a.. .................. Melicope reflexa.
Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--b.. Melicope reflexa. ..................
Molokai 6--Neraudia sericea--a.. Neraudia sericea. ..................
Molokai 6--Peucedanum .................. Peucedanum
sandwicense--b. sandwicense.
Molokai 6--Peucedanum Peucedanum ..................
sandwicense--c. sandwicense.
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii-- .................. Phyllostegia
a. mannii.
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii-- .................. Phyllostegia
b. mannii.
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii-- .................. Phyllostegia
c. mannii.
Molokai 6--Plantago princeps--a. .................. Plantago princeps.
Molokai 6--Pteris lidgatei--a... .................. Pteris lidgatei.
Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--a. Schiedea lydgatei. ..................
Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--b. Schiedea lydgatei. ..................
Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii--a .................. Schiedea
nuttallii.
Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii--b .................. Schiedea
nuttallii.
Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa-- Schiedea ..................
a. sarmentosa.
Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa-- Schiedea ..................
b. sarmentosa.
Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--a.. .................. Silene alexandri.
Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--b.. .................. Silene alexandri.
Molokai 6--Silene lanceolata--a. Silene lanceolata. ..................
Molokai 6--Spermolepis Spermolepis ..................
hawaiiensis--a. hawaiiensis.
Molokai 6--Stenogyne bifida--a.. Stenogyne bifida. ..................
Molokai 6--Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum ..................
hawaiiense--a. hawaiiense.
Molokai 7--Bidens wiebkei--b.... Bidens wiebkei. ..................
Molokai 8--Bidens wiebkei--c.... .................. Bidens wiebkei.
Molokai 9--Isodendrion .................. Isodendrion
pyrifolium--a. pyrifolium.
[[Page 13136]]
Molokai 9--Hibiscus .................. Hibiscus
brackenridgei--a. brackenridgei.
Molokai 9--Sesbania tomentosa--b .................. Sesbania
tomentosa.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) Plants on Molokai; Constituent elements.
(1) Flowering plants.
Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)
Molokai 5--Peucedanum sandwicense--a, Molokai 6--Peucedanum
sandwicense--b, and Molokai 6--Peucedanum sandwicense--c, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on Molokai. Within these
units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical
habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat components
provided by:
(i) Cliff habitats in brown soil and talus in Chamaesyce
celastroides var. amplectans-Chenopodium oahuense coastal dry shrubland
or Diospyros sandwicensis forest with one or more of the following
associated native species: Artemisia australis, Dianella sandwicensis,
Eragrostis sp., Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense, Melanthera
integrifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Peperomia remyi, Pittosporum halophilum, Plectranthus parviflorus,
Plumbago zeylanica, Portulaca lutea, Pritchardia hillebrandii,
Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Santalum ellipticum, Scaevola sericea,
Schiedea globosa, Senna gaudichaudii, or Sida fallax; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 724 m (0 and 2,375 ft).
Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Molokai 6--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Ridge crests and gulch slopes in dry to mesic shrublands with
one or more of the following associated native species: Dodonaea
viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Metrosideros polymorpha; and
(ii) Elevations between 589 and 972 m (1,932 and 3,188 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Bidens wiebkii (kookoolau)
Molokai 6--Bidens wiebkei--a, Molokai 7--Bidens wiebkei--b, and
Molokai 8--Bidens wiebkei--c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Bidens
wiebkii on Molokai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated mesic shrublands or
dry or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Leptechophylla tameiameiae lowland
shrubland with one or more of the following associated native species:
Antidesma platyphyllum, Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia sp., Nestegis
sandwicensis, Phyllanthus distichus, Pisonia sp., Psydrax odorata, or
Scaevola gaudichaudii; and
(ii) Elevations between 8 and 1,199 m (26 and 3,933 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Molokai 6--Hesperomannia arborescens--a and Molokai 6--
Hesperomannia arborescens--b, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Hesperomannia arborescens on Molokai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are
not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Slopes or ridges in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis lowland forest or mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros
polymorpha lowland forest transition zones with one or more of the
following associated native species: Antidesma sp., Boehmeria grandis,
Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium glaucum, Cheirodendron sp., Clermontia
pallida, Coprosma sp., Cyrtandra sp., Diplopterygium pinnatum,
Elaphoglossum sp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis sp., Ilex anomala,
Myrsine sp., Nephrolepis exaltata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus sp.,
Psychotria mauiensis, Smilax melastomifolia, Thelypteris sp., Urera
glabra, or Wikstroemia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 175 and 959 m (574 and 3,146 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium rockii (NCN)
