[Federal Register: July 17, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 136)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 39141-39245]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr17jy07-8]
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Part II
Department of Health and Human Services
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Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
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42 CFR Part 447
Medicaid Program; Prescription Drugs; Final Rule
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
42 CFR Part 447
[CMS-2238-FC]
RIN 0938-AO20
Medicaid Program; Prescription Drugs
AGENCY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS.
ACTION: Final rule with comment period.
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SUMMARY: This final rule with comment period will implement the
provisions of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA) pertaining to
prescription drugs under the Medicaid Program. The DRA requires the
Secretary of HHS to promulgate a final regulation no later than July 1,
2007. In addition, we are adding to existing regulations certain
established Medicaid rebate policies that are currently set forth in
CMS guidance. This rule will bring together existing and new regulatory
requirements in one, cohesive subpart.
Finally, this final rule with comment period allows for further
public comment on the Average Manufacturer Price and Federal upper
limit (FUL) outlier section of the rule.
DATES: Effective Date: These regulations are effective on October 1,
2007.
Comment date: To be assured consideration, comments must be
received at one of the addresses provided below, no later than 5 p.m.
on January 2, 2008.
ADDRESSES: In commenting, please refer to file code CMS-2238-FC.
Because of staff and resource limitations, we cannot accept comments by
facsimile (FAX) transmission.
You may submit comments in one of four ways (no duplicates,
please):
1. Electronically. You may submit electronic comments on specific
issues in this regulation to http://www.cms.hhs.gov/eRulemaking. Click
on the link ``Submit electronic comments on CMS regulations with an
open comment period.'' (Attachments should be in Microsoft Word,
WordPerfect, or Excel; however, we prefer Microsoft Word.)
2. By regular mail. You may mail written comments (one original and
two copies) to the following address ONLY: Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services, Attention:
CMS-2238-FC, P.O. Box 8012, Baltimore, MD 21244-8012.
Please allow sufficient time for mailed comments to be received
before the close of the comment period.
3. By express or overnight mail. You may send written comments (one
original and two copies) to the following address ONLY: Centers for
Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services,
Attention: CMS-2238-FC, Mail Stop C4-26-05, 7500 Security Boulevard,
Baltimore, MD 21244-8012.
4. By hand or courier. If you prefer, you may deliver (by hand or
courier) your written comments (one original and two copies) before the
close of the comment period to one of the following addresses. If you
intend to deliver your comments to the Baltimore address, please call
telephone number (410) 786-7195 in advance to schedule your arrival
with one of our staff members.
Room 445-G, Hubert H. Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC 20201; or
7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244-1850.
(Because access to the interior of the HHH Building is not readily
available to persons without Federal Government identification,
commenters are encouraged to leave their comments in the CMS drop slots
located in the main lobby of the building. A stamp-in clock is
available for persons wishing to retain a proof of filing by stamping
in and retaining an extra copy of the comments being filed.)
Comments mailed to the addresses indicated as appropriate for hand
or courier delivery may be delayed and received after the comment
period.
Submission of comments on paperwork requirements. You may submit
comments on this document's paperwork requirements by mailing your
comments to the addresses provided at the end of the ``Collection of
Information Requirements'' section in this document.
For information on viewing public comments, see the beginning of
the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kimberly Howell, (410) 786-6762 (for
issues related to the determination of average manufacturer price
(AMP)).
Joseph Fine, (410) 786-2128 (for issues related to the
determination of best price).
Yolanda Reese, (410) 786-9898 (for issues related to authorized
generics).
Madlyn Kruh, (410) 786-3239 (for issues related to nominal prices).
Marge Watchorn, (410) 786-4361 (for issues related to manufacturer
reporting requirements).
Gail Sexton, (410) 786-4583 (for issues related to FULs).
Christina Lyon, (410) 786-3332 (for issues related to physician-
administered drugs).
Bernadette Leeds, (410) 786-9463 (for issues related to the
regulatory impact analysis (RIA)).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Submitting Comments: We welcome comments from the public on the AMP
and FUL outlier provisions as set forth in this rule to assist us in
fully considering issues and developing policies. You can assist us by
referencing the file code CMS-2238-FC.
Inspection of Public Comments: All comments received before the
close of the comment period are available for viewing by the public,
including any personally identifiable or confidential business
information that is included in a comment. We post all comments
received before the close of the comment period on the following Web
site as soon as possible after they have been received: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/eRulemaking.
Click on the link ``Electronic Comments on
CMS Regulations'' on that Web site to view public comments.
Comments received timely will be also available for public
inspection as they are received, generally beginning approximately
three weeks after publication of a document, at the headquarters of the
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 7500 Security Boulevard,
Baltimore, Maryland 21244, Monday through Friday of each week from 8:30
a.m. to 4 p.m. To schedule an appointment to view public comments,
phone 1-800-743-3951.
I. Background
A. Introduction
Under the Medicaid Program, States may provide coverage of
outpatient drugs as an optional service under section 1905(a)(12) of
the Social Security Act (the Act). Section 1903(a) of the Act provides
for Federal financial participation (FFP) in State expenditures for
these drugs. In order for payment to be made available under section
1903 for certain drugs, manufacturers must enter into the national
rebate agreement as set forth in section 1927(a) of the Act. Section
1927 of the Act provides specific requirements for rebate agreements,
drug pricing submission and confidentiality requirements, the formula
for calculating rebate payments, and requirements for States with
respect to covered outpatient drugs.
This final rule implements sections 6001(a)-(d), 6002, and 6003 of
the DRA, Pub. L. 109-171 (Feb. 8, 2006). It also codifies those parts
of section 1927 of
[[Page 39143]]
the Act that pertain to requirements for drug manufacturers'
calculation and reporting of AMP and best price, and it revises
existing regulations that set upper payment limits for certain covered
outpatient drugs. This final rule also implements section 1903(i)(10)
of the Act, as revised by the DRA, with regard to the denial of FFP in
expenditures for certain physician-administered drugs. Finally, the
rule addresses other provisions of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, to
the extent those provisions are affected by the DRA.
The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program was established by section 4401 of
the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA 90), Pub. L. 101-
508 (Nov. 5, 1990) and subsequently modified by the Veterans Health
Care Act of 1992 (VHCA), Pub. L. 102-585 (Nov. 4, 1992) and the Omnibus
Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub. L. 103-66 (Aug. 10, 1993).
These provisions were implemented primarily through the national rebate
agreement (56 Fed. Reg. 7049 (Feb. 21, 1991)) and other informal
program releases, which provide standards for manufacturer reporting
and rebate calculations. The statutory changes that affect the
provisions of this final rule are described below.
B. Changes Made by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005
Section 6001(a) of the DRA amends section 1927(e) of the Act to
revise the formula CMS uses to set FULs for multiple source drugs.
Effective January 1, 2007, the upper limit for multiple source drugs
shall be established at 250 percent of the AMP (as computed without
regard to customary prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers) for
the least costly therapeutic equivalent.
Section 6001(b) of the DRA amends section 1927(b)(3) of the Act to
create a requirement that manufacturers report certain prices to the
Secretary monthly. It also requires the Secretary to provide AMP to
States on a monthly basis beginning July 1, 2006 and post AMP on a Web
site at least quarterly. We are aware of concerns that the AMPs
released to the States beginning July 1, 2006, will not reflect changes
to the definition of AMP made by the DRA and finalized in this rule.
While we made the AMPs available to the States beginning July 1, 2006,
States should keep these data confidential in accordance with section
1927(b)(3)(D) of the Act. Section 6001(b) of the DRA revises these
confidentiality provisions, effective January 1, 2007, to permit States
to use AMP to calculate payment rates.
Section 6001(c) of the DRA modifies the definition of AMP to remove
customary prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers from the AMP
calculation and requires manufacturers to report these customary prompt
pay discounts to the Secretary. It requires the Inspector General of
the Department of Health and Human Services (IG) to review the
requirements for, and the manner in which, AMP is determined and submit
to the Secretary and Congress any recommendations for changes no later
than June 1, 2006. Finally, it requires the Secretary to promulgate a
regulation that clarifies the requirements for, and the manner in
which, AMP is determined no later than July 1, 2007, taking into
consideration any IG recommendations.
Section 6001(d) of the DRA requires manufacturers to report
information on sales at nominal price to the Secretary for calendar
quarters beginning on or after January 1, 2007. It also specifies the
entities to which nominal price applies. It limits the merely nominal
exclusion to sales at nominal prices to the following: a covered entity
described in section 340B(a)(4) of the Public Health Service Act
(PHSA), an intermediate care facility for the mentally retarded (ICF/
MR), a State-owned or operated nursing facility, and any other facility
or entity that the Secretary determines is a safety net provider to
which sales of such drugs at a nominal price would be appropriate,
based on certain factors such as type of facility or entity, services
provided by the facility or entity, and patient population.
Section 6001(e) of the DRA amends section 1927 of the Act to
provide for a survey of retail prices and State performance rankings.
These provisions were not addressed in the proposed rule.
Section 6001(f) of the DRA makes minor amendments to section
1927(g) of the Act which are self-implementing.
Section 6001(g) of the DRA provides that the amendments in section
6001 are effective on January 1, 2007, unless otherwise noted.
Section 6002 of the DRA amends section 1903(i)(10) of the Act by
prohibiting Medicaid FFP for physician-administered drugs unless States
submit the utilization data described in section 1927(a) of the Act. It
also amends section 1927 of the Act to require the submission of
utilization data for physician-administered drugs.
Section 6003(a) of the DRA amends section 1927(b)(3)(A) of the Act
to require manufacturers to include within AMP and best price all of
its drugs that are sold under a new drug application (NDA) approved
under section 505(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA) when they report AMP and best price to the Secretary.
Section 6003(b) of the DRA amends section 1927(c)(1)(C) of the Act
to clarify that manufacturers must include the lowest price available
to any entity for a drug sold under an NDA approved under section
505(c) of the FFDCA when determining best price. Section 6003(b) also
amends section 1927(k) of the Act to require that in the case of a
manufacturer that approves, allows, or otherwise permits any of its
drugs to be sold under an NDA approved under section 505(c) of the
FFDCA, the AMP shall be calculated to include the average price paid
for such drugs by wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail
pharmacy class of trade. Section 6003(c) of the DRA provides that the
amendments made by section 6003 are effective January 1, 2007.
C. Proposed Rule Published September 19, 1995
On September 19, 1995, CMS (then the Health Care Financing
Administration) published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (60
FR 48442 (Sept. 19, 1995)). The purpose of the 1995 proposed rule was
to propose regulations pertaining to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program
and to address the national rebate agreement (56 FR 7049 (Feb. 21,
1991)). On August 29, 2003, CMS finalized two of the provisions in the
1995 proposed rule through a final rule with comment period (68 FR
51912). These regulations require manufacturers to retain records for
data used to calculate AMP and best price for three years from when AMP
and best price are reported to CMS. We also provided that manufacturers
should report revisions to AMP and best price for a period not to
exceed twelve quarters from the quarter in which the data are due. On
November 26, 2004, we published final regulations (69 FR 68815) that
require a manufacturer to retain pricing data for 10 years from the
date the manufacturer reports that data to CMS and for an additional
time frame where the manufacturer is the subject of an audit or
government investigation. Due to the time that has elapsed since
publication of the 1995 proposed rule and changes in the prescription
drug industry, we do not plan to finalize the other provisions of that
proposed rule, and any comments on the 1995 proposed rule are outside
the scope of this final rule with comment period. This final rule with
comment period does not address the entire Medicaid Drug Rebate
Program, but focuses primarily on the provisions of the DRA
[[Page 39144]]
that address the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program.
II. Provisions of the Proposed Regulations
Basis and Purpose of Subpart I (Sec. 447.500)
We proposed that this subpart would implement specified provisions
of sections 1927, 1903(i)(10), and 1902(a)(54) of the Act related to
implementation of the DRA. It would include requirements related to
State plans, FFP for drugs, and the payment for covered outpatient
drugs under Medicaid. In the proposed rule, we also proposed to move
the existing Medicaid drug provisions in the Federal regulations from
subpart F to subpart I of 42 CFR part 447.
Definitions (Sec. 447.502)
We proposed that the rule include definitions of key terms used in
42 CFR part 447, subpart I. We proposed to use definitions from several
sources, including the Act, Federal regulations, program guidance, and
the national rebate agreement. We invited the public to provide
comments on the terms we chose to define as well as the definitions
described below.
We proposed to define ``bona fide service fee'' as a fee paid by a
manufacturer to an entity, that represents fair market value for a bona
fide, itemized service actually performed on behalf of the manufacturer
that a manufacturer would otherwise perform (or contract for) in the
absence of the service arrangement, and that is not passed in whole or
in part to a client or customer of an entity, whether or not the entity
takes title to the drug.
We proposed to define ``brand name drug'' as a single source or
innovator multiple source drug.
We proposed to define ``bundled sale'' as an arrangement regardless
of physical packaging under which the rebate, discount, or other price
concession is conditioned upon the purchase of the same drug or drugs
of different types (that is, at the nine-digit National Drug Code (NDC)
level) or some other performance requirement (for example, the
achievement of market share, inclusion or tier placement on a
formulary), or where the resulting discounts or other price concessions
are greater than those which would have been available had the bundled
drugs been purchased separately or outside the bundled arrangement. For
bundled sales, the discounts are allocated proportionately to the
dollar value of the units of each drug sold under the bundled
arrangement. For bundled sales where multiple drugs are discounted, the
aggregate value of all the discounts should be proportionately
allocated across all the drugs in the bundle.
We proposed to define ``Consumer Price Index--Urban (CPI-U)'' as
the same as it is defined in the national rebate agreement, except we
would replace ``U.S. Department of Commerce'' with ``U.S. Department of
Labor'' to reflect that the Department of Labor is now responsible for
updating the CPI-U. Therefore, the term CPI-U would mean the index of
consumer prices developed and updated by the U.S. Department of Labor.
For purposes of this subpart, it would be the CPI for all urban
consumers (U.S. average) for the month before the beginning of the
calendar quarter for which the rebate is paid.
We proposed to define ``dispensing fee'' similarly to how it is
defined for the Medicare Part D program in 42 CFR 423.100 in light of
some of the parallels of Part D to Medicaid. We proposed to define this
term in order to assist States in their evaluation of factors in
establishing a reasonable dispensing fee to pharmacy providers. We note
that while we proposed to define this term, we do not intend to mandate
a specific formula or methodology which the States must use to
determine the dispensing fee. The formula is consistent with our
regulation that defines estimated acquisition costs which give States
flexibility to determine EAC. However, consistent with a recommendation
made by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) in its report,
``Determining Average Manufacturer Prices for Prescription Drugs under
the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,'' (A-06-06-00063) May 2006, we
encouraged States to analyze the relationship between AMP and pharmacy
acquisition costs to ensure that the Medicaid Program appropriately
reimburses pharmacies for estimated acquisition costs.
We proposed to define ``dispensing fee'' as the fee which--
(1) is incurred at the point of sale and pays for costs other than
the ingredient cost of a covered outpatient drug each time a covered
outpatient drug is dispensed;
(2) includes only pharmacy costs associated with ensuring that
possession of the appropriate covered outpatient drug is transferred to
a Medicaid beneficiary. Pharmacy costs include, but are not limited to,
any reasonable costs associated with a pharmacist's time in checking
the computer for information about an individual's coverage, performing
drug utilization review and preferred drug list review activities,
measurement or mixing of the covered outpatient drug, filling the
container, beneficiary counseling, physically providing the completed
prescription to the Medicaid beneficiary, delivery, special packaging,
and overhead associated with maintaining the facility and equipment
necessary to operate the pharmacy; and
(3) does not include administrative costs incurred by the State in
the operation of the covered outpatient drug benefit including systems
costs for interfacing with pharmacies.
We proposed to define ``innovator multiple source drug'' based on
the definition in section 1927(k)(7)(A)(ii) of the Act. We also
proposed using the definition from the national rebate agreement.
Innovator multiple source drug would mean a multiple source drug that
was originally marketed under an original NDA approved by the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA). It would include a drug product marketed by
any cross-licensed producers or distributors operating under the NDA
and a covered outpatient drug approved under an NDA, Product License
Approval (PLA), Establishment License Approval (ELA) or Antibiotic Drug
Approval (ADA). We believe this definition is consistent with our
understanding of the drug rebate statute and section 6003 of the DRA
which includes within the definition those drugs which often receive a
certain amount of patent protection and/or market exclusivity.
We proposed to define ``manufacturer'' based on the definition in
section 1927(k)(5) of the Act and the national rebate agreement. It
would also mirror the current definition of manufacturer used by
Medicare in the regulations regarding manufacturer's average sales
price (ASP) data. For purposes of the Medicaid Program, we proposed
that manufacturer would be defined as any entity that possesses legal
title to the NDC for a covered drug or biological product and--
(a) is engaged in the production, preparation, propagation,
compounding, conversion, or processing of covered outpatient drug
products, either directly or indirectly by extraction from substances
of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or
by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis; or
(b) Is engaged in the packaging, repackaging, labeling, relabeling,
or distribution of covered outpatient drug products and is not a
wholesaler of drugs or a retail pharmacy licensed under State law.
(c) With respect to authorized generic products, the term
``manufacturer'' will
[[Page 39145]]
also include the original holder of the NDA.
(d) With respect to drugs subject to private labeling arrangements,
the term ``manufacturer'' will also include those entities that do not
possess legal title to the NDC.
``Multiple source drug'' is currently defined in Federal
regulations at section 42 CFR 447.301. We proposed to remove the
definition from that section and revise the definition to reflect the
DRA amendments to section 1927 of the Act. We proposed to define the
term multiple source drug to mean, with respect to a rebate period, a
covered outpatient drug for which there is at least one other drug
product which--
(1) Is rated as therapeutically equivalent. For the list of drug
products rated as therapeutically equivalent, see the FDA's most recent
publication of ``Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence
Evaluations'' which is available at http://www.fda.gov/cder/orange/default.htm
or can be viewed at the FDA's Freedom of Information Public
Reading Room at 5600 Fishers Lane, rm. 12A-30, Rockville, MD 20857;
(2) Is pharmaceutically equivalent and bioequivalent, as determined
by the FDA; and
(3) Is sold or marketed in the United States during the rebate
period.
We proposed to define ``national drug code (NDC)'' as it is used by
the FDA and based on the definition used in the national rebate
agreement. For purposes of this subpart, it would mean the 11-digit
numerical code maintained by the FDA that indicates the labeler,
product, and package size, unless otherwise specified in the regulation
as being without respect to package size (9-digit numerical code).
``National rebate agreement'' is described in section 1927 of the
Act. Section 1927(b) of the Act outlines the terms of the national
rebate agreement, including reporting timeframes, manufacturer
responsibilities, penalties, and confidentiality of pricing data. We
proposed that the national rebate agreement would continue to be
defined as the rebate agreement developed by CMS and entered into by
CMS on behalf of the Secretary or his designee and a manufacturer to
implement section 1927 of the Act.
We proposed to define ``nominal price'' as it is in the national
rebate agreement. We proposed incorporating this definition in this
rule because it is the standard presently used in the Medicaid Program
and the Medicare Part B program, and is similar to that used by the
Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) in administering the Federal
Supply Schedule (FSS). We proposed that nominal price would mean a
price that is less than 10 percent of AMP in the same quarter for which
the AMP is computed.
``Rebate period'' is defined in section 1927(k)(8) of the Act as a
calendar quarter or other period specified by the Secretary with
respect to the payment of rebates under the national rebate agreement.
The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program currently operates using a calendar
quarter for the rebate period. While AMPs would be reported monthly for
purposes of calculating FULs and for release to States, we can find no
evidence in the legislative history of the DRA that Congress intended
to change the definition of rebate period. Therefore, we proposed to
define rebate period as a calendar quarter.
``Single source drug'' is defined in section 1927(k)(7)(A)(iv) of
the Act as a covered outpatient drug which is produced or distributed
under an original NDA approved by the FDA, including a drug product
marketed by any cross-licensed producers or distributors operating
under the NDA. It is further defined in the national rebate agreement
as a covered outpatient drug approved under a PLA, ELA, or ADA.
We proposed to define the term single source drug as it is defined
in the statute and the national rebate agreement.
Determination of Average Manufacturer Price (Sec. 447.504)
Background
Prior to the DRA, section 1927(k)(1) of the Act specified that the
AMP with respect to a covered outpatient drug of a manufacturer for a
rebate period is the average unit price paid to the manufacturer for
the drug in the United States by wholesalers for drugs distributed to
the retail pharmacy class of trade after deducting customary prompt pay
discounts.
The national rebate agreement (56 FR 7049 (Feb. 21, 1991)) further
specifies that:
Direct sales to hospitals, health maintenance
organizations (HMOs) and wholesalers, where the drug is relabeled under
that distributor's NDC number, and FSS prices are not included in the
calculation of AMP;
AMP includes cash discounts and all other price reductions
(other than rebates under section 1927 of the Act), which reduce the
actual price paid;
AMP is calculated as net sales divided by the number of
units sold, excluding free goods (that is, drugs or any other items
given away, but not contingent on any purchase requirements), and
Net sales means quarterly gross sales revenue less cash
discounts allowed and all other price reductions (other than rebates
under section 1927 of the Act) which reduce the actual price paid.
Consistent with these provisions, it has been our policy that in
order to provide a reflection of market transactions, the AMP for a
quarter should be adjusted by the manufacturer if cumulative discounts
or other arrangements subsequently adjust the prices actually realized.
AMP should be adjusted for bundled sales (as defined above) by
determining the total value of all the discounts on all drugs in the
bundle and allocating those discounts proportionately to the respective
AMP calculations. The aggregate discount is allocated proportionately
to the dollar value of the units of each drug sold under the bundled
arrangement. Where discounts are offered on multiple products in a
bundle, the aggregate value of all the discounts should be
proportionately allocated across all the drugs in the bundle. The
average unit price means a manufacturer's quarterly sales included in
AMP less all required adjustments divided by the total units sold and
included in AMP by the manufacturer in a quarter.
Provisions of the DRA
Section 6001(c)(1) of the DRA amended section 1927(k)(1) of the Act
to revise the definition of AMP to exclude customary prompt pay
discounts to wholesalers, effective January 1, 2007. Section 6001(c)(3)
of the DRA requires the OIG to review the requirements for and manner
in which AMPs are determined and recommend changes to the Secretary by
June 1, 2006. Section 6001(c)(3) of the DRA requires the Secretary to
clarify the requirements for and the manner in which AMPs are
determined by promulgating a regulation no later than July 1, 2007,
taking into consideration the OIG's recommendations.
OIG Recommendations on AMP
In accordance with 6001(c)(3) of the DRA, the OIG issued its
report, ``Determining Average Manufacturer Prices for Prescription
Drugs under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,'' (A-06-06-00063), in
May 2006. In this report, the OIG recommended that CMS:
Clarify the requirements in regard to the definition of
retail pharmacy class of trade and treatment of pharmacy benefit
manager (PBM) rebates and Medicaid sales and
Consider addressing issues raised by industry groups, such
as:
[[Page 39146]]
[cir] Administrative and service fees,
[cir] Lagged price concessions and returned goods,
[cir] The frequency of AMP reporting,
[cir] AMP restatements, and
[cir] Base date AMP.
The OIG also recommended that the Secretary direct CMS to:
Issue guidance in the near future that specifically
addresses the implementation of the AMP-related reimbursement
provisions of the DRA and
Encourage States to analyze the relationship between AMP
and pharmacy acquisition cost to ensure that the Medicaid Program
appropriately reimburses pharmacies for estimated acquisition costs.
We addressed these recommendations as we discussed provisions of
the proposed rule in the section below.
Definition of Retail Pharmacy Class of Trade and Determination of AMP
We recognize that there have been concerns expressed regarding AMP
because of inconsistencies in the way manufacturers determine AMP,
changes in the drug marketplace, and the introduction of newer business
practices such as payment of services fees. We also realize that in
light of the DRA amendments, AMP will serve two distinct purposes: For
drug rebate liability and for payments. For the purpose of determining
drug rebate liability, drug manufacturers would generally benefit from
a broad definition of retail pharmacy class of trade which would
include entities that purchase drugs at lower prices and which would
lower rebate liability. Including these lower prices would decrease the
AMP, decreasing manufacturers' rebate liability. The retail pharmacy
industry might benefit from a narrow definition of retail pharmacy
prices that would be limited to certain higher priced sales given that,
in light of the DRA amendments, States might use AMP to calculate
pharmacy payment rates. Excluding low-priced sales would increase AMP,
increasing, in all likelihood, manufacturers' rebate payments. The
pharmacy industry believes that mail order pharmacies and nursing home
pharmacies (long-term care pharmacies) pay less for drugs than retail
pharmacies (for example, independents and chain pharmacies), and thus
the inclusion of such prices would lower AMP below the price paid by
such retail pharmacies.
The statute mandates that, effective January 1, 2007, the Secretary
use AMP when computing FULs. For this purpose, we proposed excluding
certain outlier payments (see our discussion in the FULs section for a
more complete description of outlier exclusions). The statute also
requires that AMP be provided to States monthly and be posted on a
public Web site. While there is no requirement that States use AMPs to
set payment amounts, we believe the Congress intended that States have
drug pricing data based on actual prices, in contrast to previously
available data that did not necessarily reflect actual manufacturer
prices of sales to the retail pharmacy class of trade. We considered
several options to define what prices should be included in AMP. We
considered including only prices of sales to retail pharmacies that
dispense drugs to the general public (for example, independent and
chain pharmacies) in retail pharmacy class of trade and removing prices
to mail order pharmacies, nursing home pharmacies (long-term care
pharmacies), and PBMs. We proposed that this definition would address
the retail pharmacy industry's contentions that an AMP used for
reimbursement to retail pharmacies should only reflect prices of sales
to those pharmacies which dispense drugs to the general public.
The exclusion of prices to mail order pharmacies, nursing home
facilities (long-term care facilities), and PBMs would substantially
reduce the number of transactions included in AMP. Removal of these
prices would simplify AMP calculations for manufacturers because it is
our understanding that certain data (for example, PBM pricing data) are
difficult for manufacturers to capture. In addition, removal of these
prices would address differing interpretations of CMS policy identified
by the OIG and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) due to the
lack of a clear definition of AMP or specific guidance regarding which
retail prices should be included in AMP. However, such a removal would
not be consistent with past policy, as specified in Manufacturer
Releases 28 and 29 (http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidDrugRebateProgram/03_DrugMfrReleases.asp#TopOfPage
), would likely result in a higher
AMP, and would result in an increase in drug manufacturers' rebate
liabilities.
We also considered not revising the entities included in the retail
pharmacy class of trade. However, this would not address the issues
identified by the OIG in its report, ``Medicaid Drug Rebates: The
Health Care Financing Administration Needs to Provide Additional
Guidance to Drug Manufacturers to Better Implement the Program,'' (A-
06-91-00092), November 1992 and GAO in its report ``Medicaid Drug
Rebate Program--Inadequate Oversight Raises Concerns about Rebates Paid
to States,'' (GAO-05-102), February 2005.
We believe, based in part on the OIG and GAO reports, that retail
pharmacy class of trade means that sector of the drug marketplace,
similar to the marketplace for other goods and services, which
dispenses drugs to the general public and which includes all price
concessions related to such goods and services. As such, we proposed
excluding from AMP the prices of sales to nursing home pharmacies
(long-term care pharmacies) because nursing home pharmacies do not
dispense to the general public. We proposed including in AMP the prices
of sales and discounts to mail order pharmacies. We considered limiting
mail order pharmacy prices to only those prices that are offered to all
pharmacies under similar terms and conditions. However, given our
belief that such prices are simply another form of how drugs enter into
the retail pharmacy class of trade, we proposed maintaining these
prices in the definition. We noted that even were we to incorporate
this change, retail pharmacies may not be able to meet the terms and
conditions placed on mail order pharmacies to be eligible for some
manufacturer price concessions. CMS sought public comment on the
inclusion of all mail order pharmacy prices in our definition of retail
pharmacy class of trade for purposes of inclusion in the determination
of AMP.
We recognized that a major factor contributing to the determination
of AMP is the treatment of PBMs. These entities have assumed a
significant role in drug distribution since the enactment of the
Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in 1990. We considered how PBM rebates,
discounts, or other price concessions should be recognized for purposes
of AMP calculations.
A GAO report, ``Medicaid Drug Rebate Program--Inadequate Oversight
Raises Concerns about Rebates Paid to States,'' (GAO-05-102), in
February 2005, indicated that the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program does not
clearly address certain financial concessions negotiated by PBMs. The
GAO recommended that we issue clear guidance on manufacturer price
determination methods and the definitions of AMP and best price, and
update such guidance as additional issues arise.
The issue regarding PBMs was also addressed in the OIG report,
``Determining Average Manufacturer Prices for Prescription Drugs under
the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,'' (A-06-06-00063), in May 2006. In
this report, the OIG recommended that we clarify the treatment of PBM
rebates. This
[[Page 39147]]
report says that manufacturers treat rebates and fees paid to PBMs in
the calculation of AMP in three different ways. Specifically they found
that manufacturers (1) did not subtract rebates or fees paid to PBMs
from the AMP calculation; (2) subtracted the rebates or fees paid to
PBMs; or (3) subtracted a portion of the PBMs rebates or fees from the
AMP calculation.
In developing the proposed rule, we considered including all
rebates, discounts and other price concessions from PBMs in the
determination of AMP. We also considered excluding rebates, discounts
and other price concessions from PBMs in the determination of AMP.
One of the most difficult issues with PBM discounts, rebates, or
other price concessions is that manufacturers contend that they do not
know what part of these discounts, rebates, or other price concessions
is kept by the PBM for the cost of its activities and profit, what part
is passed on to the health insurer or other insurer or other entity
with which the PBM contracts, and what part, if any, that entity passes
on to pharmacies. Despite the difficulties of including certain PBM
rebates, discounts or other price concessions in AMP, excluding all of
these price concessions could result in an artificial inflation of AMP.
For this reason, we proposed to include PBM rebates, discounts, or
other price concessions for drugs provided to the retail pharmacy class
of trade for the purpose of determining AMP; however, we invited
comments on whether this proposal is operationally feasible.
As discussed more fully below, we proposed that PBM rebates and
price concessions that adjust the amount received by the manufacturer
for drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade should be
included in the calculation of AMP. We acknowledged that manufacturers
have a variety of arrangements with PBMs and thus invited comments on
all aspects of our proposal as explained below.
The national rebate agreement defines AMP to include cash discounts
and all other price reductions (other than rebates under section 1927
of the Act), which reduce the actual price paid to the manufacturer for
drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade. As noted in
Manufacturer Release 28 and reiterated in Manufacturer Release 29,
manufacturers have developed a myriad of arrangements whereby specific
discounts, chargebacks, or rebates are provided to PBMs which, in turn,
are passed on to the purchaser. Those releases recognize that certain
prices provided by manufacturers to PBMs should be included within AMP
calculations. In accordance with those releases, our position has been
that PBMs have no effect on the AMP calculations unless the PBM is
acting as a wholesaler as defined in the national rebate agreement. We
are concerned, however, that this position may unduly exclude from AMP
certain PBM prices and discounts which have an impact on prices paid to
the manufacturer.
We believe that AMP should be calculated to reflect the net drug
price recognized by the manufacturer, inclusive of any price
adjustments or discounts provided directly or indirectly by the
manufacturer. We were interested in comments on this proposal,
including the comments on the operational difficulties of including
such PBM arrangements within AMP calculations.
We recognize that the statute defines AMP as the average price paid
to the manufacturer by wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail
pharmacy class of trade; however, in light of our understanding of
congressional intent, we believe that the definition is meant to
capture discounts and other price adjustments, regardless of whether
such discounts or adjustments are provided directly or indirectly by
the manufacturer. We invited comments on this definition and whether
AMP should be calculated to include all adjustments that affect net
drug prices.
We acknowledged that there are many PBM/manufacturer arrangements.
To the extent manufacturers are offering rebates, discounts, or other
price concessions to the PBM that are not bona fide service fees, we
proposed that these lower prices should be included in the AMP
calculations. We requested comments on the operational difficulties of
tracking these rebates, discounts, or chargebacks provided to a PBM for
purposes of calculating AMP and on the inclusion of all such price
concessions in AMP. Specifically, we solicited comments on the extent
to which CMS should or should not define in regulation which rebates,
discounts, or price concessions provided to PBMs should be included in
AMP and how best to measure these. Also, we solicited public comment on
how these PBM price concessions should be reported to CMS to assure
that appropriate price adjustments are captured and included in the
determination of AMP.
Finally, we requested comments on any other issues that we should
take into account in making our final decisions. These included, but
were not limited to, possible Federal and State budgetary impacts (our
savings estimates assumed no budgetary impacts as generic drugs are
rarely, if ever, subject to PBM price adjustments in this context);
possible future evolution in industry pricing and management practices
(for example, growth of ``preferred'' generic drugs); and possible
impacts on reimbursement for brand name drugs under Medicaid. We were
generally interested in comments on how and to what extent PBMs act as
``wholesalers.'' We proposed to incorporate the explicitly listed
exclusions in section 1927 of the Act, and in the national rebate
agreement, which are direct sales to hospitals, HMOs/managed care
organizations (MCOs), wholesalers where the drug is relabeled under
that distributor's NDC and FSS prices.
The specific terms we proposed to clarify and the proposed
clarifications follow.
Retail Pharmacy Class of Trade: We proposed to include in the
definition of retail pharmacy class of trade any entity that purchases
prescription drugs from a manufacturer or wholesaler for dispensing to
the general public (for example, retail, independent, chain and mail
order pharmacies), except as otherwise specified by the statute or
regulation (for example, HMOs, hospitals).
PBM Price Concessions: We proposed to include any rebates,
discounts or other price adjustments provided by the manufacturer to
the PBM that affect the net price recognized by the manufacturer for
drugs provided to entities in the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Customary Prompt Pay Discounts: Prior to the DRA, neither the
statute nor the national rebate agreement defined customary prompt pay
discounts. The DRA revises the definition of AMP to exclude customary
prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers; however, it does not
revise or define customary prompt pay discounts. We proposed to define
customary prompt pay discounts as any discount off the purchase price
of a drug routinely offered by the manufacturer to a wholesaler for
prompt payment of purchased drugs within a specified time of the
payment due date.
Treatment of Medicaid Sales: The OIG recommended that we should
address whether AMP should include Medicaid prices of sales; that is,
prices of sales where the end payer for the drug is the Medicaid
Program. In its May 2006 report, the OIG noted confusion on this issue
and recommended that we clarify that these prices of sales are to be
included in AMP. It is our position that these sales are included in
AMP because they are not expressly excluded in the
[[Page 39148]]
statute. In the proposed rule, we also proposed clarifying that prices
to State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Title XIX through
an expanded Medicaid Program are covered under the provisions of
section 1927 of the Act and generally subsumed in Medicaid sales. As a
general matter, Medicaid does not directly purchase drugs from
manufacturers or wholesalers but instead reimburses pharmacies for
these drugs. Therefore, Medicaid sales are determined by the entities
that are actually in the sales chain and because Medicaid reimburses
pharmacies for drugs for Medicaid beneficiaries, integrated into the
chain of sales otherwise included in AMP.
In the proposed rule, we proposed clarifying that the units
associated with Medicaid sales should be included as part of the total
units in the AMP calculation. We proposed that AMP be calculated to
include all sales and associated discounts and other price concessions
provided by the manufacturer for drugs distributed to the retail
pharmacy class of trade unless the sale, discount, or other price
concession is specifically excluded by the statute or regulation or is
provided to an entity excluded by statute or regulation. Therefore, we
proposed clarifying that rebates paid to States under the Medicaid Drug
Rebate Program should be excluded from AMP calculations but that price
concessions associated with the sales of drugs in the retail pharmacy
class of trade which are provided to Medicaid patients should be
included.
We also proposed to clarify how the prices of sales to SCHIP Title
XXI non-Medicaid expansion programs should be treated. Like the
Medicaid Program, SCHIP non-Medicaid expansion programs do not directly
purchase drugs. Because such programs are not part of the Medicaid
Program, they are not covered under the provisions of section 1927 of
the Act. As with Medicaid sales, these sales are included in AMP to the
extent they concern sales at the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Therefore, these sales should not be backed out of the AMP calculation
to the extent that such sales are included within sales provided to the
retail pharmacy class of trade. Rebates and units associated with those
sales should also be included in the calculation of AMP.
Treatment of Medicare Part D Sales: We proposed clarifying that the
treatment of prices of sales through a Medicare Part D prescription
drug plan (PDP), a Medicare Advantage prescription drug plan (MA-PD),
or a qualified retiree prescription drug plan for covered Part D drugs
provided on behalf of Part D eligible individuals should be included in
the AMP calculation. Like the Medicaid Program, PDPs and MA-PDs do not
directly purchase drugs, but are usually third party payers. As with
Medicaid sales, these sales are included in AMP to the extent they are
sales to the retail pharmacy class of trade. Therefore, we believe
these prices of sales should not be backed out of the AMP. Rebates paid
by the manufacturer to the PDP or MA-PD should be included in the
calculation of AMP.
SPAP Price Concessions: In the proposed rule, we also proposed to
clarify how the prices to State pharmaceutical assistance programs
(SPAPs) should be treated. Like the Medicaid Program, PDPs, and MA-PDs,
SPAPs do not directly purchase drugs, but are generally third party
payers. As with Medicaid sales, these sales are included in AMP to the
extent the sales are to an entity included in the retail pharmacy class
of trade. Therefore, we proposed that SPAP sales should not be backed
out of the AMP calculation. Rebates paid by the manufacturer to the
SPAP should be included in the calculation of AMP.
Prices to Other Federal Programs: We proposed that any prices on or
after October 1, 1992, to the Indian Health Service (IHS), the DVA, a
State home receiving funds under section 1741 of title 38, United
States Code, the Department of Defense (DoD), the Public Health Service
(PHS), or a covered entity described in subsection 1927(a)(5)(B) of the
Act (including inpatient prices charged to hospitals described in
section 340B(a)(4)(L) of the PHSA); any prices charged under the FSS of
the General Services Administration (GSA); and any depot prices
(including TRICARE) and single award contract prices, as defined by the
Secretary, of any agency of the Federal Government are excluded from
the calculation of AMP. We proposed that the prices to these entities
should be excluded from AMP because the prices to these entities are
not available to the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Administrative and Service Fees: Current Medicaid drug rebate
policy is that administrative fees which include service fees and
distribution fees, incentives, promotional fees, chargebacks and all
discounts or rebates, other than rebates under the Medicaid Drug Rebate
Program, should be included in the calculation of AMP, if those sales
are to an entity included in the calculation of AMP. The OIG has noted
in its report, ``Determining Average Manufacturer Prices for
Prescription Drugs under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,'' (A-06-06-
00063), May 2006, that confusion exists about the treatment of fees,
such as service fees negotiated between a manufacturer and
pharmaceutical distributor. Some believe that these fees should not be
included in AMP because the manufacturer does not know if the fees act
to reduce the price paid by the end purchasers. Others believe such
fees should be included in the calculation, which would reduce AMP
because they serve as a price concession. For the same reason as for
sales to PBMs, we proposed that all fees except fees paid for bona fide
services should be included in AMP. We proposed that bona fide service
fees means fees paid by a manufacturer to an entity, which represent
fair market value for a bona fide, itemized service actually performed
on behalf of the manufacturer that the manufacturer would otherwise
perform (or contract for) in the absence of the service arrangement,
and which are not passed in whole or in part to a client or customer of
an entity, whether or not the entity takes title to the drug. Medicare
Part B also adopted this definition in its final rule with comment
period that was published on December 1, 2006 (71 FR 69623 through
70251) that implemented the ASP provisions enacted in the Medicare
Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA). We
did not propose to define fair market value. However, CMS invited
comments from the public regarding an appropriate definition for fair
market value.
Direct Patient Sales: In response to manufacturers' questions, CMS
has stated previously that covered outpatient drugs sold to patients
through direct programs should be included in the calculation of AMP.
These sales are usually for specialty drugs through a direct
distribution arrangement, where the manufacturer retains ownership of
the drug and pays either an administrative or service fee to a third
party for functions such as the storage, delivery and billing of the
drug. Some manufacturers have contended that direct patient sales for
covered outpatient drugs sold by a manufacturer through a direct
distribution channel should not qualify for inclusion in the
calculation of AMP because the Medicaid rebate statute and the national
rebate agreement do not address covered outpatient drugs that are not
sold to wholesalers and/or not distributed in the retail pharmacy class
of trade. We believe that the distributor is acting as a wholesaler and
these sales are to the retail pharmacy class of trade. In light
[[Page 39149]]
of this, we proposed that these sales and the rebates associated with
these sales to patients through direct programs would be included in
AMP. CMS invited comments from the public on this proposed policy.
Returned Goods: Current Medicaid Drug Rebate Program policy is that
returned goods are credited back to the manufacturer in either the
quarter of sale or quarter of receipt. This has caused difficulty for
some manufacturers when these returns have substantially reduced AMP in
a quarter or resulted in a negative AMP. In light of these concerns, we
proposed to exclude returned goods from the calculation of AMP when
returned in good faith. CMS considers that goods are being returned in
good faith when they are being returned pursuant to manufacturer
policies which are not designed to manipulate or artificially inflate
or deflate AMP. The Medicare Part B program excludes returned goods
from the calculation of ASP. The exclusion of returned goods will allow
the manufacturer to calculate and report an AMP that is more reflective
of its true pricing policies to the retail pharmacy class of trade in
the reporting period. It lessens the administrative burden and problems
associated with allocating the returned goods back to the reporting
period in which they were sold, as well as eliminating artificially
low, zero or negative AMPs that may result from these adjustments.
Manufacturer Coupons: In the proposed rule, we proposed to clarify
how manufacturer coupons should be treated. The treatment of
manufacturer coupons has been problematic for CMS as well as some
manufacturers. We proposed to include coupons redeemed by any entity
other than the consumer in the calculation of AMP. We believe that the
redemption of coupons by the consumer directly to the manufacturer is
not included in the retail pharmacy class of trade. In the proposed
rule, we proposed to exclude coupons redeemed by the consumer directly
to the manufacturer from the calculation of AMP. CMS invited comments
from the public on the proposed policy.
Future Clarifications of AMP: Based on past comments from the GAO
and the OIG and recommendations of the OIG in its May 2006 report on
AMP, we believe that we need to have the ability to clarify the
definition of AMP in an expedited manner in order to address the
evolving marketplace for the sale of drugs. We proposed to address
future clarifications of AMP through the issuance of program releases
and by posting the clarifications on the CMS Web site as needed.
Requirements for Average Manufacturer Price
To implement the provisions set forth in sections 6001 and 6003 of
the DRA related to AMP, we proposed a new Sec. 447.504. In
Sec. 447.504(a), we proposed a revised definition of AMP and clarified
that AMP is determined without regard to customary prompt pay discounts
extended to wholesalers. In Sec. 447.504(b), we proposed to define
average unit price. In Sec. 447.504(c), we proposed to define customary
prompt pay discount. In Sec. 447.504(d), we proposed to define net
sales. In Sec. 447.504(e), we proposed to define retail pharmacy class
of trade. In Sec. 447.504(f), we proposed to define wholesaler. In
Sec. 447.504(g), we described in detail the sales, rebates, discounts,
or other price concessions that must be included in AMP. In
Sec. 447.504(h), we described the sales, rebates, discounts, or other
price concessions that must be excluded from AMP. In Sec. 447.504(i),
we provided further clarification about how manufacturers should
account for price reductions and other pricing arrangements which
should be included in the calculation of AMP.
Determination of Best Price (Sec. 447.505)
Prior to the DRA, section 1927(c)(1)(C) of the Act provided that
manufacturers must include in their best price calculation, for a
single source or innovator multiple source drug, the lowest price
available from the manufacturers during the rebate period to any
wholesaler, retailer, provider, HMO, non-profit entity, or governmental
entity within the United States except for those entities specifically
excluded by statute. Excluded from best price are prices charged on or
after October 1, 1992, to the IHS, the DVA, a State home receiving
funds under section 1741 of title 38, United States Code, the DoD, the
PHS, or a covered entity described in section 1927(a)(5)(B) of the Act
(including inpatient prices charged to hospitals described in section
340B(a)(4)(L) of the PHSA); any prices charged under the FSS of the
GSA; any prices used under an SPAP; any depot prices (including
TRICARE) and single award contract prices, as defined by the Secretary,
of any agency of the Federal Government; and prices to a Medicare Part
D PDP, an MA-PD, or a qualified retiree prescription drug plan for
covered Part D drugs provided on behalf of Part D eligible individuals.
The statute further specifies that best price:
Includes cash discounts, free goods that are contingent on
any purchase requirement, volume discounts and rebates (other than
rebates under section 1927 of the Act), which reduce the price paid;
Must be determined on a unit basis without regard to
special packaging, labeling or identifiers on the dosage form or
product or package;
Must not take into account prices that are merely nominal
in amount.
Consistent with these provisions and the national rebate agreement,
it has been our policy that in order to reflect market transactions,
the best price for a rebate period should be adjusted by the
manufacturer if cumulative discounts or other arrangements subsequently
adjust the prices actually realized.
Best price should be adjusted for any bundled sale. The drugs in a
``bundle'' do not have to be physically packaged together to constitute
a ``bundle,'' just part of the same bundled transaction.