Molokai 1--Tetramolopium rockii--a, Molokai 2--Tetramolopium
rockii--b, Molokai 3--Tetramolopium rockii--c, and Molokai 5--
Tetramolopium rockii--d, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Tetramolopium rockii on Molokai. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are
not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Hardened calcareous sand dunes or ash-covered basalt in the
coastal spray zone or coastal dry shrubland and grassland with one or
more of the following associated native species: Diospyros
sandwicensis, Fimbristylis cymosa, Heliotropium anomalum, Melanthera
integrifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Scaevola sp., Sida fallax, or
Sporobolus virginicus; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 198 m (0 and 649 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia rockii (pua ala)
Molokai 4--Brighamia rockii--a, Molokai 5--Brighamia rockii--b,
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--c, Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--d, and
Molokai 6--Brighamia rockii--e, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Brighamia rockii on Molokai. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Rock crevices on steep basalt sea cliffs, often within the
spray zone, in coastal dry or mesic forest, Eragrostis variabilis mixed
coastal cliff community, or shrubland, or Pritchardia sp. coastal mesic
forest with one or more of the following associated native species:
Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Carex wahuensis ssp. wahuensis, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. amplectans, Cocculus orbiculatus, Cyrtomium falcatum,
Cyperus phleoides ssp. phleoides, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Hedyotis littoralis, Lepidium bidentatum var. o-
waihiense, Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Pittosporum halophilum, Pandanus tectorius, Peucedanum sandwicensis,
Phymatosorus grossus, Pritchardia hillebrandii, Psydrax odorata,
Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, Senna
[[Page 13137]]
gaudichaudii, Tetramolopium sp., or Wikstroemia uva-ursi; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 671 m (0 and 2,201 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (oha wai)
Molokai 6--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--a, Molokai 6--
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--b, and Molokai 6--Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes--c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes on Molokai. Within these units,
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Shallow soil on gulch slopes in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated forests with one or more of the following associated plant
species: Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium spp.,
Hedyotis terminalis, or Melicope sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 770 and 1,508 m (2,526 and 4,946 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea dunbarii (haha)
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--a, Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--b, and
Molokai 6--Cyanea dunbarii--c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
dunbarii on Molokai. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Streambanks on moderate to steep slopes in mesic to wet
Dicranopteris linearis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest with one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Charpentiera
obovata, Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia kakeana, Diplazium
sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or
Pipturus albidus; and
(ii) Elevations between 560 and 1,067 m (1,837 and 3,500 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)
Molokai 6--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes
critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Molokai.
Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Cliffs or mesic forest often dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa, with one or more
of the following associated native species: Antidesma sp., Bobea sp.,
Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Doodia sp.,
Freycinetia arborea, Nephrolepis sp., Psychotria sp., Syzygium
sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 94 and 1,324 m (308 and 4,343 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea mannii (haha)
Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--a, Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--b, Molokai
6--Cyanea mannii--c, Molokai 6--Cyanea mannii--d, and Molokai 6--Cyanea
mannii--e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea mannii on Molokai.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) The sides of deep gulches in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated
montane mesic forests with one or more of the following associated
native species: Dicranopteris linearis, Vaccinium sp., or Wikstroemia
sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 497 and 1,093 m (1,630 and 3,585 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea procera (haha)
Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--a and Molokai 6--Cyanea procera--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea procera on Molokai. Within these
units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical
habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat components
provided by:
(i) Walls of steep gulches in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated
lowland mixed forest with one or more of the following associated
native species: Asplenium spp., Brousaissia arguta, Coprosma ochracea,
Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra macrocalyx, Dicranopteris linearis, Pipturus
albidus, Pisonia spp., Scaevola procera, or Touchardia latifolia; and
(ii) Elevations between 331 and 1,209 m (1,086 and 3,966 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea lydgatei (NCN)
Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--a and Molokai 6--Schiedea lydgatei--
b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea lydgatei on Molokai.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Ridges in dry to mesic grassland, shrubland, and forest with
scattered native trees with one or more of the following associated
native species: Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, or Metrosideros polymorpha; and
(ii) Elevations between 545 and 1,047 m (1,788 and 3,434 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Molokai 6--Schiedea nuttallii--a and Molokai 6--Schiedea
nuttallii--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on
Molokai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the
habitat components provided by:
(i) Streamside grottos in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron
trigynum forest with one or more of the following associated native
species: Asplenium lobulatum, Asplenium macraei, Asplenium unilaterale,
Cyrtandra hawaiiensis, Thelypteris sandwicensis, or Vandenboschia
davallioides; and
(ii) Elevations between 988 and 1,341 m (3,241 and 4,398 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea sarmentosa (NCN)
Molokai 6--Schiedea sarmentosa--a and Molokai 6--Schiedea
sarmentosa--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea sarmentosa on
Molokai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the
habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep or gentle to moderate slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry or mesic shrubland, or dry to mesic forest
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and/or Diospyros sandwicensis with
one or more of the following associated native species: Alyxia
oliviformis, Bidens menziesii, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce sp.,
Chenopodium oahuense, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lipochaeta rockii,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Nothocestrum latifolium, Pleomele auwahiensis,
Sida fallax, or Sophora chrysophylla; and
(ii) Elevations between 316 and 1,020 m (1,036 and 3,346 ft).
[[Page 13138]]
Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene alexandri (NCN)
Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--a and Molokai 6--Silene alexandri--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Silene alexandri on Molokai. Within
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Moderate to steep slopes or cliffs in dry forest with one or
more of the following associated native species: Bidens menziesii,
Carex wahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Schiedea spp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 316 and 1,020 m (1,036 and 3,346 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Molokai 6--Silene lanceolata--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Silene lanceolata on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Gulch slopes, ridge tops, and cliffs in dry to mesic shrubland
with one or more of the following associated native species: Bidens
menziesii, Carex wahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Dubautia linearis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha,
or Schiedea spp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 581 and 1,043 m (1,906 and 3,421 ft).
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus fauriei (NCN)
Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--a and Molokai 6--Mariscus fauriei--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Mariscus fauriei on Molokai. Within
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Lava substrate or Diospyros sandwicensis-dominated lowland dry
forests with one or more of the following associated native species:
Peperomia sp., Psydrax odorata, or Rauvolfia sandwicensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 436 and 887 m (1,430 and 2,909 ft).
Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)
Molokai 6--Flueggea neowawraea--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Flueggea neowawraea on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Gulches in mesic forest; and
(ii) Elevations between 450 and 618 m (1,476 and 2,027 ft).
Family Fabaceae: Canavalia molokaiensis (awikiwiki)
Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--a, Molokai 6--Canavalia
molokaiensis--b, and Molokai 6--Canavalia molokaiensis--c, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Canavalia molokaiensis on Molokai. Within these
units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical
habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat components
provided by:
(i) Exposed sites, both dry and mesic, on steep slopes in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa lowland shrubland and mesic
shrublands with one or more of the following associated native species:
Artemisia sp., Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae,
or Wikstroemia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 503 and 1,013 m (1,650 and 3,323 ft).
Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)
Molokai 2--Sesbania tomentosa--a and Molokai 9--Sesbania
tomentosa--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on
Molokai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the
habitat components provided by:
(i) Windswept slopes, sea cliffs and weathered basaltic slopes in
Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrubland with one or more of the
following associated native species: Dodonaea viscosa, Jacquemontia
ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis, Melanthera integrifolia, or Sida fallax;
and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 318 m (0 and 1,043 ft).
Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)
Molokai 3--Centaurium sebaeoides--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs in arid coastal areas with one
or more of the following associated native species: Artemisia sp.,
Bidens sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Cyperus phleoides, Dodonaea
viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, Heteropogon contortus, Jacquemontia
ovalifolia, Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta succulenta, Lycium
sandwicense, Lysimachia mauritiana, Melanthera integrifolia, Panicum
fauriei, Panicum torridum, Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, Sida
fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 39 m (0 and 128 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia mannii (NCN)
Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--a, Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--
b, and Molokai 6--Phyllostegia mannii--c, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Phyllostegia mannii on Molokai. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Shaded sites in sometimes foggy and windswept, wet, open
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane forest with a native shrub
and Cibotium sp. understory with one or more of the following
associated native species: Asplenium sp., Broussaisia arguta,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Hedyotis hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria
sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Touchardia latifolia, Vaccinium sp., or
Wikstroemia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 603 and 1,508 m (1,978 and 4,946 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne bifida (NCN)
Molokai 6--Stenogyne bifida--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Stenogyne bifida on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Gulch slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane mesic
to wet forest with one or more of the following associated native
species: Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium sp.,
Cyanea sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea
[[Page 13139]]
viscosa, Hedyotis hillebrandii, Hedyotis sp., Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp.,
Vaccinium sp., or Wikstroemia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 467 and 1,300 m (1,532 and 4,264 ft).
Family Loganiaceae: Labordia triflora (kamakahala)
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--a, Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--b,
Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--c, and Molokai 6--Labordia triflora--d,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Labordia triflora on Molokai. Within
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Mixed mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest, with one or more of
the following associated native species: Coprosma sp., Myrsine
lessertiana, Nephrolepis exaltata, Pouteria sandwicensis, Sadleria
cyatheoides, or Tetraplasandra hawaiensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 207 and 1,097 m (679 and 3,598 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (kokio keokeo)
Molokai 4--Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--a, Molokai 6--
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--b, Molokai 6--Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus--c, and Molokai 6--Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. immaculatus--d, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus on Molokai. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep sea cliffs in mesic forests with one or more of the
following associated native species: Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium
spp., Boehmeria grandis, Cyanea grimesiana, Diospyros sandwicensis,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus spp., Psydrax odorata, or Urera
glabra; and
(ii) Elevations between 8 and 813 m (26 and 2,667 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus brackenridgei (mau hao hele)
Molokai 9--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Slopes in lowland dry forest and shrubland; and
(ii) Elevations between 174 to 317 m (571 to 1,040 ft).
Family Myrtaceae: Eugenia koolauensis (nioi)
Molokai 6--Eugenia koolauensis--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Eugenia koolauensis on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Rocky gulches or gentle slopes with deep soil with one or more
of the following associated native species: Diospyros sandwicensis,
Erythrina sandwicensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Nototrichium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, or Xylosma
hawaiiense; and
(ii) Elevations between 475 and 992 m (1,558 and 3,254 ft).
Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)
Molokai 6--Plantago princeps--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Plantago princeps on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Streambanks in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest
with one or more of the following associated native species: Coprosma
sp., Cyanea sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Pipturus
albidus, or Wikstroemia oahuensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,008 and 1,213 m (3,306 and 3,979 ft).
Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)
Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--a and Molokai 6--Ischaemum byrone--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone on Molokai. Within
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Coastal dry shrubland or Artemisia sp. cliff communities, near
the ocean, among rocks or basalt cliffs or talus slopes with one or
more of the following associated native species: Bidens molokaiensis,
Fimbristylis cymosa, Hedyotis littoralis, Lysimachia mauritiana, or
Pandanus tectorius; and
(ii) Elevations between sea level and 235 m (0 and 771 ft).
Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia maxima (NCN)
Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--a, Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--b,
and Molokai 6--Lysimachia maxima--c, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Lysimachia maxima on Molokai. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet
forest with one or more of the following associated native species:
Dubautia sp., Hedyotis sp., Ilex anomala, Psychotria sp., or Vaccinium
sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 446 and 1,329 m (1,463 and 4,359 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope mucronulata (alani)
Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--a, Molokai 6--Melicope
mucronulata--b, Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--c, Molokai 6--Melicope
mucronulata--d, and Molokai 6--Melicope mucronulata--e, identified in
the legal description in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata on Molokai. Within these
units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical
habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat components
provided by:
(i) Steep, west- or north-facing slopes in mesic Diospyros
sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha forest, Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dodonaea viscosa shrubland, or Metrosideros polymorpha-Leptechophylla
tameiameiae shrubland with one or more of the following associated
native species: Alyxia oliviformis, Alphitonia ponderosa, Coprosma
foliosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope hawaiensis, Myrsine lanaiensis,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Ochrosia compta, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Phyllanthus sp., Pittosporum sp., Pleomele auwahiensis, or Psychotria
mariniana; and
(ii) Elevations between 354 and 1,015 m (1,161 and 3,329 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope reflexa (alani)
Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--a Molokai 6--Melicope reflexa--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Melicope reflexa on
[[Page 13140]]
Molokai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the
habitat components provided by:
(i) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated forest with native trees
such as Cheirodendron sp., with one or more of the following associated
native species: Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium spp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Freycinetia arborea, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 319 and 1,508 m (1,046 and 4,946 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)
Molokai 6--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Gulch slopes in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros
sandwicensis forest with one or more of the following associated native
species: Alyxia oliviformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Pleomele auwahiensis, or Psychotria sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 754 and 1,084 m (2,473 and 3,555 ft).
Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus (mahoe)
Molokai 6--Alectryon macrococcus--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Molokai. Within
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical
habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat components
provided by:
(i) Talus slopes or gulches within dry or mesic lowland forest with
one or more of the following associated native species: Dodonaea
viscosa, Lipochaeta sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis,
Nothocestrum sp., Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp., or Streblus pendulina;
and
(ii) Elevations between 616 and 1,026 m (2,020 and 3,365 ft).
Family Urticaceae: Neraudia sericea (NCN)
Molokai 6--Neraudia sericea--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Neraudia sericea on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Gulch slopes and gulch bottoms in lowland dry to mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Leptechophylla tameiameiae
shrubland or forest with one or more of the following associated native
species: Alyxia oliviformis, Coprosma sp., Hedyotis sp., or Pleomele
auwahiensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 701 and 1,043 m (2,299 and 3,421 ft).
Family Violaceae: Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)
Molokai 9--Isodendrion pyrifolium--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Dry shrublands with one or more of the following associated
native species: Bidens menziesii, Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon
contortus, or Leptecophylla tameiameiae; and
(ii) Elevations between 173 and 322 m (567 and 1,056 ft).
(2) Ferns and fern allies.
Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Molokai 6--Pteris lidgatei--a, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Pteris lidgatei on Molokai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep streambanks in wet forest, and
(ii) Elevations between 160 and 1,251 m (525 and 4,103 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)
Molokai 6--Ctenitis squamigera--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Ctenitis squamigera on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Mesic forest and gulch slopes with one or more of the following
associated native species: Carex meyenii, Diospyros sandwicensis,
Dryopteris unidentata, Metrosideros polymorpha, Nephrolepis exaltata,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, or
Xylosma hawaiiense; and
(ii) Elevations between 757 and 1,133 m (2,483 and 3,716 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia)
Molokai 6--Diellia erecta--a, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Diellia erecta on Molokai. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Mixed mesic forest and mesic Diospyros sandwicensis forest with
one or more of the following associated native species: Alyxia
oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma foliosa, Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris
unidentata, Dubautia linearis ssp. opposita, Leptecophylla tameiameiae,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp., Ochrosia compta, Pleomele
auwahiensis, Psychotria sp., Sophora chrysophylla, Syzygium
sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 716 and 1,046 m (2,348 and 3,431 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Molokai 6--Diplazium molokaiense--a, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Diplazium molokaiense on Molokai. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep, rocky, wooded gulch walls in wet forests; and
(ii) Elevations between 97 and 1,349 m (318 and 4,425 ft).
Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorous periens (pendant kihi fern)
Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--a, Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--
b, and Molokai 6--Adenophorus periens--c, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Adenophorous periens on Molokai. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Well-developed, closed canopy providing deep shade and high
humidity on Metrosideros polymorpha trunks, in Metrosideros polymorpha-
[[Page 13141]]
Myrsine lessertiana forest with one or more of the following associated
native species: Anoectochilus sandvicensis, Broussasia arguta,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium glaucum, Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea
sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea,
Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Labordia hirtella, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope sp., Psychotria spp.,
Stenogyne kamehamehae, Syzygium sandwicensis, Vaccinium calycinum, or
Viola chamissoniana ssp. robusta; and
(ii) Elevations between 816 and 1,508 m (2,676 and 4,946 ft).
Dated: February 27, 2003.
Craig Manson,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 03-5239 Filed 3-17-03; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P