Section 1927(c)(1)(C)(ii)(I) of the Act specifies that best price
must include free goods that are contingent on any purchase
requirement. Thus, only those free goods that are not contingent on any
purchase requirements may be excluded from best price.
Section 103(e) of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA)
modified the definition of best price by excluding prices which are
negotiated by a PDP under part D of title XVIII of the Act, by any MA-
PD plan under part C of such title with respect to covered part D
drugs, or by a qualified retiree prescription drug plan (as defined in
section 1860D-22(a)(2) of the Act) with respect to such drugs on behalf
of individuals entitled to benefits under part A or enrolled under part
B of such title. Section 1002(a) of the MMA modified section
1927(c)(1)(C)(i)(I) of the Act by clarifying that inpatient prices
charged to hospitals described in section 340B(a)(4)(L) of the PHSA are
exempt from best price.
Section 6003 of the DRA amended section 1927(c)(1)(C) of the Act by
revising the definition of best price to clarify that the best price
includes the lowest price available to any entity for any such drug of
a manufacturer that is sold under an NDA approved under section 505(c)
of the FFDCA.
In the proposed rule we proposed to define best price with respect
to a single source drug or innovator multiple source drug of a
manufacturer, including any drug sold under an NDA approved under
section 505(c) of the FFDCA, as the lowest price available from the
manufacturer during the rebate period to any entity in the United
States in any pricing structure (including capitated payments) in the
same quarter for which the AMP is computed. It
[[Page 39150]]
continues to be our policy that best price reflects the lowest price at
which the manufacturer sells a covered outpatient drug to any
purchaser, except those prices specifically exempted by law. We
proposed to define provider as a hospital; HMO, including an MCO or
PBM; or other entity that treats individuals for illnesses or injuries
or provides services or items in the provisions of health care.
As with the determination of AMP, the DRA does not establish a
mechanism to clarify how best price is to be determined should new
entities be formed after this regulation takes effect. We believe that
we need to have the ability to clarify best price in an expedited
manner in order to address the evolving marketplace for the sale of
drugs. We proposed to address future clarifications to best price
through the issuance of program releases and by posting the
clarifications on the CMS Web site as needed. Even though the DRA did
not require CMS to clarify the requirements for best price, we
determined that it was reasonable to propose these provisions in the
proposed rule, consistent with long-standing Medicaid Drug Rebate
Program policy and the MMA with respect to best price as revised by the
DRA.
We proposed to incorporate the explicitly listed exclusions in
section 1927 of the Act, which are prices charged on or after October
1, 1992, to the IHS, the DVA, a State home receiving funds under
section 1741 of title 38, United States Code, the DoD, the PHS, or a
covered entity described in section 1927(a)(5)(B) of the Act (including
inpatient prices charged to hospitals described in section
340B(a)(4)(L) of the PHSA); any prices charged under the FSS of the
GSA; any prices paid under an SPAP; any depot prices (including
TRICARE) and single award contract prices, as defined by the Secretary,
of any agency of the Federal Government; and payments made by a
Medicare Part D PDP, an MA-PD, or a qualified retiree prescription drug
plan for covered Part D drugs provided on behalf of Part D eligible
individuals. We proposed to codify this policy and require that
manufacturers exclude the prices to these entities from best price.
Because best price represents the lowest price available from the
manufacturer to any entity with respect to a single source drug or
innovator multiple source drug of a manufacturer, including an
authorized generic, any price concession associated with that sale
should be netted out of the price received by the manufacturer in
calculating best price and best price should be adjusted by the
manufacturer if other arrangements subsequently adjust the prices
actually realized. We proposed to consider any price adjustment which
ultimately affects those prices which are actually realized by the
manufacturer as ``other arrangements'' and that such adjustment should
be included in the calculation of best price, except to the extent that
such adjustments qualify as bona fide service fees.
We proposed that best price be calculated to include all sales,
discounts, and other price concessions provided by the manufacturer for
covered outpatient drugs to any entity unless the manufacturer can
demonstrate that the sale, discount, or other price concession is
specifically excluded by statute or is provided to an entity not
included in the rebate calculation. To the extent that an entity is not
included in the best price calculation, both sales and associated
discounts or other price concessions provided to such an entity should
be excluded from the calculation. The specific terms we propose to
clarify and the proposed clarification follow.
The national rebate agreement defines best price, in part, as the
lowest price at which the manufacturer sells the covered outpatient
drug to any purchaser in the United States. We proposed to codify this
policy in the proposed rule.
Customary Prompt Pay Discounts: The DRA revises the definition of
AMP to exclude customary prompt pay discounts to wholesalers; however,
it does not change the definition of best price to exclude customary
prompt pay discounts. Therefore, we proposed to include customary
prompt pay discounts in best price.
PBM Price Concessions: We recognize that a major factor
contributing to the determination of best price includes the treatment
of PBMs. These entities have assumed a significant role in drug
distribution since the enactment of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in
1990.
As noted in Manufacturer Release 28 and reiterated in Manufacturer
Release 29, manufacturers have developed a myriad of arrangements
whereby specific discounts, chargebacks, or rebates are provided to
PBMs which in turn are passed on to the purchaser. In such situations
where discounts, chargebacks, or rebates are used to adjust drug prices
at the wholesaler or retail level, such adjustments are included in the
best price calculation.
A GAO report, ``Medicaid Drug Rebate Program--Inadequate Oversight
Raises Concerns about Rebates Paid to States,'' (GAO-05-102), in
February 2005, indicated that the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program does not
clearly address certain financial concessions negotiated by PBMs. The
GAO recommended that we issue clear guidance on manufacturer price
determination methods and the definitions of AMP and best price, and
update such guidance as additional issues arise.
The issue regarding PBMs was also addressed in the recently issued
OIG report, ``Determining Average Manufacturer Prices for Prescription
Drugs under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,'' (A-06-06-00063), in
May 2006. In this report, the OIG recommended that we clarify the
treatment of PBM rebates.
One of the most difficult issues with PBM discounts, price
concessions, or rebates is that manufacturers contend that they do not
know what part of these discounts, price concessions, or rebates are
kept by the PBM for the cost of their activities and profit, what part
is passed on to the health insurer or other insurer or other entity
with which the PBM contracts, and what part that entity passes on to
pharmacies.
Despite the difficulties of including certain PBM rebates,
discounts or other price concessions in best price, excluding these
price concessions could result in an artificial inflation of best
price. We proposed to include PBM rebates, discounts, or other price
concessions for the purpose of determining best price.
To the extent manufacturers are offering PBMs rebates, discounts,
or other price concessions, these lower prices should be included in
the best price calculations. Therefore, where the use of the PBM by
manufacturers affects the price available from the manufacturer, we
proposed that these lower prices should be reflected in best price
calculations. We acknowledged that there are many PBM/manufacturer
arrangements.
We believe that PBMs often obtain rebates, discounts, or other
price concessions which adjust prices, either directly or indirectly.
Unless the fees/discounts qualify as bona fide service fees (which are
excluded), we proposed that the PBM rebates, discounts, or chargebacks
should be included in best price. We proposed to consider these
rebates, discounts, or chargebacks in best price calculations. CMS
invited public comment on the inclusion of certain PBM price
concessions in the determination of best price. Also, we solicited
public comment on how these PBM price concessions should be reported to
CMS to assure that appropriate price concessions are captured and
included in the determination of best price.
[[Page 39151]]
We proposed to incorporate the explicitly listed exclusions in
section 1927 of the Act and in the national rebate agreement. Because
best price represents the prices available from the manufacturer for
prescription drugs, best price should be adjusted by the manufacturer
if other arrangements subsequently adjust the prices actually realized.
We proposed to consider that any price adjustment which ultimately
affects those prices which are actually realized by the manufacturer as
``other arrangements'' and that such an adjustment should be included
in the calculation of best price. The specific terms we proposed to
clarify and the proposed clarifications follow.
Administrative and Service Fees: We proposed that administrative
fees which include service fees and distribution fees, incentives,
promotional fees, chargebacks and all discounts or rebates, other than
rebates under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, should be included in
the calculation of best price, if those sales are to an entity included
in the calculation of best price. As previously discussed, the OIG has
noted in its report, ``Determining Average Manufacturer Prices for
Prescription Drugs under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,'' (A-06-06-
00063), May 2006, that confusion exists about the treatment of fees,
such as service fees negotiated between a manufacturer and
pharmaceutical distributor for AMP and best price. We believe that
price adjustments which ultimately affect those prices which are
actually available from the manufacturer should be included in best
price. We proposed that manufacturers should include all such fees
except bona fide service fees provided at fair market value in the best
price calculation.
Treatment of Medicare Part D Prices: In the proposed rule, we
proposed to clarify the treatment of prices which are negotiated by a
Medicare Part D PDP, an MA-PD, or a qualified retiree prescription drug
plan for covered Part D drugs provided on behalf of Part D eligible
individuals. We proposed that these prices are exempt from the best
price. Section 1860D-2(d)(1)(C) of the Act specifically states that
``prices negotiated by a prescription drug plan, by an MA-PD plan with
respect to covered part D drugs, or by a qualified retiree prescription
drug plan (as defined in section 1860D-22(a)(2)) with respect to such
drugs on behalf of Part D eligible individuals, shall (notwithstanding
any other provision of law) not be taken into account for the purposes
of establishing the best price under section 1927(c)(1)(C).''
Therefore, while we proposed that the prices listed above be included
for the purpose of calculating AMP, we proposed that prices negotiated
by a PDP, an MA-PD, or a qualified retiree prescription drug plan for
covered Part D drugs provided on behalf of Part D eligible individuals
not be taken into account for the purpose of establishing best price.
Manufacturer Coupons: In the proposed rule, we proposed to clarify
how manufacturer coupons should be treated for the purpose of
establishing best price. We believe that the redemption of coupons by
any entity other than the consumer to the manufacturer ultimately
affects the price paid by the entity (for example, retail pharmacy). We
proposed to include coupons redeemed by any entity other than the
consumer in the calculation of best price. We believe that the
redemption of coupons by the consumer directly to the manufacturer does
not affect the price paid by any entity whose sales are included in
best price. In the proposed rule, we proposed to exclude coupons
redeemed by the consumer directly to the manufacturer from the
calculation of best price. CMS invited comments from the public on this
proposed policy.
Medicaid Rebates and Supplemental Rebates: Section
1927(c)(1)(C)(ii)(I) of the Act and the national rebate agreement
provide that any rebates paid by manufacturers under section 1927 of
the Act are to be excluded from the calculation of best price.
Therefore, we proposed to exclude Medicaid rebates from best price.
Likewise, we considered rebates paid under CMS-authorized separate
(supplemental) Medicaid drug rebate agreements with States to meet this
requirement and proposed that these rebates be excluded from best
price. In accordance with section 1927 of the Act pertaining to the
determination of best price and our understanding of congressional
intent, we proposed a new Sec. 447.505. In Sec. 447.505(a), we
provided a general definition of the term best price. In Sec.
447.505(b), we proposed to define provider. In Sec. 447.505(c), we
specified the sales and prices which must be included in best price. In
Sec. 447.505(d), we specified which sales and prices must be excluded
from best price. In Sec. 447.505(e), we further clarified the price
reductions and other pricing arrangements included in the calculation
of best price.
Authorized Generic Drugs (Sec. 447.506)
In the proposed rule, we stated that drug manufacturers
participating in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are required to
report the AMP for each covered outpatient drug offered under the
Medicaid Program and the best price for each single source or innovator
multiple source drug available to any wholesaler, retailer, provider,
HMO, non-profit entity, or governmental entity with certain exceptions.
For purposes of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, an authorized
generic is any drug product marketed under the innovator multiple
source drug or brand manufacturer's original NDA, but labeled with a
different NDC than the innovator multiple source drug or brand product.
According to our reading of the statute, authorized generics are single
source or innovator multiple source drugs for the purpose of computing
the drug rebate and are classified based on whether the drug is being
sold or marketed pursuant to an NDA. Responsibility for the rebate
rests with the manufacturer selling or marketing the drug to the retail
pharmacy class of trade.
We proposed to implement section 6003 of the DRA by proposing to
adopt the term ``authorized generic'' and define this term with respect
to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, as any drug sold, licensed or
marketed under an NDA approved by the FDA under section 505(c) of the
FFDCA that is marketed, sold or distributed directly or indirectly
under a different product code, labeler code, trade name, trademark, or
packaging (other than repackaging the listed drug for use in
institutions) than the listed drug.
Section 6003 of the DRA amended section 1927(b)(3)(A) of the Act to
include drugs approved under section 505(c) of the FFDCA in the
reporting requirements for the primary manufacturer (NDA holder) for
AMP and best price. We proposed to interpret the language of section
6003 of the DRA to include in the best price and AMP calculations of
the branded drugs, the authorized generic drugs that have been marketed
by another manufacturer or subsidiary of the brand manufacturer (or NDA
holder). We believe that to limit the applicability of this regulation
to the sellers of authorized generic drugs would allow manufacturers to
circumvent the intent of the provision by licensing rather than selling
the rights to such drugs. This is why we proposed a broad definition of
authorized generic drugs rather than a more narrow definition of such
drugs. We proposed to require the NDA holder to include sales of the
authorized generic product marketed by the secondary manufacturer or
the brand manufacturer's subsidiary in its calculation of AMP and best
price. We welcomed comments on this issue.
[[Page 39152]]
The secondary manufacturer or subsidiary of the brand manufacturer
would continue to pay the single source drug or innovator multiple
source drug rebate for the authorized generic drug products based on
utilization under its own NDC number, as required under current law. We
welcomed comments on these issues.
In Sec. 447.506(a), we proposed defining the term authorized
generic drug for the purposes of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program.
In Sec. 447.506(b), we proposed requiring the sales of authorized
generic drugs that have been sold or licensed to another manufacturer
to be included by the primary manufacturer as part of its calculation
of AMP for the single source or innovator multiple source drug
(including all such drugs that are sold under an NDA approved under
section 505(c) of the FFDCA).
In Sec. 447.506(c), we proposed requiring that sales of authorized
generic drugs by the secondary manufacturer that buys or licenses the
right to sell the drugs be included by the primary manufacturer in
sales used to determine the best price for the single source or
innovator multiple source drug approved under section 505(c) of the
FFDCA during the rebate period to any manufacturer, wholesaler,
retailer, provider, HMO, non-profit entity, or governmental entity
within the United States. The primary manufacturer must include in its
calculation of best price all sales of the authorized generic drug
which have been sold or marketed by a secondary manufacturer or by a
subsidiary of the brand manufacturer.
Exclusion From Best Price of Certain Sales at a Nominal Price (Sec.
447.508)
Pursuant to the terms of the national rebate agreement,
manufacturers excluded from their best price calculations outpatient
drug prices below ten percent of the AMP. The national rebate agreement
did not specify whether this nominal price exception applied to all
purchasers or to a subset of purchasers. Medicaid has used this
definition since the start of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and
Medicare Part B also adopted it in its April 6, 2004 interim final rule
with comment period (69 FR 17935) that implemented the ASP provisions
enacted in the MMA. It is also similar to the definition of nominal
price in the VHCA.
We proposed to continue to define nominal prices as prices at less
than 10 percent of the AMP in that same quarter; however, in accordance
with the DRA, we further proposed to specify that the nominal price
exception applies only when certain entities are the purchasers.
Section 6001(d)(2) of the DRA modified section 1927(c)(1) of the
Act to limit the nominal price exclusion from best price to exclude
only sales to certain entities and safety net providers. Specifically,
it excluded from best price those nominal price sales to 340B covered
entities as described in section 340B(a)(4) of the PHSA, ICFs/MR, and
State-owned or operated nursing facilities. In addition, the Secretary
has authority to identify as safety net providers other facilities or
entities to which sales at a nominal price will be excluded from best
price if he deems them eligible safety net providers based on four
factors: the type of facility or entity, the services provided by the
facility or entity, the patient population served by the facility or
entity and the number of other facilities or entities eligible to
purchase at nominal prices in the same service area.
Section 340B(a)(4) of the PHSA defines entities covered under that
provision. Covered entities include: a federally qualified health
center as defined in section 1905(l)(2)(B) of the Act; an entity
receiving a grant under section 340A of the PHSA; a family planning
project receiving a grant or contract under Section 1001 of the PHSA
(42 U.S.C. Sec. 300); an entity receiving a grant under subpart II of
part C of title XXVI of the PHSA (relating to categorical grants for
outpatient early intervention services for HIV disease); a State-
operated AIDS drug purchasing assistance program receiving financial
assistance under title XXVI of the PHSA; a black lung clinic receiving
funds under section 427(a) of the Black Lung Benefits Act; a
comprehensive hemophilia diagnostic treatment center receiving a grant
under section 501(a)(2) of the Act; a Native Hawaiian Health Center
receiving funds under the Native Hawaiian Health Care Act of 1988; an
urban Indian organization receiving funds under the title V of the
Indian Health Care Improvement Act, any entity receiving assistance
under title XXVI of the PHSA (other than a State or unit of local
government or an entity receiving a grant under subpart II of part C of
title XXVI of the PHSA), but only if the entity is certified by the
Secretary pursuant to section 340B(a)(7) of the PHSA; an entity
receiving funds under section 318 of the PHSA (relating to treatment of
sexually transmitted diseases) or section 317(j)(2) of the PHSA
(relating to treatment of tuberculosis) through a State or unit of
local government, but only if the entity is certified by the Secretary
pursuant to section 340B(a)(7) of the PHSA; a subsection (d) hospital
(as defined in section 1886(d)(1)(B) of the Act) that (i) is owned or
operated by a unit of State or local government, is a public or private
non-profit corporation which is formally granted governmental powers by
a unit of State or local government, or is a private non-profit
hospital which has a contract with a State or local government to
provide health care services to low income individuals who are not
entitled to benefits under title XVIII of the Act or eligible for
assistance under the State plan under this title, (ii) for the most
recent cost reporting period that ended before the calendar quarter
involved, had a disproportionate share adjustment percentage (as
determined under section 1886(d)(5)(F) of the Act) greater than 11.75
percent or was described in section 1886(d)(5)(F)(i)(II) of the Act,
and (iii) does not obtain covered outpatient drugs through a group
purchasing organization (GPO) or other group purchasing arrangement. We
did not believe it necessary to elaborate further on these entities. We
proposed to define ICF/MR, for purposes of the nominal price exclusion
from best price, to mean an institution for the mentally retarded or
persons with related conditions that provides services as set forth in
42 CFR 440.150. Additionally, we proposed to define nursing facility as
a facility that provides those services set forth in 42 CFR 440.155.
The statute allows the Secretary to determine other facilities or
entities to be safety net providers to whom sales of drugs at a nominal
price would be excluded from best price. The Secretary's determination
would be based on the four factors noted above established by the DRA.
We considered using this authority to expand this exclusion to other
safety-net providers. We considered proposing that we use the broader
definition of safety net provider used by the Institute of Medicine
(IOM). In its report, ``America's Health Care Safety Net, Intact but
Endangered,'' the IOM defines safety-net providers as ``providers that
by mandate or mission organize and deliver a significant level of
healthcare and other health-related services to the uninsured, Medicaid
and other vulnerable patients.'' We also considered proposing how the
Secretary might use the four factors to allow the nominal price
exclusion to best price to apply to other safety net providers.
However, we believe that the entities specified in the statute are
sufficiently inclusive and capture the appropriate safety net
providers. Therefore, we chose not to propose to expand the
[[Page 39153]]
entities subject to this provision at this time. Additionally, we
believe that adding other entities or facilities would have an
undesirable effect on the best price by expanding the entities for
which manufacturers could receive the best price exclusion beyond those
specifically mandated by the DRA and lowering manufacturer rebates to
the Medicaid Program. Because the statute gives the Secretary
discretion not to expand the list of entities, we did not propose to do
so in the proposed rule.
CMS has concerns that despite the fact that the DRA limits the
nominal price exclusion to specific entities, the nominal price
exclusion will continue to be used as a marketing tool. Historically,
patients frequently remain on the same drug regimen following discharge
from a hospital. Physicians may be hesitant to switch a patient to a
different brand and risk destabilizing the patient once discharged from
the hospital. We believe that using nominal price for marketing is not
within the spirit and letter of the law. We considered crafting further
guidance to address this issue. CMS invited comments from the public to
assist us in ensuring that all aspects of this issue are fully
considered.
In accordance with the provisions of the DRA, we proposed that the
restriction on nominal price sales shall not apply to sales by a
manufacturer of covered outpatient drugs that are sold under a DVA
master agreement under section 8126 of title 38, United States Code.
We proposed a new Sec. 447.508 in which we specified those
entities to which a manufacturer of covered outpatient drugs may sell
at nominal price and provided for the exclusion of such sales from best
price.
Requirements for Manufacturers (Sec. 447.510)
On August 29, 2003, CMS finalized two of the provisions in the 1995
proposed rule through a final rule with comment period (68 FR 51912).
We required manufacturers to retain records for data used to calculate
AMP and best price for three years from when AMP and best price are
reported to CMS. We also required manufacturers to report revisions to
AMP and best price for a period not to exceed 12 quarters from the
quarter in which the data are due. On January 6, 2004, we published an
interim final rule with comment period replacing the three-year
recordkeeping requirement with a ten-year requirement on a temporary
basis (69 FR 508 (Jan. 6, 2004)). We also required that manufacturers
retain records beyond the ten-year period if the records were subject
to certain audits or government investigations. On November 26, 2004,
we published final regulations (69 FR 68815) that require that a
manufacturer retain pricing data for ten years from the date the
manufacturer reports that period's data to CMS. We proposed to move the
recordkeeping requirements at Sec. 447.534(h) to Sec. 447.510(f) and
revise them by adding the requirement that manufacturers must also
retain records used in calculating the customary prompt pay discounts
and nominal prices reported to CMS.
Existing regulations at Sec. 447.534(i) require manufacturers to
report revisions to AMP and best price for a period not to exceed 12
quarters from the quarter in which the data were due. We proposed to
move this provision to Sec. 447.510(b) and revise it to require
manufacturers to also report revisions to customary prompt pay
discounts and nominal prices for the same period.
In order to reflect the changes to AMP as set forth in the DRA, we
proposed allowing manufacturers to recalculate base date AMP in
accordance with the definition of AMP in Sec. 447.504(e) of this
subpart. Base date AMP is used in the calculation of the additional
rebate described in section 1927(c)(2) of the Act. This additional
rebate is defined as the difference between the quarterly AMP reported
to CMS and the base date AMP trended forward using the CPI-U. We
proposed this amendment so that the additional rebate would not
increase due to changes in the definition of AMP. We proposed giving
manufacturers an opportunity to submit a revised base date AMP with
their data submission for the first full calendar quarter following the
publication of the final rule. We proposed to allow manufacturers the
option to decide whether they will recalculate and submit to CMS a base
date AMP based on the new definition of AMP or submit their existing
base date AMP. We were giving manufacturers this option because we were
aware that some manufacturers may not have the data needed to
recalculate base date AMP or may find the administrative burden to be
more costly than the savings gained.
Under section 1927(b)(3)(A) of the Act and the terms of the
national rebate agreement, manufacturers that sign the national rebate
agreement must supply CMS with a list of all product data (for example,
date entered market, drug category of single source, innovator multiple
source, or noninnovator multiple source) and pricing information for
their covered outpatient drugs. In accordance with the statute, we
proposed requiring manufacturers to report AMP and best price to CMS
not later than 30 days after the end of the rebate period.
Section 6001(b)(1) of the DRA amended section 1927(b)(3)(A)(i) of
the Act by adding ``month of a'' before ``rebate period.'' Section
6003(a) of the DRA restructured section 1927(b)(3)(A)(i) of the Act.
The statute, as amended by these provisions, can be read in different
ways. One interpretation is that the revisions made by section 6003(a)
of the DRA supersede the revisions made by section 6001(b)(1) of the
DRA, effectively eliminating the requirement that manufacturers report
data to CMS on a monthly basis. However, we did not believe that this
reading is the better reading of the statute. It is unreasonable to
presume that Congress would simultaneously establish and render
meaningless a new provision of law and we do not propose to adopt this
interpretation. Another interpretation is that the revisions made by
section 6001(b)(1) of the DRA, when read with the amendments made by
section 6003 of the DRA, create a new requirement that AMP, best price,
and customary prompt pay discounts be reported on a monthly basis.
However, there is no compelling evidence in the legislative history
which indicates that Congress intended to change the rebate period from
quarterly to monthly. Best price is reported to CMS quarterly for
purposes of our calculation of the unit rebate amount (URA) for single
source and innovator multiple source drugs. While the DRA requires AMPs
to be reported and disclosed to States on a monthly basis, it did not
establish any similar monthly use for best price or customary prompt
pay discounts. For these reasons, we proposed to interpret section
6001(b) of the DRA to require that manufacturers report only AMP to CMS
on a monthly basis beginning January 1, 2007. To implement this
provision, we proposed requiring in Sec. 447.510(d) that manufacturers
must submit monthly AMP to CMS not later than 30 days after each month.
We also proposed requiring manufacturers to report quarterly AMP, best
price, and customary prompt pay discounts on a quarterly basis.
We proposed that the monthly AMP will be calculated the same as the
quarterly AMP, with the following exceptions. The time frame
represented by the monthly AMP would be one calendar month instead of a
calendar quarter and once reported, would not be subject to revision
later than 30 days after each month. Because we recognized that
industry pricing practices sometimes result in rebates or other price
concessions being given by manufacturers to purchasers at the end
[[Page 39154]]
of a calendar quarter, if the monthly AMP were calculated simply using
sales in that month, these pricing practices might result in
fluctuations between the AMP for the first two months and the AMP for
the third month in a calendar quarter. In order to maximize the
usefulness of the monthly AMP and minimize volatility in the prices, we
proposed allowing manufacturers to rely on estimates regarding the
impact of their end-of-quarter rebates or other price concessions and
allocate these rebates or other price concessions in the monthly AMPs
reported to CMS throughout the quarter. We considered applying this
same methodology to other cumulative rebates or other price concessions
over longer periods of time, but were not certain that such rebates or
other price concessions could be allocated with respect to monthly AMP
calculations. We invited comments on allowing the use of 12-month
rolling average estimates of all lagged price concessions for both the
monthly and quarterly AMP. We also considered allowing manufacturers to
calculate the monthly AMP based on updates of the most recent three-
month period (that is, a rolling three-month AMP). While this
methodology may minimize volatility in the data, we believed it would
be fairly complex for manufacturers to operationalize. We encouraged
comments on the appropriate methodology for calculating monthly AMP.
Section 6001(b)(2)(C) of the DRA amended the confidentiality
requirements at section 1927(b)(3)(D) of the Act by adding an exception
for AMP disclosure through a Web site accessible to the public. The
statute does not specify that this exception only applies to monthly
AMP; therefore, we also proposed to make the quarterly AMP publicly
available. We noted that the quarterly AMP would not necessarily be
identical to the monthly AMP due to the potential differences in AMP
from one timeframe to the next.
Section 6001(d)(1) of the DRA modified section 1927(b)(3)(A)(iii)
of the Act by adding a requirement that manufacturers report nominal
prices for calendar quarters beginning on or after January 1, 2007 to
the Secretary. To implement this provision, we proposed to require that
manufacturers report nominal price exception data to CMS on a quarterly
basis. We further proposed that nominal price exception data shall be
reported as an aggregate dollar amount which includes all nominal price
sales to the entities listed in Sec. 447.508(a) of this subpart for
the rebate period.
Section 1927(b)(3)(C) of the Act describes penalties for
manufacturers that provide false information or fail to provide timely
information to CMS. In light of these requirements, we proposed to
require that manufacturers certify the pricing reports they submit to
CMS in accordance with Sec. 447.510. We proposed to adopt the
certification requirements established by the Medicare Part B Program
for ASP in the interim final rule with comment period published on
April 6, 2004. Each manufacturer's pricing reports would be certified
by the manufacturer's chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial
officer (CFO), or an individual who has delegated authority to sign
for, and who reports directly to, the manufacturer's CEO or CFO.
We proposed that all product and pricing data, whether submitted on
a quarterly or monthly basis, be submitted to CMS in an electronic
format. When the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program was first implemented in
1991, electronic data transfer was one of three data submission options
as the use of such electronic media was not yet as commonplace as it is
today. Due to the new monthly data reporting requirements and
additional quarterly data reporting requirements, we proposed to
require manufacturers to use one uniform data transmission format to
transmit and collect these data. We stated that CMS will issue
operational instructions to provide additional guidance regarding the
new electronic data submission requirements.
Aggregate Upper Limits of Payment (Sec. 447.512)
We proposed that the existing Sec. 447.331 be revised and
redesignated as a new Sec. 447.512. We proposed to revise subsection
(a) to clarify that the upper limit for multiple source drugs applies
in the aggregate. We also proposed to update several cross-references
to provisions in subpart I.
Upper Limits for Multiple Source Drugs (Sec. 447.514)
We proposed that the existing Sec. 447.332 be revised in a new
Sec. 447.514.
A. Upper Limits for Multiple Source Drugs
Existing regulations at 42 CFR 447.331, 447.332 and 447.334 address
upper limits for payment of drugs covered under the Medicaid Program.
We proposed to redesignate existing regulations at Sec. Sec. 447.331,
447.332, and 447.334 as new regulations at Sec. Sec. 447.512, 447.514,
and 447.516, respectively.
Existing regulations at Sec. 447.332(a)(1)(i) state that an upper
limit for a multiple source drug may be established if all of the
formulations of the drug approved by the FDA have been evaluated as
therapeutically equivalent in the current edition of the FDA's
publication, ``Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence
Evaluations.''
Section 1927(e)(4) of the Act, as amended by OBRA 90, expanded the
criteria for multiple source drugs subject to FUL reimbursement.
Specifically, the statute required CMS to establish an upper payment
limit for each multiple source drug when there are at least three
therapeutically and pharmaceutically equivalent multiple source drugs,
regardless of whether all additional formulations are rated as such.
Effective January 1, 2007, the DRA changed the requirement such that a
FUL must be established for each multiple source drug for which the FDA
has rated two or more products as therapeutically equivalent.
Currently, if all formulations of a multiple source drug are
identified as A-rated in the FDA's publication, ``Approved Drug
Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,'' at least two
formulations must be listed in that publication for CMS to establish a
FUL for that drug. If all formulations of a multiple source drug are
not A-rated, there must be at least three A-rated versions of the drug
listed in ``Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence
Evaluations'' for CMS to establish a FUL for the drug. If a product
meets the FDA criteria described above, we confirm that at least three
suppliers (that is, manufacturers, wholesalers, re-packagers, re-
labelers or any other entity from which a drug can be purchased) list
the drug in published compendia of cost information for drugs available
for sale nationally (for example, Red Book, First DataBank, or Medi-
Span). Then, using these pricing compendia, we select the lowest price
(for example, the average wholesale price (AWP), wholesale acquisition
cost (WAC), or direct price) from among the A-rated formulations of a
particular drug and apply the formula described in existing Sec.
447.332 to determine the FUL for that drug. FUL lists and changes to
those lists based on the methodology set forth in the statute and
regulations are issued periodically through Medicaid Program issuances
and are posted on the CMS Web site.
By the term, ``therapeutically equivalent,'' we mean drugs that are
identified as A-rated in the current edition of the FDA's publication,
[[Page 39155]]
``Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations''
(including supplements or successor publications). We proposed that the
FUL will be established, as per section 1927(e)(4) of the Act, only
using an ``A'' rated drug. However, we proposed to continue our current
practice of applying the FUL to all drug formulations, including those
drug versions not proven to be therapeutically equivalent, (for
example, B-rated drugs). We believe it is appropriate to apply the FUL
to B-rated drugs in order not to encourage pharmacies to substitute B-
rated drugs to avoid the FUL in the case where B-rated drugs would be
excluded from the FUL. Current regulation does not prohibit or exclude
B-rated drugs from the FUL reimbursement.
We proposed revising the methodology we use to establish FULs for
multiple source drugs based on the modifications made by the DRA.
Specifically, sections 6001(a)(3) and (4) of the DRA changed the
definition of multiple source drug established in section
1927(k)(7)(A)(i) of the Act to mean, with respect to a rebate period, a
covered outpatient drug for which there is at least one other drug
product which is rated as therapeutically equivalent (under the FDA's
most recent publication of ``Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic
Equivalence Evaluations''). Also, section 6001(a)(1) of the DRA changed
the requirement for a FUL to be established for each multiple source
drug for which the FDA has rated three or more products therapeutically
and pharmaceutically equivalent to a requirement for a FUL when the FDA
has established such a rating for two or more products. Therefore, we
proposed in Sec. 447.514(a)(1)(ii) that a FUL will be set when at
least two suppliers (for example, manufacturers, wholesalers, re-
packagers, or re-labelers) list the drug in a nationally available
pricing compendia (for example, Red Book, First DataBank, or Medi-
Span).
Existing regulations at Sec. 447.332(b) specify that the agency's
payments for multiple source drugs identified and listed must not
exceed, in the aggregate, payment levels determined by applying, for
each drug entity, a reasonable dispensing fee established by the
agency, plus an amount that is equal to 150 percent of the published
price for the least costly therapeutic equivalent (using all available
national pricing compendia) that can be purchased by pharmacies in
quantities of 100 tablets or capsules (or, if the drug is not commonly
available in quantities of 100, the package size commonly listed) or,
in the case of liquids, the commonly listed size.
Section 6001(a)(2) of the DRA added section 1927(e)(5) to the Act
that changed the formula used to establish the FUL for multiple source
drugs. Effective January 1, 2007, the upper limit for multiple source
drugs shall be established at 250 percent of the AMP (as computed
without regard to customary prompt pay discounts extended to
wholesalers) for the least costly therapeutic equivalent. The currently
reported AMP is based on the nine-digit NDC and is specific only to the
product code, combining all package sizes of the drug into the same
computation of AMP. We proposed to continue to use the AMP calculated
at the nine-digit NDC for the FUL calculation. In accordance with the
DRA amendments, we will no longer take the individual 11-digit NDC, and
thereby the most commonly used package size into consideration when
computing the FUL because the currently reported AMP does not
differentiate among package sizes.
We considered using the 11-digit NDC to calculate the AMP, which
would require manufacturers to report the AMP at the 11-digit NDC for
each package size and that doing so would offer other advantages to the
program for FULs and other purposes. An AMP at the 11-digit NDC would
allow us to compute a FUL based on the most common package size as
specified in current regulations. We did not believe computing an AMP
at the 11-digit NDC would be significantly more difficult than
computing the AMP at the 9-digit NDC as the data from each of the 11-
digit NDCs is combined into the current AMP. The AMP at the 11-digit
NDC would also align with State Medicaid drug payments that are based
on the package size. It would also allow us to more closely examine
manufacturer price calculations and allow the States and the public to
know the AMP for the drug for each package size. It would also allow
340B covered entities, which are entitled to buy drugs at a discount
that is in part based on calculations related to AMP, to know what the
pricing is for each package size, as 340B ceiling prices are
established per package size. Calculating the AMP at the 11-digit NDC
level permits greater transparency, and may increase accuracy and
reduce errors for the 340B covered entities where prices are
established for a package-size product rather than a per unit cost
using the product's weighted average AMP.
However, the legislation did not change the level at which
manufacturers are to report AMP, and we find no evidence in the
legislative history that the Congress intended that AMP should be
restructured to collect it by 11-digit NDCs. We proposed to use the
currently reported 9-digit AMP for calculating the FUL. Changing the
current method of calculating the AMP would require manufacturers to
make significant changes to their reporting systems and have an unknown
effect on the calculation of rebates in the existing Medicaid Drug
Rebate Program. In State Medicaid payment systems that consider a
number of different factors in deriving payment rates, we also believed
it would offer minimal advantages. Furthermore, we expected that
because the AMP is marked up 250 percent, the resultant reimbursement
should be sufficient to reimburse the pharmacy for the drug regardless
of the package size the pharmacy purchased and that to the extent it
does have an impact, it would encourage pharmacies to buy the most
economical package size.
We specifically asked for comments on the alternative approach of
using the 11-digit NDC to calculate the AMP. We invited comments on the
merits of using both approaches in calculating the AMP for the FUL.
In computing the FUL, we proposed that the monthly AMP submitted by
the manufacturer will be used. Using the monthly AMP will provide for
the timeliest pricing data and allow revisions to the FUL list on a
monthly basis. It will also permit us to update the FULs on a timely
basis in accordance with the provisions of section 1927(f)(1)(B) of the
Act, wherein the Secretary, after receiving notification that a
therapeutically equivalent drug product is generally available, shall
determine within seven days if that drug product should have a FUL.
Section 6001(c)(1) of the DRA redefines AMP to exclude customary
prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers. Due to this change in the
computation, and the requirement that monthly AMP first be reported as
of January 1, 2007, we proposed that a FUL update of drugs, using the
new methodology first be published when the revised AMPs are available
and processed.
We proposed to adopt additional criteria to ensure that the FUL
will be set at an adequate price to ensure that a drug is available for
sale nationally as presently provided in our regulations. When
establishing a FUL, we proposed to disregard the AMP of an NDC which
has been terminated. The AMP of a terminated NDC will not be used to
set the FUL beginning with the first day of the month after the actual
termination
[[Page 39156]]
date reported by the manufacturer. This refinement may not capture all
outlier AMPs that would offset the availability of drugs at the FUL
price. It is possible that a product that is not discontinued may be
available on a limited basis at a very low price. As a further
safeguard to ensure that a drug is nationally available at the FUL
price and that a very low AMP is not used by us to set a FUL that is
lower than the AMP for other therapeutically and pharmaceutically
equivalent multiple source drugs, we proposed to set the FUL based on
the lowest AMP that is not less than 30 percent of the next highest AMP
for that drug. That is to say, that the AMP of the lowest priced
therapeutically equivalent drug will be used to establish the FUL,
except in cases where this AMP is more than 70 percent below the second
lowest AMP. In those cases, the second lowest AMP will be used in the
FUL calculation. We proposed to use this percentage calculation as a
benchmark to prevent an outlier price from determining the FUL, but
invited comments as to whether this percentage is an appropriate
measure to use. We did consider other options, such as 60 percent below
the next highest AMP so that at least drugs of two different
manufacturers would be in the FULs group, but we were concerned that
this percentage was insufficient to encourage competition where the
cost of a particular drug was dropping rapidly. We also considered a
test of a drug priced 90 percent below the next lowest priced drug, in
line with how we look on nominal prices, as an indicator that the
manufacturer was offering this drug on a not-for-profit basis. However,
we noted that nominal price relates to best price for some sales and it
is unlikely a manufacturer would sell all of its drugs at this price.
We welcomed suggestions about other means to address outliers and
whether outliers should be addressed at all.
We proposed an exception to the 30 percent carve-out policy when
the FUL group only includes the innovator single source drug and the
first new generic in the market, including an authorized generic. In
this event, we would not apply the 30-percent rule as we believe the
DRA intends that a FUL be set when new generic drugs become generally
available so as to encourage greater utilization of a generic drug when
the price is set less than its brand name counterpart.
We invited comments from the public on all issues set forth in this
subpart. We invited suggestions on how best to accomplish the goal of
ensuring that the use of AMP in calculating the FUL will ensure that a
drug is available nationally at the FUL price. We asked commenters to
please submit data supporting their proposals when available. Upper
Limits for Drugs Furnished as Part of Services (Sec. 447.516)
We proposed that the existing Sec. 447.334 be redesignated as a
new Sec. 447.516.
State Plan Requirements, Findings and Assurances (Sec. 447.518)
We proposed that the existing Sec. 447.333 be redesignated as a
new Sec. 447.518.
FFP: Conditions Relating to Physician-Administered Drugs (Sec.
447.520)
Prior to the DRA, many States did not collect rebates on physician-
administered drugs when they were not identified by NDC number because
the NDC number is necessary for States to bill manufacturers for
rebates. In its report, ``Medicaid Rebates for Physician Administered
Drugs,'' (April 2004, OEI-03-02-00660), the OIG reported that, by 2003,
24 States either required providers to bill using NDC numbers or
identified NDC numbers using a Healthcare Common Procedure Coding
System (HCPCS)-to-NDC crosswalk for physician-administered drugs in
order to collect rebates. Four of the 24 States were able to collect
rebates for all physician-administered drugs, both single source and
multiple source drugs (one State only collected these rebates from
targeted providers). Section 6002 of the DRA added sections 1927(a)(7)
and 1903(i)(10)(C) to the Act to require that States collect rebates on
certain physician-administered drugs in order for FFP to be available
for these drugs.
Section 1927(a)(7)(A) of the Act requires that, effective January
1, 2006, in order for FFP to be available, States must require the
submission of utilization data for single source physician-administered
drugs using HCPCS codes or NDC numbers. (HCPCS codes are numeric and
alpha-numeric codes assigned by CMS to every medical or surgical
supply, service, orthotic, prosthetic and generic or brand name drug
for the purpose of reporting healthcare transactions for claims
billing. Physician-administered drugs are assigned alpha-numeric HCPCS
codes, and are commonly referred to as J-codes. However, physician-
administered drugs are also coded using other letters of the alphabet.
For this reason, we referred to the coding system, HCPCS, as opposed to
one set of alpha-numeric codes in our discussion of section 6002
requirements.) If States collect HCPCS codes for single source drugs,
they can crosswalk these codes to NDC numbers because most HCPCS codes
for single source drugs include only one NDC in order to collect
rebates.
Section 1927(a)(7)(C) of the Act requires that, beginning January
1, 2007, States must provide for the submission of claims data with
respect to physician-administered drugs (both single source and
multiple source drugs) using NDC numbers, unless the Secretary
specifies that an alternative coding system can be used. The Secretary
did not propose to specify an alternative coding system because we
believe that NDC numbers are well established in the medical community
and provide States the most useful information to collect rebates.
Section 1927(a)(7)(B) of the Act requires the Secretary, by January
1, 2007, to publish a list of the 20 multiple source physician-
administered drugs with the highest dollar volume dispensed under the
Medicaid Program. We proposed that the list be developed by the
Secretary using data from the Medicaid Statistical Information System
and published on the CMS Web site.
Section 1927(a)(7)(B)(ii) of the Act (when read with other DRA
amendments) requires that, effective January 1, 2008, in order for FFP
to be available, States must provide for the submission of claims for
physician-administered multiple source drugs using NDC numbers for
those drugs with the highest dollar volume listed by the Secretary.
We proposed, for the purpose of this section, that the term
``physician-administered drugs'' be defined as covered outpatient drugs
under section 1927(k)(2) of the Act (many are also covered by Medicare
Part B) that are typically furnished incident to a physician's service.
These drugs are usually injectable or intravenous drugs administered by
a medical professional in a physician's office or other outpatient
clinical setting. Examples include injectables: lupron acetate for
depot suspension (primarily used to treat prostate cancer), epoetin
alpha (injectable drug primarily used to treat cancer), anti-emetic
drugs (injectable drug primarily used to treat nausea resulting from
chemotherapy) intravenous drugs primarily used to treat cancer
(paclitaxel and docetaxel), infliximab primarily used to treat
rheumatoid arthritis, and rituximab primarily used to treat non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma. We believed that some oral self-administered drugs
(administered in an outpatient clinical setting), such as oral anti-
cancer drugs, oral anti-emetic drugs should also be included in the
designation of physician-administered
[[Page 39157]]
drugs consistent with Part B policy and sections 1861(s)(2)(Q) and (T)
of the Act.
Section 1927(a)(7)(D) of the Act allows the Secretary to grant
States extensions if they need additional time to implement or modify
reporting systems to comply with this section. We did not propose any
criteria for reviewing these extension requests as we expected that
most, if not all States would be able to meet the statutory deadlines
for collection of NDC numbers on claims. Most States are already
collecting rebates for single source drugs that are provided in a
physician's office. For multiple source drugs, the States have nearly
two years following enactment of the DRA before FFP would be denied for
the 20 multiple source drugs specified by the Secretary as having the
highest dollar volume.
We expected that States would require physicians to submit all
claims using NDC numbers, as using multiple billing systems would be
burdensome for physicians and States. This would also advantage States
because rebates would be collectible on all physician-administered
drugs.
For States not currently billing manufacturers for rebates on
single source drugs, we believed that the Medicare Part B crosswalk may
be helpful to crosswalk HCPCS codes to NDC numbers. This crosswalk may
be found on the CMS Web site at http://new.cms.hhs.gov/McrPartBDrugAvgSalesPrice/02_aspfiles.asp
.
To implement the provisions set forth in section 6002, we propose a
new Sec. 447.520. In Sec. 447.520(a), we proposed to require States
to require that claims for physician-administered drugs be submitted
using codes that identify the drugs sufficiently to bill a manufacturer
for rebates in order for the State to receive FFP. In Sec. 447.520(b),
we proposed requiring States to require providers to submit claims
using NDC numbers. In Sec. 447.520(c), we proposed allowing States
that require additional time to comply with the requirements of this
section to apply to the Secretary for an extension.
III. Analysis of and Responses to Public Comments
We received over 1,600 timely items of correspondence that
addressed the issues in the proposed rule. We received comments from
pharmacists and other health care providers, drug manufacturers,
membership organizations, law firms, PBMs, consultants, State agencies,
members of Congress, and individuals. A summary of the major issues and
our responses follow.
General Comments
We received many comments expressing general support for the
provisions of the proposed rule. One commenter specifically indicated
support for Federal efforts that are designed to positively affect the
affordability of and access to prescription drugs and healthcare
professionals. Other commenters indicated support for CMS' efforts to
clarify the definitions of significant terms as well as the treatment
of various types of sales and prices in manufacturer calculations.
Comment: Commenters asked CMS to explain how we will reconcile the
national rebate agreement with this final rule, which substantially
changes a number of the definitions and requirements of the agreement.
One commenter asked CMS to specify that it will not incorporate into a
revised national rebate agreement any definitions or requirements until
such provisions have been subject to notice-and-comment rulemaking.
Response: The national rebate agreement provides that manufacturers
should comply with the Medicaid rebate statute, any amendments to that
statute, and regulations issued by the Secretary to implement the
statute. We will consider revising the national rebate agreement in
accordance with applicable Federal statutes and regulations.
Effective Date
Comment: Many commenters asked CMS to clarify that the provisions
of this final rule will be applied prospectively. One commenter
specifically asked for clarification of the effective date of the
provision regarding the treatment of Medicaid sales in AMP. Another
commenter expressed concern that CMS should have published the proposed
rule by September 1, 2006 to provide adequate time for community
pharmacies to prepare for the implementation of the changes in the
Medicaid Program.
Response: In this final rule, we are bringing together existing and
new regulatory requirements in one cohesive subpart. Unless otherwise
indicated, these regulations are effective on October 1, 2007. However,
this rule is not designed to delay the effective date with respect to
statutory provisions, regulations or policies that are already in
effect. Those existing requirements that remain unchanged in this final
rule will continue in force. In addition, to the extent that this rule
addresses previous policies already established by the Agency, those
policies will remain in effect. Further, the DRA provided specific
effective dates for certain provisions as noted in the preamble to the
proposed rule.
Comment: Many commenters asked us to consider delaying
implementation of the final rule. Several commenters suggested that we
delay the overall effective date of this final rule at least six months
from the date of publication in order to provide manufacturers with
necessary time to revise their systems and retrain personnel on the
requirements of this final rule. One commenter noted that government
pricing system vendors will need between six months to one year after
the effective date of this final rule to code, implement and test the
required computer changes.
Other commenters suggested a delay of four quarters for the entire
rule. One commenter suggested we delay finalizing the rule until more
detailed information regarding AMP and the established FUL is made
available to the pharmacy industry; another commenter suggested a delay
of 90 days after the release of the new FUL source file. Another
commenter suggested a 180-day compliance period followed by a 90-day
testing period, during which time the AMP may only be used for research
and verification purposes only.
A few commenters specifically asked that we delay the
implementation of the requirement that manufacturers submit a base date
AMP. Another commenter noted that the practical implication of treating
inpatient and outpatient hospital sales differently for AMP purposes
would mean that hospital contracts for the purchase of prescription
drugs would need to be renegotiated, which could necessitate a delay in
the implementation of the AMP rule for six months to a year.
Response: The DRA provides specific timeframes for the
implementation of many of the major provisions addressed in this final
rule. Because the DRA was signed into law on February 8, 2006, we
believe there was sufficient time for affected parties to prepare for
the implementation of these provisions. In addition, CMS issued
guidance to States and manufacturers in December, 2006 to address many
of the details pertaining to the drug provisions in the DRA.
Accordingly, we are not convinced that there is a compelling reason to
delay implementation of the provisions of this final rule beyond the
October 1, 2007, effective date.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS do more to educate
Medicare participating
[[Page 39158]]
providers, particularly pharmacies, about the changes in reimbursement
addressed in this final rule.
Response: We received hundreds of comments on the proposed rule
from individual pharmacy providers and national pharmacy membership
organizations. Therefore, we believe there is already a high level of
awareness about how the provisions of this final rule will impact
pharmacies. In addition, we recognize the vital role that States play
in the State-Federal Medicaid partnership by establishing relationships
with pharmacy providers. States process pharmacy claims, maintain
participating provider lists, and provide a variety of information
directly to pharmacies. Therefore, we continue to believe that States
are in a better position to provide any education to pharmacies to the
extent that States may opt to revise their payment rates.
Comment: One commenter noted that if we had published the proposed
rule earlier, it would have been easier for all affected parties to
meet the deadlines mandated in the DRA. The commenter asked that CMS
extend the comment period for the proposed rule for an additional 60
days. One commenter expressed concern that our proposed rule did not
contain enough discussion of the issue of bundled sales in Sec.
447.502 to provide reasonable notice and an opportunity for comment.
The commenter suggests that CMS provide some alternative mechanism or
forum for manufacturers and other interested parties to have more
substantial and more specific communication with CMS on this issue.
One commenter urged CMS to issue an interim final rule with comment
period instead of this final rule. The commenter expressed confusion
regarding the correct interpretation of a number of provisions in the
proposed rule. The commenter believes that an interim final rule with
comment period would foster even greater dialog between the
pharmaceutical industry and CMS.
Response: We disagree with the commenters regarding the need for an
additional comment period for the vast majority of issues addressed in
this final rule. However, as discussed below in greater detail, we have
decided to publish the AMP and FUL outlier provision as a final rule
with an extended comment period. This will allow for further public
comment after the clarified definition of AMP becomes effective and it
will give CMS an opportunity to further revise this provision.
Definitions (Sec. 447.502)
Bundled Sale
Comment: One commenter supported the inclusion of bundled sales in
the determination of AMP.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
retained this requirement in the final rule.
Comment: One commenter said that the proposed definition of what
constitutes a bundled agreement is confusing. For example, it could be
assumed that any type of comprehensive, multi-product portfolio
contract could fit within CMS' proposed new definition. The commenter
does not believe that this is CMS' intent. The commenter asked us to
provide examples of bundled discounts that meet the final definition.
Response: We appreciate the comment and are including an example to
provide some additional clarity. This example is for illustrative
purposes only as the complexity of the market place prevents us from
describing every situation.
Bundled Sale Example
Products A and B are sold under a bundled arrangement and have a
combined bundled discount equal to $200,000 on total undiscounted sales
of $1 million. If Product A has undiscounted sales of $600,000 and
product B has undiscounted sales of $400,000, the manufacturer would
allocate 60 percent of the combined bundled discount to Product A when
calculating AMP. Forty percent of the combined bundled discount would
be allocated to Drug B. The effective unit price of each product would
be calculated by subtracting the discount allocated to each drug
product ($600,000 - $120,000 = $480,000 for Product A; $400,000 -
$80,000 = $320,000 for Product B) and dividing the result by the number
of units for each drug product in the bundled sale.
Comment: Several commenters requested that CMS explicitly clarify
how bundled discounts that meet the definition should be allocated
across products.
Response: We appreciate this comment and have clarified the
regulation at Sec. 447.502 to specify how to allocate a discount. We
have clarified that where multiple drugs are discounted, the aggregate
value of all the discounts in the bundled arrangement should be
proportionately allocated across all the drugs in the bundle.
Comment: Several commenters said that CMS should not include sales
of the same drug in the definition of bundled sale. Another commenter
requested that CMS confirm that the proposed ``bundled sale''
definition applies to sales of the same drug only where the
manufacturer provides free or discounted goods contingent on a purchase
requirement. The commenter stated that they can conceive of only one
instance where sales of the same drug properly should be considered
bundled--where the manufacturer provides a discount or free drugs if
the purchaser agrees to buy a certain amount of the same drug; for
example, ``buy nine, get one free'' or ``buy nine, get the tenth at
half price.'' The commenter believes that such sales essentially
represent volume discounts, and the discount properly should be
apportioned across the drugs provided by the manufacturer in the
bundled (or contingent) arrangement. The commenter stated that the
Medicaid rebate statute mandates such a result, requiring ``free goods
that are contingent on any purchase requirement'' and volume discounts
to be included in best price.
Response: A contingent arrangement involving drugs with different
NDC-9s constitutes a bundled arrangement. A contingent arrangement
involving drugs that share the same NDC-9 may constitute a bundled sale
or volume discount. For these types of arrangements, the aggregate
value of all the discounts must be allocated proportionately to all
drugs within the bundled or volume discount arrangement.
Comment: One commenter stated that CMS should define ``drugs of
different types'' as those with different 9-digit NDC codes and clarify
that it is the aggregate value of all the bundled discounts that must
be allocated across the drugs in the bundle.
Response: We agree. The definition of bundled sale provides that
drugs are considered to be the same drug when they share a 9-digit NDC
and are considered to be drugs of different types when their 9-digit
NDCs are not the same.
Comment: A few commenters said that the proposed definition differs
significantly from the definition of bundled sales provided in the
Medicaid rebate agreement and that it contains a number of vague and
ambiguous terms.
Response: The clarification of the bundled sales definition in this
final rule does not create a new definition or impose new obligations
that did not already exist under the Rebate Agreement. It has always
been our policy that AMP and best price must be adjusted to reflect
discounts offered in bundled sale arrangements to those
[[Page 39159]]
entities included in the determination of AMP and best price.
Comment: Several commenters said that CMS does not provide any
explanation for why it proposes to change the definition of bundled
sale, describe the policy objectives the changes are intended to
promote, or provide sufficient specificity to give adequate notice and
opportunity to comment. Should CMS wish to pursue this new definition,
the commenters requested that CMS provide additional information
regarding the new definition and another opportunity for comment before
the definition is finalized. In the interim, CMS should clarify that
manufacturers may continue to rely on the definition included in the
national rebate agreement.
Response: We believe that it is necessary to clarify the definition
of a bundled sale because of questions we have received from
manufacturers. Our policy objective is unchanged from that set forth in
the rebate agreement inasmuch as manufacturers are required to report
the effect of these and other arrangements that affect price on AMP and
best price. The proposed rule was designed to clarify the definition in
the rebate agreement and program guidance and to specify that AMP and
best price must be adjusted to reflect discounts, rebates or other
price concessions for all drugs in a bundled or contingent sale
arrangement.
Comment: One commenter said that there are important implications
that CMS should evaluate regarding the proposed new definition of
``bundled sale'' given that it differs significantly from that term's
definition in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Agreement. The commenter
believes that the new proposed definition would not improve the
accuracy of rebate calculations. Since there is no compelling policy
rationale for the new proposed definition and there is no demonstrated
problem with the current definition, the proposed change does not
appear necessary and serves no purpose.
Response: We believe that this clarification will enable
manufacturers to better understand what constitutes a bundled sale and
how discounts offered with bundled sales must be allocated when
reporting the AMP and best prices for drugs in the bundle.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify how discounts
should be allocated when a bundled sale arrangement includes both
contingent and non-contingent discounts and rebates.
Response: We consider all contingent and non-contingent drugs to be
within the bundled sale if any drug must be purchased in order to get a
discount on any drug in the bundle regardless of whether any drug is
purchased at full price. Additionally, a bundled sale exists where the
discounts available are greater than those which have been received had
the drug products been purchased separately and apart from the bundled
arrangement.
Comment: Several commenters recommended that CMS apply the bundled
sale definition only in situations where a manufacturer cannot
determine the price of a specific item and clarify how discounts
involved in a bundled sale are to be allocated proportionately when
such allocation is needed.
Response: We disagree. To assure the consistent application of this
policy by all manufacturers, we believe that the definition, as
clarified in this final rule at Sec. 447.502, is needed to clearly and
uniformly specify what constitutes a bundled sale and how discounts
must be allocated across products in the bundle.
Comment: Another commenter expressed disappointment with the lack
of meaningful detail in the proposed rule and noted that it essentially
mirrors the bundling proposal CMS articulated last year for ASP in the
2007 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Proposed Rule.
Response: We have provided further details on the application of
this policy in this final rule. We believe a consistent methodology for
addressing bundled sales in the Medicaid and Medicare Part B programs
will reduce the burden and likelihood of errors for manufacturers
calculating and reporting Medicaid rebate prices and ASP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify that the new
definition does not apply for periods prior to the effective date of
this final rule.
Response: The provisions of this final rule do not create a new
definition for bundled sales, but merely clarify the existing
definition.
Comment: One commenter said that a figure for a prior period may be
used as the basis of performance for the current period. For example,
if the market share during the previous quarter was 20 percent, and an
increase of 2 percent to 22 percent will gain the purchaser a discount
of 5 percent, the commenter requested that CMS clarify whether the 5
percent discount should be reallocated to the sales in the prior
quarter. The commenter asserts that the five percent discount need not
be reallocated to the prior period.
Response: We have clarified in Sec. 447.502 that the bundled sale
applies to all drugs for all quarters including prior purchases used in
the calculation of the discount for the contingent and non-contingent
drugs. The data used in the determination of bundled sales arrangement
should reflect and apply to the month or quarter being used in the
determination, for example, in a situation where a manufacturer must
achieve a certain market share of the product in one quarter to achieve
a discount in the second quarter, CMS would treat the contingent
discount as a bundle. The quarter for the prior purchase and current
purchase would be used in the determination of the bundled sale
arrangement.
Comment: One commenter said that discounts for bundled sales should
be used only if the bundled sales are available to a majority of retail
pharmacies, and the manufacturer should not include bundled sales
available to institutional long-term care or mail order pharmacies.
Response: We do not agree. AMP is based on the ``average'' price
paid to a manufacturer by wholesalers. It does not take into account
prices available to a certain percentage of pharmacies. As discussed
previously, the calculation of AMP is based on the average price paid
to the manufacturer by wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail
pharmacy class of trade. It is calculated to include the sale, as well
as the discount, rebate, and other price concession associated with
that sale, unless the discount, rebate, or other price concession is
excluded by statute or regulation. Accordingly, in a bundled sale, the
discount should be allocated to the drugs sold in the bundled sale
arrangement, regardless of whether the discount is only available to
certain retail pharmacies. We do not include institutional long-term
care pharmacies in the retail pharmacy class of trade, while we do
include mail order pharmacies.
Comment: One commenter suggested that the language should be
clarified to remove room for interpretive error regarding the intent.
The phrase ``allocated proportionately to the dollar value of the
units'' should be slightly modified to state ``allocated
proportionately to the total dollar value of the units'' and the word
``should'' in the last sentence should be amended to ``shall.''
Response: We agree and have revised the regulation text in Sec.
447.502 to reflect the recommended changes.
Comment: One commenter stated that drugs placed on a formulary
without a purchase requirement do not represent a discount on another
product and should not be the basis for considering a sale to be
bundled. The commenter further stated that the requirement that
[[Page 39160]]
the value of the discounts be proportionately allocated across all of
the drugs in the bundle could open the door to manipulation of prices
reported for bundled products. In addition, there is a large
administrative burden for manufacturers to implement a system for
aggregating and allocating discounts for bundled sales.
Response: We believe that the clarification of a bundled sale in
this final rule at Sec. 447.502 will ensure the accuracy of the AMP
and best price calculation and reduce the opportunity for improper
manipulation. A bundled sale exists where the rebate, discount, or
price concession is ``conditioned'' upon additional purchase
requirements. A bundled sale also exists where the discounts under the
arrangement are greater than those which have been received had the
drug products been purchased separately and apart from the bundled
arrangement. The requirement to allocate discounts for bundled sales is
not new for manufacturers that have been participating in the Medicaid
drug rebate program. It has always been our policy that AMP and best
price must be adjusted to reflect discounts offered as part of bundled
sales. Therefore, we do not believe that this final rule places new
obligations or additional administrative burdens on manufacturers.
Comment: A few commenters asked CMS to clarify that manufacturers
may continue to rely on the definition of bundled sale in the national
rebate agreement. Several commenters stated that the definition that is
set forth in the national rebate agreement should be retained.
Response: The final regulation does not change the definition of
bundled sales at Sec. 447.502 but clarifies the existing definition.
Comment: A few commenters asked for additional guidance on how to
treat a discount when its receipt is conditioned on utilization levels
for multiple drug products.
Response: We have clarified in this final rule at Sec. 447.502
that aggregate value of all discounts are to be allocated across all
the products within the bundled arrangement.
Comment: One commenter stated that the concept of bundled sale does
not seem to apply to market share arrangements and asked CMS to clarify
what discounts on market based contracts are considered bundled sales
for which discounts must be allocated.
Response: Discounts that are contingent on performance
requirements, such as the achievement of market share may result in
either a bundled arrangement or a volume discount. In such an
arrangement, the aggregate or total value of all the discounts must be
allocated to all the drugs in the bundle. For example, if Drug A is
discounted to a purchaser if the purchaser achieves a set market share
of Drug B, Drugs A and B are part of a bundled arrangement. The total
discount for Drug A and any discount on Drug B must be proportionately
allocated to both drugs.
Comment: One commenter expressed concern that CMS broadens the
definition of ``bundled sale'' in the proposed rule to potentially
include routine multiple drug sales to entities such as wholesalers and
GPOs. The commenter does not believe that CMS intended to require that
manufacturers allocate on an item-by-item basis the discounts on the
price of the drug product had it been sold separately. The commenter
recommends that CMS should not broaden the definition of the term
``bundled sale.''
Response: We disagree. A bundled sale occurs whenever a discount is
given for the purchase of a group of drugs, contingent on the sale of
another drug, a performance requirement such as market share
arrangements or other purchases. Additionally, a bundled sale also
exists where the discounts are greater than those which would have been
received if the drugs were purchased separately and outside the bundled
arrangement.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS confirm the information
provided in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Operational Training Guide that
bundled sale arrangements are limited to arrangements that involve
covered outpatient drugs.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec. 447.502
that a bundled sale arrangement involves an arrangement for the sale of
covered outpatient drugs or some other purchase requirement.
Dispensing Fee
Comment: Some commenters asserted that the proposed definition of
dispensing fee inferred a cost-based methodology not reflective of
economies and competition in the marketplace. One commenter stated that
the proposed definition of dispensing fee inadvertently infers that a
pharmacy is entitled to a dispensing fee every time a covered
outpatient drug is dispensed. The commenter goes on to say that such a
definition does not assure efficient filling schedules for maintenance
drugs, and encourages pharmacies to split prescribers' orders to
receive more reimbursement, (for example, split a 30-day supply
prescription into two 15-day supplies) particularly in the nursing home
setting. Several commenters said that the definition of dispensing fee
should incorporate the true cost of a pharmacist's time spent and other
real costs such as rent and utilities. One commenter agreed that the
definition should be sufficiently broad to accommodate any future costs
that pharmacies might incur in dispensing prescriptions to Medicaid
beneficiaries, and supported the terminology ``includes'' and, ``are
not limited to'' in the final definition. One commenter would add
``professional'' fees to the definition. One commenter notes that the
proposed definition refers to ``point of sale'' which seems to preclude
dispensing to Medicaid populations in nursing homes, home and community
based settings, etc. A more appropriate replacement would be ``point of
service.'' Several commenters stated that the CMS definition of
dispensing fee specifies that pharmacy costs do not include
``administrative cost incurred by the States in the operation of the
covered outpatient drug benefit including systems costs for interfacing
with pharmacies,'' and that this disclaimer is unnecessary and
confusing as it is obvious that States' costs are not those of pharmacy
providers.
Response: We provided a definition in order to assist States in
their evaluation of factors used in establishing a reasonable
dispensing fee. We did not intend to mandate a specific formula or
methodology which States must use when calculating those fees.
Therefore, we believe that the definition of dispensing fee is
generally sufficient to capture the activities involved with the
dispensing of a drug. However, we concur with the commenter about the
need to recognize different service settings. Therefore, in the final
rule, we are revising the definition of dispensing fee by adding ``or
service'' after ``point of sale'' in Sec. 447.502. States may also
require the prescriptions be filled in specified quantities or to have
other measures in place in order to avoid paying additional dispensing
fees and encourage efficient filling schedules.
Comment: Many commenters expressed concern that CMS did not propose
that States be required to pay a minimum dispensing fee to ensure that
pharmacies' operating costs are covered. A few commenters stated that
CMS should require States to make a specific finding that their
dispensing fee is adequate to cover the cost of dispensing
prescriptions to the Medicaid population. Other commenters suggested
that we include a comprehensive and accurate definition of dispensing
fee in the final rule, issue
[[Page 39161]]
formal guidance to States, and require States to conduct annual surveys
or studies on the pharmacy provider's cost to dispense a prescription.
One commenter stated that the pharmacy dispensing fee should be
increased based on the Federal Cost of Living Adjustment. One commenter
stated that CMS should advise States if we intend that some profit to
the pharmacy be included in the dispensing fee. One commenter believed
that the proposed rule should remain silent on the criteria for
calculating dispensing fees.
Response: We do not agree that CMS should establish or mandate
specific criteria for States to use when setting their dispensing fees.
We proposed to define the term dispensing fee in regulation to assist
States in their evaluation of factors in establishing a reasonable
dispensing fee to providers, and we continue to believe that we should
not mandate a specific formula or methodology which the States must use
to determine the dispensing fee. We believe that the flexibility
provided States is sufficient to allow them to set reasonable
dispensing fees. We have not separately identified profit as a
component of the dispensing fee as we believe the components of the
dispensing fee we have already identified include a reasonable profit.
We also do not agree that we should remain silent on the criteria for
calculating dispensing fees as we believe it is important that
pharmacies be reasonably compensated for the services they provide in
dispensing a prescription.
Comment: A few commenters said that allowing the States to
determine their dispensing fees, without Federal guidelines or
mandates, would permit States with financial problems the latitude to
arbitrarily cut dispensing fees. Another commenter suggested that CMS
expeditiously approve State plan amendments (SPAs) that would increase
pharmacies' professional fees so that they are closer to the actual
cost of dispensing and provide a reasonable return. The commenter also
proposed that CMS disapprove SPAs that decrease reimbursement paid to
pharmacies for the ingredient cost component unless they increase the
dispensing fee. One commenter suggested that the language of the
proposed regulation should be changed to clarify that States will
retain the authority to set reimbursement rates and dispensing fees for
single source drugs. Several commenters stated that it is inappropriate
for CMS to require States to increase dispensing fees to compensate for
decreased reimbursement. One commenter noted that a State decided to
raise dispensing fees for drugs reimbursed with FUL pricing, but
admitted that until the State has experience with FUL prices, the State
will not know if this dispensing fee compensates pharmacies
appropriately.
Response: Dispensing fees must be approved as part of the Medicaid
State plan. We encourage States to set reasonable dispensing fees to
appropriately pay pharmacies for their costs. We will review State
requests to change dispensing fees as to their reasonableness. States
need to describe in their State plan the methodology they use to
establish drug payment rates (which include dispensing fees) and
demonstrate that their dispensing fees are reasonable. We will evaluate
requests to change reimbursement for ingredient costs and dispensing
fees separately but we encourage States to review their dispensing fees
when they consider changes to reimbursement for ingredient costs.
Comment: Many commenters stated that dispensing fees must cover
costs to safely and effectively dispense a prescription. Many
commenters communicated the findings of surveys such as the Grant
Thornton LLP National Study to Determine the Cost of Dispensing
Prescriptions in Community Retail Pharmacies, prepared for the
Coalition for Community Pharmacy Action (CCPA), published in January
2007, and accessible at http://www.aphanet.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=7641&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm
that reported the average national cost to dispense
a prescription to be $10.50.
Response: We agree that States should set reasonable dispensing
fees; however, we disagree that they should be required to use any
specific methodology including the Grant Thornton study to do so.
States may continue to use other sources to set dispensing fees, such
as their own surveys. They may also look at dispensing fees paid to
pharmacies by other payers or the amount of dispensing fees paid in
neighboring States. CMS intends to permit States to retain the
authority to set reasonable dispensing fees and exercise flexibility in
setting their dispensing fees.
Comment: Several commenters pointed out that the Congressional
Budget Office's (CBO) estimates of savings to the Medicaid Program
based on the provisions of the DRA, assumed that States will raise
dispensing fees to mitigate the effects of the revised payment limit on
pharmacies.
Response: CMS will review any State plan amendments or revisions to
drug payment rates, including any revisions to the dispensing fees, to
assure compliance with the applicable statutes and regulations.
Comment: Several commenters stated that CMS should specifically
instruct States to establish higher reimbursement for specialty
pharmacies, as Medicare Part B has done. Citing section 303(e)(1) of
the MMA, which created a furnishing fee for certain blood clotting
factors, some commenters felt that a separate furnishing fee should be
established for Medicaid providers who dispense prescriptions that may
require more time or resources for handling, storing, or delivery.
Response: We do not agree. CMS believes its proposal/provision
provides a definition which is reasonable. While CMS appreciates the
comment, the MMA provision is not applicable to Medicaid.
Comment: Some commenters stated that a formula for prescription
drug reimbursement should include a dispensing and/or education fee as
an actual part of the reimbursement. Another commenter stated that a
percentage standard or a flat fee should be added to prescription
reimbursement to achieve an adequate reimbursement to pharmacy
providers.
Response: We disagree. The dispensing fee is determined separately
from the cost of the drug ingredient and covers the cost of dispensing
the drug as defined in this regulation. As discussed in the proposed
rule, dispensing fees are related to the transfer or possession of the
drug to the beneficiary. If dispensing fees were bundled with
ingredient cost, it would be difficult for CMS or States to determine
whether the dispensing fees, as discussed in this regulation, are
reasonable.
Comment: Many commenters expressed concern that current dispensing
fees, in light of the DRA provisions that change ingredient
reimbursement for FUL drugs to a methodology based on AMP, will not
cover the pharmacy provider's cost of dispensing medications to the
Medicaid population and that, as a result, the dispensing fee should be
increased for generic drugs. One commenter asserted that retail
pharmacies that serve large numbers of Medicaid beneficiaries may be
particularly hard hit. One commenter stated that the proposed rule
suggested that the States examine the market realities and adjust their
dispensing fee to compensate pharmacies, and while this was an
important correction to the reimbursement system, it did not solve the
underlying problem presented by an unreasonable system for calculating
the FUL.
Response: We believe that States are in the best position to
identify and
[[Page 39162]]
address what is a reasonable dispensing fee and we encourage them to
evaluate and set such dispensing fees. Since the dispensing fee is
meant to reflect the cost of dispensing a drug, it should not be
affected by the determination of ingredient cost. As we have said
elsewhere in this regulation, we believe the system for calculating the
FUL will permit pharmacies to be reasonably compensated for drugs they
dispense to Medicaid beneficiaries.
Estimated Acquisition Cost
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS revise the definition of
estimated acquisition cost (EAC) by adding at the end, ``within the
previous twelve months as provided to State Medicaid agencies by the
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.'' This would provide States
with more specific guidance and a source from which to draw the
information regarding the package size of drug most frequently
purchased by providers.
Response: The DRA did not modify the definition of EAC and we have
not made any modifications in this regulation. Additionally, States
currently report all utilization information to CMS by package size;
however, we do not sort by most frequently dispensed or utilized
package size. This information is posted on our Web site at http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidDrugRebateProgram/SDUD/list.asp
.
Innovator Multiple Source Drug
Comment: One commenter noted that our definition of innovator
multiple source drug does not address the situation where, at the end
of the life cycle of a particular drug product, the only covered
outpatient drug remaining on the market in the U.S. happens to be a
version of the product that was originally approved by the FDA under an
abbreviated NDA (ANDA). The commenter also noted that we did not
address products that came to market before 1962 and remain
commercially available today. The commenter suggested that CMS revise
the definition of innovator multiple source drugs to address these
situations. Other commenters requested that we revise the definition of
innovator multiple source drug to include those drugs approved under a
biological license application (BLA).
Response: By statute, an innovator multiple source drug is a drug
that was originally marketed under an original NDA approved by the FDA.
We do not believe that it would be consistent with the statute to
modify the definition to include drugs marketed under an ANDA. To
clarify the distinction between multiple source drugs approved under an
ANDA and multiple source drugs approved under an NDA, we are adding a
definition of noninnovator multiple source drug in this final rule.
Noninnovator multiple source drugs are defined as multiple source drugs
marketed under an ANDA or an abbreviated antibiotic drug application.
In response to the comments regarding drugs that entered the market
prior to 1962, we believe these drugs are not classified as innovator
multiple source drugs unless they are marketed under an NDA. Further,
we recognize the need to classify drugs that entered the market prior
to 1962 that are not marketed under an NDA. Therefore, we are further
defining noninnovator multiple source drugs as drugs that entered the
market prior to 1962 that were not originally marketed under an
original NDA.
In response to comments regarding drugs approved under a BLA, we
believe the statutory definition of covered outpatient drug in section
1927 of the Act is sufficient to address these concerns without further
revision to the definition of innovator multiple source drug.
Manufacturer
Comment: One commenter recommended that the definition of
manufacturer be narrowed such that entities that repackage drugs simply
for distribution to retail pharmacies not be considered manufacturers.
The commenter noted that these retail pharmacy service repackagers
prepare ``unit of use'' quantities in a highly efficient manner,
increasing the efficiencies of prescription dispensing for retail
pharmacies, and they should not be responsible for signing rebate
agreements with the Secretary of HHS or paying rebates to Medicaid.
Response: The statutory definition of manufacturer clearly includes
such repackagers, so we are not excluding them from the definition of
manufacturer in this final rule.
Comment: One commenter asked CMS to clarify the meaning of ``legal
title'' in the definition of manufacturer. Specifically, if a product
is sold from one manufacturer to another, are the manufacturers
required to calculate data based on both labeler codes?
Response: Except as noted in the regulatory provisions pertaining
to authorized generics, we would consider the manufacturer holding
legal title to the drug to be the labeler whose NDC appears on the
label at the time the drug is dispensed. This is also the labeler
responsible for paying rebates.
Comment: One commenter suggested that ``manufacturer'' should
include an entity that does not possess legal title to the NDC but that
markets a drug through a private labeling arrangement.
Response: This final rule incorporates the definition in the
proposed rule with respect to drugs subject to private labeling
arrangements, and provides that, with respect to drugs, the term
``manufacturer'' will also include the entity that does not possess
legal title to the NDC.
Multiple Source Drug
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS revise the definition of
multiple source drug in two ways. First, the commenter asked us to
consider the situation where, at the end of the life cycle of a
particular drug product, the only covered outpatient drug remaining on
the market in the U.S. happens to be a version of the drug that was
originally approved by the FDA under an ANDA. Second, the commenter
asked us to include products that came to market before 1962 and remain
commercially available today.
Response: Multiple source drugs that are marketed under an ANDA are
considered noninnovator multiple source drugs. We have added a
definition of noninnovator multiple source drugs to this final rule,
which we believe addresses this concern as well as the concern
regarding products that came to market before 1962.
Comment: One commenter asked us to consider adding products
approved under BLAs to the definition of multiple source drug.
Response: The definition of covered outpatient drug in section 1927
of the Act includes biological products, other than vaccines, that are
licensed under section 351 of the PHS Act. Drugs that are approved
under this statutory provision include products approved under BLAs.
Comment: A few commenters asked us to consider revising or creating
separate definitions for multiple source drugs. One component of the
definition should define this term with respect to the establishment of
the FUL since the FUL will be applied on a particular date of service
on a pharmacy claim, while the other component would address this term
with respect to the payment of rebates. One of the commenters
recommended maintaining the current definition of multiple source drug
listed at 42 CFR Sec. 447.301 with a note specifying that FULs are
placed on multiple source drugs complying with
[[Page 39163]]
the requirements in Sec. Sec. 447.512 and 447.514.
Response: We disagree with the commenters about the need to revise
the definition of multiple source drugs in order to address the
application of that term in the context of the FULs. The DRA amended
the definition to require that two or more drug products be rated as
therapeutically equivalent, pharmaceutically equivalent, or
bioequivalent. The DRA also requires CMS to calculate a FUL for each
drug that qualifies as a multiple source drug. We believe the
regulatory provisions at Sec. 447.514 are sufficient to address the
application of the FULs to multiple source drugs.
Comment: One commenter supported the revised definition of multiple
source drug, which requires only one other covered outpatient drug to
be rated as therapeutically equivalent, pharmaceutically equivalent,
and bioequivalent.
Response: We appreciate the support for this definition and agree
because the FUL will apply to more drugs.
National Drug Code (NDC)
Comment: A few commenters asked for clarification of the
relationship between the 10-digit NDC maintained by the FDA and the 11-
digit NDC referenced in the proposed rule. One of these commenters
suggested that we define NDC as ``the segmented, 10-digit numerical
code maintained by the FDA that indicates the labeler, product and
package size, and that for commercial and technical reasons, must be
converted to an unsegmented 11-digit number by inserting a place-
holding zero.'' The commenter also noted that the FDA recently
published a proposed rule which contemplates changes to the NDC system
maintained by the FDA and recommended that CMS consult with FDA prior
to finalizing this rule so that, to the extent possible, the agencies
can determine how best to harmonize the definition of NDC. Other
commenters expressed support for our proposed definition of NDC,
particularly as it pertains to 11-digits vs. 9-digits.
Response: We are retaining the use of the 11-digit NDC in the
Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Because we have used the 11-digit code
since the start of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, we do not believe
that it is necessary to clarify this further in the regulation. If the
FDA makes changes to the NDC number, at some point in the future, we
will determine the effect of this change on the program and respond
accordingly.
Rebate Period
Comment: One commenter urged CMS to redefine the rebate period as a
monthly period rather than a quarterly period. The commenter cited the
new requirement that AMP be reported monthly as support for this
change, in addition to the observation that Congress did not explicitly
prohibit such a change in the provisions of the DRA.
Another commenter indicated support for maintaining a quarterly
rebate period. The commenter noted that in addition to the lack of
legislative intent to change the rebate period, establishing a
different or more frequent time period would place unnecessary burdens
on changing drug manufacturers' government reporting systems without
additional public benefit.
Response: We don't see a need to redefine the rebate period at this
time, so we are maintaining a quarterly rebate period.
Single Source Drug
Comment: A few commenters expressed concern with our definition of
single source drug. The commenters noted that certain FDA regulations
require biologic products to be approved under a BLA under section 351
of the PHS Act. The proposed definition of single source drug excludes
these products. The commenters suggested we revise the definition to
include these products as follows: ``a covered outpatient drug that is
produced or distributed under an original NDA or BLA approved by the
FDA, including a drug product marketed by any cross-licensed producers
or distributors operating under the NDA or BLA.''
Another commenter noted that our definition does not address the
situation where, at the end of the life cycle of a particular drug
product, the only covered outpatient drug remaining on the market in
the U.S. happens to be a version of the product that was originally
approved by the FDA under an ANDA. The commenter also noted that we did
not address products that came to market before 1962 and remain
commercially available today. The commenter suggested CMS revise the
definition of single source drugs to address these situations.
Response: As noted above, we have added a definition of
noninnovator multiple source drug to this final rule in order to
clarify the distinction between drugs approved under an NDA and drugs
approved under an ANDA. We concur with the commenters about the need to
address products approved under a BLA in the definition of single
source drug, and have revised the definition in Sec. 447.502
accordingly. However, we believe the statutory definition of covered
outpatient drug in section 1927 of the Act is sufficient to address the
remainder of these concerns without further revision to the definition
of single source drug.
Terms Not Defined in the Proposed Rule
Comment: A few commenters recommended that CMS include in this
final rule a definition of covered outpatient drug that addresses both
over-the-counter (OTC) products and prescription drug products. The
commenter also noted that the statutory definition of covered
outpatient drug incorporates grandfathered products and drugs still
undergoing the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) review
process.
Response: We believe the statutory definitions of covered
outpatient drug and nonprescription drug in section 1927(k) of the Act,
as well as the definition of noninnovator multiple source drug in this
final rule, are sufficient to address the concerns raised by the
commenters. We do not believe there would be an additional benefit to
incorporating a definition of covered outpatient drug in this final
rule.
Comment: One commenter asked us to define the term NDA. The
commenter states that the term is not defined in the Medicaid Rebate
statute, the national rebate agreement, or the FFDCA. Another commenter
asked us to define the term ``original NDA.''
Response: The FDA has extensive information about the NDA process
on its Web site at http://www.fda.gov/cder/regulatory/applications/nda.htm.
We do not see the need to add a definition of NDA in this
final rule. Further, the FDA does not make a distinction between an NDA
and an original NDA; therefore, we view these terms as having the same
meaning.
Comment: One commenter asked CMS to specify that the ``United
States'' means the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
Response: It has been our longstanding policy to define States as
the 50 States and the District of Columbia; this is the definition we
adopted in the national rebate agreement. Therefore, we concur with the
commenter and have added a definition of States as the 50 States and
the District of Columbia.
Determination of AMP (Sec. 447.504)
Definition of Net Sales
Comment: Several commenters requested that CMS clarify that the
term
[[Page 39164]]
``revenue'' in the ``net sales'' definition refers only to sales
dollars associated with a transaction and not revenue recognized for a
transaction for financial accounting purposes. This interpretation is
consistent with the position CMS already has taken in the context of
ASP reporting. Another commenter believes that it is appropriate to
define net sales as a measure of actual sales made regardless of the
financial accounting treatment of the transaction.
Response: Net sales should be calculated as gross sales less cash
discounts allowed and other price reductions (other than the rebates or
price reductions excluded by the statute or regulations) which reduce
the amount received by the manufacturer. We have defined AMP to center
on the concept of a transaction, such that any given transaction
includes both the ``sale'' and any discounts, rebates, or other price
concessions associated with that sale. In certain instances, the
statute or regulations specifically exclude from the calculation of AMP
either certain portions of a transaction or entire transactions with
certain entities. Absent such specific exclusions, we believe that
manufacturers should calculate AMP by matching sales with their
associated price concessions. In the absence of specific guidance, a
manufacturer may make reasonable assumptions in its calculations,
consistent with the general requirements and the intent of the Act,
Federal regulations, and its customary business practices.
Comment: One commenter expressed support for the definition of net
sales because it addresses quarterly gross sales revenue less discounts
and price reductions which reduce the amount received by the
manufacturer.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
retained this requirement in this final rule at Sec. 447.504(d).
Definition of Nursing Home Pharmacies
Comment: One commenter stated that CMS should unambiguously define
nursing home pharmacies.
Response: We do not believe that it is necessary to define these
entities in the final rule. We remind manufacturers that in the absence
of specific guidance, they may make reasonable assumptions.
Definition of Repackagers/Relabelers
Comment: One commenter stated that CMS should unambiguously define
repackager/relabelers.
Response: We have defined manufacturer to mean the entity that
(except with respect to certain private labeling arrangements)
possesses legal title to the NDC for the covered outpatient drug. We do
not believe that further definition is necessary at this time.
Private Labeling Arrangements
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether sales
under private labeling agreements are or are not included in AMP.
Response: We have clarified that sales to another manufacturer
which acts as a wholesaler and does not repackage/relabel under the
purchaser's NDC including private labeling agreements are included in
AMP.
Definition of Retail Pharmacy Class of Trade
Comment: Some commenters requested that CMS define the term
``general public'' used in the proposed definition of retail pharmacy
class of trade.
Response: We appreciate the comment but do not believe that further
definition is necessary at this time. We remind manufacturers that in
the absence of specific guidance, they may make reasonable assumptions.
Comment: A commenter said that retail pharmacy class of trade is
not universally defined. Variations may exist in the marketplace among
manufacturers as to the class of trade to which PBMs and mail order
pharmacies belong. One commenter requested that CMS reconsider the
definition of retail pharmacy which will be used in the calculation of
AMP. Several commenters requested that CMS define the retail pharmacy
class of trade as defined in the Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA)
and FDA regulations.
Response: We have revised the definition of retail pharmacy class
of trade in Sec. 447.504(e) to mean any independent pharmacy, chain
pharmacy, mail order pharmacy, or other outlet that purchases drugs
from a manufacturer, wholesaler, distributor, or other licensed entity
and subsequently sells or provides the drugs to the general public.
Comment: Several commenters noted that the proposed definition is
different from the definition of ``retail pharmacy'' under Medicare
Part D which defines retail pharmacy as a licensed pharmacy that is not
a mail order pharmacy from which Part D enrollees can purchase a
covered Part D drug. The commenters believe that adopting the Part D
definition of retail pharmacy for retail pharmacy class of trade would
result in an AMP that more accurately reflects the prices at which
retail pharmacies acquire prescription drugs and prevent confusion and
burdensome administrative and recordkeeping requirements for drug
manufacturers, health plans, wholesalers, and pharmacies that would
result from use of inconsistent definitions.
Response: These statutory requirements applicable to the Medicaid
drug rebate program are different from those applicable to Part D. We
believe that the definition of retail pharmacy class of trade included
in this rule at Sec. 447.504(e) is defined for the purpose of the
Medicaid Drug Rebate Program consistent with our interpretation of the
applicable statutory requirements.
Comment: One commenter said that the inclusion of ``other outlets''
provides for a number of entities that are typically not considered
retail pharmacies. For example, outpatient clinics are outlets that
purchase drugs and provide these drugs to the general public; however,
they are not retail pharmacies. The commenter further stated that it
seems that the calculation of AMP would have to include these entities
since they are not expressly excluded in subsequent paragraphs of the
proposed rule.
Response: We believe that the inclusion of ``other outlets'' allows
for the inclusion of sales for those entities, for example physician
offices and outpatient clinics, that purchase drugs from the
manufacturer and provide them to the general public.
Comment: A commenter stated that the definition of retail pharmacy
class of trade should not use general and undefined descriptions such
as ``independent'' or ``mail order'' pharmacy, or ``other outlet.'' The
definition should be amended to mean any entity in the United States
that is licensed as a pharmacy which provides drugs to the general
public.
Response: We disagree. We believe that a narrow definition of
retail pharmacy class of trade which would exclude independent and mail
order pharmacies does not encompass the universe of entities which
purchase drugs from manufacturers and provide them to the general
public.
Wholesaler
Comment: Several commenters said that CMS should define the term
``wholesaler'' to mean any entity that purchases drugs from a
manufacturer for purposes of resale. This would be consistent with the
definition in the national rebate agreement. Another commenter said
that ``wholesaler'' should be defined in a manner that better reflects
current law and practice. The commenter proposed wholesaler to
[[Page 39165]]
mean any entity that is licensed in a State as a wholesaler distributor
of pharmaceuticals to which the manufacturer sells, or arranges for the
sale of, covered outpatient drugs, but that does not relabel or
repackage the covered outpatient drug. Several commenters requested
that CMS define the terms wholesaler, wholesale distribution and
distributor be consistent with FDA regulation. The FFDCA defines
wholesale distributor as any person (other than the manufacturer or the
initial importer) who distributes a device or drug from the original
place of manufacture to the person who makes the final delivery or sale
of the device or drug to the ultimate consumer or user. Under the PDMA
regulations, wholesale distributor means any person engaged in the
wholesale distribution of prescription drugs, including, but not
limited to manufacturers, repackers, own-label distributors, private-
label distributors, jobbers, brokers, warehouses, including
manufacturers' and distributors' warehouses, chain drug warehouses, and
wholesale drug warehouses, independent wholesale drug traders, and
retail pharmacies that conduct wholesale distributions. Several
commenters support warehousing pharmacy chains, warehousing mass
merchant and supermarket pharmacy operations being treated as
wholesalers.
Response: We believe that for this final rule to be consistent with
current law as well as reflect recommendations made to us by the OIG
and relevant comments, it is necessary to revise the definition of
wholesaler. We have revised wholesaler at Sec. 447.504(f) to mean any
entity (including those entities in the retail pharmacy class of trade)
to which the manufacturer sells the covered outpatient drug, but that
does not relabel or repackage the covered outpatient drug.
Comment: Another commenter said that the only transactions that
should be included in AMP are those prices that (1) are paid by
wholesalers to manufacturers, and (2) apply to the purchase of
prescription drugs by wholesalers from manufacturers for the
wholesalers' redistribution to the retail pharmacy class of trade. The
commenter believes that because Congress specifically exempted
customary prompt pay discounts between the manufacturer and wholesalers
from the definition of AMP, it is reasonable to conclude that they
intended that only price concessions between manufacturers and
wholesalers be included in AMP.
Response: We disagree. We have defined AMP in Sec. 447.504(a) to
be consistent with the provisions of the DRA and section 1927 of the
Act, and include cash discounts and all other price reductions. We have
defined wholesaler at Sec. 447.504(f) to mean any entity (including
those entities in the retail pharmacy class of trade) to which the
manufacturer sells the covered outpatient drugs, but that does not
relabel or repackage the covered outpatient drug. The DRA amendment
excluded customary prompt discounts ``extended to wholesalers'' but not
other discounts or price reductions applicable to AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that mail order purchases and
discounts, Medicaid or SCHIP payments and discounts, or Medicare Part D
payments and discounts should not be included in AMP because the
discounts associated with these programs are not provided to entities
which qualify as not wholesalers.
Response: We continue to believe that mail order pharmacies serve
the general public and have included them in the retail pharmacy class
of trade in this final rule at Sec. 447.504(g)(9). We agree, in part
with the comments on discounts, rebates or other price concessions from
manufacturers to Medicaid, SCHIP, and Part D programs and have
clarified at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that such discounts, rebates, or
other price concessions when provided to third party payers such as a
SCHIP program or an MA-PD are not included in the determination of AMP.
We retained in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(g) that sales to
wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade
(including sales, which are provided to a SCHIP program or an MA-PDP)
are included in AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that it is not possible to determine
AMP for direct sales to wholesalers where the wholesaler then sells to
an entity that is unknown to the manufacturer. The manufacturer is not
able to identify the purchaser or to assess whether the entity was in
the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We have modified this final rule at Sec. 447.504(g)(1)
to state that manufacturers should include sales to the wholesaler
except where the subsequent sale of the drug to an excluded entity
could be adequately documented.
Comment: One commenter said that many manufacturers rely on
chargeback data to identify the retail pharmacy class of trade for AMP.
The commenter requested that CMS confirm that to the extent that there
is no chargeback associated with a sale and a manufacturer has no way
of knowing whether the end purchaser was ``retail,'' those sales are
excluded from AMP.
Response: We have modified this final rule at Sec. 447.504(g)(1)
to state that where the manufacturer can identify with adequate
documentation that subsequent sales from the wholesaler are to an
excluded entity, the manufacturer can exclude such sales from AMP.
Comment: A few commenters requested that CMS clarify that clearly
identifiable indirect sales to excluded entities should be excluded
from AMP (for example, sales identified through chargeback data).
Similarly, they asked that we confirm that indirect sales to excluded
entities, if not identifiable as such by the data available to a
manufacturer, are not required to be ``excluded.''
Response: We have modified this final rule at Sec. 447.504 to
state that manufacturers should only exclude sales to the wholesaler
where the subsequent sale of the drug to an excluded entity could be
adequately documented.
Comment: One commenter noted that the proposed rule does not
address whether sales to entities that relabel or repackage under the
purchaser's NDC are included in AMP.
Response: We have defined manufacturer at Sec. 447.502 to mean the
entity that (except with respect to certain private labeling
arrangements) possesses legal title to the NDC for the covered
outpatient drug. Therefore, we decided in the final rule that sales to
other manufacturers who repackage/relabel under the purchaser's NDC are
excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that they interpret the definition of
wholesaler to mean it is exclusive of any entity that purchases a
covered outpatient drugs and repackages or relabels using the
purchaser's own NDC. The commenter requests that CMS confirm or provide
guidance on what is meant for an entity to relabel or repackage under
Sec. 447.504(f).
Response: We have clarified at Sec. 447.504(f) that wholesaler
means any entity (including those entities in the retail pharmacy class
of trade) to which the manufacturer sells covered outpatient drugs, but
that does not relabel or repackage the covered outpatient drug.
Furthermore, we are requiring at Sec. 447.504(g)(2) that sales to
other manufacturers who act as wholesalers and do not repackage/relabel
under the purchaser's NDC are included in AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS delete from the
definition of wholesaler, the parenthetical
[[Page 39166]]
``(including a pharmacy, chain of pharmacies or PBM).''
Response: We have clarified the definition of wholesaler for these
entities in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(f).
Customary Prompt Pay Discounts
Comment: One commenter asked that CMS confirm that a customary
prompt pay discount is the discount ``routinely offered by the
manufacturer to an individual wholesaler at the time of payment,'' and
not a historical amount approximating the typical discount offered to
all wholesalers.
Response: We agree and have clarified this issue in this final rule
at Sec. 447.504(c).
Comment: Several commenters said that customary prompt pay
discounts extended to wholesalers should be included in the AMP
calculation.
Response: We disagree. The statute requires that customary prompt
pay discounts to wholesalers be excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that the word ``routinely'' should be
deleted from the definition so that any customary prompt pay discounts
the manufacturer passes on to the retail pharmacy class of trade are
excluded from AMP. The commenter further believes that the definition
is overly restrictive because manufacturers may have a standard
customary prompt pay policy but may also occasionally offer other
prompt pay discounts when a product is introduced or production is
expanded to encourage wholesalers and retailers to stock a product
without a proven demand. Additionally, manufacturers establish prompt
pay standards that are intended to apply to the retail marketplace and
expect the wholesaler to honor this policy. Another commenter said that
CMS should clarify what is meant by ``routinely offered'' and specify
the criteria that manufacturers should use to determine what is
``routine.'' In particular, CMS should address whether a customary
prompt pay discount is considered routine if (1) it differs across
customers; (2) it changes over the life cycle of the product; for
example, the prompt pay discount offered at the introduction of the
product differs from the prompt pay discount offered for the remainder
of the product's life cycle; and (3) it is different across products.
Response: CMS proposed a definition which we believe is consistent
with customary business practice regarding a routine discount extended
to all purchasers for payment within a set time period; for example,
30, 60, or 90 days and that would be flexible and accommodate prompt
pay policies for standard sales. Discounts that do not meet this
standard which are used for other purposes (for example, marketing,
sales, and promotional strategies, special package discounts,
incentives, and performance based discounts) are not considered
customary prompt pay discounts and should not be excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that, in restating the base date AMP,
if prior data is not available, ``customary prompt pay discounts''
should be the discount that was typically offered by the manufacturer
to wholesalers for prompt pay at the time of the price reporting
submission related to such utilization, as reasonably determined by
manufacturers. The commenter believes that any other reading would be
arbitrary, impractical to implement, and inconsistent with
congressional intent. The commenter requested that CMS confirm this
interpretation.
Response: Manufacturers must have data on actual prompt pay
discounts provided during the period for which the base date AMP
applies in order to recompute their base date AMPs. Manufacturers
should document how they calculated their base date AMPs and maintain
supporting documentation.
Comment: One commenter said that prompt pay discounts, if included
in AMP, will have a negative impact on the wholesaler drug distribution
system, which needs that cash flow. The commenter further stated that
the incentive for customary prompt pay discounts will be eliminated;
therefore the impact will be negative to the economy of the industry.
If wholesale distribution is negatively impacted, it will have direct
consequences on drug availability at the patient level.
Response: The law requires that manufacturers exclude customary
prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers from AMP beginning in
January 2007.
Comment: A few commenters agreed with the exclusion of customary
prompt pay discounts from the AMP calculation.
Response: We appreciate the support for the provisions. This is a
requirement of law and we have retained this requirement at Sec.
447.504(h)(20) in the final rule.
Comment: Several commenters stated that many people in the industry
have historically referred to ``prompt pay discounts'' as ``cash
discounts;'' therefore, to avoid confusion, CMS should clarify the term
``cash discounts.'' Another commenter requested that the final rule
should further clarify ``cash discounts'' to exclude any discount off
of the purchase price of a drug routinely offered by the manufacturer
to a wholesaler for prompt payment of purchased drugs within a
specified time from when the payment is due. Another commenter
requested that CMS add a parenthetical phrase reading ``(except
customary prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers)'' after the
term ``cash discount'' in Sec. 447.504(d) and (i).
Response: We agree and have clarified what we mean by cash
discounts in the regulation at Sec. 447.504(d). We have also changed
Sec. Sec. 447.504(d) and (i) to add ``except customary prompt pay
discounts'' after ``cash discounts.''
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS refrain from defining
``cash discounts'' in a manner that is inconsistent with the definition
of customary prompt pay discounts in the proposed rule. Clarity and
consistency of pricing terms is essential for the accurate submission
of AMP data.
Response: We agree and have clarified cash discounts in this final
rule at Sec. 447.504(d).
Comment: One commenter said that customary prompt pay cash
discounts extended by wholesalers to pharmacies should be omitted from
AMP. Cash discounts are provided to some retail pharmacies based on
financing terms negotiated between the wholesaler and the pharmacy.
These are not performance-based discounts. Not all pharmacies,
especially independent pharmacies, have the distribution capabilities
or the cash flow to take advantage of these terms.
Response: The statute defines AMP as the average price paid to the
manufacturer by wholesalers for covered outpatient drugs distributed to
the retail pharmacy class of trade, without regard to customary prompt
pay discounts extended to wholesalers. Therefore, neither prices nor
discounts to those prices offered by wholesalers to pharmacies affect
AMP.
Comment: A few commenters agreed with the definition of customary
prompt pay discount, but requested that CMS confirm that manufacturers
may make reasonable assumptions in applying this definition to their
AMP calculations and in the reporting of such discounts each quarter.
One commenter expressed hope that CMS will take note of the significant
administrative burdens associated with tracking customary prompt pay
discounts on an individual basis.
Response: As with other pricing calculations, in the absence of
specific guidance, manufacturers may make reasonable assumptions
consistent with
[[Page 39167]]
the statute, Federal regulations, and customary business practices. We
believe that manufacturers should maintain documentation to support the
customary prompt pay discounts reported to CMS. However, manufacturers
may not assume an across the board percentage for customary prompt pay
discounts. We recognize that reporting the amount of customary prompt
pay discounts is a new requirement but that it is required by law.
Comment: A commenter requested that CMS clarify that ``prompt'' is
defined by the manufacturer regardless of the length of time in which
the purchaser can receive the discount.
Response: The length of time in which the purchaser can receive the
discount should be consistent across purchasers for that manufacturer
as well as consistent with customary business practice.
Comment: A commenter requested that CMS clarify that, in accordance
with current industry practice, it is appropriate for manufacturers to
calculate customary prompt pay discounts by applying the available
prompt pay discount percentage (for example, two percent) to total
direct sales.
Response: We do not agree. Manufacturers must report the actual
amount of customary pay discounts provided for the period.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify that ``any
discount'' means a discount regardless of the amount that is
conditioned on the timing of payment.
Response: We disagree. ``Any discount'' should be the discount off
of the purchase price of a drug provided when payment is made within a
specified time that is consistent with customary business practices.
Comment: One commenter requested that we clarify the term
``routine'' to apply only to those discounts that are provided to
entities that satisfy manufacturer defined, objective criteria.
Response: We agree and have clarified in Sec. 447.504(c) that the
discount should be consistent with customary business practice.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify the term ``prompt
pay.''
Response: The term ``prompt pay'' refers to a discount provided
consistent with industry customary business practices for payment
within a specific timeframe.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether prompt
pay discounts paid to pharmacies and PBMs are eligible for exclusion
from AMP based on the definition of wholesaler.
Response: As specified in statute, only prompt pay discounts to
wholesalers, as defined in this final rule in at Sec. 447.504(c) are
to be excluded from AMP.
Comment: Several commenters support the definition of customary
prompt pay discount.
Response: We appreciate the support for this definition.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS exclude customary prompt
pay discounts from the calculation of ASP.
Response: These issues are not addressed in the proposed rule and
are outside the scope of this rulemaking document. Therefore, we have
not considered these comments as we consider revisions to the final
rule.
Comment: One commenter stated that the exclusion of customary
prompt pay discounts from AMP will effectively increase the AMP,
resulting in incremental increases to the rebates for drugs to States
and the Federal Government.
Response: CMS does not have data sufficient to predict how AMP will
change to the exclusion of customary prompt pay discounts or other
changes in this rule.
Comment: One commenter agreed that CMS should not specify payment
amounts or time terms in the definition. Although some manufacturers
may ask CMS to further define the various aspects of customary prompt
pay discounts, the commenter encouraged CMS to maintain the proposed
definition in this final rule because this approach allows
manufacturers and wholesalers the necessary flexibility to negotiate
payment terms, including customary prompt pay discounts based on their
particular situations and the commercial conditions at the time of the
particular transaction. Additionally, this flexibility promotes
competition in the healthcare distribution business, which ultimately
will lower distribution costs.
Response: We appreciate the support but note that customary prompt
pay discounts must be routinely offered in order to be excluded from
AMP.
Determination of AMP
Comment: One commenter stated that the law clearly limits prices
included in AMP to be prices paid by wholesalers, including discounts
received by wholesalers. However, CMS proposed to require that
manufacturers include prices that are not paid by wholesalers, such as
to PBMs, as well as discounts on drugs that are not received by
wholesalers. The commenter believes that the proposal is inconsistent
with both congressional intent and CMS' longstanding interpretation of
the statute.
Response: We have clarified in this final rule in Sec. 447.504
that AMP should be calculated to include all sales and associated
discounts and other price concessions provided by the manufacturer for
drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade unless the
sale, discount, or other price concession is specifically excluded by
the statute or regulation or is provided to an entity excluded by
statute or regulation. We have also clarified that rebates, discounts,
or other price concessions to PBMs should not be included in AMP
because we believe they do not adjust the price actually realized. We
believe that this final rule provides a definition of AMP and
wholesaler consistent with the provisions of the DRA and section 1927
of the Act.
Comment: One commenter stated that they know that an imprecise
definition of AMP, especially if publicly posted, will be misleading to
State Medicaid Directors and others who will use this as a reference
point for setting pharmacy reimbursement.
Response: We have clarified the definition of AMP in Sec.
447.504(a) to be consistent with the current law. We intend to clarify
in guidance that posted AMPs are not designed to reflect prices paid by
specific pharmacies.
Comment: Another commenter said that CMS proposes to include in AMP
all sales to wholesalers except for those sales that can be identified
with ``adequate documentation'' as being subsequently sold to any
excluded entity. The commenter requested CMS to specify what
constitutes adequate documentation. In the absence of further guidance,
the commenter presumes that manufacturers may make reasonable
assumptions in determining whether they have satisfied the adequate
documentation requirement. However, the commenter requests that CMS
provide an opportunity for manufacturers to comment on any further
guidance prior to issuing a final rule.
Response: We have clarified that adequate documentation includes,
but is not limited to, chargeback data or data for which an outside
auditor, certified public accounting firm, CMS, the OIG, or another
authorized government agency could reconstruct the transaction.
Manufacturers may continue to make reasonable assumptions that are
consistent with this final rule, statute, and general business
practices. We do not specifically request comments on guidance issued
to implement the rebate
[[Page 39168]]
program but we intend to respond to comments received before and after
such guidance.
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS reconsider whether all of
the sales enumerated under Sec. 447.504(g) are appropriately
``included'' in AMP based on the definition of ``wholesaler.''
Response: We appreciate the comment and have revised the regulation
text in Sec. 447.504 to reflect revisions based upon comments received
on this issue.
Comment: Several commenters requested that CMS provide a clear
definition of AMP. Other commenters said that it must be defined fairly
and equitably. Another commenter also said that the current definition
of AMP is ambiguous and has never been adequately defined by CMS. One
commenter said that AMP cannot be clearly defined as the industry does
not have a true standard definition.
Response: We believe that this final rule provides a clear and
adequate definition of AMP consistent with the provisions of the DRA
and helps resolve ambiguities and confusion that may have existed with
the pre-DRA definition.
Comment: One commenter said that they did not support the current
definition of AMP.
Response: We have revised the regulation text at Sec. 447.504 to
reflect revisions based upon comments received.
Comment: One commenter said that this final rule should be
consistent with established Medicaid rebate policies, definitions and
terms set forth in current CMS guidance, such as program releases and
the national rebate agreement.
Response: We have clarified previous policies as well as
incorporated changes mandated by the DRA. This final rule is consistent
with current law and it reflects recommendations made to us by the OIG
and relevant comments.
Comment: One commenter requested clarification regarding whether
the definition of AMP is being changed. The commenter requested
clarification regarding whether AMP is the price received by the
manufacturer, the price recognized by the manufacturer, or the price
paid by the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We have clarified at Sec. 447.504(a) that the AMP is the
average price received by the manufacturer for the drugs in the United
States from wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy
class of trade, without regard to customary prompt pay discounts
extended to wholesalers, and inclusive of sales and associated
discounts, which reduce the amount received by the manufacturer (unless
the sale or discount is excluded by the statute or regulation). We have
clarified the definition in the regulation.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify the phrase
``prices which are actually available'' used in the proposed rule.
Available prices should not be used to define AMP. If a price is
offered and not taken, it is irrelevant to prices received by
manufacturers or prices paid by retail pharmacies.
Response: Actual sales must occur in the period in order for a
particular price to be reflected in AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that AMP be defined as, ``with
respect to a covered outpatient drug of a manufacturer (including those
sold under an NDA approved under section 505(c) of the FFDCA) for a
calendar month, the average price received by the manufacturer for the
drug in the United States from wholesalers for drugs distributed to the
retail pharmacy class of trade. ``AMP shall be determined without
regard to customary prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers.'' The
commenter requested that AMP be defined to include only sales to chain
and independent pharmacies, and discounts to retail pharmacies, but
only to the extent that such discounts reduce the actual price paid by
retail pharmacies.
Response: We disagree. In light of our understanding of the statute
and DRA amendments, we have decided to include in the AMP and retail
pharmacy class of trade, sales to chain, independents, and mail order
pharmacies, as well as discounts to such entities to the extent that
they reduce the amount received by the manufacturer and are not
otherwise excluded by statute and regulation.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify the meaning of
the term, ``associated with,'' referenced in Sec. 447.504(g)(10) in the
proposed rule.
Response: The term, ``associated with'' means with respect to the
AMP calculation, that manufacturers should include all sales and
associated rebates, discounts, or other price concessions which relate
to the sale, unless those sales, rebates, or other price concessions
are excluded by statute or regulation.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS exclude from AMP price
adjustments that do not affect the actual price provided by the
manufacturer and that are not received by retail community pharmacies.
Response: As noted previously, we have defined AMP to include sales
and associated discounts and other price concessions provided by the
manufacturer for drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of
trade unless the sale, discount, or other price concession is
specifically excluded by the statute or regulation or is provided to an
entity excluded by statute or regulation. Absent such specific
exclusions, we believe that manufacturers should calculate AMP by
matching sales with their associated price concessions.
Comment: Many commenters asked that CMS issue a clear definition of
AMP that covers community, independent and chain pharmacy acquisition
costs. This definition should be issued as soon as possible, before AMP
takes effect.
Response: We have defined AMP consistent with our understanding of
the current law. Because AMP is based on the average price received by
the manufacturer for the drug, it does not necessarily reflect a
pharmacy's acquisition cost for the drug.
Comment: One commenter commended CMS for articulating the rationale
behind our proposals regarding the determination of AMP. For example,
in the definition of ``retail pharmacy class of trade,'' CMS
articulated an assessment based on whether or not sales are available
to the general public. The commenter appreciated this effort to
describe the history and development of the Agency's thinking. However,
the commenter was concerned that the test, as articulated, lacks
sufficient clarity. The commenter believed that the proposed rule
represents an important and necessary step forward in standardizing AMP
calculations. However, the commenter urged CMS to significantly refine
its guidance.
Response: We believe that this final rule provides a clearer,
accurate and precise definition of AMP to allow manufacturers to
accurately calculate AMPs. We expect to continue to issue further
guidance and answer specific questions to the extent necessary to
provide additional clarity. Furthermore, this final rule period allows
for additional public comment on AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that the proposed definition of AMP is
unfair to retail pharmacies because it includes sales to PPOs, HMOs,
and outpatient clinics, all of which receive bid prices from drug
companies. To be fair, the cost should be derived from the prices paid
by retail pharmacies. Many commenters said that if AMP is to accurately
serve as both the basis for rebates and payment, CMS must define AMP to
reflect the actual acquisition cost with respect to prices paid for
[[Page 39169]]
drugs by retail pharmacies, excluding all rebates and price concessions
not available to retail pharmacy.
Response: As we noted previously, the statute defines AMP, in part,
as the average price received by the manufacturer for drugs distributed
to the retail pharmacy class of trade. Accordingly, AMP does not
necessarily reflect the pharmacy's acquisition cost. We note that when
the AMP is used in the calculation of FULs, the calculation includes a
markup of 250 percent and excludes certain outlier prices, as described
elsewhere in this regulation. The DRA does not require the States to
otherwise base their payments on AMPs. To the extent that they do so,
we would expect them to look at appropriate mark-ups and any other
relevant factors to ensure access. Such changes in payment would also
require the submission and CMS approval of a State plan amendment.
Comment: One commenter agreed with CMS' interpretation of
congressional intent that both direct and indirect pharmacy sales be
included in AMP. The commenter requested that CMS incorporate direct
retail pharmacy sales in AMP without adopting a strained, overly-broad
definition of wholesaler. It should be sufficient to include a
provision in the final rule expressly stating that net sales to retail
pharmacies are to be included when AMP is calculated, but CMS could
avoid all ambiguity about the requirement to include direct pharmacy
sales in AMP by adding the parenthetical, ``(direct and indirect)''
after the word ``sales'' at the beginning of proposed Sec.
447.504(g)(5).
Response: We appreciate the comment and believe that we have
defined AMP to be consistent with the provisions of the DRA and section
1927 of the Act, and include sales, rebates, and price concessions
provided by the manufacturer for drugs distributed to the retail
pharmacy class of trade. In addition the definition of wholesaler has
been revised.
Comment: One commenter said that the new determination of AMP will
cause many pharmacies to consider disenrolling from Medicaid pharmacy
programs. Commenters said that the current definition of AMP will cause
their retail pharmacy to lose money with each prescription that is
filled. A few commenters stated that AMP must be defined as it relates
to the retail pharmacy class of trade. Retail pharmacy must be able to
purchase these drugs at a price that is less than the reimbursement it
is to receive, including the cost of electronic transmission to the
PBM, labeling, container, counseling time, delivery costs, and
packaging. Another commenter stated that the formula must be tweaked to
provide a true cost.
Response: We disagree. As we have noted elsewhere in this
regulation, the AMPs will be used to establish FULs, which is
calculated based, in part, on 250 percent of the AMP. To the extent
States decide to use AMPs for reimbursement that decision will be
subject to our review and approval through a State plan amendment
approval process. We believe that this final regulation provides an
adequate opportunity for States to set adequate reimbursement rates for
drugs subject to the upper limits. We also believe that States that opt
to use AMP as a basis for their pharmacy reimbursements will also use
other resources available to them to determine fair and reasonable
reimbursement to ensure continued access to pharmacy services for
Medicaid patients. We also note that we encourage States to reevaluate
their dispensing fees to ensure that they are reasonable and cover the
costs to dispense drugs identified in this final rule.
Comment: A few commenters said that a new definition for AMP is
needed, which should be Average Retail Price (ARP).
Response: Current law requires that AMP be computed based, in part,
on the average price received by manufacturers and submitted by
manufacturers and it provides no authority for us to define AMP as an
average retail price.
Comment: A few commenters stated that the field is skewed against
independent pharmacies. If CMS proceeds with AMP, then there needs to
be a different AMP for different classes of trade. Some commenters
stated further that mail order, retail, hospital, and long-term care
pharmacies all purchase drugs at different costs and the same AMP
should not be used for every class of trade. One commenter said that
the formula is taking into account all of the rebates and special
pricing afforded to the ``closed door'' specialties such as nursing
homes, mail order houses, and hospitals. It has already been shown that
the actual reimbursement proposed will be far less than what retail
pharmacies can purchase the product for.
Response: We disagree. We know of no evidence at this point that
the payments, which would be set as a result of the revised FULs or
publication of AMPs would be any less than pharmacy acquisition prices
especially given that neither the FUL methodology nor AMP data has been
established or available prior to publication of this rule. Current law
provides no authority for a different AMP for different types of
entities. However, we believe that the publication of AMP will provide
the Federal and State Governments with more transparency with respect
to the average price received by manufacturers for prescription drugs,
and provide a basis on which to set payments rates. We further believe
that, in light of the methodology for calculating the FULs, the AMPs
will be fully adequate for computing the upper limits and that States
will make their own best decisions, subject to the State plan amendment
process, with respect to how to use AMP as a factor in provider
payment.
Comment: One commenter said that it will be harder for community
pharmacies to compete with the retail giants as their prescription
volume is much lower and it will be harder to recover their expenses.
Community pharmacies will not necessarily receive the discounts that
the larger retail pharmacies receive when purchasing generic drugs.
Response: We believe that any payment revisions that states may
establish as a result of these provisions will not prevent community
pharmacies from competing with other pharmacies. CMS has calculated the
FULs without regard to any outlier AMPs and will review any state plan
amendment submission as a result of those FULs to ensure sufficient
access. We further note that States maintain the authority to vary
payment rates by rural area as well as by the type of the provider.
Comment: Several commenters said that the proposed rule would
unduly reduce AMP.
Response: We appreciate the comment and have revised AMP at Sec.
447.504 to address similar concerns.
Comment: One commenter said that it is clear from the proposed rule
discussion that CMS has struggled to balance AMP-based rebate
collection and AMP-based reimbursement through the inclusion of non-
pharmacy entities. Should CMS believe it important to maintain these
entities in AMP for the purposes of reducing manufacturer rebates, then
an alternative would be to have monthly and quarterly rebates
calculated differently. Monthly and quarterly AMPs would afford CMS the
opportunity to use the monthly AMP to establish the FUL in a way that
would provide a more accurate reflection of traditional retail pharmacy
purchasing (that is, only including licensed pharmacies and excluding
other entities such as PBMs) and maintain the CMS decision to reduce
manufacturer rebate liabilities by the inclusion of the various
[[Page 39170]]
non-pharmacy entities in the quarterly AMP reporting. Another commenter
said that the best method of resolving any conflict between the two
functions of AMP (paying rebates and payment) is to examine the basic
purposes of the statutes and craft the definition and use of AMP to
better fit those purposes. The commenter did not believe the proposed
rule dealt with these purposes adequately.
Response: We do not agree. There is only one definition of AMP, as
revised by the DRA, that is applied for both rebate and FUL purposes.
By using only one definition, these AMPs become much more transparent
and provide information regarding the average price received by
manufacturer from wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail
pharmacy class of trade. We believe that the definition of AMP as
clarified in this final rule at Sec. 447.504(a) accurately reflects
the dual purposes of AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that the approach that CMS used in
the determination of AMP is overly broad, in that past policy reflects
a different focus on the use of AMP and the agency's interpretation of
the marketplace does not provide adequate consideration of the obvious
inconsistencies that occur when FULs based on AMPs are defined in the
proposed rule as approximations for estimated acquisition cost (EAC).
The transactions included in AMP should be based on a more narrow view
of what is meant by the retail pharmacy class of trade, but should also
consider more significantly the link between FULs and EAC.
Response: We agree that although AMP was defined in the rebate
agreement, the list of sales included in the AMP calculation was not
well established when the DRA was enacted. While we have reviewed the
OIG's recommendations and those of commenters, and incorporated changes
where we thought appropriate, we believe that we have crafted a
definition of AMP that reflects the requirements of the law and serves
as a basis for both rebates and the FULs program.
Comment: A few commenters said that without clear and concise
guidance from CMS regarding how AMP is to be calculated, including what
classes of trade are eligible and which classes of trade are not
eligible, for inclusion in the AMP calculation manufacturers who
compete in the same therapeutic area could have differing methodologies
resulting in unfair physician reimbursement calculations. CMS needs to
provide clear guidance on the calculation of AMP in order to maintain a
fair and level playing field for physician reimbursement.
Response: We believe that we have developed requirements in this
final regulation that are clear and concise and that can provide a
basis for consistent calculations and fair reimbursement rates.
Comment: One commenter stated that AMP would be valid for
determining transactions between a manufacturer and the next step down
the trade chain (for example, a drug wholesaler) but using AMP is not
valid to compute the price of the drug at the point a community
pharmacist is dispensing it to his or her patients.
Response: The statute provides that manufacturers calculate
Medicaid rebates and CMS calculates the FULs based in part, on AMP. In
accordance with the statute, we have defined AMP as the average price
received by the manufacturer from wholesalers for drugs distributed to
the retail pharmacy class of trade, excluding customary prompt pay
discounts extended to wholesalers and including certain sales and
associated discounts. As stated elsewhere in this final rule, we have
not only applied the 250 percent markup to the lowest price
therapeutically equivalent drug, we have implemented other policies to
assure that the resulting FULs, in the aggregate, are reasonably
established to reflect the pharmacy acquisition cost of drugs subject
to the FULs, while protecting the taxpayer against excessive costs.
Comment: A commenter recommended that the playing field on drug
pricing be leveled by making the discounts extended to PBMs, mail order
pharmacies, and government contracts available to retail pharmacies and
allow a reasonable profit structure as any business deserves.
Response: These issues were not addressed in the proposed rule;
therefore, we can not consider these comments as we consider revisions
to be included in the final rule.
Comment: One commenter stated that the definition of AMP must be
operational and feasible for manufacturers. Manufacturers are
frequently not aware of the subsequent sales of their drug products
after the first sale. Manufacturers do not have information about sales
to hospitals, other wholesalers, mail order pharmacies, and PBMs.
Response: We have modified the requirements in Sec. 447.504(h)
with respect to AMP calculations to exclude certain sales to hospitals
and PBMs. The requirement of AMP specifies that where sales to excluded
entities are documented, they should be excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that AMP should be calculated based on
the average price, not the lowest price.
Response: We agree. The AMP, as amended by the DRA, represents the
average unit price, not the lowest price, received by the manufacturer
for the drug in the United States from wholesalers for drugs
distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade, without regard to
customary prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers as noted
previously, AMP should be calculated to include sales and associated
discounts and other price concessions provided by a manufacturer for
drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade (unless the
sale, discount, or other price concession is specifically excluded by
statute or regulation), which reduce the amount received by the
manufacturer.
Comment: One commenter said that an appropriate calculation of AMP
depends on an accurate definition of retail pharmacy class of trade,
accurate identification of manufacturers' prices paid by wholesalers
for drugs distributed to retail pharmacies, and an appropriate
definition of wholesaler. The commenter stated that CMS' proposed
definition has problems in all three areas.
Response: In response to comments, we have clarified the definition
of retail pharmacy class of trade at Sec. 447.504(e), wholesalers at
Sec. 447.504(f), and the list of sales included in the determination
of AMP at Sec. 447.504(g).
Comment: One commenter said that AMP is as ambiguous as AWP or ASP
in that it can be interpreted many ways and does not consider business
overhead requirements of drug wholesalers and distributors.
Response: We do not agree. ASP and AMP are defined in the statute
and Medicare regulations. However, AWP is a term that is not further
defined in the regulation and has been found to frequently overstate
the actual cost of drugs.
Comment: One commenter stated that AMP should have full
transparency. Another commenter said that the AMP calculation should be
solidified and that a more transparent method should be developed.
Response: We have clarified at Sec. 447.504(i)(2) and Sec.
447.510(d)(2) how manufacturers should calculate and report AMP on both
a quarterly and monthly basis, and we expect to post AMP data for
public review on our Web site. Although the manufacturers'
documentation for these calculations will not be made available to the
general
[[Page 39171]]
public, they are subject to Federal Government verification.
Comment: Many commenters stated that all rebates and price
concessions are appropriately included in best price but should not be
included in AMP. Another commenter said that CMS should exclude from
AMP those sales that are exempt from best price under section
1927(c)(1)(C)(i) of the Act. The commenter asserts that including sales
to SPAPs and Part D Plans that are exempt from best price in AMP will
artificially lower AMP as a reimbursement benchmark by including
discounts in AMP to which pharmacists do not have access.
Response: We have revised this final rule in Sec. 447.504(h)(23)
to exclude rebates and other price concessions provided to SPAPs and
Part D plans. It is our understanding that such rebates and price
concessions do not adjust the prices actually realized. We have
continued in Sec. 447.504(g)(15) to include sales with respect to such
programs and plans to the extent that they occur through the retail
pharmacy class of trade.
Comment: One commenter asked whether CMS' intent is to continue to
allow manufacturers to treat an entity as either included or excluded
in the retail pharmacy class of trade based on its function, provided
that the manufacturer can provide sound rationale.
Response: In the final rule we have defined that AMP be calculated
to include sales and associated discounts and other price concessions
provided by the manufacturer to wholesalers for drugs distributed to
the retail pharmacy class of trade unless the sale, discount, or other
price concession is specifically excluded by the statute or regulation
or is provided to an entity excluded by statute or regulation. Sales
and associated price concessions should be included in AMP to the
extent they concern sales at the retail pharmacy class of trade and are
not otherwise exclude.
Comment: One commenter stated that any entity that does not
directly purchase drugs from the wholesaler should be excluded from
AMP.
Response: We have revised wholesaler in Sec. 447.504(g) to mean
any entity (including those entities in the retail pharmacy class of
trade) to which the manufacturer sells the covered outpatient drugs,
but that does not relabel or repackage the covered outpatient drug.
Comment: A commenter stated that CMS will need to be exceedingly
clear in the guidance that it provides to manufacturers in calculating
AMP to ensure that manufacturers are able to determine the sales and
associated price concessions that should not be included in AMP and to
ensure consistency in AMP calculations across all manufacturers.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(g) those sales and associated price concessions included in
AMP.
Comment: A commenter stated that Sec. Sec. 447.504(a), (g) and (i)
indicate types of discounts and price concessions that manufacturers
should deduct from the calculation of the AMP. By including these
discounts and concessions, the proposed rule incorrectly based AMP, not
on the amounts paid by wholesalers--the predominant supply source for
retail pharmacies--but instead includes amounts that manufacturers have
contracted to pay other entities. While these discounts, rebates,
chargebacks and other forms of price concessions may reduce the amount
received by the manufacturer for drugs, they are not realized by retail
pharmacies and do not reduce prices paid by retail pharmacies.
Response: Our definition of AMP is consistent with our
understanding of the section 1927(k)(1), as amended by the DRA. While
we understand that some commenters do not agree with that definition
because it does not represent the exact amount at which pharmacies
purchase drugs, we believe that our definition is consistent with the
statute. As we explain elsewhere in this final rule, the statute
requires the use of AMPs in the FUL calculation with a sufficient
markup of the AMP and we have included other exclusions in the FUL
calculation to assure that these FULs prices in the aggregate are
sufficient to cover pharmacists' costs.
Comment: One commenter said that Sec. 447.504(a) through (i)
proposed revisions to various definitions and directions to
manufacturers related to AMP calculation. The validity of CMS'
consideration for inclusion or exclusion of factors in determining AMP
is essential for obtaining data that accurately reflects drug pricing.
The commenter recommended that CMS adopt clear and specific policies to
ensure consistency in the calculation of AMPs across all manufacturers.
Response: We appreciate this comment and believe we have done so.
Comment: One commenter said that the proposed definition, coupled
with the broad definition of wholesaler, is intended to capture
transactions with entities that do not pay manufacturers a price
established by the manufacturer directly or through distributors. When
combined with the proposed inclusions and exclusions from AMP, this
definition creates confusion.
Response: We appreciate the comment. As discussed previously, we
have revised the definition of AMP in Sec. 447.504(g) to clarify which
sales and associated price concessions must be included.
Comment: One commenter said that the proposed rule provided
manufacturers a significant amount of latitude and discretion with
respect to the final AMP calculation. It is likely that there will be
widespread differences in interpretation with respect to those elements
that should be included or excluded from AMP. One example of this
confusion relates to the treatment of a ``bona fide service fee.'' It
remains unclear as to the comparative standard that will be used to
establish the determination of ``fair market value.'' The commenter
requests that additional clarity be provided to eliminate variation in
manufacturer's AMP calculation.
Response: We believe that this final rule provides a clearer,
accurate and precise definition of AMP, eliminating much of the
confusion and assumptions regarding the entities included and excluded
in AMP. For example, we have introduced the concept of bona fide
service fees and provided further instructions on how they are to be
determined. We expect that manufacturers participating in the Medicaid
Drug Rebate Program will be in a much better position to understand our
requirements and to determine their AMP calculations consistent with
this final regulation. In the absence of specific guidance,
manufacturers may make reasonable assumptions consistent with the
statute, regulations and general business practices.
Nursing Homes
Comment: Many commenters said that nursing home pharmacies should
not be included in AMP because they are not traditional retail
pharmacies. Several commenters stated that rebates and discounts to
nursing homes are not available to retail pharmacies. Other commenters
said that nursing homes sales should be outside the retail pharmacy
class of trade as these sales are not accessible to the public. A few
commenters supported excluding nursing home pharmacies from the
definition of retail pharmacy class of trade and noted that long-term
care pharmacies are not retail pharmacies for Part D.
Response: We appreciate the support for this policy and have
decided to finalize our proposal to exclude nursing facility pharmacies
from the retail
[[Page 39172]]
pharmacy class of trade, and, therefore AMP, in this final rule at
Sec. 447.504(h)(6).
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether contract
pharmacies that dispense drugs to nursing home and long-term care
residents also should be excluded from the calculation of AMP.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(h)(6) that sales to contract pharmacies that dispense drugs
through nursing homes and long-term care facilities and other entities
such as assisted living facilities which do not serve the general
public are excluded from AMP. Since we believe a manufacturer would not
know which drugs are dispensed to a nursing facility through an outside
contract pharmacy, we have not excluded these sales from AMP unless
that manufacturer has reasonable documentation that the drugs were
subsequently sold to an excluded entity.
Comment: One commenter stated that to remove nursing home sales
from AMP would be inconsistent with CMS guidance issued to date and
would be a substantive policy change. The commenter requested that
long-term care sales continue to be included in AMP because these
transactions are a significant portion of the market for many drugs and
the exclusion of those transactions from AMP would yield inaccurate and
misleading AMPs. Changing the current policy would require substantial
changes in systems, policies, procedures, and data links that would
more than offset the benefit from simplifying the AMP calculations. A
few commenters encouraged CMS to continue its long-standing policy of
including these sales in the calculation of AMP.
Response: We have decided to retain the proposed exclusion at Sec.
447.504(h)(6) in this final rule because we believe that nursing home
sales are not in the retail pharmacy class of trade because the general
public cannot obtain drugs through this source.
Comment: One commenter said that CMS has not clearly identified
those entities that would be considered long-term care (or nursing
home) pharmacies. The commenter encouraged CMS to clearly define the
attributes of entities that qualify as long-term care pharmacies to
avoid disparate treatment by manufacturers as they exclude prices to
long-term care pharmacies. In particular, the commenter believed that
it is not clear whether the following would be considered a long-term
pharmacy: long-term care pharmacies owned by a hospital, infusion
centers, and rehabilitation centers. The commenter further recommended
that CMS establish a list of long-term care pharmacies similar to the
list of eligible 340B covered entities provided by the Office of
Pharmacy Affairs in HRSA.
Response: We consider a long-term care pharmacy to be a pharmacy
that provides drugs to nursing home patients. Infusion centers and
rehabilitation centers that serve patients outside a nursing home would
not be included. We do not believe it is administratively feasible for
CMS to maintain a list of the entities that fall into this category.
Comment: A commenter asserted that it is often operationally
infeasible for manufacturers to identify those sales that are made to a
particular type of entity such as a long-term care pharmacy, as opposed
to another type of entity that might not satisfy the definition of a
long-term care pharmacy. Manufacturer sales data are captured at the
contract level, but any included or excluded class of trade customer
could purchase products from any wholesaler source contract. Thus,
manufacturers have no way of determining whether final sales are made
to customers excluded from AMP. Given this inherent difficulty with
calculating AMP, it is imperative that CMS provide mechanisms by which
manufacturers can calculate AMP as consistently as possible.
Response: The final rule in Sec. 447.504(h)(6) clearly indicates
that nursing home sales are excluded from AMP and allows manufacturers
to use standards of reasonable documentation to identify such sales.
Hospice and Other Home Health Care Pharmacies
Comment: One commenter suggested that sales to hospice pharmacies
should be treated the same as sales to long-term care pharmacies and
excluded from AMP and best price.
Response: Hospice pharmacies are outside of the regular retail
marketplace, as drugs from these pharmacies are not available to the
general public. Therefore, we have clarified in the regulation text at
Sec. 447.504(h)(7) that sales to hospices (outpatient and inpatient)
are excluded from AMP.
Comment: Several commenters requested that CMS specify in the final
rule whether home health care providers meet the retail pharmacy class
of trade definition. One commenter asked CMS to clarify whether prices
paid by home health care agencies for drugs delivered to home bound
patients are included in AMP. Several commenters requested that CMS
clarify that home health care providers are included in the retail
pharmacy class of trade because such entities provide pharmacy to the
general public.
Response: We have clarified in this final rule at Sec.
447.504(g)(12) that sales to home health care providers are included in
the retail pharmacy class of trade and AMP unless such drugs are
dispensed through nursing facilities. We believe that, unlike nursing
facilities, home health care providers operate to provide drugs to the
general public.
Physician Offices and Other Provider Settings
Comment: Many commenters requested that CMS specify in the final
rule whether sales to physicians are in the retail pharmacy class of
trade. Several commenters requested guidance regarding the treatment of
the physician class of trade (direct and indirect sales) since it was
not addressed in the proposed rule.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(g)(13) that sales to physicians fall into the definition of
retail pharmacy class of trade and are included in AMP. The definition
of retail pharmacy class of trade includes any pharmacy or other outlet
that purchases, or arranges for the purchase of, drugs from a
manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor and subsequently sells or
provides the drugs to the general public. We believe that, to the
extent that the physician is operating to provide drugs to the general
public, they should be included within the definition of retail
pharmacy class of trade and AMP.
Comment: One commenter sought clarification concerning whether
sales to surgical centers, ambulatory care centers, prisons, and mental
health centers are in the retail pharmacy class of trade. Unlike walk-
in pharmacies, these providers generally provide drugs incident to
providing medical services to persons who are their private patients,
although some physician practices sell self-administered products to
patients who take the products home.
Response: We appreciate this comment and have clarified in the
regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(9) that sales to prisons are
excluded from AMP. We have further clarified at Sec. 447.504(g)(8)
that sales to surgical centers, ambulatory care centers, and mental
health centers are included in AMP to the extent that such facilities
provide drugs to the general public unless such drugs are provided
through a nursing facility pharmacy.
Hospital Pharmacy Sales
Comment: Several commenters stated that hospital prices should be
excluded
[[Page 39173]]
from AMP because hospital pharmacies receive generous price breaks from
wholesalers and manufacturers that are not available to retail
pharmacies. Many commenters believe that CMS should exclude all
hospital pharmacy sales from AMP because the vast majority of sales are
for inpatient use and hospitals do not generally track whether a drug
is provided to an individual receiving inpatient services or outpatient
services. Another commenter stated that it would be administratively
difficult for manufacturers to include sales to walk-in pharmacies
located in hospitals because most hospitals buy drugs for inpatient and
outpatient use through wholesalers or distributors under agreements
negotiated by GPOs. The commenter further suggested that manufacturers
be permitted to assume hospital purchases are for their inpatient
inventory and exclude them from AMP unless sales to hospital outpatient
pharmacies are identifiable. One commenter said that drugs provided
through hospital outpatient departments are not available to the
general public and should be excluded as they are not in the retail
pharmacy class of trade. Another commenter stated that hospital
outpatient departments receive drugs at lower prices than retail
pharmacies which would result in a lower AMP and unfairly lower
reimbursement to retail pharmacies.
Response: We agree that manufacturers often do not know what drugs
sold to hospitals are used in the hospital outpatient pharmacies or
other hospital facilities, such as clinics. In such an event, we
believe that manufacturers should exclude hospital sales from AMP. We
have provided in this final rule at Sec. 447.504(g)(3) that drugs sold
to hospitals for use in an outpatient pharmacy are included in AMP,
except where the manufacturer cannot identify and document hospital
sales for outpatient use.
Comment: One commenter stated that it is unclear if pharmacies in
physician clinics that dispense prescriptions in such clinics are
included in the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We consider physician clinics, to the extent that they
provide drugs to the general public, to be in the retail pharmacy class
of trade and drugs sold to these clinics should be included in AMP.
Comment: One commenter asked if an outpatient clinic includes
hospital surgical centers, ambulatory care centers and outpatient
departments in which a patient is admitted to the hospital and released
the same day.
Response: The term outpatient clinic was intended to capture all
outpatient facilities including hospital surgical centers, ambulatory
care centers and outpatient departments because such facilities provide
drugs that are available to the general public. We have revised the
regulation text in Sec. 447.504(g)(8) to expand the term ``outpatient
clinic'' to ``outpatient facilities; for example, outpatient clinic.''
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS define outpatient clinic.
The commenter assumed that federally qualified health centers,
independent diagnostic facilities, and the like are outpatient clinics.
Response: We have revised the term outpatient clinic in Sec.
447.504(g)(8) to mean ``outpatient facilities; for example, outpatient
clinic'' in the regulation text.
Comment: One commenter indicated that it is unclear if the term
outpatient clinic was intended to include physician offices. If not,
the proposed rule is silent on the handling of sales to physicians in
AMP.
Response: The term outpatient clinic was not intended to cover
direct physician sales. We have clarified in the final regulation text
at Sec. 447.504(g)(13) that the retail pharmacy class of trade may
include physicians to the extent that they provide drugs to the general
public.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify that the term
``outpatient clinic'' is not intended to mean hospital outpatient
departments since a different sub-paragraph in 42 CFR Sec. 447.504(g)
addresses sales to hospitals outpatient pharmacies. Manufacturers may
find it difficult to distinguish between hospital-affiliated
freestanding outpatient clinics and true hospital-based outpatient
departments.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(g)(8) that outpatient clinics and facilities, which are not
hospital-affiliated entities, are included in AMP. We have further
clarified in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(g)(3) that sales to
hospitals, for use by an outpatient pharmacy for a hospital outpatient
department, clinic or affiliated entity are included in AMP, except
when a manufacturer does not have information to distinguish these
sales from sales used for inpatients.
Mail Order Pharmacies
Comment: Many commenters said that though mail order pharmacies
have a tendency to decrease AMP, they should be included in AMP because
they are licensed pharmacies and provide drugs to the general public.
Some commenters support CMS' decision to maintain its existing policy
to include sales and price concessions to mail order pharmacies in the
AMP calculation. One commenter agreed that mail order should be
included in AMP on the basis that it is simply another form of how
drugs enter into the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
retained this requirement in this final rule at Sec. 447.504(g)(9).
Comment: One commenter said that mail order pharmacy rebates,
chargebacks, and other price concessions should not be included in AMP.
Response: We do not agree. After consideration of all comments
received, we continue to believe that mail order pharmacies are part of
the retail pharmacy class of trade inasmuch as they are accessible and
dispense prescriptions to the general public. The rebate agreement
which provides for the inclusions of rebates, discounts, and price
concessions associated with drugs provided to the retail pharmacy class
of trade be included in AMP. We further believe that we are correct to
include mail order pharmacies in AMP, since Congress did not seek to
change the policy regarding the inclusion of mail order pharmacy sales
and associated price concessions in AMP with the recent DRA (except
with respect to customary prompt pay discounts extended to
wholesalers). Accordingly, CMS has not changed the policy in this final
rule.
Comment: Several commenters said that any closed-door mail order
pharmacy, in that it sells only to facilities or plans with which a
contractual relationship exists, should be excluded.
Response: As previously discussed, we believe that all sales to
mail order pharmacies are within the retail pharmacy marketplace and
drugs from these pharmacies are available to the general public. We
have clarified in the final regulation at Sec. 447.504(e) the
definition of retail pharmacy class of trade.
Comment: Several commenters said that any mail order pharmacy whose
rebate and discount arrangements are not available to other pharmacies
in the retail pharmacy class of trade should be excluded.
Response: We disagree. The rebate agreement which provides that
rebates, discounts, and price concessions associated with drugs
provided to the retail pharmacy class of trade be included in AMP. It
does not precondition this on whether other
[[Page 39174]]
entities within the retail pharmacy class of trade can get these same
discounts.
Comment: One commenter expressed the concern that the inclusion of
mail order discounts and rebates in the AMP calculation will impact
access for a drug when used for the purposed of the FUL process.
Several commenters said that to include mail order pharmacies in AMP
will skew the price to a lower price at which retail outlets will never
be able to purchase medications. Another commenter noted that although
mail order pharmacies serve consumers on a retail level their
dispensing rate per day is many hundreds of times larger than a
community-based retail pharmacy, allowing them to buy at a lower cost
that is not available to a community-based retail pharmacy. Another
commenter stated that the inclusion of mail order pharmacies will lower
reimbursement to the community pharmacies below their cost. Several
commenters stated that drug acquisition costs available to mail order
pharmacies may not be available to smaller retail pharmacies and that
inclusion of mail order pharmacies will serve to drive down pharmacy
ingredient costs even further below average acquisition cost. One
commenter said that it is self-evident to those in the industry that
independent pharmacies do not purchase pharmaceuticals at the same cost
as mail order pharmacies or chain pharmacies. This is driven by the
inability to collectively negotiate with manufactures and to purchase
pharmaceuticals without acquiring the product from a wholesaler or
distributor that requires significant additional margins for the
distribution of those items from the manufacturers to independent
pharmacies. They further noted that the differentials of mail order and
chain pharmacies to other pharmacies acquisition cost are very
significant. Many commenters said that the proposed rule is flawed by
allowing manufacturers to include mail order in AMP on the basis that
AMP will not reflect the price paid by traditional retail pharmacies or
community pharmacies. A few commenters said that the idea of an AMP is
acceptable, but only if hospital and mail order pharmacy pricing is
excluded from AMP as mail order and hospital pharmacies receive
generous price breaks from wholesalers and manufacturers alike, and
thus their AMP should be calculated separately from other traditional
retail pharmacies. One commenter further said that mail order
pharmacies do not create a level playing field with community
pharmacies. Mail order pharmacies have tremendous advantages over
community retail pharmacies due to their preferential treatment by
pharmaceutical manufacturers. Their special discounts and pricing are
not available to the public. Therefore, adding their pricing into the
equation will cause an artificially low AMP to be reported. Another
commenter stated that community pharmacies are at a loss compared to
hospital/clinic organizations, PBMs, and mail order pharmacies because
these pharmacies have access to rebates and price concessions that may
not be available to community pharmacy.
Response: We disagree. Mail order and other pharmacies are included
in the definition retail pharmacy class of trade given that they
provide drugs to the general public. Furthermore, the calculation of
AMP is based, in part, on the average price received by manufacturers.
Some drug prices in AMP will be lower than the average but they will be
combined with other sales prices that are higher. The FULs, in turn,
are calculated based on the lowest priced drug inflated by 250 percent.
In addition, we have taken other measures as described in this
regulation to assure that drugs used in the FUL calculation will be
available at the FULs price.
Comment: One commenter said that while the proposed rule makes a
strong case for the inclusion of prices of sales to mail order
pharmacies, it remains extremely vague on operational issues. Because
the inclusion of these prices will have a significant impact on the
AMP, the operational detail is extremely important.
Response: We are unable to respond to this comment as the commenter
did not include enough specific information regarding operational
issues to enable us to do so. Prices of sales to mail order pharmacies
are currently included in AMP; therefore, we do not believe that the
finalization of this provision will present or create new operational
issues for manufacturers.
Comment: Many commenters said that mail order pharmacies should be
excluded from AMP because mail order pharmacy sales are not traditional
retail pharmacies and are a restricted vehicle for the delivery of
prescriptions which is not publicly accessible to all patients. They do
not provide the expected and needed services a retail pharmacy provides
nor do they provide identical medications. Another commenter noted that
a traditional retail pharmacy almost without exception pays the highest
price. Mail order pharmacies are structurally similar to pharmacies
that service nursing homes, which have been excluded in the proposed
rule from the retail pharmacy class of trade. They should be considered
separate entities.
Response: We disagree. We continue to believe that mail order
pharmacies are a segment of the retail pharmacy class of trade and
should remain in AMP. We note that in the OIG's report, ``Medicaid Drug
Rebates: The Health Care Financing Administration Needs to Provide
Additional Guidance to Drug Manufacturers to Better Implement the
Program,'' (A-06-91-00092), November 1992 and in the GAO report,
``Medicaid Drug Rebate Program--Inadequate Oversight Raises Concerns
about Rebates Paid to States,'' (GAO-05-102), February 2005, retail
pharmacy class of trade was defined to mean that sector of the drug
marketplace, similar to the marketplace for other goods and services,
which dispenses drugs to the general public and which includes all
price concessions related to such goods and services. We do believe
that there are not sufficient similarities between long-term care
pharmacies and mail order pharmacies especially given that drugs of
long-term care pharmacies are only available to residents of those
institutions.
Comment: One commenter said that removing mail order pharmacies
from the retail pharmacy class of trade creates consistency in the
regulation and conforms the definition to market reality.
Response: We disagree. We have consistently applied the definition
of retail pharmacy class of trade to mean that segment of the market
accessible to the general public. Given that mail order pharmacies are
a segment of the retail marketplace, we continue to believe that their
inclusion reflects market reality.
Comment: One commenter stated that mail order pharmacies are owned
by PBMs and PBMs are not wholesale distributors; therefore, there is no
method for distributing this lower cost to the retail sector. Another
commenter said that should CMS decide to include mail order pharmacies
in its definition of ``retail pharmacy class of trade'' then PBMs
acting as wholesalers and or mail order pharmacies would by default
need to have their purchase discounts included in the calculation of
AMP.
Response: As discussed previously, we have decided to exclude PBM
rebates, discounts and other price concessions from the determination
of AMP, except for purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies. We
understand that PBMs do not generally take possession of pharmaceutical
products. Only in their role as mail order pharmacies do PBMs
participate directly in the purchase or delivery of prescriptions
drugs. However, we
[[Page 39175]]
continue to include sales to mail order pharmacies operated by PBMs. We
believe that the sale to a mail order pharmacy, regardless of whether
such a pharmacy in owned by a PBM, meets the definition of a sale to
the retail pharmacy class of trade given that the drugs provided by
such pharmacies are generally available to the general public.
Comment: One commenter said that mail order sales should not be
included in the calculation of AMP because they are treated by the
pharmaceutical manufacturers as a different class of trade.
Response: We disagree. The definition of retail pharmacy class of
trade for the purposes of the drug rebate program is governed be the
standards in this rule, not by how a manufacturer treats a sale.
Comment: A few commenters stated that mail order pharmacies will
have an unfair competitive advantage over retail pharmacy if the final
rule permits the inclusion in AMP.
Response: We do not believe the inclusion of mail order pharmacies
in AMP in this final rule will significantly affect the competitive
advantage one segment of the market has over the other. As we
previously noted, the FULs price, which is calculated as an aggregate
upper limit based on 250 percent of the AMP, should allow adequate
payment to any pharmacy. We believe that States will consider the
interests of all pharmacies in the State in setting other pharmacy
payment rates and note that such rates will require approval of a State
plan amendment.
Comment: One commenter suggests that if mail order pharmacy pricing
is not excluded, then it should at least be used only with a diminished
weight in the actual equation used to calculate AMP.
Response: We disagree. The legislation does not support a different
methodology for mail order pharmacies or any other segment of the
retail pharmacy class of trade when calculating AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that including mail order pricing in
the determination of AMP is wrong and instead there should be a retail
AMP and a mail order AMP.
Response: The current law does not provide for separate AMP
calculations.
Comment: One commenter questioned why mail order pharmacies pay
less for drugs. The commenter stated that community pharmacy should
have the same rebates and pricing to save money.
Response: Such issues regarding the purchase prices of different
entities are not covered by this final rule.
Comment: A few commenters stated that if mail order price
concessions are included in AMP, the resulting base date AMP will be
artificially low.
Response: As elsewhere described in this final rule, we are
allowing manufacturers to revise their base date AMPs for the first
four calendar quarters following publication of this final rule.
Comment: AMP needs to be defined so that the community pharmacist
can continue to serve Medicaid patients.
Response: We believe that this final regulation permits states to
provide for adequate reimbursement for FUL drugs subject to the FULs.
Comment: One commenter said that CMS should take into consideration
how price concessions are earned by mail order pharmacies. Mail order
pharmacies are able to provide manufacturers with increased market
share via the use of formularies and incentives, such as copayments. In
return for increased market share and profits, manufacturers offer
monies and incentives not available to purchasers other than mail order
for Medicaid prescriptions. Medicaid requires manufacturers to pay
rebates/incentives directly to States. Manufacturers expressly exclude
Medicaid prescriptions from incentive programs offered to mail order.
The calculation of AMP should exclude discounts or incentives that are
not available for Medicaid prescriptions.
Response: We appreciate the comment; however, the methods for
earning such price concessions by mail order pharmacies are outside of
the scope of the proposed rule. The calculation of AMP is not based on
incentives offered to one segment of the market or whether these
incentives are offered for Medicaid prescriptions.
Comment: Several commenters stated that because mail order
pharmacies do not generally service the Medicaid population, they
should not be included in the definition of retail pharmacy class of
trade.
Response: We disagree. The definition of retail pharmacy class of
trade is not dependent on whether or not Medicaid beneficiaries obtain
their services from the pharmacy.
Comment: One commenter said that the inherent variable nature of
AMP coupled with the fact that CMS proposed to include the prices paid
to mail order pharmacies in the calculation of AMP will not provide for
a viable benchmark for the cost of drugs that will allow States to
control prescription drugs cost while providing pharmaceutical care for
the Medicaid population.
Response: We disagree. We believe that the AMPs will be fully
adequate for computing FULs and that States will make their best
decisions on the application of these AMPs to the providers in their
States.
Comment: One commenter said that providing mail order pharmacy
services in rural areas will not suffice because of the inability to do
what is required to obtain medicines.
Response: In this final rule, we are addressing the issue of what
prices are included in AMP; we are not addressing this issue at this
time.
Comment: One commenter said that if mail order pharmacies are in
the same class of trade as retail pharmacies, then it is not clear why
the MMA, which established Medicare Part D, created separate
distinctions for retail pharmacy, nursing home pharmacy and mail order
pharmacy. Another commenter stated that CMS specifically excluded mail
order pharmacies from the definition of retail pharmacy in the rule
implementing the Medicare Part D Program. Therefore, excluding mail
order pharmacies from AMP would be consistent with CMS' current Part D
definition of retail pharmacy.
Response: The statutory provisions applicable to Medicare Part D
and the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are significantly different. We
continue to believe that mail order pharmacies are a segment of the
retail pharmacy class of trade accessible to the general public and
should remain in AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that the only reason offered by CMS in
the proposed rule for including mail order pharmacies in AMP is that
the removal would be inconsistent with past policy (71 FR 77178). The
commenter further states that this does not apply to the DRA AMP.
Response: We disagree. Our reasons for including mail order
pharmacies are clearly enunciated in this final rule and as noted, we
do so based on more than consistency with previous policy. We continue
to believe that mail order pharmacies are a segment of the retail
pharmacy class of trade accessible to the general public and should
remain in AMP. The DRA required that we clarify the definition of AMP,
but did not mandate a manner in which we do so.
Comment: One commenter stated that if mail order should be included
in the definition of retail pharmacy class of trade, a significant
additional percentage increase to the FUL or significantly higher
dispensing fee should be provided to those entities that provide the
more desirable mode of delivery of products and services, such as
community pharmacies.
Response: We disagree. The law provides that the FUL should be
calculated based on a 250 percent of the
[[Page 39176]]
AMP for the lowest price drug. The determination of dispensing fees is
left up to each State, with CMS' approval through a State plan
amendment. We also disagree that mail order pharmacies do not offer a
desirable mode of delivery.
Specialty Pharmacies and Direct Patient Sales
Comment: One commenter stated that direct sales to patients are
usually for specialty drugs provided through a direct distribution
arrangement and should be excluded from AMP. Several commenters
believed that specialty pharmacies should not be included in the
definition of retail pharmacy class of trade and therefore, excluded
from AMP, because they limit their services to a defined population and
do not dispense to the general public. Another commenter requested that
CMS provide specific guidance regarding the treatment of discounts and
rebates to specialty pharmacies when calculating AMP. Several
commenters stated that traditional pharmacies do not have access to the
prices provided to specialty pharmacies.
Response: We believe that drugs supplied through specialty
pharmacies are within the regular retail marketplace. The fact that the
pharmacies serve a client population characterized by specific medical
conditions does not mean that their drugs are not sold to the general
public, nor does it take them out of the retail pharmacy class of
trade. Therefore, we have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(g)(11) that sales, rebates, discounts, or other price
concessions to specialty pharmacies are included in AMP.
Comment: Several commenters said that sales to specialty pharmacies
should be included in AMP.
Response: We appreciate the commenters' support for this provision
and have retained this requirement at Sec. 447.504(g)(11) in this
final rule.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS confirm that payments for
specialty pharmacy services that satisfy the definition of a bona fide
service fee should be excluded from the calculation of AMP.
Response: We concur. Payments for specialty pharmacy services that
satisfy the definition of bona fide service fees should be excluded
from the determination of AMP.
Comment: A few commenters said that home infusion pharmacies do not
clearly fit the definition of retail pharmacy class of trade for the
purpose of this regulation because they do not sell or provide drugs to
the general public. Unlike retail pharmacies, infusion pharmacies treat
only a specialized class of patients who rely on these pharmacies for
services that support their therapy regimen as a substitute for
hospitalization. In other contexts, infusion pharmacies have been
excluded from the retail pharmacy class of trade. For instance, CMS
excluded infusion pharmacies from this classification for purposes of
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) standards
when it established the National Council for Prescription Drugs Program
(NCPDP) claim format for retail pharmacy claims. Infusion pharmacies
also are distinguished from retail pharmacies under HCPCS. HCPCS
provides approximately 80 ``S'' codes for home infusion therapy
services that may not be used by retail pharmacies for their drug
claims. It is not clear if payment based on AMP would appropriately
reimburse home infusion pharmacies for the drugs that they provide.
Response: We believe that even though home infusion therapy
pharmacies serve a defined population based on medical condition and
are classified differently for the purpose of reimbursement; the drugs
from these pharmacies are sold in the retail marketplace and are
available to the general public. In accordance with the statute, the
AMPs could be used to establish FULs. States may decide to use AMPs for
reimbursements subject to our review and approval of a State plan
amendment. We further believe that this final regulation provides
states with sufficient flexibility to establish adequate reimbursement
rates for FULs drugs. Therefore, we have clarified in the regulation
text that sales to home infusion therapy pharmacies are included in
AMP.
Retail Pharmacy Class of Trade
Comment: One commenter said that the proposed definition of retail
pharmacy class of trade does not allow for adequate analysis of the
costs related to operating such pharmacy. What normally qualifies as a
retail pharmacy is an independently owned grocery, or chain pharmacy
locations. Mail service and hospital outpatient pharmacies do not incur
the same costs as retail pharmacies. These practice sites are able to
purchase drugs at a lower cost than retail pharmacies. Any definition
of pharmacy that is used in calculating costs must adequately
differentiate between various practices settings so that the
reimbursement can properly cover the true cost associated with each
setting.
Response: The AMP is the average price received by the manufacturer
for the drugs in the United States from wholesalers for drugs
distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade excluding certain
customary prompt pay discounts and including certain price concessions,
as defined in the regulation. We have defined AMP consistent with our
understanding of current law. Since AMP is based on the price received
by the manufacturer for the drug, it does not necessarily reflect a
particular pharmacy's acquisition cost of a drug.
Comment: One commenter asked whether all community retail entities
buy drugs at the same price; if not, what are the differences in
purchased drugs for all the retail outlets (HMOs, mail order
pharmacies, hospital pharmacies, Federal agency pharmacies, chain
pharmacies and independent retail pharmacies). If there is a
significant difference, is CMS discriminating against some retail
outlets? One commenter said that the definition should reflect the
prices at which traditional retail pharmacies purchase medications.
Another commenter said that in order to be included in the definition
of retail pharmacy class of trade, the prices used should be prices
available to community pharmacy and the prescriptions should be
publicly accessible.
Response: As we have previously noted, AMP is based on the average
price received by the manufacturer for the drug; it does not
necessarily reflect the pharmacy's acquisition cost.
Comment: Several commenters agreed that the entities included in
the retail pharmacy class of trade must provide public access. Another
commenter said that retail pharmacy class of trade describes outlets
that dispense drugs to the general public.
Response: We agree.
Comment: One commenter stated that entities should be included in
the definition of retail pharmacy class of trade on the basis that they
do not conduct a manufacturer-wholesaler transaction. Also, hospitals
and nursing homes do not distribute drugs to the general public and
should not be included in retail pharmacy class of trade. Only
traditional retail pharmacies (chains and independents) should be
included. The retail pharmacy class of trade should be defined as those
pharmacies that provide face-to-face service to patients, offer timely
delivery, can provide 24/7 availability and response to patient needs,
and are available to patients in the event of a disaster.
Response: We do not agree that the retail pharmacy class of trade
is limited
[[Page 39177]]
to those entities proposed by the commenter. As stated in response to
prior comments, we define retail pharmacy class of trade more broadly
to include, for example, direct sales to physicians and outpatient
hospital sales, to the extent that they provide drugs to the general
public.
Comment: Many commenters stated that the retail pharmacy class of
trade should include any independent pharmacy, independent pharmacy
franchise, independent chains, independent compounding pharmacy, and
traditional chain pharmacy--including each traditional chain pharmacy
location, mass merchant pharmacy and supermarket pharmacy.
Response: We agree, but note that we do not believe this list of
pharmacies to be inclusive of all entities in the retail pharmacy class
of trade.
Comment: Another commenter said that the proposed definition of
retail pharmacy class of trade includes entities such as mail-service
pharmacies, hospital outpatient pharmacies, and outpatient clinics that
may have access to rebates and price concessions that are not
accessible to community pharmacies. One commenter further said that
these entities fall clearly outside of the statutory definition of AMP.
Some commenters said that if AMP is to represent the price of drugs
bound to the retail pharmacy class of trade then it should include and
exclude components (including discounts, rebates, and other price
concessions) according to their impact on the acquisition price
actually paid by the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We disagree. We believe the statute requires that
rebates, discounts, and price concessions associated with drugs to the
retail pharmacy class of trade be included in AMP. The definition does
not precondition the inclusion of such discounts or other price
concessions on whether other entities within the retail pharmacy class
of trade can access these same discounts. We believe there are variety
of circumstances in which an entity within the retail pharmacy class of
trade might receive a rebate or discount not available to other
entities in that class.
Comment: One commenter said that manufacturers should be instructed
to exclude from AMP sales to entities that do not meet the definition
of the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We have clarified at Sec. 447.504(g)-(h) which sales are
included and excluded in this final regulation.
Comment: A few commenters said that independent pharmacy owners
should have a level playing field. It is not fair to include rebates
and discounts to PBMs, insurance companies and government agencies and
exclude rebates to independent business owners. One commenter said that
only if complete access to all discounts offered at every level, mail
order, government, HMO and PPOs are offered to any willing buyer will
this system be fair.
Response: We disagree. The rebate agreement provides for the
inclusion of rebates, discounts, and price concessions associated with
drugs provided to the retail pharmacy class of trade in AMP. It does
not condition the inclusion of such price concessions on whether other
entities within the retail pharmacy class of trade can receive these
same discounts. We agree with the comments concerning the PBMs and
certain government purchasers, and have decided to exclude certain
Federal and state sales, and PBM rebates, discounts, or other price
concessions from the determination of AMP, except for purchases through
PBM mail order pharmacies. As noted previously, we believe there may be
circumstances in which an entity within the retail pharmacy class of
trade might receive a rebate or discount not available to other
entities in that class of trade.
Comment: One commenter stated that there is no basis in the statute
or in the congressional discussion surrounding the legislation to
include sales to mail order pharmacies and rebates, discounts, or other
price concessions associated with sales of drugs provided to the retail
pharmacy class of trade in AMP. Had Congress wanted to do so, it would
have expressly provided for these items to be included in AMP, as it
had done in establishing the ASP-based reimbursement system for
Medicare Part B drugs.
Response: We do not agree. After consideration of all comments
received, we continue to believe that mail order pharmacies are part of
the retail pharmacy class of trade in as much as they dispense
prescriptions to the general public. The rebate agreement has
consistently provided for the inclusion of rebates, discounts, and
price concessions associated with drugs provided to the retail pharmacy
class of trade be included in AMP. We see no reason to change that
policy in this rule.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify what it means to
sell or provide covered drugs to the general public.
Response: We believe that the term sell or provide covered drugs to
the general public as discussed previously in the OIG reports is
consistent with our definition of the retail pharmacy class of trade.
As discussed previously, we have defined retail pharmacy class of trade
to include the sector of the drug marketplace, similar to the
marketplace for other goods and services, which dispenses drugs to the
general public and which include all price concessions related to such
goods and services.
Treatment of Medicaid Sales
Comment: One commenter stated that price concessions associated
with the sales to Medicaid should be included in AMP but Medicaid
rebates should be excluded because no portion of these rebates is
shared with the retail pharmacy community. One commenter agreed that
prices paid by Medicaid programs should be included in AMP.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
clarified in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that discounts
and other price concessions to third party payers, including Medicaid,
are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that if CMS requires Medicaid sales
and units to be included in AMP, then CMS should require that the
applicable Medicaid rebates are included in AMP. Requiring the
inclusion of Medicaid units in AMP without including the applicable
Medicaid rebates will skew the AMP calculation and make the resulting
AMP inaccurate.
Response: We disagree. We do not believe that including Medicaid
sales and units without the respective rebate in AMP results in an
inaccurate AMP. AMP is calculated by dividing net sales by total number
of units sold, less free goods. This has been CMS' policy since the
inception of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. While AMP and best price
include discounts or other price concessions, we do not believe that
Medicaid rebates should be subtracted from sales. As a practical
matter, we do not know how this could be done with accuracy because
manufacturers often do not know which of their sales are dispensed to
Medicaid beneficiaries.
Comment: Many commenters stated that Medicaid sales should not be
included in AMP, similar to other Federal payers.
Response: We disagree. Medicaid sales are included in AMP, as are
the sales in other Federal programs (except for those excluded as
identified in the regulation), because Medicaid sales are part of the
chain of sales to retail pharmacies. Therefore, we believe that it is
appropriate to include Medicaid sales in AMP. Furthermore,
manufacturers often do not know which
[[Page 39178]]
of their sales are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries, making it
impossible to remove these sales from AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that AMP should reflect rebates paid
by manufacturers to third party payers such as Medicaid which are
unavailable to retail pharmacies.
Response: AMP generally reflects rebates provided by the
manufacturer for drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of
trade. However, the rebate agreement specifically state that rebates
paid to States under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are excluded from
AMP calculations. We see no reason to change that policy in this rule.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS explain what sales and
associated rebates are paid under the Medicaid Program other than those
paid under section 1927 of the Act.
Response: Rebates paid to State Medicaid Agencies for covered
outpatient drugs dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries, including CMS-
authorized State supplemental rebates, are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify what we mean in
the proposed by the statement, ``Therefore, we would clarify that
rebates paid to the States under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program
should be excluded from AMP calculations but that the price concessions
associated with the sales of drugs in the retail pharmacy class of
trade which are provided to Medicaid patients should be included'' (71
FR 77180).
Response: This statement was intended to clarify how price
concessions provided to wholesalers for drugs for which Medicaid is the
payer differ from Medicaid rebates paid directly by manufacturers to
Medicaid agencies. It would be virtually impossible for a manufacturer
to separate these price concessions out from its AMP calculation
because Medicaid does not purchase drugs directly, but reimburses
pharmacies for drugs. Rebates, however, are paid based on state
utilization data by manufacturers to States. These are clearly
identifiable and are not taken into account in the calculation of AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify how rebates paid
to State Medicaid agencies under either the national rebate agreement
or a CMS-authorized supplemental rebate agreement are treated in the
calculation of AMP. The commenter asked whether manufacturers are
expected to perform some level of diligence to trace Medicaid sales to
the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: Rebates paid to State Medicaid Agencies under either the
national rebate agreement or CMS-authorized State supplemental rebate
agreements are excluded from AMP.
Comment: Several commenters stated that including Medicaid data in
AMP is ``bootstrapping'' the AMP calculation and does not recognize
that Medicaid pricing is heavily regulated by the State and Federal
Government. The commenters believed that the inclusion of Medicaid data
would have an artificial impact on market prices, and that Medicaid
should be excluded from the AMP calculation. Other commenters stated
that including Medicaid sales data would likely create a circular loop,
negating the validity of AMP.
Response: We disagree. The AMP is not intended to represent the
prices paid by retail pharmacies for medications; rather, it is the
average unit price paid to the manufacturer for the drug in the United
States by wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy
class of trade. We do not believe that the inclusion of Medicaid sales
will have an impact on market prices because they are subsumed in the
total sales from manufacturers to wholesalers.
Treatment of Supplemental Rebates
Comment: One commenter stated that supplemental rebates paid to the
Medicaid agency are not disclosed, never shared with pharmacy vendors
and may be significant in their negative impact on those vendors
participating in the Medicaid Program.
Response: Medicaid supplemental rebates paid to the Medicaid agency
are not included in AMP. We see no reason why supplemental rebates paid
to the State that do not impact the payment rate to pharmacies would
affect their participation in the Medicaid Program.
Comment: A few commenters stated that because community pharmacies
do not receive State supplemental rebates, the rebates should be
excluded from AMP. Another commenter requested that CMS clarify that
any supplemental rebates manufacturers pay to State Medicaid programs
are to be considered ``other price concessions'' for the purposes of
this section; thus, these rebates should be included in AMP
calculations.
Response: Supplemental rebates paid under a CMS-authorized State
supplemental rebate agreement are excluded from AMP and not considered
as ``other price concessions'' for the purposes of this section. We
have clarified in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(24) that such
supplemental drug rebates are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify that rebates paid
to States under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program should be excluded
from AMP calculations but that price concessions associated with the
sales of drugs in the retail pharmacy class of trade which are provided
to Medicaid patients should be included.
Response: Rebates paid to States under the Medicaid Drug Rebate
Program are excluded from AMP, but the units and price concessions
associated with the sales of drugs in the retail pharmacy class of
trade, regardless of whether such drugs are provided to Medicaid
patients, are included.
Comment: A commenter requested that CMS clarify whether
supplemental state rebates (for example, those associated with a
preferred drug list) are included as well.
Response: All supplemental rebates paid under a CMS-authorized
State supplemental rebate agreement are excluded from AMP regardless of
whether the agreement is associated with a preferred drug list.
Treatment of Medicare Part D Sales
Comment: Several commenters expressed support for CMS' treatment of
Medicare Part D.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
clarified in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that
associated discounts, rebates, or other price concessions to third
party payers such as a PDP or an MA-PD are not included in the
calculation of AMP on the basis that such price concessions are
essentially third party discounts and not discounts which adjust the
price actually realized at the retail pharmacy. We retained in the
regulation text that the sales of drugs in the retail pharmacy class of
trade which are provided to a PDP or an MA-PD are included in AMP.
Comment: Several commenters stated that sales and rebates to a
Medicare Part D PDP and an MA-PD should not be included in AMP. One
commenter recommended that CMS exclude price concessions under Medicare
Part D, as these price discounts are PBM discounts of those PBMs that
administer the Part D Program. One commenter further stated that the
rebates paid by the manufacturer to a PDP or an MA-PD are not
considered by wholesalers when determining the purchase price to a
retail community pharmacy and should not be included in any calculation
to reimburse the pharmacy. A few commenters stated that Medicare Part D
rebates are similar to Medicaid rebates, which are excluded from AMP,
and that Medicare Part D rebates should be treated similarly. One
commenter
[[Page 39179]]
requested that CMS confirm and provide guidance regarding whether
rebates paid to Medicare Part D are excluded from AMP. Another
commenter stated that including the prices of sales and rebates through
a PDP, MA-PD, or a qualified retiree prescription drug plan would
result in a windfall to manufacturers and an additional burden for
retail pharmacies. The commenter stated that while prices charged to
Part D plans cannot create a new best price for the Medicaid Program,
including Part D prices that are lower than typical commercial prices
in AMP calculations could further reduce the reported AMPs below the
actual cost to retail pharmacies.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts, rebates, or other price
concessions to third party payers such as to a PDP or an MA-PD are not
included in AMP. Such price concessions are essentially third party
discounts and not discounts which adjust the price actually realized.
We retained in the regulation text that the sale of the drugs
reimbursed by these programs and units associated with the sales of
drugs in the retail pharmacy class of trade which are reimbursed by a
PDP or an MA-PD should remain in AMP. We do not believe that this will
be a burden for retail pharmacy because the manufacturer would not
necessarily know the ultimate destination or whether the discount or
price concession to the third party payer is passed on to the retail
pharmacy class of trade such that it would result in an adjustment of
the price actually realized.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether a
manufacturer discount provided to a PBM in connection with Part D mail
order business should be included in AMP.
Response: We have clarified in the final rule at Sec.
447.504(g)(6) that sales and discounts to mail order pharmacies
operated by PBMs are included in AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify the treatment of
qualified retiree prescription drug plans for purposes of AMP.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts, rebates, or other price
concessions paid to third party payers such as rebates paid by the
manufacturer to a qualified retiree prescription drug plan under
section 1860D-22(a)(2) of the Act are not included in AMP. Such price
concessions are essentially third party discounts and not discounts
which adjust the price actually realized. We retained in the regulation
text that the sale of the drugs reimbursed by these programs and units
associated with the sales of drugs in the retail pharmacy class of
trade which are reimbursed by a qualified retiree prescription drug
plan under section 1860D-22(a)(2) of the Act should remain included in
AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed rule excludes from
AMP rebates to Medicaid, the DoD, the IHS, and the DVA because prices
to these entities are not available to the retail pharmacy class of
trade. Rebates offered to SCHIP, Medicare Part D Plans, and SPAPs are
also not available to the retail pharmacy class of trade but are
required to be included in AMP. The commenter asserted that assumptions
in the proposed rule regarding these programs are definitely flawed and
should be revisited.
Response: We revised the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) to
state that associated discounts, rebates, or other price concessions to
third party payers such as a PDP, MA-PD, SCHIP, or an SPAP are not
included in the calculation of AMP. Such price concessions are
essentially third party discounts and not discounts which adjust the
price actually realized.
Comment: One commenter stated that including Part D in AMP may
change manufacturer discounting behavior for Part D.
Response: We do not believe that a change in manufacturer
discounting behavior is likely, as the manufacturer would not
necessarily know the ultimate destination when initially sold.
Furthermore, as discussed previously, we have revised the regulation to
exclude discounts, rebates, or other price concessions to third party
payers, such as a PDP or MA-PD. Such price concessions are essentially
third party discounts and not discounts which adjust the price actually
realized.
Comment: A few commenters said that the proposed rule directs
manufacturers to consider sales and associated price concession
extended to Part D. However, manufacturers do not have access to this
information until they receive quarterly invoices from the States. CMS
should include in the final rule instructions for addressing lagged
data.
Response: We appreciate these comments and have clarified in the
regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts,
rebates, or other price concessions paid to third party payers such as
rebates paid by the manufacturer to a qualified retiree prescription
drug plan under section 1860D-22(a)(2) of the Act are not included in
AMP. As discussed previously, such price concessions are essentially
third party discounts and not discounts which adjust the price actually
realized.
Comment: One commenter said that CMS should recognize in the final
rule the operational challenges manufacturers face in collecting data.
Based on those challenges, the commenter urged CMS to allow
manufacturers to make and rely upon appropriate reasonable assumptions
when including Part D sales in AMP.
Response: We recognized the operational challenges manufacturers
face in collecting data and have clarified in the final regulation text
the submission of lagged price concessions and the use of manufacturer
assumptions.
SPAP Price Concessions
Comment: Many commenters suggested that CMS exclude manufacturer
rebates to SPAPs from AMP calculations as it does with Medicaid
rebates. Another commenter expressed appreciation for CMS' specific
guidance regarding the treatment of discounts/rebates to SPAPs, but
disagreed with including discounts/rebates to SPAPs in AMP. This
commenter argued that SPAPs are government-run programs, and discounts
offered to them are often statutorily driven (sometimes tied to
Medicaid rebates) or otherwise not determined by market factors.
Another commenter stated that SPAPs are similar to the Medicaid Program
in that SPAPs represent third-party government payers; therefore,
rebates for these programs should be treated the same as Medicaid
rebates. One commenter stated that the proposal to include all SPAP
sales and rebates in AMP to the extent that these sales are made to the
retail pharmacy class of trade conflicts with Manufacturer Release 68,
which states that only SPAPs that meet specified criteria are excluded
from AMP. Another commenter requested that CMS clarify that all SPAP
sales and rebates are included regardless of the administrative
structure of the SPAP. Other commenters supported the inclusion of SPAP
sales and rebates in AMP.
Response: We recognize that SPAPs are typically third-party
governmental payers that do not directly purchase drugs from
manufacturers. After considering the comments received, we agree that
SPAP sales, as well as sales to PDPs and MA-PDs under the Medicare Part
D Program should be treated in the same manner as Medicaid sales. That
is, sales of drugs that are
[[Page 39180]]
paid by these programs to pharmacies are included in AMP, but we have
revised our policy and provide in this final rule at Sec.
447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts, rebates, or other price
concessions to the extent that they do not adjust prices at the retail
pharmacy class of trade are excluded from AMP. As discussed previously,
we believe that such price concessions are essentially third party
discounts and not discounts which adjust the price actually realized.
Other State payments for drugs, such as State employee benefit programs
or medical programs for inmates or patients of State prisons or
hospitals, do not meet the criteria of an SPAP. We also agree with the
commenter regarding Manufacturer Release 68 and have clarified that
SPAP sales should be included in AMP and SPAP discounts should be
excluded. Therefore, all SPAP sales will be treated the same for AMP,
regardless of whether they meet the criteria in Manufacturer Release
68.
Comment: Several commenters stated that community pharmacies do not
receive State-only and SPAP prices and rebates; therefore, these should
be excluded from AMP. One commenter believed it is inconsistent with
the legislative intent of the DRA for CMS to include sales reimbursed
by SPAPs for non-Medicare Part D covered prescriptions in the
calculation of the AMP because no Federal money is involved, making it
outside CMS' purview in determining what to include in AMP. One
commenter stated that the inclusion of SPAPs seems inconsistent with
legislative intent.
Response: CMS believes that SPAP sales should be included in AMP
given our understanding of the statute. We also find that SPAP sales,
like Medicaid and Medicare Part D sales, are part of the broader chain
of sales from manufacturers to wholesalers or pharmacies that are
indistinguishable from other market sales. We believe that SPAP sales
are within the scope of AMP because AMP is intended to capture sales to
the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS post on its Web site a
complete and accurate list of qualified SPAPs which is updated on a
frequent and regular basis.
Response: We appreciate this comment and will continue to post a
current list of SPAPs designated as exempt from best price on the CMS
Web site at http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidDrugRebateProgram/Downloads/SPAPBestPriceList.pdf
.
Comment: Another commenter asked that CMS treat SPAP sales
consistently for AMP and best price purposes and exclude them from
both. AMP should reflect prices in the commercial marketplace and
including prices set by statute in the AMP calculation undermines this
purpose. Likewise, excluding prices from best price encourages
manufacturers to provide concessions that do not reflect commercial
considerations, as is the case with SPAPs, where prices or rebates are
generally the result of State law rather than market negotiations.
Response: We disagree. While the statute specifically excludes
SPAPs from the determination of best price, CMS believes that SPAP
sales should be included in AMP because they are subsumed in the
overall chain of sales from the manufacturers through wholesalers to
the pharmacies in the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Comment: One commenter asked CMS to provide guidance regarding how
SPAP sales and rebates should be included. Specifically, the commenter
asked CMS to specify what ratio of sales manufacturers should apply to
SPAP rebates, since the data available to manufacturers do not indicate
the particular sales to which the rebates apply.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts, rebates, or other price
concessions paid to third party payers such as rebates paid by the
manufacturer to a SPAP are not included in AMP. Such price concessions
are essentially third party discounts and not discounts which adjust
the price actually realized.
Comment: One commenter noted that the proposed rule directs
manufacturers to consider sales and associated price concession
extended to SPAPs. However, manufacturers do not have access to this
information until they receive quarterly invoices from the states. CMS
should include in the final rule instructions for addressing lagged
data.
Response: We have in Sec. 447.504(h)(23) excluded the associated
discounts, rebates, or other price concessions provided by the
manufacturer to SPAPs from AMP in this final rule.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS define SPAP.
Response: We have decided not to define SPAP in this regulation at
this time. The current guidance for the definition of SPAP has been set
forth in Manufacturer Release 68.
Comment: One commenter requested that we share with SPAPs the
quarterly unit rebate amount (URA) on the basis that the data is
already being furnished to State Medicaid Agencies.
Response: The URAs for brand name drugs are based on best price,
which we consider confidential. The URAs for generic drugs are 11
percent of AMP, which will be posted on our Web site.
Treatment of SCHIP
Comment: One commenter noted that the proposed rule directs
manufacturers to consider sales and associated price concession
extended to SCHIP. However, manufacturers do not have access to this
information until they receive quarterly invoices from the States. CMS
should include in the final rule instructions for addressing lagged
price concessions.
Response: We have modified the regulation text regarding the
submission of lagged price concessions to allow manufacturers to submit
such information.
Comment: One commenter asked that we clarify the meaning of the
term ``associated with sales of drugs provided to the retail pharmacy
class of trade'' in regard to Part D, SCHIP, and SPAP.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts, rebates, or other price
concessions paid to third party payers such as rebates paid by the
manufacturer to Medicare Part D, SCHIP, and SPAP are not included in
AMP. However, we continue to believe that the respective sales are
included in AMP to the extent that such sales have occurred through the
retail pharmacy class of trade. However, the associated discounts,
rebates, or other price concessions for these sales are not included in
AMP because we understand such price concessions are essentially third
party discounts and not discounts which adjust the price actually
realized.
Comment: One commenter stated that SCHIP should be excluded from
AMP and another commenter expressed support for the inclusion of SCHIP.
Response: We agree that the treatment of SCHIP sales is determined
by the entities that are actually in the sales chain for drugs for
SCHIP beneficiaries. We recognize that SCHIP sales are similar to
Medicaid sales and should be treated as such. Therefore, we have
clarified in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that the
associated discounts, rebates, or other price concessions for these
sales are not included in AMP. We understand that such price
concessions are essentially third party discounts and not discounts
which adjust the price actually realized. We retained in the regulation
text at Sec. 447.504(g)(15) that the sale and units
[[Page 39181]]
associated with the sales of drugs in the retail pharmacy class of
trade which are provided to SCHIP are included in AMP.
Prices to Other Federal Programs
Comment: One commenter endorsed CMS' position to exclude from AMP
the prices provided to government programs on the basis that such
purchases are outside the retail pharmacy class of trade. Other
commenters stated that community pharmacies do not receive FSS/depot
prices and should be excluded from AMP.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
retained this requirement at Sec. 447.504(h) in the final rule.
Comment: Several commenters stated that CMS rightly excluded from
AMP, manufacturer rebates paid to the DoD under TRICARE. One commenter
requested that the classification of the retail TRICARE pharmacies as a
depot should be avoided until the issue between manufacturers and the
DVA has been resolved. Several commenters requested that CMS provide
clarification regarding which TRICARE prices, if any, are considered
depot prices and are excludable. Several commenters requested that CMS
provide clarification in the treatment of TRICARE utilization when the
manufacturer has not paid rebates on the utilization and does not
receive utilization data.
Response: We appreciate the comment regarding the litigation
concerning TRICARE and DVA program. See The Coalition for Common Sense
in Government Procurement v. Secretary of Veteran Affairs, 464 F.3d
1306 (Fed. Cir. 2006). However, we recognize that TRICARE, like the
Medicaid Program, is a third-party governmental payer that does not
directly purchase drugs from manufacturers. After considering the
comments received, we agree that TRICARE sales, as well as sales to
SPAPS, PDPs and MA-PDs under the Medicare Part D Program should be
treated in the same manner as Medicaid sales to the extent that such
sale has occurred through the retail pharmacy class of trade. That is,
sales of drugs to pharmacies that are reimbursed by these programs are
included in AMP, but we have revised our policy and provide in this
final rule at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts, rebates,
or other price concessions to these programs are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether the
exclusion for depot prices applies both to mandatory rebates and
voluntary rebates paid to the DoD. Additionally, if voluntary rebates
paid to DoD are to be excluded from AMP, the final rule must specify
whether the units are to be left in the calculation, as with Medicaid
rebates, or, if the units are to be excluded, the value at which the
excluded units should be removed from the AMP calculation.
Response: We have clarified in this final regulation at Sec.
447.504(g)(15) that sales of drugs to pharmacies that are reimbursed by
TRICARE are included in AMP, but we have revised our policy and provide
in this final rule at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts,
rebates, or other price concessions, whether mandatory or voluntary,
are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether payment
of rebates by a manufacturer on TRICARE utilization is a prerequisite
for concluding that such utilization is a depot sale.
Response: We have clarified in the final regulation at Sec.
447.504(h)(23) that associated discounts, rebates, or other price
concessions to TRICARE are excluded from AMP.
Comment: Several commenters stated that CMS rightly excluded
manufacturer rebates paid to the DVA and the DoD from AMP.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
retained this requirement at Sec. 447.504(h)(1) in the final rule.
HMOs and MCOs
Comment: A few commenters stated that it is unclear whether the
HMO/MCO exclusion from AMP applies only to purchases by MCOs that have
their own facilities, or whether it also excludes transactions of
health plans that reimburse network providers. The commenters further
stated that only transactions with clearly identifiable HMOs and health
plans should be treated as excluded from AMP. Many commenters asked
that CMS clarify that HMOs that simply reimburse enrollees for their
drug purchases at retail pharmacies (without themselves purchasing or
taking possession of the drugs) are included in the calculation of AMP.
Response: We recognize that many HMOs that act as third party
payers, like SPAPs and PBMs, do not generally take possession of
pharmaceutical products. Sales of these drugs flow through the regular
retail chain of sales and are not distinguishable to manufacturers.
Accordingly, similar to a third party payer, when an HMO does not
purchase or take possession of drugs, we consider those sales to be
within the retail sales chain and not the HMOS. Because as with other
third party payers, the discounts, rebates, or price concessions are
not available to the wholesaler, we have clarified that the associated
rebates, discounts, or other price concessions are not included in AMP.
We retained in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that the
sales of the drug reimbursed by the HMO/MCO should remain in AMP, but
sales directly to the HMO/MCO should be excluded. However, when drugs
are dispensed by HMOs, including managed care organizations, those
drugs are not subject to the requirements of the Medicaid drugs rebate
program.
Comment: One commenter noted that in some places in the proposed
rule CMS uses the terms MCO and HMO interchangeably, but in others, it
refers to ``health maintenance organizations (HMOs), including managed
care organizations (MCOs).'' The commenter noted that MCO is usually an
umbrella term for a number of different entities, one of which is an
HMO. The commenter requested that CMS clarify the definition of MCO for
purposes of the final rule. Another commenter stated that neither HMO
nor MCO is defined in the proposed rule.
Response: We acknowledge that the terminology used for these
entities varies. Our intent is that sales to HMOs and MCOs that
purchase and take possession of drugs are excluded from AMP. We have
clarified in Sec. 447.504(h)(23) that the associated rebates,
discounts, or other price concessions for an HMO does not purchase or
take possession of drugs are not included in AMP. We retained in the
regulation text at Sec. 447.504(g)(15) that the sales of the drug
reimbursed by the HMO/MCO should remain in AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether HMO-
operated pharmacies that provide drugs only to their enrollees are
excluded from AMP. The commenter noted that these pharmacies do not
serve the general public in the way that other retail pharmacies do.
Response: HMO-operated pharmacies that purchase drugs and provide
these drugs only to their enrollees are excluded from AMP. We have
clarified in the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(h)(5) that direct
sales to HMO-operated pharmacies are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter asked that we clarify whether the reference
to HMOs and MCOs are limited to so-called ``staff model'' HMOs and MCOs
that purchases pharmaceuticals for dispensing to their members, or
whether they include so-called ``IPA-model'' HMOs and MCOs that arrange
for pharmacy discounts but do not actually purchase drugs.
[[Page 39182]]
Response: As explained above, direct sales to HMOs that purchase
and take possession of drugs, such as many staff model HMOs, would be
excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter was pleased that CMS included MCOs in its
definition of HMOs, which the statute specifically excludes in section
1927 of the Act. Another commenter expressed support for the treatment
of HMOs/MCOs.
Response: As discussed in the preceding responses, we distinguish
between HMOs and MCOs that purchase and take possession of drugs, which
are excluded from AMP, from those that reimburse for drugs through
retail pharmacies, which are included in AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS exclude direct and
identifiable indirect sales to HMOs that operate their own pharmacy.
Response: As noted in the preceding responses, these sales are
excluded from AMP.
Administrative and Service Fees
Comment: Several commenters agreed with CMS that ``bona fide
service fees'' should not be taken into account for the purpose of AMP.
These commenters noted that this is consistent with Congress's intent
and consistent with the treatment of bona fide services fees for the
calculation of ASP for Medicare Part B.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
retained this provision at Sec. 447.504(h)(19) in the final
regulation.
ASP
Comment: Many commenters requested that CMS explicitly adopt all
guidance related to the definition of bona fide service fee contained
in the preamble to the 2007 Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) final rule
published on December 1, 2006 (71 FR 69624). Another commenter
supported the same approach for AMP in Medicaid. CMS defined these fees
as ``expenses that generally would have been paid for by the
manufacturer at the same rate had these services been performed by
other or similarly situated entities.'' CMS should continue to permit
manufacturers, depending on the circumstances and the nature of the
services involved, to calculate the fair market value for a set of
itemized bona fide services, rather than for each service individually.
Moreover, as the method for determining fair market value may vary
based on the terms of the contract at issue, CMS should refrain from
requiring manufacturers to follow a particular method for evaluating
whether a fee equals fair market value. The commenter further said that
the bona fide service fee definition requires these fees to ``not be
passed on, in whole or in part, to a client or customer of an entity.''
The commenter urged CMS to replicate its interpretation of this clause
in the ASP context for AMP. Another commenter stated that CMS should
clarify that the explanations applicable to the definition of bona fide
service fees when manufacturers are calculating ASP also apply when
they are determining AMP and best price because many manufacturers do
not make products subject to ASP reporting and may not be familiar with
the discussion of service fees in the preamble to the 2007 PFS final
rule. The commenter requested CMS to expressly reference the discussion
of bona fide service fees in the preamble to the 2007 PFS final rule,
as well as make clear that CMS is adopting the principles and positions
applicable to bona fide service fees outlined in the 2007 PFS final
rule in the ASP context for purposes of AMP and best price.
Response: We agree. In light of the many comments received, we are
adopting the 2007 final ASP reporting rule's (71 FR 69668, December 1,
2006) interpretation of the definition of bona fide service fees and
how manufacturers may apply the definition for the purposes of AMP and
best price. We appreciate these comments and have further clarified in
Sec. 447.502 that bona fide service fees mean fees for an expense that
would have been paid by the manufacturer at the same rate had these
services been performed by the manufacturer or another entity.
Comment: One commenter believes CMS should apply the definition of
bona fide service fees to the term ``distribution services'' on the
basis that the ASP final rule has clearly articulated a standard for
exclusion. Furthermore, incorporating the term ``distribution
services'' into the definition of AMP does not reflect the fact that
many core distribution services--such as packaging, shipping and
handling--may meet the test of bona fide service fee and should be
excluded from AMP.
Response: We appreciate this comment and have clarified at Sec.
447.504(h) that distribution services which meet the definition of bona
fide services fees are excluded from AMP.
Comment: Several commenters expressed support for the exclusion of
legitimate service fees from AMP, since by definition, these fees are
paid for services, not the drug. However, the exclusion only recognizes
one of the two standard methods by which manufacturers have paid
service fees and recommended that CMS create an additional explicit
exclusion for administrative fee arrangements that meet the OIG safe
harbor under the anti-kickback statute.
Response: We believe that it is outside the scope of our authority
to propose exclusions regarding the OIG safe harbor under the anti-
kickback statute since only the IG of the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services has been authorized to issue advisory opinions related
to health care fraud and abuse under section 1128D(b) of the Act.
Comment: Several commenters recommended that CMS eliminate the
condition that the services would be required ``in the absence of the
service arrangement'' or otherwise clarify that fees paid for bona fide
administrative services related to the administration of a rebate
contract will qualify as ``bona fide service fees'' as long as they
are: (i) for legitimate services, (ii) for services that the
manufacturer would otherwise have to perform or have others perform for
it, and (iii) represent fair market value.
Response: We disagree. We do not believe that for the purposes of
the Medicaid drug rebate program, administrative services related to
the administration of a rebate contract would qualify as bona fide
service fees because these fees are not associated with the efficient
distribution of drugs or our interpretation of the bona fide service
fee guidance.
Comment: A commenter further said that bona fide service fees
should explicitly include all fees paid by manufacturers to non-
terminal retail providers.
Response: We disagree. We believe that the definition and
additional guidance clearly defines what constitutes a bona fide
service fee and distinguishes these fees from other fees that may
reduce the price of a drug.
Comment: One commenter strongly supports CMS' proposed definition
of bona fide services and believes that the decision to adopt the same
definition of these fees for both ASP and AMP will enhance uniformity
in reporting across the Medicare and Medicaid Programs. However, the
commenter encourages CMS to confirm several points by replicating
portions of the narrative of the PFS final rule and (1) deleting the
specific reference to ``distribution fees'' in the definition of AMP,
(2) confirm that the terms ``bona fide,'' ``itemized,'' and ``actually
performed on behalf of the manufacturer or otherwise performed''
include ``any reasonably necessary or useful services of value to
[[Page 39183]]
the manufacturer that are associated with the efficient distribution of
drugs.'' CMS should reiterate that AMP will incorporate the ASP
definition's reference to services that are performed ``on behalf of''
a manufacturer as including both those services that a manufacturer
possesses the capacity to perform and those that only another entity
can perform.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
incorporated the final ASP reporting rule's interpretation of the
definition of bona fide service fees at Sec. 447.502 and how
manufacturers may apply the definition for the purposes of AMP in its
entirety.
Group Purchasing Organizations
Comment: Many commenters requested that CMS specify that
administrative fees paid to GPOs be specifically excluded from AMP. A
few commenters requested that CMS clarify an issue in the preamble to
the final ASP rule regarding whether fees paid to GPOs would come
within the definition of bona fide service fees. The commenters stated
that these fees should receive the same treatment as other
administrative and service fees for the purpose of AMP and best price.
Also, CMS should clarify in the final rule that such arrangements do
not constitute price concessions or discounts to purchasers and should
require the manufacturer to ascertain if the fee is passed on. One
commenter requested that CMS clarify that fees paid to GPOs are
excluded and revise the definition of bona fide service fee to read,
``For purposes of 42 CFR Sec. Sec. 447.504(h) and 447.505(e), fees
paid by a manufacturer to a bona fide group purchasing organization, as
defined at 42 CFR Sec. 100.952(j)(2), will not constitute a price
concession by the manufacturer unless the fees (or any portion thereof)
are passed on to the group purchasing organization's members or
customers as part of an agreement between the manufacturer and the
GPO.''
Response: We have clarified in Sec. 447.504(h)(19) that to the
extent that fees, including service fees, distribution fees, and
administrative fees and other fees to GPOs meet the definition of
``bona fide service fee,'' such fees are excluded from the calculation
of AMP and are not considered price concessions. If the manufacturer
has an agreement with the GPO that any of these monies are passed on to
the group purchasing organization's members or customers, they would
not be excluded as a bona fide service fee. We believe there must be no
evidence or arrangement that the fee is passed on to the member
pharmacy, client or customer of any entity included in the calculation
of AMP in order for the manufacturer to exclude these fees from the
determination of AMP.
Comment: Several commenters said that unlike the ``safe harbor''
regulations, the proposed rule should not differentiate between
administrative fees paid to entities, such as GPOs and PBMs, and fees
for other services, such as distribution and inventory management. The
commenter further supported the exclusion of both types of fees from
AMP, if they satisfy the criteria for itemized bona fide services
performed on behalf of a manufacturer for fair market value not passed
through to a customer or client of the recipient, regardless of whether
it takes title to the drugs, because such fees are necessary business
expenditures. However, the commenters urge CMS to allow categorical
exclusion of administrative fees of three percent or less if they fall
within the GPO administrative fee safe harbor, including its limitation
with ownership of members. Such a categorical exclusion would be
consistent with the purpose of the statutory exemption and safe harbor,
which encourage group purchasing arrangements, and alleviate the
necessity to evaluate each GPO agreement to determine if it is fair
market value for bona fide services received by the manufacturer.
Response: We appreciate these comments and have clarified at Sec.
447.504(h)(19) that to the extent that fees to GPOs meet the definition
of ``bona fide service fee,'' they are excluded from the calculation of
AMP. We believe that to propose a categorical exclusion of
administrative fees of 3 percent or less if they fall within the GPO
safe harbor provisions would be inconsistent with our guidance
regarding an actual determination of the amount of bona fide service
fees.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify that the guidance
provided in the preamble to the final rule on the ASP calculation is
equally applicable in the Medicaid context, except with regard to those
circumstances in which a GPO is passing on fees to members.
Response: As we have previously stated, we have incorporated the
policy in the ASP rule into this final regulation in Sec. 447.502.
Comment: One commenter further requested that CMS clarify that GPO
fees do not affect AMP calculations when the GPO negotiates prices for
member hospitals for drugs used in the inpatient setting, since the
underlying sales to hospitals would be excluded from AMP in this
circumstance.
Response: We agree that these fees should be excluded to the extent
that the sales are not recognized as outpatient hospital sales as
elsewhere discussed in this final rule.
Comment: One commenter expressed support for the comment provided
by an entity within the industry which suggested that fees to GPOs
should not be treated as price concessions ``unless the fees (or any
portion thereof) are passed on to the group purchasing organization's
members or customers as part of an agreement between the manufacturer
and GPO.''
Response: We have incorporated the 2007 final ASP reporting rule's
interpretation of the definition of bona fide service fees at Sec.
447.502 and how manufacturers may apply these definitions for purposes
of AMP. We believe that it is necessary to retain consistency regarding
bona fide service fees and clarify that to the extent that fees to GPOs
meet the definition of ``bona fide service fees'' the fees are excluded
from the calculation of AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed rule treats fees,
discounts and other concessions offered to purchasers of drugs the same
as payments made to third parties like PBMs and GPOs that do not
purchase or take possession of drugs (and for GPOs, do not even pay for
drugs). The commenter requested that CMS limit the provision to price
reductions and other payments that flow to purchasers, and expressly
exclude payments that flow to third parties not involved in the
purchase transactions. The commenter recommended that CMS clarify this
to state that all fees that manufacturers pay to customers or third
parties meeting the definition of a bona fide service fee are excluded
from the calculation of AMP. The commenter contended that the provision
clouds the issue of proper handling of bona fide service fees and
appears to create distinctions between administrative fees, service
fees and distribution fees that do not always exist.
Response: We appreciate this comment and have clarified at Sec.
447.502 that to the extent that fees to any entity included in the
retail pharmacy class of trade meet the definition of bona fide fees,
they are excluded from the calculation.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS remove the bona fide
service fees provision because this term is not well defined and is
open for interpretation, abuse, and fraud. The commenter believed that
if this term reduces AMP, it should be eliminated.
[[Page 39184]]
Response: We disagree. We believe that the excluding bona fide
service fee results in an appropriate measure of AMP. We also believe
that it provides the appropriate safeguard against potential fraud and
abuse. The Federal Government, however, will continue to monitor these
calculations to assure they are not done improperly.
Comment: One commenter said that the final rule should provide an
overview of the types of payments that are bona fide service fees but
not identify an exclusive list. This would allow for manufacturers and
contracting entities to make future interpretations based on the
practices of the marketplace. The commenter did not see the need for
future guidance or rulemaking to add to this list and believes that
doing so may reduce the level of innovation and impede the delivery of
new products to patients. Other commenters requested that CMS provide
more guidance as to what constitutes a bona fide service fee, as well
as provide additional parameters and/or specific examples to assist
manufacturers in making this determination. Another commenter supported
excluding bona fide service fees from AMP, especially when those fees
are not passed through to the product's ultimate purchaser, but did not
support any attempt to list specific bona fide service fees in the
final regulation. The commenter further noted that the preamble should
provide examples of types of bona fide service fee payments that would
be acceptable for exclusion from the AMP calculation at this time.
Response: We believe that the definition defines what constitutes a
bona fide service fee. Providing a list of types of bona fide service
fee payments could limit the scope of what constitutes a bona fide
service and, because of the complexities of the marketplace, raises
further questions as to why some examples were included and some
excluded from that list.
Other Fees
Comment: Commenters requested that CMS provide guidance regarding
the treatment of payments from manufacturers for performing certain
patient care programs, such as patient education and compliance and
persistency programs. These payments should be omitted from the AMP
calculation because they do not reflect prices paid by wholesalers for
drug products or reduce the retail pharmacy's cost of purchasing the
drugs.
Response: We are providing no further policy on these arrangements
in this final rule and will continue to review such arrangements
individually.
Fair Market Value
Comment: One commenter disagrees with the adoption of Medicare Part
B's definition of fair market value. The commenter said that AMP should
not exclude bona fide service fees set at the fair market value because
Part B drugs cannot be purchased by the pharmacy community at the
prices set using ASP. The commenter further stated that excluding bona
fide service fees from AMP would transform chain pharmacy stores into
variety stores and independent pharmacies would cease to exist. Access
to prescription drugs would be unavailable and hospital emergency rooms
would become understaffed clinics.
Response: We disagree. We do not believe that allowing
manufacturers to exclude bona fide service fees that represent the fair
market value of the service will have any impact on the operations of
chain and independent pharmacies.
Comment: One commenter stated that to be truly fair and
appropriate, the definition of fair market value of drugs must be in
some way related to the purchasing power of the pharmacy involved. If
all pharmacies are to be included in the calculation, then it must be
the cost at which the least powerful purchaser can obtain the product.
Alternatively the markets could be separated in a fair manner and the
average acquisition cost for each market could be considered to be the
fair market value of that particular segment.
Response: We believe that the commenter misunderstood the context
of fair market value as it relates to a manufacturer's payment of bona
fide service fees. We do not believe that allowing manufacturers to
determine the fair market value of drug distribution services as it
relates to bona fide service fees impacts the average acquisition cost.
Comment: One commenter supported the exclusion of bona fide service
fees from AMP but stated that an unnecessarily narrow reading of what
constitutes ``fair market value'' remuneration for legitimate services
performed on behalf of a manufacturer may disrupt normal and legitimate
business transactions between PBMs and manufacturers.
Response: Elsewhere in this final rule, we have excluded rebates,
discounts and price concessions provided to PBMs from the determination
AMP, except for purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies eliminating
an effect on these transactions between manufacturers and PBMs. We have
not further defined ``fair market value'' so that manufacturers have
the flexibility to determine fair market value consistent with industry
accepted methods. This is consistent with our adoption of the
discussion in the 2007 final ASP reporting rule (see 71 FR 69668,
December 1, 2006).
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS not provide that a fee
must not be passed on in order for it to be considered a bona fide
service fee. If the fee is for a legitimate service performed for the
manufacturer, it should not matter if it is passed on. Moreover, the
administrative burden for manufacturers to gather confidential
information from PBMs and others in the drug channel would be
significant and may cause manufacturers to forgo any service
arrangements.
Response: We disagree. We believe that a fee which is passed on is
not a bona fide service fee but rather a price concession. Price
concessions reduce the price realized by the manufacturer for drugs
distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade. We understand that
manufacturers may face administrative burdens regarding the collection
of data to determine whether a fee is passed on and have incorporated
the discussion in the 2007 final ASP reporting rule (see 71 FR 69669,
December 1, 2006). Finally, elsewhere in this final rule, we have
excluded rebates, discounts and price concession to PBMs so there is no
longer the administrative burden associated with PBM adjustments.
Commenter: One commenter asked that CMS allow manufacturers
discretion in selecting methodologies for determining fair market value
and in identifying the types of services that can qualify as bona fide
services.
Response: We have not further defined ``fair market value'' so that
manufacturers have the flexibility to determine fair market value
consistent with generally recognized standards. This is consistent with
our adoption of the discussion in the 2006 final ASP reporting rule
(see 71 FR 69668, December 1, 2006).
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS amend the definition of
bona fide service fee to reflect that a fee paid by a manufacturer to a
group purchasing organization, as that term is defined in 42 CFR Sec.
1001.952(j), represents ``fair market value'' if the fee results from
arms-length, bona fide bargaining between the manufacturer and the GPO.
Response: We believe that the proposed definition and additional
guidance incorporated from the final ASP reporting rule clarifies that
fees,
[[Page 39185]]
including service fees, administrative fees and other fees paid to GPOs
are not considered price concessions to the extent that they satisfy
the definition of a bona fide service fee.
Comment: A commenter said that CMS should amend the definition of
``bona fide service fee'' to allow that a payment need not represent
fair market value in order to qualify as a bona fide services fee.
Response: We do not agree. As previously discussed, we have not
further defined ``fair market value'' so that manufacturers have the
flexibility to determine fair market value consistent with generally
recognized standards. This is consistent with our adoption of the
discussion in the 2006 final ASP reporting rule (see 71 FR 69668,
December 1, 2006).
Comment: Other commenters stated that CMS should allow a
manufacturer to exclude from AMP any payment to any entity other than a
purchaser, where this payment is not passed on in whole or in part by
the entity to a purchaser of the manufacturer's drugs as a price
concession by the manufacturer.
Response: We disagree. We believe that the proposed definition and
additional guidance incorporated from the final ASP reporting rule
clearly define what constitutes a bona fide service fee to an entity
included in the retail pharmacy class of trade, which is excluded from
AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether a service
fee determined not to be ``bona fide,'' should be prorated to include
only that portion related to sales included in AMP.
Response: A manufacturer's AMP should include administrative fees,
service fees (except bona fide service fees) and distribution fees for
those entities and units of drugs included in the determination of AMP.
Comment: One commenter agreed that certain service fees should be
included in the calculation of AMP on the basis that some wholesalers
charge inventory service or stocking fees to certain manufacturer for
carrying their products. Fees such as inventory service or stocking
fees should not be considered bona fide service fees as they do not
fall under the proposed definition and effectively result in a discount
that should be considered when calculating AMP. The commenter further
expressed concern that inventory service or stocking fees charged to
manufactures by wholesalers are not imposed uniformly and agreed that
these should be excluded from AMP to ensure consistency between
manufacturers.
Response: We believe that the definition and additional guidance
clearly defines what constitutes a bona fide service fee and
distinguishes these fees from other fees that may reduce the price of a
drug.
Retail Impact
Comment: One commenter said that community pharmacies do not
receive administrative service agreements from wholesalers and should
be excluded from AMP. Another commenter stated that administrative fees
and service fees paid to wholesalers, PBMs or HMOs should not be
excluded from the calculation of AMP because these fees are not
available to the retail pharmacy of trade. The commenter further stated
that the fees are kept by the above entities and have no effect on
invoice pricing to the retail pharmacy. If CMS feels that these fees
are more than nominal, then this should be addressed in the future
through further legislation.
Response: We disagree. A manufacturer's AMP should include
administrative fees, service fees (except bona fide service fees) and
distribution fees for those entities and units of drugs included in the
determination of AMP.
Direct Patient Sales
Comment: One commenter supported the inclusion of direct patient
sales in AMP on the basis that when drugs are provided to patients
through distributors, the distributor is acting as a wholesaler and the
transaction is a sale to the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
retained this requirement in the final rule at Sec. 447.504(g)(7).
However, as discussed below, we did not intend to include patient
assistance programs.
Comment: A few commenters stated that CMS should reconsider the
rationale used to include direct sales to patients in AMP because the
statute does not contemplate those patients within the classes of
purchasers used to determine AMP. One commenter said that sales
directly to patients should be excluded from AMP. Several commenters
said that sales and rebates associated with direct sales programs
should not be included in AMP for pharmacy reimbursement. Many
commenters said that the retail pharmacy class of trade does not have
access to direct to patient sales and that they should not be included
in AMP. One commenter requested that CMS explain how drugs distributed
directly to patients fall within the definition of drugs distributed to
the retail pharmacy class of trade when patients do not resell or
provide drugs to the general public. A few commenters said that there
is no support for CMS to expand ``wholesaler'' and ``retail pharmacy
class of trade'' to include direct-to-patient sales by a manufacturer.
CMS has not provided an analysis as to why it believes patients are
within the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We appreciate the comment and have clarified that where
the distributor is acting as a wholesaler, such sales should be
included in AMP. We believe such sales are usually for specialty drugs
through a direct distribution arrangement, where the manufacturer may
retain ownership of the drug and pay either an administrative or
service fee to a third party for functions such as the storage,
delivery and billing of the drug. In this case, where the distributor
is acting as a wholesaler, such sales should be included in AMP.
Comment: A few commenters said that direct-to-patient programs are
an efficient, cost-effective means to provide much needed therapies.
Federal policy should encourage such programs rather than discourage
their development and use. However, requiring manufacturers to include
such sales in AMP many have an unintended effect of discouraging
manufacturers from implementing such programs. The commenter urged CMS
to revise its proposed rule so that direct sales to patients are
excluded from AMP. Another commenter said that including these sales
and, presumably, discounts, in the AMP calculation may potentially
serve as a disincentive for manufacturers to offer patient assistance
programs or other subsidies to patients. If the intent of the AMP
calculation is to determine the net price paid by wholesalers for drugs
to the retail pharmacy class of trade, including sales and discounts
directly to patients may improperly lower AMP.
Response: The inclusion of direct patient sales in AMP is not
intended to discourage manufacturers from implementing these programs.
However, we believe that the inclusion of such direct patient sales in
AMP (where the distributor is acting as a wholesaler) is consistent
with our understanding of the statute and our definition of wholesaler.
The policy with respect to patient assistance programs is addressed
elsewhere in this final rule.
Comment: One commenter said that the inclusion of direct patient
sales in AMP is inconsistent with CMS' position on patient coupons,
which are excluded from AMP.
Response: We disagree. Direct patient sales (where the distributor
is acting as
[[Page 39186]]
a wholesaler) are like other sales included in AMP where the
manufacturer sells a drug to a wholesaler/distributor which then sells/
transfers the drug to a pharmacy or dispenses the drug itself. Our
policy is based on our understanding of the transaction and on the
pharmacy or wholesaler not being involved in the patient coupon
transaction given that there is no adjustment of price at the
wholesaler or pharmacy level.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether products
which are sold directly to patients through company stores that sell
only to the company's employees are included in AMP.
Response: We are unable to respond to this comment as the commenter
did not include enough specific information to enable us to do so.
However, we have defined retail pharmacy class of trade at Sec.
447.504(e) to mean any independent pharmacy, chain pharmacy, mail order
pharmacy or other outlet that purchase drugs from a manufacturer,
wholesaler, distributor, or other licensed entity and subsequently
sells or provides the drugs to the general public. We will continue to
respond to such questions via the website or informal guidance when
additional information can be obtained.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify the meaning of
``direct sales'' as it used in the calculation of AMP.
Response: As we understand this term, it means sales for which the
manufacturer exerts control over the distribution of the drug through
either an exclusive wholesaler/distributor or pharmacy. While this is
the general definition we used to respond to these comments, we note
that the underlying basis for our policy on these sales' inclusion in
AMP is based on our broader policy concerning the type of sales that
are included in our definition of the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Returned Goods
Comment: Some commenters expressed support for CMS' proposal to
exclude returned goods from the calculation of AMP pursuant to
manufacturer policies that are not designed to manipulate or
artificially inflate or deflate AMP. The commenters believed that
manufacturers should be able to design their return policies and
exclude such returns from AMP, provided the policies do not represent a
covert means of manipulating AMP. As they understood it, CMS' proposal
permits manufacturers the operational freedom to define and accept
returned goods, while eliminating administrative burdens, preserving
the integrity of the Medicaid drug rebate program, and harmonizing the
AMP calculation with that of ASP. Thus, they asked that CMS finalize
its proposed rule on returned goods.
Response: We appreciate this support and have retained this
requirement in the final rule at Sec. 447.504(h)(21).
Comment: Several commenters requested that CMS clarify the
standards for determining when a return is made in good faith. The
commenters asked whether a manufacturer may assume that goods are
returned in good faith if a manufacturer has no evidence to the
contrary. Alternatively, they requested that CMS delete the ``good
faith'' requirement as this requirement addresses the intentions of
those returning the drugs and not the manufacturer.
Response: We intend that ``good faith'' must be demonstrated on the
part of the manufacturer, not the returning entity. We believe that
returns made in good faith should be made in accordance with pre-
existing manufacturer policies that comply with customary acceptable
business practices; and applicable laws and regulations.
Comment: One commenter stated that these negotiated return goods
policies should take into consideration the unique burdens which retail
pharmacies must absorb in order to efficiently return expired
pharmaceutical products to manufacturers. By mandating that only
returns made pursuant to manufacturers' policies be excluded from AMP,
CMS could be voiding these negotiated return goods policies (which were
negotiated in good faith between manufacturers and retailers) and are
forcing retailers to accept manufacturers' policies and their inherent
deficiencies. The commenter asserted that such action ignores that
retailers absorb considerable cost through replacement value of
returns, inventory carry cost, reverse logistic costs, and
administrative expense. In order to remedy this inequity, the commenter
believes that goods returned in good faith pursuant to a commercial
agreement, written or otherwise, between a manufacturer and a purchaser
of its product, including wholesalers and pharmacies, should also be
excluded from AMP. The commenter further recommended that CMS adopt a
policy regarding returned goods that define them as the result of a
commercial agreement, written or otherwise, between a manufacturer and
a purchaser of its product, including wholesalers and pharmacies, which
are designed to reimburse pharmacies for the replacement cost of
products returned in good faith.
Response: The returned goods policy in this regulation pertains to
when payments for these goods are to be excluded from AMP. It should
not affect negotiated agreements between pharmacies and manufacturers
regarding returned goods. While the proposed rule did not address the
treatment of replacement products, in the final rule at Sec.
447.504(h)(21), we clarify that replacement products should not be
included in AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that the language regarding handling
returned goods in ``good faith'' leaves too much opportunity for
interpretation by various manufacturers. The commenter stated that CMS
should clearly state whether or not returned goods are to be included
in pricing calculations rather than providing a method for some
manufacturers to pick and choose when they will exclude returns.
Response: We do not agree that we should provide a standard
definition at this time. As previously stated, we believe that returns
made in ``good faith'' should be made in accordance with manufacturer
policies that comply with customary business practices; and applicable
laws and regulations.
Comment: The commenter recommended that we eliminate the reference
to ``manufacturers' policies'' as it is unfair and could result in
additional changes by manufacturers in their policies that would
compromise community retail pharmacy.
Response: We disagree. Historically, manufacturers have had the
flexibility to determine whether returns were to be credited to the
quarter of sales or quarter of receipt. This has caused difficulty for
some manufacturers when returns have substantially reduced AMP in a
quarter or resulted in a negative AMP. In light of these concerns, we
proposed to exclude returned goods from the calculation of AMP. The
intent of this revision is not to cause or encourage manufacturers to
change their current policies regarding returns. On the contrary, the
exclusion of returned goods will allow the manufacturer to calculate
and report an AMP that is more reflective of its true pricing policies
to the retail pharmacy class of trade in the reporting period. It
eliminates artificially low, zero or negative AMPs that may result from
these adjustments.
Comment: One commenter expressed support for the proposal to
exclude returned goods from AMP. The commenter further requested that
CMS clarify that manufacturers may exclude
[[Page 39187]]
returned goods based on the good faith of the manufacturer in accepting
the return, because manufacturers do not have a basis to determine the
good faith of the returning purchaser.
Response: We intend that the ``good faith'' be shown on the part of
the manufacturer, not the pharmacy returning the goods. In order to
exclude returned goods from the AMP calculation, the manufacturer must
exercise good faith, in accordance with the manufacturers return
policy.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify that goods that
are returned in accordance with the manufacturer's written return
policies will be deemed to have been made in good faith.
Response: We agree to the extent it meets the criteria specified in
this final rule.
Comment: One commenter said that a manufacturer's payment to a
pharmacy or wholesaler for expired or recalled merchandise as well as
fees associated with those services should be excluded from the
manufacturer's AMP calculation of the basis that the level of credit
provided is not enough to cover the replacement values, the cost of
carrying the product to expiration, the cost of returning the product
and the administrative cost associated with tracking the return.
Response: We would consider these payments acceptable provided that
this payment is in lieu of a credit for the returned good and meet the
other criteria in this final rule for such returns.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify that products
destroyed by purchasers (and thus, not returned to the manufacturer)
should be excluded from AMP.
Response: We agree. Products that are destroyed with no replacement
product issued can be treated as a return.
Comment: One commenter recommended that recalls be treated the same
as returned goods and excluded from AMP and urged CMS to clarify the
treatment for AMP calculation of any return fees or reasonable recall
fees paid by manufacturers.
Response: We agree to the extent that these recalls meet the other
criteria in this final rule.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether a
manufacturer may treat all chargeback reversals as returns if data is
not available to the manufacturer to indicate otherwise.
Response: Only returns within the criteria in this final rule are
to be excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter expressed concern regarding the exclusion of
returned goods because of the effect that excluding these goods may
have on AMP. The commenter believed that a significant increase or
decrease in the AMP as a result of a returned good could lead to
inaccuracies in FULs and potential future payment methodologies based
on AMP to be used by third party programs.
Response: We disagree. We believe that the exclusion of returns
will stabilize AMP and allow the manufacturer to calculate and report
an AMP that is reflective of its pricing to the retail pharmacy class
of trade in the reporting period. It eliminates artificially low, zero
or negative AMPs that may result from these adjustments.
Manufacturer Coupons
Comment: One commenter stated that the final rule should clarify
that manufacturer coupons redeemed by consumers, either directly to the
manufacturer or at point of sale through pharmacies, are excluded from
AMP as long as manufacturer payments to pharmacies are limited to
administrative fees, charged at fair market rates, to compensate the
pharmacies for their services; and, the prices paid by such pharmacies
for the drugs are not affected by the coupon. Several commenters stated
that if CMS decides that coupons redeemed by entities other than the
consumer are to be included in AMP, additional guidance would be needed
regarding the valuation of such transactions in AMP (for example, at
wholesale acquisition cost (WAC), retail cost, or some other method).
Another commenter requested that CMS clarify that coupons should not be
included in AMP if, the benefit provided to the patient was set by the
manufacturer without any negotiation between the manufacturer and a
third party; the entire amount of the benefit was made available to an
individual patient, without any opportunity for the retail pharmacy or
other third party (such as an insurer or PBM) to reduce that benefit or
take a portion of it for its own purposes; and the pharmacy collected
no additional payment, other than the benefit amount, from the drug
discount program. Coupons redeemed directly by patients with the
manufacturer should be treated the same as coupons redeemed through
other parties. The commenter proposed that CMS adopt as a definition of
manufacturer coupon any certificate provided to a consumer that
provides by its terms that the consumer is entitled to a discount on
his or her purchase of drugs, either at the point-of-purchase, through
a reduction equal to the face value of the coupon up to the amount the
consumer is required to pay the entity that dispense the drugs, or
subsequent to the purchase, through receipt of a cash reimbursement
from the manufacturer (or a vendor under contract to the manufacturer
to administer the coupon program) where the reimbursement amount is
equal to the lesser of the amount the consumer paid to the dispensing
entity or the face value of the coupon. The commenter further requested
that CMS clarify that manufacturers should exclude from AMP any fee
paid to an entity other than a consumer that redeems a manufacturer
coupon where the fee satisfies the definition of ``bona fide service
fee'' adopted by the final rule.
Response: In light of the comments received, we believe that
manufacturer coupons redeemed by any entity other than the consumer
where full value of the coupon is passed on to the consumer, and the
pharmacy does not receive any price concessions, should be excluded
from AMP. We also agree with the comment regarding the need to clarify
criteria regarding coupons and are codifying our prior guidance in this
final rule with respect to manufacturer coupons at Sec. 447.504(g)(15)
to state that manufacturer coupons redeemed by any entity other than
the consumer are excluded from AMP as long as the following provisions
are met:
1. The manufacturer coupon is not contingent upon any purchase
requirement to individuals.
2. The manufacturer establishes a benefit amount of the coupon to
be given to individual patients, without any negotiation between the
manufacturer and any other third party (such as an insurer or PBM) as
to that amount.
3. The entire amount of the free product or coupon amount is made
available to the individual patient, without any opportunity for the
retail pharmacy or any third party (such as an insurer or PBM), to
reduce the benefit amount, or take a portion of it, for its own
purposes.
4. The pharmacy collects no additional payment, other than the
benefit amount and a bona fide service fee, from the coupon.
Comment: Many commenters requested that CMS clarify that it does
not matter who or which type of entity provides the benefit to the
patient. Another commenter requested that CMS make clear that
manufacturer coupons redeemed by a consumer, whether directly or
indirectly to the manufacturer should be excluded from AMP. One
commenter stated that in instances where a third party vendor is
[[Page 39188]]
used by the manufacturer to administer a coupon program on its behalf,
that the coupon be considered redeemed directly to the manufacturer by
the consumer. One commenter requested that CMS affirm that, when the
only party receiving an economic benefit from the program is the
patient, the value of the coupon will not be included in AMP. The
commenter further requested that CMS confirm that the delegation of the
operations of a coupon program to a fulfillment house or other agent
does not by itself cause the coupon to be included in AMP. One
commenter requested that CMS abandon its focus on redemption mechanics,
as that focus will yield arbitrary results on the basis that the
coupons would require disparate treatment for transactions that are
indistinguishable in their substance.
Response: We appreciate these comments and have provided in the
final regulation at Sec. 447.504(h)(15) that manufacturer coupons
redeemed by any entity other than the consumer which meet the
previously discussed criteria may be excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that although coupon and voucher
programs may appear similar, they are different in purpose and
function. The commenter was concerned that ``vouchers'' may also be
included in potential interpretations of the term coupon, whether or
not this was CMS' intent. The commenter used the term, coupons as
certificates provided to patients that entitle them to discounts on
their prescription drug purchases, either at the point of sale (through
a reduction in the amount that consumer is required to pay the
dispensing pharmacy) or subsequent to the purchase (by sending the
coupon to the manufacturer or a clearinghouse with proof of purchase to
receive a cash reimbursement from the manufacturer). In either case,
the amount of the discount provides a dollar for dollar reduction in
the amount paid out of pocket by the patient. In point-of-sale coupons,
the dispensing pharmacy receives reimbursement for the discount passed
on to the patient plus a small handling fee for administering the
transaction. Vouchers are certificates provided to patient that entitle
the patient to receive a specified number of units of a drug free of
charge. The vouchers function similarly to product samples. The
pharmacy dispenses the drug free-of-charge to the patient and is then
reimbursed by the vendor according to a formula negotiated between the
vendor and the pharmacy, plus a dispensing fee. The vendor bills the
manufacturer for this reimbursement expense, plus a bona fide service
fee. The commenter further stated that CMS should require manufacturers
to exclude from AMP any manufacturer coupon redeemed by a consumer
either directly to the manufacturer or to a vendor under contract to
the manufacturer to administer the coupon program; or alternately, any
manufacturer coupon redeemed by an entity other than a consumer (after
being presented by the consumer and honored by such entity) either
directly to the manufacturer or to a vendor under contract to the
manufacturer to administer the coupon program. If CMS does decide to
treat manufacturer vouchers separately from, or as part of,
manufacturer coupons, CMS should define manufacturer voucher to mean
any certificate provided to a consumer that provides by its terms that
the consumer is entitled to a specified number of units of a drug free
of charge, without any co-payment from the consumer, or reimbursement
to the entity that dispenses the drug from any insurance program of
which the consumer may be a beneficiary. Furthermore, the commenter
requested that CMS instruct manufacturers to exclude from their AMP:
(i) any manufacturer voucher redeemed by a consumer either directly to
the manufacturer or to a vendor under contract to the manufacturer to
administer the voucher program; and (ii) any manufacturer voucher
redeemed by an entity other than a consumer (after being presented by
the consumer and honored by such entity) either directly to the
manufacturer or to a vendor under contract to the manufacturer to
administer the program; and specify that manufacturers should also
exclude from AMP; (i) the reimbursement amount paid for any
manufacturer vouchers; and (ii) any fees paid to an entity other than a
consumer that redeems a manufacturer voucher where the fee satisfies
the definition of ``bona fide services fee.'' If CMS does not adopt the
approach to treating coupon and voucher programs, clear guidance from
CMS as to how manufacturers should account for the value of point-of-
sale coupons and vouchers in the calculation of AMP is needed,
including specific mathematical examples as to how the value of such
coupon and voucher should be accounted for in AMP.
Response: We believe that vouchers for free sample products should
be excluded from AMP in instances that the, voucher is not contingent
on other purchase requirements and is redeemed by any entity other than
the consumer, where the full value of the coupon is passed on to the
consumer and the pharmacy does not receive any price concessions, it
should be excluded from AMP. We have amended the final rule at Sec.
447.504(h)(16) to incorporate these comments.
Comment: One commenter said that no distinction should be made
between manufacturer coupons and other manufacturer-sponsored point-of-
sale discounts.
Response: This policy only applies to manufacturer coupons and
vouchers, as discussed in the previous response.
Comment: A commenter said that CMS should provide further guidance
concerning what arrangements it considers to constitute ``coupons
directly redeemable to the manufacturer.'' It is unclear whether CMS
intends for the term ``coupon'' only to cover coupon arrangements in
their traditional sense or whether the term also is intended to cover
other types of consumer subsidies. Another commenter requested that CMS
provide an explanation of what arrangements CMS considers to be patient
coupons and guidance regarding how such arrangements should be
incorporated in AMP.
Response: We have clarified in the final regulation at Sec.
447.504(h)(15) the criteria that must be met for manufacturer coupons
redeemed by the consumer to be excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS explain how coupons other
than those redeemed by the manufacturer are to be accounted for in
those calculations. The commenter further stated that the proposed rule
does not account for a variety of coupon arrangements that exist.
Response: We have clarified in the final regulation at Sec.
447.504(h)(15) that manufacturer coupons redeemed by the consumer that
meet the criteria in this final rule are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter asked if patient assistance continue to be
excluded from AMP. Another commenter requested that CMS provide
guidance regarding how a manufacturer may properly structure a patient
assistance program utilizing coupons.
Response: In light of the comments received, we believe that
patient assistance programs which extend free products to consumers
without purchase contingencies and which do not provide any price
concessions to the pharmacy, should be excluded from AMP. We are
codifying guidance in this final rule at Sec. 447.504(h)(12) to
clarify that patient assistance programs should be excluded from AMP as
long as the following criteria are met.
1. The program is focused on extending free products not contingent
[[Page 39189]]
upon any purchase requirement or extending financial assistance to low-
income individuals and families, as determined by CMS.
2. Each manufacturer establishes an amount of the subsidy to be
given to individual patients, without any negotiation between the
manufacturer and any other third party (such as an insurer or PBM) as
to that amount.
3. The entire amount of the free product or subsidy is made
available to the individual patient, without any opportunity for the
retail pharmacy or any third party (such as an insurer or PBM), to
reduce that subsidy, or take a portion of it, for its own purposes.
4. The pharmacy collects no additional payment, other than the
benefit amount and a bona fide service fee, from the patient assistance
program.
Comment: One commenter said that CMS should provide in the final
rule that any type of consumer program, be it a patient assistance,
coupon, or debit card program, be exempted from AMP, and so as long as
such program does not affect the price paid by the pharmacist to
acquire the product. The commenter further said that CMS should clarify
that programs should be excluded from AMP to the extent that the full
amount of the discount goes to the consumer and does not affect the
price realized by the pharmacist, or any end user other than a patient.
Response: We have clarified in the final regulation at Sec.
447.504(h) the types of programs; for example, patient assistance
programs and manufacturer coupons that provide free goods which are not
contingent upon future purchases to patients, that should be excluded
from AMP.
Comment: Many commenters said that coupons redeemed by pharmacists,
just as those redeemed directly by manufacturers, should be excluded
from AMP. In such cases the pharmacist is merely a pass-through entity
as the pharmacist does not realize any monetary gain. Another commenter
noted that patient coupons do not have an impact on prices for entities
included in AMP and any requirement to include such arrangements in
those calculations could impact the continued viability of the patient
access programs. Other commenters stated that CMS should clarify that
patient coupons transactions should not be included in AMP. Another
commenter said that CMS incorrectly assumed that all indirect
redemption arrangements necessarily affect the price realized by the
redeeming pharmacy and that CMS should revise its proposed policy on
manufacturer coupons to make clear that only arrangements that affect
the price realized must be included in AMP. To count these coupons in
AMP would distort those price figures and create a disincentive for
manufacturers to continue offering these valuable programs. Several
commenters said that manufacturer coupons should be excluded from AMP
because these are not sales to traditional pharmacies.
Response: We appreciate these comments and have clarified in Sec.
447.504(h)(15) that manufacturer coupons redeemed by any entity other
than the consumer which meet the previously discussed criteria are
excluded from AMP.
Comment: A few commenters requested that CMS clarify the definition
of ``coupon.'' A commenter further asked if CMS intended the term to
refer only to paper coupons or to include patient assistance discount
cards and other media provided to consumers.
Response: We have not specified that coupons must be printed on
paper so as not to limit these in the future. We have clarified in the
final regulation the treatment of other patient assistance programs.
Comment: One commenter urged CMS to expand the patient assistance
program exception to cover those programs as a category, regardless of
whether they provide goods free of charge or at limited cost to
patients.
Response: We appreciate this comment and have clarified in Sec.
447.504(h)(12) that patient assistance programs which met the
previously discussed criteria are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter said that CMS should exclude all patient
transactions; for example, direct patient sales, patient coupons, and
patient assistance programs from AMP on the basis that patients are not
part of the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We appreciate this comment and have clarified the
treatment of these transactions in this final rule at Sec. 447.504.
Copayment Assistance Programs
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify the treatment of
copayment assistance coupons.
Response: We have clarified that copayment assistance programs are
another form of patient assistance programs and should receive similar
treatment provided they otherwise qualify for exclusion from AMP under
this final rule at Sec. 447.504(h)(12).
Drug Discount Card Programs
Comment: Some commenters stated that if the manufacturer drug
discount program exclusion from best price is retained in the final
rule, then the final rule should also provide a similar exclusion from
AMP. The commenter further stated that a drug discount card program
involving the pass-through of a manufacturer discount of 100 percent to
the consumer and does not affect the price received by the manufacturer
for drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We have clarified at Sec. 447.504(h)(17) that
manufacturer-sponsored discount card programs which meet the previously
discussed criteria for patient assistance programs are excluded from
AMP.
Other Entities
Comment: A few commenters requested that CMS provide clarification
regarding the treatment of dialysis centers, surgical centers,
ambulatory care centers, and mental health centers. Unlike walk-in
pharmacies, these providers generally provide drugs incident to
providing medical services to persons who are their private patients,
although some physician practices sell self-administered products to
patients who take the products home.
Response: Sales to outpatient facilities such as dialysis centers,
surgical centers, ambulatory care centers and mental health centers
that are not hospital-affiliated entities are included in AMP. We have
clarified at Sec. 447.504(g)(8) in the regulation text the treatment
of outpatient facilities.
Comment: A few commenters requested that CMS clarify whether sales
to prisons are included in AMP.
Response: We have clarified at Sec. 447.504(h)(9) in the
regulation text that sales to prisons are not included in AMP.
Comment: One commenter stated that examples of non-retail entities
should be included in final rule; that is sold to other manufacturers,
academic medical centers and physician investigators for research
purposes.
Response: We have provided clarification at Sec. 447.504(g)-(h)
regarding which sales are included and excluded in this final
regulation.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether sales to
veterinary offices are within the definition of retail pharmacy class
of trade. In the commenter's view, veterinary offices are not licensed
to provide drugs to people and thus could not provide them to the
general public.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(h)(8) that sales to veterinarians are excluded from AMP.
[[Page 39190]]
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether State,
county, and municipal entities are excluded from the retail pharmacy
class of trade.
Response: We have clarified in the regulation text at Sec.
447.504(h)(11) that sales to State, county, and municipal entities are
excluded from the retail pharmacy class of trade and, therefore, are
excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS explicitly state that the
retail pharmacy class of trade does not include physician-administered
drugs. The preamble to the proposed rule did not address whether to
include prices to physicians in the retail pharmacy class of trade. In
the same way that CMS excluded sales to long-term care pharmacies from
the AMP calculation because they typically are closed operations that
serve only residents of a specific long-term care facility, a
physician's office is not a retail location open to the general public.
Response: In light of the definition of wholesaler set forth in the
rule, physician-administered drugs are included in AMP because
physicians operate to provide such drugs to the general public.
Specifically, the sales to physicians for these drugs are included in
AMP as well.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS provide clarification
regarding the treatment of sales to facilities that may operate both a
closed-door long-term care pharmacy (excluded from AMP in the proposed
rule) and a retail pharmacy (included in AMP). For such a facility, it
is impossible for the manufacturer to identify which units were sold
through the long-term care pharmacy and which units were sold through
the retail pharmacy, since their orders do not distinguish between the
two.
Response: Where a manufacturer does not have adequate documentation
to substantiate whether these drugs are dispensed to a long-term care
facility or to the general population, the manufacturer should include
all of these sales in AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS specify that closed-wall
pharmacies which do not sell to the general public are not included in
the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: We are not familiar with the term ``closed-wall
pharmacy,'' but we have clarified the definition of retail pharmacy
class of trade. If a pharmacy meets this definition, sales to it would
be including in AMP.
Comment: A commenter asked that CMS provide guidance regarding
price concessions offered by generic companies. The commenter
recommended that CMS specify that all discounts, rebates, payments and
fees (other than bona fide service fees) provided to entities in the
retail pharmacy class of trade or related sales flowing through the
retail pharmacy class of trade be included in the calculation of AMP.
This would include off-invoice discounts, rebates, and payments of
preferred product positioning, payments for the number of products
carried or preferred, floor stock adjustments, new store credits,
``meet the competition'' price adjustments, and the like.
Response: We have clarified at Sec. 447.504(g) those sales that
are included in AMP in this final rule. We do not agree that price
concessions offered by generic manufacturers are to be included in AMP
if they do not relate to the sale of the drug and do not otherwise meet
the criteria in this final rule.
Discounts and Rebates
Comment: One commenter said that rebates, kickbacks, allowances,
discounts and all other schemes should be declared illegal or not
counted in AMP.
Response: Issues regarding health care fraud and abuse are not
addressed in the proposed rule. Concerns regarding health care fraud
and abuse should be addressed to the IG of the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
Comment: One commenter said that the calculation of AMP for the
purpose of establishing FULs should exclude discounts or incentives
that are not available for Medicaid prescriptions.
Response: We disagree. Under the law, AMP has the same definition
for purposes of rebates and the FULs program.
Comment: One commenter stated that it is inappropriate to include
cash discounts and price reductions in AMP.
Response: The rebate agreement provides that AMP includes cash
discounts and price concessions which reduce the price amount received
by the manufacturer with respect to drugs distributed to the retail
pharmacy class of trade.
Comment: One commenter said that discounts included in the retail
pharmacy class of trade should reflect only those prices that are
provided to wholesalers for drugs distributed to retail pharmacies.
Response: AMP includes cash discounts, free goods that are
contingent on any purchase requirement, volume discounts, chargebacks,
incentives, administrative fees, service fees, distribution fees
(except bona fide service fees), other fees, and any other discounts or
price reduction and rebates, other than rebates under section 1927 of
the Act, which reduce the price received by the manufacturer for drugs
distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Free Goods
Comment: Several commenters stated that non-contingent free goods
should be excluded from AMP because community pharmacies do not receive
them. Exclusion of free goods from the AMP calculation effectively
penalizes the manufacturer for engaging in this type of marketing by
not lowering the AMP which bases the Federal rebate on a higher value
and by not reducing the difference between AMP and best price. However,
another commenter supported the exclusion of free goods from the
calculation of AMP.
Response: When a free good is non-contingent on any other purchase
requirement, there is no sale of this drug and it is appropriately
excluded from AMP. We have retained in the final rule at Sec.
447.504(h)(18) the requirement that free goods not contingent upon any
purchase requirement are excluded from AMP.
Comment: One commenter asked CMS to make clear in the final rule
that a free goods coupon that is redeemed through a pharmacy that
either used consigned product or its own product but receives
replacement product, plus a bona fide service fee, is excluded from
AMP. A few commenters said that CMS should clarify that coupons for
free drugs, such as starter prescriptions, that are not contingent on
the purchase of the same or any other drugs, should be excluded from
AMP.
Response: As previously discussed, we believe that vouchers for
free samples should be excluded from AMP in instances that the pharmacy
receives a replacement product or collects no payment greater than the
cost of the sample and a bona fide service fee. We have amended the
final rule at Sec. 447.504(h)(21) to incorporate these comments.
Nominal Price
Comment: One commenter stated that nominal prices are not available
to the retail pharmacy class of trade and should be excluded from AMP.
Response: In order to be included in AMP, nominal prices must be
available to the retail pharmacy class of trade. As we explain
elsewhere in this final rule, we consider the retail pharmacy class of
trade to encompass more than walk-in pharmacies.
[[Continued on page 39191]]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
]
[[pp. 39191-39240]] Medicaid Program; Prescription Drugs
[[Continued from page 39190]]
[[Page 39191]]
Future Clarification of AMP Calculation
Comment: One commenter said that CMS should commit to updating the
Medicaid regulations and/or guidance on a regular basis so that
manufacturers have clear guidance with regard to the treatment of new
and evolving classes of trade within the retail channel. Such regular
updating will prevent a recurrence of the situation where ambiguity of
the AMP definition leads to different practices across manufacturers.
Response: We appreciate this comment. We believe that the final
rule clarifies the determination of AMP. We are unable to commit to a
schedule for the issuance of Medicaid regulations at this time. We
expect to continue to issue subregulatory guidance regarding these
regulations and other policy clarification, as appropriate, in a timely
manner. In addition, given some of the revisions, we have decided that
this final rule with comment period should allow for further public
comment on AMP.
Comment: One commenter believed that any future clarifications by
CMS should be prospectively effective, providing manufacturers with a
reasonable period of time to implement necessary changes in order to
ensure accuracy.
Response: We appreciate this comment and will address this concern
when we issue the subregulatory guidance.
Comment: One commenter expressed concern that other new classes of
trade which receive prices not available to community pharmacy should
not be included in AMP.
Response: We disagree. New classes of trade which provide sales to
the general public are by definition included in the retail pharmacy
class of trade and AMP.
Comment: One commenter expressed the concern that some areas of
clarification will likely reflect policy choices, as opposed to being
technical clarifications. For those more substantive areas, a
regulatory, due process method of proposing and receiving comments on
proposed rulemaking should be used. Another commenter requested that
CMS reconsider the strategy to address future clarifications of AMP and
to publish a proposed rule for public comment.
Response: We appreciate this comment. We believe that the final
rule clarifies the determination of AMP, thereby eliminating ambiguity,
confusion and need for additional clarification. However, we do not
believe that rulemaking is the most appropriate or efficient mechanism
to provide interpretations or additional guidance as may be necessary.
Other Issues
Comment: One commenter stated that CMS should provide more
explanation for ``reasonable assumptions'' manufacturers are to use
when data are insufficient or not available to calculate prices.
Response: We believe that reasonable assumptions are those made by
manufacturers consistent with Medicaid drug rebate statute, regulation,
and general business practice.
Comment: One commenter said that should CMS provide clarification
regarding whether FFP is available for drugs included in a package with
a non-drug item and if so, how is pricing to be reported.
Response: These issues are not addressed in the proposed rule and
are outside the scope of this rulemaking document. Therefore, we cannot
consider these comments as we consider revisions to the final rule.
Comment: One commenter recommended that a formal appeals and
adjudication process is needed at CMS to provide a forum in which
retailers can bring forth concerns regarding the method by which AMP is
calculated, as well as which products are included in the determination
of AMP.
Response: We appreciate this comment. The proposed rule was
designed to provide the public with an opportunity to provide
meaningful comments; however, retailers and manufacturers have the
option of raising additional concerns directly to CMS to the extent
necessary. Retailers can also raise concerns to the states as may be
necessary.
Comment: One commenter said that CMS should specify a timeframe for
review of manufacturer methodology change requests so that
manufacturers can resolve their financial liability for past quarters.
Response: We cannot specify a timeframe; however, in the absence of
guidance, manufacturers may make reasonable assumptions consistent with
the statute, regulations, and reasonable business practices.
Comment: One commenter said that CMS should avoid including in the
calculation of AMP data that is not readily available to manufacturers,
or that would significantly increase the number of calculations and
assumptions to be made.
Response: The provision of the DRA does not provide for the
exclusion of AMP data that is not readily available to manufacturers.
To the extent that we were able to do so within the law, we have
considered the impact this calculation will have on manufacturers. We
believe that this final rule provides a clear, precise and adequate
definition of AMP consistent with the provisions of the DRA and helps
resolve ambiguities and confusion associated with the pre-DRA
definition.
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS consider implementing a
tolerance level for quarterly AMP variation, within which an AMP
restatement (positive or negative) would not be permitted. This would
reduce the burden on States, CMS and manufacturers to comply with the
requirement that a manufacturer must adjust the AMP if cumulative
discounts, rebates, or other arrangements subsequently adjust the
prices actually realized.
Response: We disagree. The calculation of AMP is based on actual
sales data, and the AMP must be revised when errors or omissions are
found, consistent with the regulations.
Comment: A few commenters requested that CMS define the terms
``include'' and ``exclude'' with respect to the dollars and units
components of the AMP calculation. The proposed rule is not clear as to
how to treat such terms for purposes of performing the AMP calculation.
The commenter requested that CMS include a sample AMP calculation and a
chart indicating each of the various entities that may affect the AMP
and best price calculation whether sales, discounts, and/or units are
deducted from the gross (for example, factor dollar and unit numbers)
for purposes of AMP. The commenter suggested that the list of excluded
entities should have an identifier such as a Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) number or Health Industry Number and updated as
frequently as AMP reports are filed.
Response: We have provided clarification in Sec. 447.504(g)-(h)
regarding which sales are included and excluded in this final
regulation. We have not provided a sample calculation or chart of
included AMP and best price sales here but will consider doing so in
subregulatory guidance, depending on whether we get more specific
questions.
Comment: One commenter cautioned CMS to carefully weigh the OIG's
recommendation against the Agency's own significant expertise in the
area. Because the OIG lacked a working understanding of the history of
many of these issues, the commenter feared that its recommendation
could lead to the inconsistent treatment of important issues related to
the program.
[[Page 39192]]
Response: The DRA required the OIG to review how AMP is determined
and recommend changes to the Secretary of the Department of Health and
Human Services by June 1, 2006. It also required CMS to consider the
IG's recommendations and promulgate a regulation that clarifies the
requirements for and the manner in which AMP is determined no later
than July 1, 2007. We have evaluated the OIG's recommendations and have
incorporated them where we believe they are appropriate.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS confirm and provide
guidance regarding whether rebates paid to Medicaid as a secondary
payer under this title and the national rebate agreement on outpatient
drugs are excluded from AMP.
Response: Rebates paid under this title are excluded from AMP,
including those rebates paid for Medicare claims where Medicaid is the
secondary payer.
PBMs
Comment: Many commenters requested that PBM rebates, discounts, or
other price concessions be excluded from the calculation of AMP because
PBMs receive discounts, rebates, or other price concessions that are
not available to community retail pharmacies. Commenters stated that
the fact that these discounts, rebates, or other price concessions are
not paid to community retail pharmacies clearly indicates that they
should not be included in a cost-based benchmark that may become the
determining factor associated with reimbursement for community retail
pharmacies. The commenters contended that PBMs are not included within
the retail pharmacy class of trade. They argued that, in light of the
rationale used by CMS to exclude nursing facility sales from the
definition of retail pharmacy class of trade, CMS should similarly
exclude PBM sales, discounts, rebates, and other price concessions.
Other commenters stated that excluding PBM pharmacies from the
definition of retail pharmacy class of trade offers numerous benefits,
including reduced recordkeeping requirements, reduced risk of price
fluctuations, and limiting the need for additional regulatory burdens.
In addition, commenters argued that PBMs do not dispense to the public,
and that patients have to belong to a specific health plan in order to
access drugs through a particular PBM. Consequently, commenters stated
that PBM rebates, discounts, or other price concessions are not
typically available to the public. Commenters argued that for PBMs to
purchase prescription drugs from a manufacturer or wholesaler, or to
dispense drugs to the public, PBMs generally need to be licensed as
pharmacies under the applicable State's law. Commenters stated that
they were not aware of any State that licenses PBMs as pharmacies to
purchase, receive, or dispense drugs to the public.
Response: We have decided to exclude PBM rebates, discounts, or
other price concessions from the determination of AMP, except for
purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies in Sec. 447.504(h)(22). We
believe this is consistent with previous guidance issued in
manufacturer releases and to the extent that PBM discount rebates and
price concessions did not meet these criteria, the impact on the
calculation of AMP is likely to be minor.
Furthermore, we understand that PBMs do not generally take
possession of pharmaceutical products. Only in their role as mail order
pharmacies do PBMs participate directly in the purchase or delivery of
prescription drugs. Accordingly, except with respect to such mail order
activities, we have decided that PBM sales and associated rebates,
discounts, or other price concessions fall outside of our definition of
AMP.
Comment: Many commenters requested that PBM rebates, discounts, or
other price concessions be excluded from the calculation of AMP because
they believe that PBMs are not wholesalers; therefore, transactions
with them should not fall within the definition of AMP. The commenters
argued that the proposed definition is contrary to how the term
wholesaler is defined in the national rebate agreement and that
Manufacturer Releases 28 and 29 support that PBMs do not meet the
definition of a wholesaler in that they do not purchase, or take
delivery of drugs or redistribute drugs to retail and institutional
pharmacies. Commenters indicated that they were not aware of any PBM
arrangements currently in existence where PBMs are acting as
wholesalers, as they do not buy pharmaceuticals directly from the
manufacturers and resell them to pharmacies, which then dispense to the
public. Commenters suggested that we define the term wholesaler to be
consistent with its traditional meaning and the definition in the
national rebate agreement to mean any entity that purchases drugs from
a manufacturer for purposes of resale.
Response: We agree with the commenters that many of the sales to
PBMs do not flow through wholesalers so the discounts received by PBMs
generally do not affect the price actually realized. The distribution
functions typically performed by wholesalers are different from the
functions performed by PBMs. Furthermore, because rebates, discounts,
or other price concessions obtained by PBMs are not passed on to the
retail pharmacy class of trade, including PBMs in the definition of
wholesalers would permit the inclusion of price concessions to which
community retail pharmacies do not have access. Therefore, in Sec.
447.504(g), we are not classifying PBMs as wholesalers.
Comment: Some commenters requested that PBM rebates, discounts, or
other price concessions (except for mail order sales) be excluded from
the calculation of AMP because to include them in the calculation of
AMP could increase drug costs for Medicare Part D and lower Medicaid
rebate payments.
Response: As discussed elsewhere in this regulation, we have
decided to exclude PBM rebates, discounts, or other price concessions
from the determination of AMP, except for purchases through PBM mail
order pharmacies in Sec. 447.504(h)(22).
Comment: Some commenters stated that reporting PBM rebates,
discounts, or price concessions can cause operational difficulties and
competitive concerns. The degree to which manufacturer rebates are
passed through or shared with PBM clients is privately held,
competitively sensitive information that can differ from contract to
contract. Drug manufactures are not privy to this information and would
need to review thousands of rebate arrangements to require PBMs to
share this information.
Response: We agree with the commenters that the administrative
burden for manufacturers to gather confidential information from PBMs
and others in the drug chain regarding rebates, discounts, or other
price concessions is significant. Therefore, as discussed above and in
Sec. 447.504(h)(22), we have decided to exclude PBM rebates,
discounts, or other price concessions from the determination of AMP,
except for purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies.
Comment: One commenter stated that CMS should clarify that there is
no automatic requirement that manufacturers affirmatively obtain
information concerning transactions between downstream entities. The
commenter believes that such a requirement would create serious
administrative difficulties. Manufacturers have no authority to require
recipients of these payments to disclose to the manufacturers whether
[[Page 39193]]
they have shared the payment with their customers or clients, and there
is no guarantee that payment recipients would agree to such disclosure.
Response: As discussed previously, we have decided to exclude PBM
rebates, discounts, or other price concessions from the calculation of
AMP, except for purchases by PBM mail order pharmacies in Sec.
447.504(h)(22). Therefore, manufacturers do not have to collect rebate
data with respect to such transactions between such downstream
entities.
Comment: Many commenters raised other concerns about PBMs, such as
that there is a need for PBM transparency, that PBMs should be
regulated, that PBMs continue to impose non-negotiable contracts on
independent pharmacies, or that PBMs are making too much profit.
Response: These issues are not addressed in the proposed rule and
are outside the scope of this rulemaking document. Therefore, we cannot
consider these comments as we consider revisions to this final rule.
Comment: Some commenters stated that the proposed rule included
confusing language about how to treat price concessions to PBMs in the
AMP calculation. The commenters requested that CMS clarify that the AMP
calculation includes all PBM rebates, discounts, or other price
concessions in the AMP calculations. The commenters believed that such
a requirement would be administratively less burdensome to implement
and would not affect the overall value of manufacturer AMP
calculations. While manufacturers can track price concessions provided
to PBMs, the commenters stated that it is neither realistic nor
appropriate for them to track which price concessions PBMs pass through
to the retail pharmacy class of trade. To include all PBM rebates,
discounts, or other price concessions would also help promote greater
uniformity in AMP calculations and preclude the possibility of
confusion regarding the treatment of PBM price concessions. Conversely,
requiring additional granularity in allocating PBM rebates could
require manufacturers to make significant modifications to existing
systems and could result in inaccurate and inconsistent AMP
calculations. Commenters also stated that if CMS include discounts for
products that flow through the retail pharmacy class of trade in AMP,
CMS also should include rebates paid directly to health plans by
manufacturers, unless the health plan is a staff model HMO.
Response: As discussed previously, we have decided to exclude PBM
rebates, discounts, or other price concessions from the calculation of
AMP, except for purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies in Sec.
447.504(h)(22). We believe this will alleviate some of the
administrative burden associated with the calculation of AMP and result
in more accurate and consistent AMPs across manufacturers.
Comment: While some commenters supported CMS' proposal to include
PBM rebates and discounts in the AMP calculation, they and other
commenters stated that there would be operational difficulties if
manufacturers were required to segregate price concessions provided on
mail order utilization from that provided on other PBM utilization as
such detail is not available from the PBMs to quantify these two
figures. The commenters stated that it is often impractical, if not
impossible, for a manufacturer to obtain precise retail and non-retail
analysis on a PBM's non-mail order sales. The commenters also stated
that some PBMs may provide data that may allow some manufacturers to
segregate their non-mail order sales data into retail and non-retail
sales under some circumstances. However, the commenters argued this is
not always the case. The commenters contended that many PBMs are
unwilling or unable to provide this data to manufacturers and that some
PBMs do not compile such data. Due to the lack of PBM data, commenters
argued that manufacturers should be able to make reasonable assumptions
with respect to PBM sales and discounts.
Response: We have decided to exclude PBM rebates, discounts, or
other price concessions from the determination of AMP except for
purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies in Sec. 447.504(h)(22).
Therefore, manufacturers will not need to obtain retail and non-retail
analysis with respect to PBM non-mail order sales.
Comment: Some commenters supported the inclusion of PBM rebates,
discounts, or other price concessions in the determination of AMP.
However, the commenters stated that CMS needs to clarify what factors
are included and excluded in PBM price concessions and be more direct
and specific as to what types of PBM rebates and discounts should be
included in AMP. If CMS fails to define the term PBM for the purpose of
AMP calculations, manufacturers would include sales from any entity
that a manufacturer considers to be a PBM, including sales to MCOs,
which are specifically excluded from AMP under the national rebate
agreement. The commenters believed that CMS needs to clearly define the
attributes of entities qualifying as PBMs for purposes of including
price concessions from such entities and/or establish a list of
excluded entities. This would allow manufacturers to use uniform
criteria to distinguish between PBMs and non-PBMs for purposes of
incorporating rebates and fees into AMP calculations. The commenters
argued that if CMS fails to set forth guidance regarding PBMs,
manufacturers would continue to treat PBM price concessions
disparately, resulting in inconsistent AMP calculations across
manufacturers.
Response: We have decided to exclude PBM rebates, discounts, or
other price concessions from the determination of AMP, except for
purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies in Sec. 447.504(h)(22).
Therefore, we do not need to define the attributes of entities
qualifying as PBMs for purposes of including price concessions from
such entities and/or establish a list of excluded entities.
Comment: One commenter agreed that PBM discounts should be included
in the calculation of AMP since most Americans, including dual eligible
beneficiaries enrolled in the Medicare prescription drug program,
benefit from these discounts.
Response: We appreciate the comment, but we have decided to exclude
PBM discounts from AMP calculations, except in certain situations where
the PBM is operating a mail order pharmacy. The issue regarding the
benefits associated with PBM arrangements is outside the scope of this
rulemaking document.
Comment: One commenter supported the inclusion of Medicare Part D
PDPs and PBM rebates, discounts, or other price concessions for drugs
provided to the retail pharmacy class of trade for the purpose of
determining AMP. However, the commenter asked that CMS clarify the
treatment of sales associated with PBMs and how these differ from
payments to PDPs. The commenter believes that PDPs are functioning as
PBMs for Medicare Part D beneficiaries. Another commenter also argued
that it seems inconsistent that prices to PDPs, which are PBMs, be
excluded from best price calculations but included in AMP calculations.
Response: We appreciate the comment and have decided to exclude PBM
rebates, discounts, or other price concessions from the calculation of
AMP, except for purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies in Sec.
447.504(h)(22).
Comment: A few commenters agreed that the exclusion of PBM rebates,
discounts, or other price concessions would cause AMP to be higher than
it
[[Page 39194]]
would be if these discounts were included. However, the commenters
disagreed with the characterization of this higher amount as artificial
inflation. Instead, the commenters believed that the exclusion of these
amounts results in a more accurate reflection of AMP, and that their
inclusion artificially depresses AMP because PBMs are not wholesalers
nor are PBM rebates reflected in the prices paid by community retail
pharmacies.
Response: As discussed previously, we agree with the commenters
that excluding PBM rebates, discounts, or other price concessions would
result in a more accurate reflection of AMP. Therefore, in Sec.
447.504(h)(22) we have excluded them from the determination of AMP in
this final rule, except for purchases through PBM mail order
pharmacies.
Comment: Some commenters argued that because CMS excluded
manufacturer rebates paid to State Medicaid programs, to the DoD under
TRICARE, and to the DVA from the AMP calculation, CMS should also
exclude rebates paid to PBMs from the AMP calculation. The commenters
reasoned that these rebates are not available to the retail pharmacy
class of trade, and none of the funds are ever received by community
retail pharmacies. They also argued that the retail pharmacy class of
trade does not have access to these direct-to-patient sale prices and
thus these transactions should also be excluded from the AMP
calculation.
Response: We agree that these PBM rebates, discounts, or other
price concessions are not generally available to the retail pharmacy
class of trade and should be excluded from AMP. We have excluded them
from the determination of AMP in this final rule in Sec.
447.504(h)(22), except for purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies.
Comment: Some commenters said best price was included as a factor
in the rebate calculation so that States receive a rebate that more
closely matches pricing in the marketplace. Manufacturers must pay
States the greater of a percentage of AMP or the difference between AMP
and best price. In this context, the commenters suggested that best
price is the most appropriate place to include PBM rebates, discounts,
or other price concessions as well as direct-to-patient sales and
manufacturer coupons.
Response: We appreciate the commenters' suggestion to include PBM
rebates, discounts, or other price concessions in best price; however,
we have decided to exclude PBM rebates, discounts, or other price
concessions from the determination of AMP in Sec. 447.504(h)(22) and
best price in Sec. 447.505(d)(13), except for purchases through PBM
mail order pharmacies.
Comment: A few commenters stated that rebates and discounts offered
to PBMs typically are based on relationships between the PBM and HMO or
Medicaid MCO. Given that CMS proposed to exclude rebates and discounts
to HMOs and Medicaid MCOs from the calculation of AMP, the commenter
believed that rebates and discounts to their associated PBMs should be
excluded as well.
Response: As discussed previously, we have decided to exclude PBM
rebates, discounts, or other price concessions from the determination
of AMP, except for purchases through PBM mail order pharmacies in Sec.
447.504(h)(22).
Reimbursement Based on AMP
We received numerous comments regarding the option for State
Medicaid Agencies to use AMP as a benchmark to calculate pharmacy
payment rates, as discussed below:
Comment: Many commenters opposed the proposal to permit States to
use AMP as a benchmark for pharmacy reimbursement because the
commenters believed that AMP is not representative of pharmacy
providers' acquisition costs and does not consider the markup applied
within the distribution chain between the manufacturer and the
purchasing pharmacy. Other commenters expressed concern that the
proposal to permit States to use AMP to calculate pharmacy payment
rates would result in a decrease in reimbursement to retail pharmacies.
Many commenters stated that using AMP for reimbursement targets
independent pharmacies because AMP does not adequately address the
costs incurred by independent pharmacies. These commenters predicted
that the proposal will result in decreased pharmacy reimbursement and
decreased profits on the dispensing of generic medications and may
drive independent pharmacies out of business. Many commenters estimated
that retail pharmacy profit margins are less than ten percent of gross
sales and pharmacists will be unable to dispense drugs to Medicaid
patients if reimbursement rates are set by using the proposed
definition of AMP. One commenter said that the proposed AMP-based
reimbursement is unfair to retail pharmacies as their profit margins
are being set by insurers when other entities, such as manufacturers
and wholesalers, are able to set their prices and determine their
profit margins. Another commenter opposed using AMP as a benchmark for
Medicaid reimbursement stating that pharmacies save money for State
Medicaid agencies, have provided many hours of free counseling services
to Medicaid patients, spent uncompensated hours resolving Medicare Part
D issues and deserve actual acquisition costs for dispensed
medications.
Response: The DRA does not require States to use AMP as a benchmark
to calculate pharmacy payment rates. To the extent that States opt to
use AMP in their payment methodologies, they will be required to submit
SPAs. We will review the amendments to ensure that proposed payment
methodologies are consistent with State plan requirements, and will
allow for fair and reasonable payments to providers for drugs to
protect beneficiaries' access to quality pharmacy services.
Comment: Several commenters requested that CMS clarify how AMP will
be balanced to benefit all entities within the pharmaceutical industry
and the retail pharmacy class of trade since lower AMPs will benefit
manufacturers in lower rebate payments to States and higher AMPs will
allow pharmacies to receive increased reimbursement rates but may not
reflect all market pricing.
Response: As discussed elsewhere in this rule, we have decided to
exclude rebates, discounts and price concessions to PBMs (except those
to PBMs' mail order pharmacies) while maintaining our position that
prices to mail order pharmacies should be included in the determination
of AMP. We believe that we have carefully considered the impact that
our decisions made in this final rule will have on AMP and all of the
entities that may be affected by it.
Comment: A few commenters stated that there is a conflict in using
AMP as a baseline for reimbursement and an index for rebates that
manufacturers pay to States.
Response: The law does not require that AMP be used for
reimbursement. Rather, the law provides that AMP be used as a basis for
the calculation of rebates and the FULs (based on 250 percent of the
relevant AMP) and that States may also use AMP data when determining
pharmacy reimbursement.
Comment: One commenter stated that a publicly reported, widely
available AMP that includes all supply chain discounts will lead to
higher prices for the entire pharmaceutical market, as the AMP will
become the benchmark below which manufacturers will not lower their
prices. In addition, an AMP that includes all supply chain discounts
will reduce competition, particularly in the generic market, as
manufacturers make
[[Page 39195]]
the decision to stop the production of certain products. The commenter
believed that these factors together will raise pharmaceutical prices.
Response: The DRA provides for the public release of AMP data. We
have no reason to believe the market will not adjust to the
availability of this information.
Comment: A few commenters stated that AWP better reflects true
costs to independent retail pharmacies as it has allowed payment to
exceed the estimated acquisition costs of generic drugs, compensating
pharmacies for counseling services and medical advice offered to
Medicaid patients. Another commenter suggested that AWP would be a
better benchmark for reimbursement than AMP because it is a publicly
available list price and it is easily accessible. One commenter stated
that the proposal to allow States to use AMP as a benchmark for
pharmacy reimbursement eliminates pharmacists' ability to cover their
costs as opposed to using AWP as a benchmark, in that pharmacies
benefit from the difference between the actual cost of the drug and
AWP. One commenter stated that AMP may offer a closer estimate of
ingredient cost than AWP but recommended that CMS consider both the
cost of the drug and the cost of dispensing in the final rule as
dispensing fees in most States are far below the actual cost pharmacies
incur to dispense prescriptions. One commenter expressed concern that
not only will pharmacy reimbursement for generic drugs be reduced but
that the President's Fiscal Year 2008 budget proposes to further reduce
reimbursement to pharmacists to 150 percent of AMP and urged CMS to
oppose any further cuts to pharmacy reimbursement.
Response: We do not believe that AWP reflects acquisition cost. In
the OIG report, ``Determining Average Manufacturer Prices for
Prescription Drugs Under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005'' (A-06-06-
0063), it was noted that Medicaid pharmacy reimbursement based on AWP
often exceeds pharmacies' actual acquisition costs. GAO also stated in
its report, ``Medicaid Outpatient Prescription Drugs: Estimated 2007
Federal Upper Limits for Reimbursement Compared With Retail Pharmacy
Acquisition Costs'' (GAO-07-239R), that the AMP-based FUL is preferable
to an AWP-based FUL as long as States ensure adequate pharmacy
reimbursement. As discussed previously, we believe that States who opt
to use AMP, as opposed to AWP, to determine pharmacy payment rates will
ensure that such payment rates have greater transparency, as consistent
with the DRA amendments. Elsewhere in this regulation, we have
encouraged States to examine their dispensing fees to determine whether
they reasonably cover the cost of dispensing the drug.
Comment: Several commenters stated that using AMP to set
reimbursement is flawed and would not be an appropriate indicator of
community pharmacy costs because it does not include wholesaler costs
to pharmacies. One commenter stated that the proposal requires
manufacturers to calculate AMP using prices that are inaccessible to
community retail pharmacies and will result in skewed calculations and
misinterpretation that could negatively affect provider reimbursement.
Another commenter noted the importance of accurately incorporating the
acquisition costs of providers and suppliers in the AMP calculation if
AMP is to be used as a benchmark for pharmacy reimbursement.
Response: There is no requirement that States use AMPs to set
payment rates for pharmacy providers. The DRA amended section 1927 of
the Act to require that CMS use AMP, as opposed to AWP, in the FUL
calculation. States may continue to use methodologies that they believe
will accurately reflect pharmacy acquisition costs. We believe that we
have made States aware in our discussions of AMP in this rule of what
AMP represents and that States will use this as a factor when
determining a reasonable reimbursement methodology for pharmacy
providers.
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS consider a definition of
AMP that differentiates between various practice settings so that
reimbursement will adequately address true costs associated with each
setting. Another commenter recommended that CMS consider using one AMP
such as the monthly AMP for the calculation of the FUL (and a benchmark
for reimbursement) and the quarterly AMP for use as the basis for
Medicaid rebates.
Response: We disagree that AMP should be calculated separately for
each entity within the retail pharmacy class of trade or that monthly
and quarterly AMPs should be defined and used differently. The law
makes no distinction in AMP by entity or use.
Comment: A few commenters suggested that setting reimbursement
rates based on AMP is complicated and would result in States
reimbursing pharmacy providers below the acquisition costs of generic
drugs. For this reason, the commenters requested that CMS not implement
this portion of the proposed rule. A few commenters expressed concern
that AMP is not a true indicator of market prices because business
transactions may cause periodic changes in AMP from month-to-month.
Therefore, the AMP may fluctuate depending on the timing of the
original sale and transactions that occur after the original sale that
could span across multiple periods.
Response: The DRA amended the statute to require that, effective
January 1, 2007, the Secretary calculate FULs based on 250 percent of
the AMP (as computed without regard to customary prompt pay discounts
extended to wholesalers). The statute also provides that, by July 1,
2007, the Secretary promulgate a regulation clarifying the requirements
for AMP calculations. AMPs are based on the average prices paid to
manufacturers, net of discounts and price concessions, and will be more
useful than prices reported to drug pricing compendia that have been
shown to often have no relationship to market prices.
Comment: One commenter expressed concern that drug rebates and
other complicated payment arrangements account for high costs for
prescription drugs. The commenter cited a report by the McKinsey Global
Institute, ``Accounting for The Cost of Healthcare in the United States
(January 2007),'' that found that although Americans use fewer drugs
per capita, they pay about 70 percent more for prescription drugs than
citizens of peer nations. This commenter recommended that CMS bring
greater transparency and accuracy by exposing hidden rebates and
discounts and determining the true cost of prescription drugs to enable
more purchasers to obtain lower prices for drugs.
Response: The law only provides for making AMPs publicly available.
However, we believe that the public availability of monthly and
quarterly AMPs will bring greater transparency and accuracy to
manufacturer pricing.
Comment: Several commenters recommended alternatives to States' use
of AMP as a benchmark for reimbursement. One commenter recommended that
AMP not be used to set pharmacy reimbursement rates and recommended
that CMS instruct States to use actual net acquisition costs, allowing
for a reasonable profit and dispensing fee. One commenter recommended
that CMS urge States to consider the markup applied within the
distribution chain between the manufacturer and the purchasing pharmacy
when setting pharmacy payment rates. A few commenters recommended that
CMS consider a reimbursement formula that pays pharmacies actual
acquisition costs for drugs plus a fair retail markup and
[[Page 39196]]
incorporates a dispensing fee and an education fee to compensate
pharmacists for Drug Utilization Review services, including checking
for interactions with medicine and food and educating patients
regarding their medications. One commenter suggested that CMS refocus
efforts to save Medicaid dollars on brand name drugs by mandating an
additional rebate on brand name drugs and stated that this would result
in far greater savings for the Medicaid Program than reducing payment
for generic drugs. One commenter recommended that CMS require States to
include a minimum profit margin for low-cost generic drugs in their
reimbursement methodologies for independent pharmacies that at least
covers the cost of dispensing that drug. Several commenters expressed
concern that the proposal that States use AMP as a benchmark for
reimbursement does not address dispensing fees and suggests that the
lack of guidance allows States to continue to underpay pharmacists for
dispensing-related services. One commenter recommended that CMS
consider an alternate proposal that would cap the cost of medications
from the pharmaceutical companies, charge all pharmacies the same price
without preferential treatment or pricing for one type of pharmacy over
another, and set all Medicaid dispensing fees at the same rate for all
pharmacies based on the Grant Thornton LLP National Study to Determine
the Cost of Dispensing Prescriptions in Community Retail Pharmacies,
prepared for the CCPA, published in January 2007, and accessible at
http://www.aphanet.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=7641&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm.
Another commenter recommended that CMS require
reimbursement to be based on the WAC plus a professional fee of $10 for
brands and $15 for generics to more accurately account for pharmacy
acquisition costs and ensure that pharmacy providers are reimbursed
fairly. One commenter recommended that CMS set a standard reimbursement
methodology for pharmacy providers based on AWP or the average price
per unit that a pharmacy pays for a drug. Another commenter recommended
that CMS offer guidance to the States to establish a meaningful
percentage differential to be applied to all FULs (AMPs) for all small
pharmacies that meet the definition of ``small business'' as defined by
the Small Business Administration (SBA). Other commenters stated that
pharmacy provider acquisition costs surveys should be used to estimate
pharmacy acquisition costs. Another commenter recommended that CMS
instruct States to use the monthly Retail Price Survey (RPS) data as a
benchmark for pharmacy reimbursement as this data represents the
weighted average reimbursement received by independent community
pharmacies for each drug. One commenter requested that CMS define the
pharmacy reimbursement methodology for States and set the dispensing
fee in a manner that adequately compensates independent retail
pharmacies, as independent pharmacies will not be offered drug products
from their suppliers at AMP or near the AMP. One commenter agreed with
CMS that States should be allowed to use AMPs as a benchmark for
pharmacy reimbursement and suggested that CMS conduct studies to
identify manufacturers whose products consistently have atypically
large spreads between AMP and AWP or WAC. The commenter suggested that
States may then implement alternative payment rates on products
distributed by these manufacturers, thus preventing revenue enhancing
schemes and retaining the usefulness of their current reimbursement
techniques. Another commenter stated that AMP should be considered by
States as the minimum allowable reimbursement.
Response: We do not agree with these proposals that CMS should
establish dispensing fees or reimbursement methodologies as the States
are in a better position to determine such payment amounts. The statute
does not give CMS the authority to assess higher rebates on certain
brand name drugs or to regulate the price charged by manufacturers for
drugs.
Comment: One commenter noted that State MAC lists currently are
significantly lower than the FUL for some products and that AMP-based
reimbursement will not adequately cover pharmacy operating costs. The
commenter suggested that CMS complete a study to evaluate whether
States are currently reimbursing providers below 250 percent of AMP.
Response: Since the FULs methodology is established in the DRA, we
see no benefit at this time in completing a study to determine whether
States are already paying less than this amount. We note that States
continue to be able to establish their own MACs as well as adjust the
individual prices of drugs provided they do not exceed the FULs in the
aggregate.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS review the price
disparity between retail pharmacy class of trade and mail order
pharmacies.
Response: We appreciate the comment; however, as our definition of
AMP is based on what we have defined as the retail pharmacy class of
trade, we believe it is unnecessary for CMS to conduct the recommended
review. As previously discussed in this final rule, we have decided
that the retail pharmacy class of trade includes mail order pharmacies.
We believe that, as with traditional pharmacies, mail order drugs are
available to the general public.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS offer grants to the
States to (1) develop separate, differentiated payment to pharmacies
for clinical services provided to Medicaid beneficiaries beyond OBRA 90
mandates and (2) develop differential payments based on quality
measures and implementation of patient safety measures. Other
commenters requested that CMS encourage the use of incentives to
support efforts of pharmacists to improve patient outcomes through
patient education and medication compliance instead of reducing costs
to States by decreasing reimbursement to pharmacies.
Response: While we appreciate these comments, they are beyond the
scope of this final rule.
Comment: A few commenters expressed concern that AMP may serve as a
benchmark for reimbursement by other third party payers. Other
commenters stated that although the rule proposes that States may use
AMP as a benchmark for reimbursement of generic drugs, it will also
have implications for the reimbursement of single source products.
Response: The use of AMPs by other payers is beyond the scope of
this rule.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS use its authority to
review and approve SPAs to prevent States from modifying pharmacy
reimbursement methodologies before the final rule has been implemented
and the new AMP data has been assessed.
Response: We do not agree. While we will review SPAs to ensure
compliance with the dictates of section 1902(a) of the Act, we do not
have the authority to prevent States from submitting SPAs to modify
pharmacy reimbursement methodologies before this final rule has been
implemented and the new AMP data assessed.
Comment: A few commenters recommended that CMS instruct States to
provide appropriate reimbursement for clinical services provided by
specialty pharmacies, including long-term care pharmacies and other
pharmacies that specialize in unit dose packaging as these services
help ensure the effectiveness of patients' treatment
[[Page 39197]]
regimens, are not provided in the retail pharmacy setting and
ultimately reduce costs to the Medicaid Program. One commenter
requested that CMS consider the financial impact of the proposed AMP-
based reimbursement methodology on specialty pharmacies as the average
cost to dispense prescriptions in the specialty pharmacies is ten times
greater than that of traditional retail pharmacies. Some commenters
expressed concern that pharmacies' cost of serving mentally ill
Medicaid patients, particularly those whose drugs require pharmacies to
provide special packaging, would not be covered by the FULs, resulting
in many special needs patients being institutionalized at Medicaid's
expense.
Response: States may differentiate dispensing fees for specialty
pharmacies and other classes of providers to ensure appropriate
reimbursement.
Comment: One commenter stated that the proposal to permit States to
use AMP as a benchmark for pharmacy reimbursement does not address a
separate furnishing fee for anti-hemophilic clotting factors as set
forth in section 303(e)(1) of the MMA. The commenter has requested that
CMS consider a separate furnishing fee, a separate payment added into
the payment rates, to allow Medicaid patients who are affected by
bleeding disorders to maintain access to care and access to anti-
hemophilic clotting factor medications.
Response: Medicaid already has other service categories that can be
used to appropriately reimburse providers for these other services.
States are also able to establish a dispensing fee that is appropriate
for the dispensing of anti-hemophilic clotting factor medications.
Comment: One commenter expressed concern that CMS will not consider
expert advice from pharmacists, pharmacy organizations and Congress
regarding the proposal that States may use AMP as a basis for
reimbursement.
Response: We have considered and appreciate the advice that we
received from all interested parties including the comments received on
the proposed rule.
Comment: Another commenter recommended that CMS require the use of
therapeutic alternatives when an alternate product in the same class
has a generic available in order to control the use of expensive brand
name medications and save Medicaid dollars.
Response: Since many States already require generic substitution
and have other measures in effect to encourage the dispensing of
generic drugs, we do not agree that there needs to be a further CMS
requirement here.
Determination of Best Price (Sec. 447.505)
Comment: One commenter asked that if a manufacturer offers a price
that is lower than any actual price paid, is best price set on the
lowest price paid or the lowest price available.
Response: The best price is the price from the manufacturer which
is calculated to include all applicable sales and discounts; it is the
price actually realized. Best price includes prices available to any
purchaser, inclusive of cash discounts, free goods contingent on any
purchase requirement, volume discounts, and rebates (other than rebates
under section 1927 of the Act).
Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed rule defines best
price as ``* * * the lowest price available from the manufacturer
during the rebate period to any entity in the United States * * *.''
However, the national rebate agreement defines best price as ``* * *
the lowest price at which the manufacturer sells the covered outpatient
drug to any purchaser in the United States * * *.'' The commenter asked
if CMS intends to materially change the definition of best price by
using ``entity'' rather than ``purchaser.'' If CMS is not changing the
definition, the commenter asked that we use the language from the
national rebate agreement in the final rule.
Response: We used the term ``entity'' in the proposed rule because
this is the term used in the DRA. We are retaining this term in the
final rule. We do not intend any material change, except that given the
DRA amendments, the term entity may include sales to other
manufacturers.
Comment: One commenter questioned if all SPAPs are excluded from
the determination of best price in the proposed rule or only SPAPs that
qualify under the criteria set out in Manufacturer Release 68.
Response: SPAPs should continue to meet the qualifications in
program guidance, which is currently set out in Manufacturer Release
68, which can be found on the CMS Web site at http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidDrugRebateProgram/03_DrugMfrReleases.asp.
A list of designated
Medicaid SPAPs can be found on the CMS Web site at http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidDrugRebateProgram/Downloads/SPAPBestPriceList.pdf.
Price concessions to SPAPs that do not meet
these standards would not be exempt from best price. We have added
language to this final rule to clarify this point.
Comment: One commenter stated that SPAPs are generally third-party
payers and do not typically purchase drugs directly. The commenter
recommended that the exclusion from best price be expanded to include
price concessions received by SPAPs including rebates.
Response: We agree. SPAPs operate their programs similar to PBMs
whose rebates, discounts, or other price concessions have been excluded
from AMP and best price. These PBM rebates, discounts or price
concessions are not available to the retail pharmacy class of trade
and, therefore, are not passed on to community pharmacies. SPAPs, as
with PBMs, are treated by pharmaceutical manufacturers as a different
class of trade and are not accessible to the public. Therefore, in
accordance with section 1927(c)(1)(C)(i) of the Act, we are excluding
rebates obtained from designated SPAPs from manufacturers from the best
price.
Comment: One commenter noted that in Sec. 447.505(b) of the
proposed rule, CMS defined providers as ``a hospital, HMO, including an
MCO or entity that treats or provides coverage or services to
individuals for illnesses or injuries or provides services or items in
the provisions of health care''. In Sec. 447.505(c)(3), CMS noted that
``prices to providers (for example, hospitals, HMOs/MCOs, physicians,
nursing facilities, and home health agencies)'' are included in best
price. The commenter asked if it is the intent of CMS to define home
health providers as retail providers or non-retail providers.
Response: We consider home health providers to be retail providers.
Home health agencies (as well as hospices, hospitals, and skilled
nursing facilities) are providers for purposes of Medicare (see section
1861(u) of the Act). Accordingly, we have decided, in light of section
1927(c)(1)(C) of the Act, that CMS should include sales to home health
agencies within best price.
Comment: One commenter expressed concern with the exemption from
best price of payments made by PDPs and MA-PDs to manufacturers. With
the advent of the Medicare Part D program, there are substantial sales
attributable to PDPs and MA-PDs. If included in best price, the
commenter believed these sales arrangements would result in more
accurate pricing information and enhance the Medicaid Drug Rebate
Program.
Response: Section 1927(c)(1)(C)(i)(VI) of the Act provides that
prices negotiated by a PDP under Part D and an MA-PD under Part C, both
of Title XVIII of the Act, are excluded from best price.
Comment: Several commenters agreed with the statement in the
preamble to the proposed rule that to the extent that
[[Page 39198]]
an entity is not included in the best price calculation, both sales and
associated discounts or other price concessions provided to such an
entity should be excluded from the calculation.
Response: We agree and have retained this policy in the final rule.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS publish a proposed rule
for public comment when significant changes related to best price are
being considered rather than issue program releases and post
clarifications on the CMS Web site as proposed in the rule. Another
commenter noted that clarifications to the definition of AMP should be
made through formal notice and comment rather than through program
releases and Web site postings.
Response: We agree that substantive changes in policy should be
made through the rulemaking process. We note, however, that policy
established through regulation may need to be clarified to explain how
it applies in specific situations or to new situations in the
marketplace. CMS will continue to issue subregulatory guidance when we
find this to be necessary or appropriate.
Comment: Several commenters disagreed with limiting the exemption
from best price for manufacturer coupons to those redeemed by the
consumer with the manufacturer. The commenters believe that coupons
redeemed by a pharmacy or other third party should also be exempt from
best price when the pharmacy or other party passes through the full
value of the coupon to the consumer and does not receive any price
concession on acquisition cost from the manufacturer other than the
coupon amount and the handling fee.
Response: We concur. We are exempting coupons redeemed through a
pharmacy from best price as long as the exact value of the coupon is
paid to the pharmacy from the manufacturer or its agent, the full value
of the coupon is passed on to the consumer, and the pharmacy does not
receive any price concessions.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS reaffirm that multi-
manufacturer patient assistance programs continue to be exempt from the
best price determination.
Response: We agree, and as discussed previously with respect to
AMP, we have decided to codify our existing policy in this rule.
Accordingly, patient assistance programs are exempt from the best price
determination under 1927(c)(1)(C) of the Act as long as the following
provisions are met:
1. The program is focused on extending financial assistance to low-
income individuals and families, as determined by CMS, who are not
otherwise eligible for Medicare and do not have public or private
prescription drug coverage.
2. Each manufacturer establishes an amount of the subsidy to be
given to individual patients, without any negotiation between the
manufacturer and any other third party (such as an insurer or PBM) as
to that amount.
3. The entire amount of the subsidy is made available to the
individual patient, without any opportunity for the retail pharmacy or
any third party (such as an insurer or PBM), to reduce that subsidy, or
take a portion of it, for its own purposes.
4. The pharmacy collects no additional payment, other than the
benefit amount, from the patient assistance program.
Comment: Several commenters stated that to include PBM rebates in
best price poses significant operational issues because manufacturers
often do not know the amount a PBM receives as rebates for retail mail
order and non-mail order sales. The commenters suggested that the final
rule should allow manufacturers to use reasonable assumptions to
estimate PBM rebates. This would be similar to Medicare Part B ASP
reporting requirements (71 FR 69623 and 69676, Dec. 1, 2006).
Response: We recognize the commenters' concerns and have decided
that, except in those situations where PBM rebates are designed to
provide price concessions, discounts, or rebates, or to adjust prices
recognized by providers or retailers, PBM rebates should not be
included in best price calculations.
Comment: Several commenters stated that some industry analysts
appeared to misread the proposed rule to suggest that manufacturers may
be obligated to add concessions paid to PBMs to the concessions paid to
customers of the PBMs in calculating best price. This would effectively
call for the combining of two separate prices, one offered to a PBM and
the other to a customer of a PBM. The commenter stated that the statute
is quite clear in defining best price as the lowest price to ``any
wholesaler, retailer, provider, health maintenance organization, non-
profit entity, or government entity * * *.'' The commenters argued that
if Congress had intended anything other than a customer-by-customer
analysis of separate prices, the statute would have combined each
customer with the word ``and'' instead of the disjunctive ``or.'' The
commenters requested that CMS reaffirm that best price is the lowest
price available from the manufacturers reflecting concessions provided
by the manufacturers.
Response: We do not agree with the commenters. Although we have
deleted the requirement that manufacturers include PBM rebates and
discounts and other price concessions in best price, there are
instances where some PBM rebates and discounts may be designed to
adjust prices at the retail or provider level. Best price is designed
to reflect the lowest price available from the manufacturer to any
purchaser, inclusive of rebates, discounts, or price concessions that
adjust the price realized. Where PBM rebates, discounts, or price
concessions do not operate to adjust prices, they should not be
included in the best price calculation.
Comment: Several commenters suggested that PBM rebates should be
included in the best price calculation but not in the calculation of
AMP because including these prices would reduce the FUL to an amount
below available market price. The commenter stated that this would
undermine the FUL and shrink rebates paid to States.
Response: We appreciate the recommendation of the commenters. We
believe that, as a general matter, PBM rebates, discounts, and price
concessions obtained from manufacturers (except for PBM mail order
purchases) should be excluded from both best price and AMP. We have
concluded that we should not consider PBMs as falling within the retail
pharmacy class of trade as they are not directly involved in the supply
chain of pharmaceuticals. PBMs are treated by the pharmaceutical
manufacturers as a different class of trade and the public does not
necessarily have access to drugs supplied through PBMs. Therefore, we
do not believe that it is appropriate to include PBM rebates,
discounts, and prices in either AMP or best price, except for mail
order purchases.
Comment: One commenter requested that PBM price concessions should
not be used in the best price calculation because they are not shared
with pharmacies.
Response: We have excluded PBM price concessions except for mail
order purchases where rebates or price concessions are designed to
adjust prices at the retail or provider level.
Comment: One commenter disagreed with the proposed rule that prices
of sales directly to patients should be included in best price because
direct-to-patient sales are not specified in the statute. Rather, the
commenter believed that the statutory definition is intended
[[Page 39199]]
to capture prices to commercial entities, and that CMS' interpretation
goes beyond, and is inconsistent with, the plain language of the
statute.
Response: The statute clearly specifies at sections 1927(c)(i)(I)-
(VI) of the Act those sales, including, for example, sales provided to
patients through the endorsed discount card program, that are excluded
from best price. As we discussed previously, we believe that sales
directly to patients are included, except as specifically excluded by
statute, as this is an alternate channel for sales that normally flow
through included entities.
Comment: One commenter requested that discounts negotiated on
behalf of retirees enrolled in retiree prescription plans which are
excluded from best price be extended to their dependents. The commenter
stated that rebate agreements for retirees for qualified retiree
prescription drug utilization apply the same price structure to all of
the individuals covered by the plan and do not distinguish between
utilization by retirees and of their dependents.
Response: We proposed to exempt from best price any prices charged
which are negotiated by a qualified retiree prescription drug plan
under section 1860D-22(a)(2) of the Act. To the extent the prices are
negotiated by a qualified retiree prescription drug plan under section
1860D-22(a), they are exempt from best price.
Comment: Several commenters requested that CMS not include
customary prompt pay discounts in the determination of best price to
the extent that such discounts are excluded from AMP. They stated that
Congress recognized that discounts serve an important role in providing
a revenue stream for distributors to ensure the safe and effective
distribution of drugs to patients.
Response: We do not agree. Congress did not exclude customary
prompt pay discounts from the determination of best price. Therefore,
customary prompt pay discounts remain included in the determination of
best price.
Comment: One commenter requested that when best price is
determined, customary prompt pay discounts extended to wholesalers
should not be aggregated with price concessions available to an end-
customer under a contract administered through a wholesaler chargeback
arrangement, regardless of whether the manufacturer negotiated the
contract directly with the end-customer or with a third party.
Response: We do not agree. As we have previously stated, there is
no basis to exclude these discounts. Both the customary prompt pay
discounts and other price concessions available to the end-customer are
to be included in the determination of best price.
Comment: One commenter requested that the regulation not define
fair market value for administrative and service fees that are excluded
from best price. The commenter suggested that CMS mirror Medicare's
position on ASP which permits manufacturers to determine the most
appropriate industry-accepted method to determine fair market value of
the drug distribution services they receive.
Response: We concur that manufacturers should be permitted to
determine the fair market value of drug distribution services using
industry-accepted methods and have not defined these terms in this
final rule.
Comment: One commenter requested that further guidance be given on
when GPOs should be excluded from best price. The commenter suggested
that fees to GPOs should not be treated as price concessions unless the
fees (or any portion thereof) are passed on to the GPO's members or
customers.
Response: GPOs may function as negotiators for price concessions on
behalf of member pharmacies with GPOs receiving service fees for their
services or they may function as a distributor to their member
pharmacies of price concessions from manufacturers after volume sales
benchmarks have been attained. If the service fees paid to GPOs are
bona fide service fees, and there is no evidence or arrangement that
the fee is passed on to the member pharmacy, client or customer of any
entity, the manufacturer can exclude the fees from the determination of
best price.
Comment: One commenter stated that in 2004, the DoD restructured
its pharmaceutical benefit plan TRICARE and placed the pharmacy benefit
under contract with PBMs. DoD determined, and CMS agreed, that the
TRICARE transactions, known as TRICARE Retail Pharmacy Program or TRRx,
amounted to depot sales that qualified for Federal ceiling prices
(FCP). Manufacturers paid rebates, called refunds on TRRx utilization,
and those rebates were calculated in a manner intended to provide DoD
with FCP for that utilization. In Manufacturer Release 69, CMS directed
that both TRRx sales and refunds be excluded from AMP and best price
because they qualified as depot sales. In September 2006, the Federal
Circuit Court of Appeals raised significant concerns with the TRRx drug
program holding that DoD could not require manufacturers to pay refunds
without issuing a regulation through formal notice and comment
rulemaking (464 F.3d 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2006)). It is our understanding
that DoD has ceased the TRRx program and is refunding any rebates
previously paid. The commenter requested that any voluntary price
concessions provided to DoD by manufacturers on direct purchases, sales
to TRICARE mail order pharmacy, or through rebates on TRICARE be exempt
from best price even though the prices are not obtained from depot
purchasing.
Response: We recognize the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals
remanded the DVA's Dear Manufacturer Letter (October 24, 2004) for
substantive rulemaking. However, to the extent section
1927(c)(1)(C)(i)(I) of the Act includes the DoD as an exclusion from
best price, TRRx prices are excluded from best price.
Comment: One commenter requested that if the final rule changes the
AMP NDC reporting from 9 digits to 11 digits, CMS should also require
that best price be reported for each package size. This would allow for
more consistent, transparent, and accurate calculations between AMP and
best price.
Response: This final rule maintains that AMP reporting remain at
nine digits.
Authorized Generic Drugs (Sec. 447.506)
Summary of Comments
The DRA requires drug manufacturers to include drugs sold under an
NDA approved under section 505(c) of the FFDCA in their AMPs and best
prices.
In the proposed rule, we would require the manufacturer holding
title to the NDA of the authorized generic drug to include the direct
and indirect sales of this drug in its AMP and to include in the
computation of best price the price of the innovator multiple source
drug as well as the single source drug.
We received numerous and detailed comments concerning these
proposed requirements that led us to agree with commenters that these
requirements would be unduly burdensome on manufacturers, call into
question the veracity of manufacturer pricing information reported to
CMS, and potentially violate anti-trust statutes because they would
require manufacturers to share pricing information and engage in anti-
competitive practices.
In the final rule, we limit the application of the requirement to
the sale of an authorized generic product from the primary
manufacturer; that is, the manufacturer that holds the NDA, to the
secondary manufacturer; that is, the manufacturer that markets and
sells the authorized generic drug. This eliminates the need for
manufacturers to share
[[Page 39200]]
information on sales to other entities and potential competitors. We
believe that the sale price of the drug from the primary to the
secondary manufacturer will generally be lower than the lowest price
paid for the authorized generic drug by subsequent purchasers. We have
further supported this by stating that all price concessions, discounts
and fees other than bona fide service fees must be reflected in the
primary manufacturer's calculations of best price. This will prevent
the primary manufacturer from circumventing its rebate liability,
impact the rebate owed by the primary manufacturer, and result in the
savings contemplated by the provision.
At this time, we do not require that subsequent sales of an
authorized generic product by the secondary manufacturer be included in
the AMP calculation of the primary manufacturer. We note that this is
consistent with our reading of the DRA in that, unlike the best price
amendment, the DRA did not amend the definition of AMP, which continues
to require that AMP be calculated with respect to the covered
outpatient drug of a manufacturer based on the price paid to the
manufacturer ``by wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail
pharmacy class of trade.'' The DRA did not amend the AMP definition to
include prices paid to the manufacturer by other manufacturers.
Furthermore, in light of the comments we have received with respect to
the proposed rule, we believe that to require the primary manufacturer
to include sales of the secondary manufacturer within its calculation
would be problematic from an administrative accounting and anti-trust
perspective. We also note that to include the sales of the authorized
generic drug in the AMP of the primary manufacturer's drug could lower
the AMP and rebate liability, and present additional concerns with
respect to the FUL calculation, contrary to our reading of the
provision.
In light of the comments received and our concerns given the
statutory amendment, at this time we have decided not to include
authorized generic products marketed by the secondary manufacturer in
the AMP calculation. We will continue to review this issue, but we
believe this interpretation best implements the DRA amendments.
General Comments
Comment: One commenter expressed general support for the authorized
generic provisions in the proposed rule.
Response: We appreciate the support the commenter expressed.
Definition of Authorized Generic
Comment: One commenter urged CMS to clarify that the term
``authorized generic'' is limited to those products for which the title
passes to an authorized generic entity.
Response: We disagree. We do not interpret the DRA amendment as
necessarily limiting the application of this provision to drugs for
which the secondary manufacturer holds title.
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS exclude from the
definition of ``authorized generic,'' drugs that are repackaged for use
in institutions. The commenter requested that CMS clarify that private
label arrangements involving distinct packaging due to variations in
package size from the branded product do not constitute ``authorized
generics'' where the private label product is used in an institution.
Another commenter recommended that CMS preserve its current policy of
exempting manufacturers who repackage products (for sale) from
reporting best price. The commenter recommended that CMS classify the
secondary manufacturer of authorized generic products as a repackager.
Response: The definition of authorized generic drugs excludes drugs
that have been repackaged for use in institutions. Thus, any sales of
the repackaged drug by the repackager would not be included in the
primary manufacturer's rebate calculation if it were simply repackaged
in an institutional package size with the primary manufacturer's NDC;
however, the sale to the institution would be included in the primary
manufacturer's best price.
AMP and Best Price Reporting Requirements
Comment: Many commenters expressed concern regarding the proposed
policy to require the price or sales of the authorized generic drug to
be included in the AMP and the best price of the branded drug. Many
commenters requested further guidance to clarify how the price or sales
of authorized generic products should be gathered, shared and
incorporated into the AMP and best price of the branded drug. One
commenter stated that the proposed rule did not address whether the
primary manufacturer must incorporate raw sales data into the brand
drug calculations in order to derive a blended AMP and best price or
whether the primary manufacturer can rely on the secondary manufacturer
to provide the authorized generic AMP-eligible units and dollars to
derive the AMP. Several commenters recommended that CMS allow the
primary manufacturer to calculate a blended AMP and determine the best
price based on the pricing data provided by the secondary manufacturer.
One commenter suggested two methods for blending authorized generic
sales data with the sales data of the primary manufacturer. Several
commenters suggested that CMS require the primary manufacturer to
obtain from the secondary manufacturer either the AMP and best price or
underlying authorized generic sales data. The primary manufacturer
would then combine its own sales data with the sales data provided by
the secondary manufacturer to calculate the AMP and determine the best
price for the brand drug. One commenter asked for guidance regarding a
method for calculating a weighted AMP value for authorized generic
drugs. Several commenters recommended that CMS require manufacturers to
use a weighted average to calculate the AMP for authorized generic
drugs.
Response: This final rule provides the requirements for
manufacturers to use in calculating the AMP for covered outpatient
drugs. Specific calculation methods are left up to the manufacturer
consistent with this rule.
In light of the comments, we have decided to reconsider our
proposal that primary manufacturers include the authorized generic
product pricing data of a secondary manufacturer in their best price
and AMP calculations. At this time, we have revised the authorized
generics provision to require the primary manufacturer to include in
best price the authorized generic sales from the primary manufacturer
to a secondary manufacturer or subsidiary of the brand company.
At this time, based on concerns raised by the commenters, primary
manufacturers would not be required to incorporate the sales of the
authorized generic in the AMP of the brand drug. The primary
manufacturer and the secondary manufacturer would be responsible for
separately calculating their own AMP. The method for determining the
AMP, as described elsewhere in this final rule, is the same for all
covered outpatient drugs, including authorized generics.
Comment: A few commenters expressed concern that a blended AMP and
best price would distort the AMP and the best price of authorized
generic drugs which in turn may cause pharmacies to receive
substantially lower reimbursements for such drugs. One commenter stated
that a blended AMP for the brand drug may be lower than a pharmacy's
acquisition cost for the product. A few commenters stated
[[Page 39201]]
that while CMS may allow the primary manufacturer to pay its rebate
based on a blended AMP, it is not fair to use this blended AMP to
potentially underpay pharmacies for dispensing the brand drug when
prescribed by a physician. One commenter stated that this final rule
would result in new AMP-based calculations that would apply to more
medications, thereby compounding concerns regarding decreased
reimbursement to pharmacies for authorized generic products. The
commenter further stated that the broadened definition of authorized
generic could create a disincentive for generic utilization, thereby
increasing costs to the Medicaid Program. A few commenters suggested
that separate AMPs should be posted on CMS' website for the brand drug
and the authorized generic drug.
Response: We agree with these comments. The primary manufacturer
should not include within its AMP calculation any pricing data
concerning the sale by the secondary manufacturer regarding the
authorized generic product.
Comment: A few commenters requested further clarification on how to
handle incomplete or inaccurate data reported by the secondary
manufacturer. In addition, commenters wanted to know what should be
done when information is not received from the secondary manufacturer
in a timely manner. One commenter recommended that CMS allow the use of
the prior month's data to calculate the blended AMP to ensure
compliance with reporting deadlines. Many commenters requested that CMS
confirm that the primary manufacturer may rely on the AMP and sales
data provided by the secondary manufacturer without having to review
the underlying data and methodologies for accuracy. Several commenters
also requested that the primary manufacturer not be held responsible
for certifying (in accordance with the certification requirements set
forth in this rule) the accuracy and completeness of the AMP and best
price data provided by the secondary manufacturer. Another commenter
requested that CMS allow the primary manufacturer to incorporate the
AMP and best price of the authorized generic product into the AMP and
the best price of the brand drug.
Response: We appreciate the comments and have revised the
authorized generics provision to require the primary manufacturer to
include in best price the authorized generic sales from the primary
manufacturer to a secondary manufacturer or subsidiary of the primary
manufacturer. As discussed previously, based on the comments received,
we have decided that the primary manufacturer should not incorporate
the sales of authorized generic products by the secondary manufacturer
in the AMP of the brand drug. At this time, we have decided that the
primary manufacturer and the secondary manufacturer would separately
calculate their own AMP.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify whether the sales
by the primary manufacturer of an authorized generic to a secondary
manufacturer should be included in the primary manufacturer's AMP and
best price. The commenter indicated that inclusion of such
manufacturer-to-manufacturer sales in the AMP would result in double-
counting in AMP of every authorized generic unit; once when the unit is
sold by the primary manufacturer to the secondary manufacturer, and
again when the unit is sold by the secondary manufacturer to its
customers, thereby resulting in a distortion of the AMP. A few
commenters urged CMS to clarify that manufacturer-to-manufacturer sales
are non-retail sales and, therefore, excluded from AMP. Another
commenter stated that including inter-company transfer prices in the
AMP for every unit of a drug would deflate the market price and skew
the AMP to an inappropriately low level. The commenter suggested that
the final rule clarify that inter-company transfer prices will be
excluded from AMP or best price regardless of the circumstances
surrounding the transfer of product within the same corporate company,
even if the product is provided at a lower price from one member of the
company to another member of the company. Another commenter recommended
that CMS define the term ``any entity'' in the best price definition to
exclude the sales price of authorized generics from the primary
manufacturer to the secondary manufacturer so that this sales price
would not set the best price. The commenter further explained that
failure to exclude the sale price from the primary manufacturer to the
secondary manufacturer would result in increased costs that will shift
to payors and consumers because both the primary manufacturer and the
secondary manufacturer will raise their prices in order to recoup
reduced profit margins resulting from an inaccurate best price.
Response: We appreciate the comments but have not revised our
definition of ``any entity'' as we believe, in light of the DRA
amendments, that any sales of covered outpatient drugs between
manufacturers must be included in the best price. The DRA amended the
definition of best price, in part, to specifically provide that the
best price should be inclusive of the lowest price available from the
primary manufacturer to ``any manufacturer.'' In accordance with the
best price provisions in section 1927(c)(1)(C)(i) of the Act, we
believe that all price discounts, except for bona fide service fees,
should be included in the best price of the brand drug unless the
discount is specifically excluded by statute or regulation. Therefore,
the primary manufacturer will be required to include in the best price
of its drug any price concession provided by the manufacturer to any
entity (including the secondary manufacturer) that reduces the price of
the authorized generic drug sold by the primary manufacturer and
actually realized by the primary manufacturer, unless the price
concession is specifically excluded by statute or regulation or falls
within the definition of a bona fide service fee.
Comment: Several commenters expressed concern that our proposed
policy would require the primary manufacturer and the secondary
manufacturer to share confidential pricing information that may result
in anti-trust violations. Commenters strongly urged CMS to consult with
the FTC before implementing the new reporting requirements outlined in
the DRA. One commenter recommended that CMS consider eliminating or
delaying implementation of the authorized generic reporting
requirements until a later date.
Response: We appreciate the comments and have revised the
authorized generics provision to require the primary manufacturer, that
is, is the NDA holder, to include its sales of the authorized generic
to the secondary manufacturer in best price. We have revised the best
price provision to provide, at this time, that best price should only
include authorized generic sales from the primary manufacturer to a
secondary manufacturer or subsidiary of the primary manufacturer and
shall be the lowest price at which the primary manufacturer sells the
drug.
At this time, we believe this revision will avoid any anti-trust
concerns that could potentially arise as a result of pricing data being
exchanged between manufacturers. In light of the DRA amendments, we are
not eliminating or delaying the implementation of this provision but we
will continue to consider this issue as we receive AMP and best price
data.
Comment: Several commenters requested that CMS require the primary
manufacturer and the secondary
[[Page 39202]]
manufacturer to separately report and calculate the AMP and determine
the best price for their own products, using only the sales data based
on the products' NDCs, and include in each of their own AMP reports the
number of units sold during the rebate period. Other commenters
recommended that CMS allow the primary manufacturer and secondary
manufacturer to submit separate pricing data regarding their own sales
so that CMS may calculate the AMP and best price.
Response: We have revised the provision to no longer require the
primary manufacturer to include authorized generic sales of the
secondary manufacturer in the AMP. The best price shall include
authorized generic sales from the primary manufacturer to a secondary
manufacturer or to a subsidiary of the primary manufacturer and shall
be the lowest price at which the drug is sold by the primary
manufacturer.
Comment: A few commenters expressed concern that there are a number
of transactions that may not have been intended to fall within the
scope of the authorized generic provision. Several commenters requested
that CMS clarify that inter-company transactions between the primary
manufacturer and the secondary manufacturer will not be included in the
primary manufacturer's pricing calculations. Several commenters
recommended that inter-company transactions such as transfer price,
royalties and/or license payments made by the secondary manufacturer to
the primary manufacturer should not be included in pricing
calculations. A few commenters indicated support of CMS' decision not
to require manufacturers to include the transfer price of the
authorized generic drug in best price. One commenter requested that CMS
clarify how manufacturers should account for transfer prices when the
product is sold from the primary manufacturer to the secondary
manufacturer. Other commenters were concerned that transfer fees,
licensing fees and manufacturer contracting fees would be
inappropriately included in the best price and AMP for authorized
generic sales. Several commenters stated that such fees should not be
taken into account in the authorized generic provision and only the
sales of the authorized generic products in the marketplace should be
considered. One commenter requested that CMS clarify that the term
``price'' used in Sec. 447.506(c) would be considered to be either (1)
the adjusted transfer price after the value of all profit-sharing,
royalties, license fees and other adjustments to the contracted
transfer price have been added; or (2) the lowest price at which the
secondary manufacturer sells the authorized generic in the marketplace.
The commenter stated that either clarification of the term ``price''
would help ensure a true and accurate reflection of the best price of
the authorized generic in the marketplace. The commenter indicated that
the sales of the authorized generic drugs by the secondary manufacturer
to its own customers should be included in the best price, not the
primary manufacturer's sales price to the secondary manufacturer.
Several commenters requested that the transfer price at which the
primary manufacturer sells the drug to the secondary manufacturer not
be taken into account or included in the best price or the AMP. One
commenter stated that the transfer price should not be included in the
best price even if this price would otherwise be the lowest price at
which the drug is sold. The commenter stated that transfer prices
involve complex royalty or profit-sharing arrangements that would be
difficult for the primary manufacturer to incorporate into its best
price and difficult for CMS to evaluate. Another commenter recommended
that CMS require manufacturers to include the transfer price from the
primary manufacturer to the secondary manufacturer in the best price.
Response: We believe that transfer prices and all fees paid by the
secondary manufacturer to the primary manufacturer for the authorized
generic product, other than bona fide service fees or other discounts
excluded by statute or regulation, are price discounts which should be
included in the best price of the primary manufacturer. The inclusion
of such price reductions or fees ensures that the amount recognized by
the primary manufacturer for the authorized generic product reflects
all discounts and price concessions that are meant to be included in
the best price. Therefore, we have revised the authorized generic
provision to include in the best price of the brand drug, transfer
prices and other fees paid for authorized generics by the secondary
manufacturer to the primary manufacturer, unless such prices or fees
are excluded by statute or regulation or fall within the definition of
a bona fide service fee as defined in Sec. 447.505 of this final rule.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS confirm that the best
price for authorized generic products is the lowest price charged for
the drug by the primary manufacturer in a best price-eligible sale. In
addition, the best price for the secondary manufacturer is the lowest
price charged for the drug by the secondary manufacturer in a best
price-eligible sale. Another commenter requested that CMS allow the
primary manufacturer to obtain from the secondary manufacturer the best
price for the authorized generic and compare the secondary
manufacturer's best price to its own best price and then submit the
lowest price of the two drugs.
Response: In this final rule, we state that the best price includes
authorized generic sales from the primary manufacturer to the secondary
manufacturer or subsidiary of the primary manufacturer, and the best
price is the lowest price at which that product is sold.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS clarify that the
proposed authorized generic provisions do not apply to situations in
which a product is sold to a secondary manufacturer for purposes of
incorporating the product into a ``kit'' consisting of multiple
products.
Response: The authorized generic provisions apply to the
transaction between the primary and secondary manufacturers. Therefore,
the price for any authorized generic product sold for the purpose of
incorporating the product into a kit consisting of multiple products
must be included in the best price of the primary manufacturer.
Comment: One commenter stated that the authorized generic
provisions negatively impact manufacturers and penalize them for
entering into authorized generic arrangements. The commenter stated
that CMS has prematurely taken a negative position on authorized
generics before receiving results from an FTC study that is currently
analyzing the impact of authorized generics in the marketplace. The
commenter further indicated that it would be premature and unwise of
CMS to adopt any policy that would impose a penalty on the authorized
generic industry before conclusions of the FTC study are in hand.
Response: We appreciate the comments, but the statute does not
condition this policy on the results of the FTC study or its findings.
The policy concerning authorized generics is intended to implement our
understanding of the provisions of the DRA. The purpose of the
authorized generic provisions is to ensure that prices for such drugs
are accounted for in prices reported by manufacturers participating in
the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS treat authorized
[[Page 39203]]
generic drugs as noninnovator multiple source drugs unless the
manufacturer has licensed the drug to another labeler and has no
control over pricing, marketing or distribution.
Response: We disagree. Authorized generic drugs are single source
or innovator multiple source drugs. In accordance with our
understanding of the statute, drugs sold, marketed or distributed under
an NDA must be treated as single source or innovator multiple source
drugs for purposes of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program.
Comment: Several commenters requested further guidance regarding
the inclusion of authorized generics in the AMP and best price when the
drug is being sold by the primary manufacturer and a secondary
manufacturer at the same time. The commenter suggested that all sales
of the authorized generic product should be considered when calculating
the AMP and best price and requested that CMS provide guidance in order
to confirm this interpretation. Another commenter requested that CMS
clarify in the final rule that the authorized generic provision applies
to sales of the brand drug under a new labeler code. A few commenters
asked if the authorized generic provision would apply to situations
where the primary manufacturer has completely sold the drug to another
manufacturer (including all rights to sell the authorized generic
drug). Other commenters asked how sales should be treated when the
primary manufacturer is no longer manufacturing the authorized generic
product but is selling off existing inventory. One commenter requested
that CMS confirm its interpretation that the licensed drug would meet
the definition of a single source drug because the primary manufacturer
is not a source of the drug. Another commenter recommended that the
primary manufacturer not be required to take into account authorized
generic sales after the date the primary manufacturer stops marketing
the brand product.
Response: The manufacturer that holds the title to the labeler code
and whose NDC appears on the product when a Medicaid prescription is
dispensed is responsible for reporting pricing and paying rebates. We
have revised this final rule to state that the primary manufacturer
will no longer be required to include the sales of authorized generics
by the secondary company in the AMP or best price of the brand drug.
Each manufacturer will be responsible for determining the AMP or best
price for its own products consistent with the methodology described
elsewhere in this rule. If the primary manufacturer no longer sells the
brand drug and the secondary manufacturer buys an authorized generic
version of the drug and changes the NDC, the primary manufacturer is
responsible for paying rebates on its drugs still in the supply chain
and must supply a termination date equal to the shelf life of the last
lot/stock sold under the previous NDC. It must also supply pricing data
for four quarters beyond the shelf life of the drug. The secondary
manufacturer would be responsible for supplying pricing data starting
with the quarter the authorized generic is for sale under its own NDC.
Comment: A few commenters requested clarification regarding whether
the secondary manufacturer or licensee should include the combined
sales of two separate NDCs in its price reporting data where the
licensee is selling both the brand and authorized generic version of
the licensed innovator multiple source drug, or should the licensee
continue to report data for two separate NDCs as is currently done
under existing policy.
Response: If the secondary company markets two drugs that have the
same nine-digit NDC numbers, the pricing data with respect to both
products should be used in AMP and best price calculations.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS redefine the rebate
period following the initial launch of an authorized generic by
dividing the first quarter in which the authorized generic is launched
into two separate rebate periods: (1) One period prior to the launch of
the authorized generic; and (2) one period starting at the date of the
launch. The commenter indicated that this change would allow the
manufacturer to apply an AMP and weighted best price for the first
quarter of the authorized generic entry. The commenter also mentioned a
second option that would allow manufacturers to report, for the first
quarter of the authorized generic entry, an AMP and weighted best price
based on the number of days the authorized generic is available in the
quarter. Additionally, the commenter suggested a third option, in which
the incorporation of the authorized generic would begin with the first
full quarter the authorized generic is available. Another commenter
recommended that for authorized generic agreements effective during the
middle of a quarter, CMS should not begin to apply the blending of AMP
data until the following quarter. One commenter recommended that CMS
require the brand manufacturer to incorporate authorized generic
products into pricing calculations the first full quarter after the
authorized generic product is launched. The commenter suggested CMS
clarify that authorized generic products will not be taken into account
in monthly AMP calculations until the first month of the first full
quarter following the launch of the authorized generic.
Response: We are not redefining the rebate period or adjusting the
monthly and quarterly reporting requirements as they are currently
defined under the law and this regulation. Like other manufacturer
programs that start in the middle of a quarter or a month, the
appropriate authorized generic sales must be reported for whatever part
of the reporting period they occur.
Comment: Several commenters indicated that there are several
operational issues that may prevent the primary manufacturer from
incorporating authorized generic AMP and best price data from the
secondary manufacturer within the required 30-day timeframe. A few
commenters stated that it would be infeasible for the primary
manufacturer to calculate the AMP and best price for the brand drug
within 30 days if the primary manufacturer is unable to rely on the
information provided by the secondary manufacturer. In addition, a few
commenters stated that the primary manufacturer would not have access
to the proprietary data and records of the secondary manufacturer, who
may be a competitor, and there may be intersystem incompatibility
between the reporting systems of the primary manufacturer and the
secondary manufacturer. Another commenter suggested that allowing the
primary manufacturer to calculate a weighted AMP and determine the best
price based on sales data provided by the secondary manufacturer would
allow primary manufacturers to avoid the administrative burden and
complexity of incorporating raw sales data of authorized generic
products into the pricing calculations of the brand drug. Another
commenter recommended that CMS allow the manufacturers to use aggregate
data at the 11-digit NDC level (supplied by the secondary manufacturer
to the primary manufacturer) to minimize operational and legal issues.
Another commenter requested that CMS allow manufacturers flexibility in
reporting in order to minimize operational issues.
Response: We have revised this final rule to no longer require the
primary manufacturer to include the sales of the secondary manufacturer
or subsidiary in the AMP. The primary manufacturer will be required to
include in best price its sales to the secondary manufacturer
[[Page 39204]]
or subsidiary of the primary manufacturer and the best price shall be
the lowest price at which the drug is sold.
Comment: One commenter expressed support for CMS' assertion that
the secondary manufacturer would continue to calculate AMP and best
price and pay rebates for the authorized generic drug based on its own
NDC according to its own utilization of the drug, as is done under
current policy.
Response: We appreciate the support this commenter expressed.
Comment: One commenter recommended that CMS clarify that for store
brand versions of the brand drug, the primary manufacturer must include
in its AMP and best price the sales of such authorized generics to the
secondary manufacturer, not sales to consumers by the secondary
manufacturer. The commenter indicated that the sales of store brand
products to retailers are commercial prices and are not subject to
transfer pricing or other similar profit-sharing arrangements. The
commenter mentioned that in many cases the primary manufacturer labels
the store brand products under the retailer's labeler code, thereby
making the retailer a secondary manufacturer of those drugs. The
commenter stated that unlike secondary manufacturers of prescription
authorized generic products, a secondary manufacturer of an OTC
authorized generic sells the authorized generic directly to consumers
and typically does not participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program.
The commenter stated that the most appropriate sales data to include in
the branded product's AMP and best price calculations would be the
primary manufacturer's sales transactions with the retailer. The
commenter further suggested that in calculating the blended AMP and
best price figures for authorized generics sales, the primary
manufacturer should incorporate the direct and indirect sales to
secondary manufacturers of the store brand authorized generic. The
commenter requested that CMS confirm that the primary manufacturer may
comply with the authorized generics provisions by including its sales
of the authorized generic to the secondary manufacturer when the
primary manufacturer calculates the blended AMP and best price figures
for the brand product.
Response: The primary manufacturer would be responsible for
including prices to the secondary manufacturer, but further sales from
the secondary manufacturer to the consumer would not be included.
Exclusion From Best Price of Certain Sales at a Nominal Price (Sec.
447.508)
Comment: Several commenters did not agree with the statement in the
preamble that using the nominal price exception as a marketing tool was
not within the spirit and letter of the law and requested CMS to issue
further guidance through the formal rulemaking process. Another
commenter requested that until such guidance is forthcoming,
manufacturers should be permitted to continue to exclude nominal price
sales from best price.
Response: CMS does not believe that further guidance is needed on
this subject. We believe, in light of the DRA amendments, that the
final regulation is clear concerning what sales at nominal price may be
excluded from best price.
Comment: Numerous commenters expressed concern that the proposed
rule explicitly declined to exercise the Secretary's statutory
discretion to identify additional safety net providers that could
receive nominal pricing on drugs that would be excluded from best
price. They stated that CMS' failure to define a fourth category to
include other charitable health care providers is contrary to
congressional intent, ill-advised and unfair to providers that are the
mainstay of the nation's health care safety net. Many of these
commenters suggested that a fourth category of safety net providers
include non-profit entities that serve the uninsured and underinsured,
regardless of their ability to pay and for whom a majority of their
patients have income at less than 200 percent of the Federal Poverty
Level (FPL). Many commenters disagreed with the limited entities that
qualify to purchase drugs under the proposed nominal price exclusion.
These commenters suggested that other safety net providers who offer
low-cost oral contraceptive drugs to their low-income, uninsured or
underinsured patients should continue to be eligible for nominal
pricing exceptions. Commenters requested that nominal pricing
exceptions should continue to be extended to such reproductive health
care centers, including college and university health centers, which
have traditionally purchased contraceptive drugs from manufacturers at
nominal prices. Commenters contended that the impact of the rule is
significant because it would require the reproductive health care
centers to close their doors or to charge the patients who are unable
to pay and, therefore, eliminate access to oral contraceptives. These
patients would be at risk for unplanned pregnancies and increased
reliance on abortion.
Response: The statute allows the Secretary to determine other
entities to which sales of drugs at a nominal price would be excluded
from best price. However, the statute does not mandate that the
Secretary do so. This final rule exercises the Secretary's authority to
choose not to expand that list of entities. We believe the entities
listed in the statute to be sufficiently inclusive. In addition,
commenters indicated that many manufacturers routinely used the nominal
price exclusion for other than charitable purposes. Furthermore,
manufacturers who have chosen to make drugs available to indigent
patients often do so through patient assistance programs, which are
excluded from best price (as discussed previously in this rule), and
not through nominal pricing.
Comment: One commenter stated that sales of contraceptive drugs at
a nominal price are not contingent on market share agreements or the
purchase of other products, which were the concerns that prompted
Congress to restrict the nominal price exemption. A few commenters
stated that nominal pricing predated Medicaid best price and rebates
and that keeping family planning providers as entities that can receive
nominal prices would not suddenly have an adverse effect on the
Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Another commenter stated that family
planning is a cost-effective public health strategy that saves money by
preventing other, more costly health problems. In addition, several
commenters noted that although family planning clinics that receive
funding under Title X of the PHS Act and are funding covered entities
under the PHS Drug Pricing Program, their 340B status is not permanent
and could be lost due to funding deficits. Other commenters remarked
that 340B clinics that rely on subsidies from non-340B clinics within
the same organization to finance their operation may not be able to
continue to keep their doors open because the non-340B clinics will no
longer have access to excess funds when they can no longer purchase
contraceptives at nominal prices. Numerous commenters wrote indicating
that non-Title X family planning clinics are often the sole source of
primary health care for uninsured or underinsured women and provide
vital reproductive health care services including birth control drugs
and supplies at deeply discounted prices, well-woman exams, screenings
for breast and cervical cancer, and treatment for sexually transmitted
diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and anemia. Many of these commenters
also
[[Page 39205]]
noted that the ability of these providers to continue to provide
quality health care at low or no cost rests on their ability to
purchase contraceptives at nominal price. Other commenters noted that
because Title X funding has not increased since 1977, newer clinics
have not received Title X funding. Another commenter stated that where
two non-profit entities perform the same function for similar
populations and one is a 340B covered entity and the other is not, it
is reasonable to believe that the Congress intended both to have access
to the same discounted pricing structure.
Response: CMS recognizes the important role that family planning
clinics play in providing for the basic health care needs of a
vulnerable patient population. However, we do not agree that the broad
categories of populations served by the clinics suggested by the
commenters, which include student health centers, constitute a
vulnerable population. It would also be difficult for us to distinguish
between agencies; for example, agencies with non-profit status under
the Internal Revenue Code that are truly serving a public interest from
others that may not be doing so. Such an expansion would be far in
excess of the current definition in the 340B Program. Therefore, we do
not believe that there is sufficient reason to include these entities
in the nominal price exclusion.
Comment: A few commenters noted that Congress established the
nominal price exclusion to protect discounts offered to charitable
organizations and clinics. One commenter noted that surveys conducted
by the Senate Committee on Finance in 2004 and 2005 found that not-for-
profit, acute care, teaching and other hospitals appeared to be the
primary recipients of nominal prices. This commenter, along with
others, urged CMS to define safety net provider as non-profit
organizations, comprised of an outpatient clinic or several clinics,
which offer health care to patients regardless of their ability to pay,
and for whom the majority of their patients have income at less than
200 percent of the FPL.
Response: In its 2004 and 2005 surveys, the Senate Committee on
Finance found that while hospitals appeared to be the primary
recipients of nominal pricing, most manufacturers' policies did not
reflect the use of the nominal price exception for charitable purposes.
(This discussion can be found at http://www.cms.hhs.gov/eRulemaking/ECCMSR/list.asp
; docket ID CMS-2238-P; paper comment number 33.)
Manufacturers did not differentiate between for-profit and non-
profit entities when offering nominal pricing, and manufacturers'
agreements frequently included market share requirements. Additionally,
the surveys found that the use of the nominal price exception has
declined since 2003.
Comment: A few commenters noted that their purchase price for a
month's supply of oral contraceptives has increased more than tenfold.
Other commenters reported that manufacturers are discontinuing nominal
prices for oral contraceptives. Numerous commenters expressed concern
that prices will increase for these patients, many of whom are on fixed
incomes and unable to absorb additional expense to purchase these
medications. Another commenter asked if a mechanism will be provided
for non-Medicaid patients to continue to receive deeply discounted
drugs if existing philanthropic programs no longer qualify for the best
price nominal price exclusion.
Response: As previously stated, we believe that there are already
programs in place by which manufacturers can continue to make available
drugs to the indigent and underinsured without raising best price
concerns for drug manufacturers.
Comment: One commenter expressed disappointment that we did not
list community health providers that receive funding under Title V of
the PHS Act as 340B covered entities because they serve the same
populations as family planning clinics. They stated that by this
oversight, the government would incur increased costs for maternity
care and providing welfare. Additionally, the commenter noted that
local health departments were considering no longer providing family
planning services, which would have a tremendous impact on underserved
populations and that this may pave the way for civil rights action.
Response: CMS does not determine what entities qualify for the 340B
Program. In this final rule, as discussed above, we have decided not to
expand the entities which can have nominal price sales excluded from
best price for purposes of the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS clarify the scope of the
best price exemption specifically to allow the best price exemption for
nominally priced drugs to a 340B hospital to extend to drugs purchased
for inpatient use and by other components of a large health system of
which a 340B participating hospital is a part. Other commenters said
that the loss of nominal pricing contracts in the non-340B parts of
their hospitals would be devastating to the amount of service they
could continue to provide.
Response: Section 1927(c)(1)(C)(i)(I) of the Act exempts inpatient
prices charged to 340B hospitals from best price, so we believe that
there is no need to address these prices in the context of the nominal
price exemption. Section 1927(c)(1)(D)(i)(I) of the Act provides that
nominal prices to 340B covered entities are exempt from best price; the
statute does not extend the exemption to any part of a broader
organization of which the 340B covered entity is a part. The Secretary
has not chosen to expand the list of which entities qualify for the
nominal price exclusion to include facilities not identified in the
statute.
Comment: One commenter noted that a study of manufacturers'
policies and practices with respect to nominal price practices
indicated that the nominal price exclusion was used primarily as a
competitive marketing tool and not used for charitable purposes as
intended by Congress.
Response: We appreciate this comment and believe that this was a
key factor in the legislation to restrict the types of entities
eligible for the nominal price exclusion from best price.
Comment: One commenter requested that CMS provide a list of
qualified safety net providers eligible for the best price exemption.
Another commenter suggested that CMS maintain a current list of
entities that qualify as ICFs/MR or State-owned or operated nursing
facilities, similar to the CMS list of qualified SPAPs under Medicare
Part D. Yet another commenter requested CMS to develop and publish
procedures to be used to identify additional safety net providers. Yet
another commenter recommended that safety net providers be required to
complete a self-certification process. Another commenter stated that
they appreciated the clear guidance given by CMS in delineating the
covered entities eligible for the nominal pricing exemption.
Response: The Secretary has chosen not to designate a fourth
category of safety net providers; therefore, the argument for a
certification process is unnecessary, as is the need to establish and
publish procedures for the identification of additional safety net
providers. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
administers the 340B Program and we rely on that agency to identify
providers in the 340B Program. Furthermore, ICFs/MR and State-owned or
operated nursing facilities fall under State jurisdiction and we expect
the State
[[Page 39206]]
Medicaid Agencies to identify these for manufacturers.
Comment: A few commenters requested that we add language in the
preamble or in the regulation text of the final rule to state that the
Secretary intends to retain his discretionary authority to add to the
list of safety net provider entities for which sales at nominal prices
are excluded from best price should CMS choose not to exercise the
authority at this time. Several comments urged CMS not to relinquish
the authority to establish nominal price exemptions for additional
classes of providers.
Response: In accordance with the reasons stated above, the
Secretary has chosen not to exercise his authority at this time. The
Secretary retains the authority to propose expansion of this list for
any appropriate safety net providers at a future time through the
notice and comment process.
Comment: One commenter agreed with the proposed rule directing
manufacturers to exclude nominal sales from the AMP calculation stating
it would be unfair to allow deeply discounted prices offered only to
safety net providers and not available in commercial transactions to
put downward pressure on AMPs and depress Medicaid reimbursement to
retail pharmacies.
Response: We agree that nominal price sales that are excluded from
best price should not be included in AMP and we have retained that
provision in the final rule.
Comment: One commenter asked whether the AMP used in determining a
nominal price for purposes of the best price exclusion should be the
combined AMP for the brand manufacturer who also has sold or licensed
an authorized generic.
Response: Brand manufacturers who also have sold or licensed rights
to an authorized generic should compute the AMP for the brand drugs
according to the requirement in Sec. 447.506.
Comment: A few commenters believed that nominally priced products
should be excluded from best price calculations because those prices
are not representative of the acquisition costs available to retail
pharmacies. Several commenters stated that nominal prices are not
available to the retail pharmacy class of trade and should therefore be
excluded from any calculations.
Response: CMS concurs with the commenter that nominal priced sales
to certain specified entities such as 340B entities, ICFs/MR and State-
owned or operated nursing facilities are to be excluded from best price
calculations. For purposes of this exclusion, nominal price is defined
as less than ten percent of AMP in the same quarter for which the AMP
is computed.
Requirements for Manufacturers (Sec. 447.510)
Electronic Data Submission
Comment: A few commenters expressed support for CMS' proposal to
require manufacturers to submit all product and pricing data in an
electronic format.
Response: We appreciate the support for this provision and have
retained this requirement in the final rule.
Data Reported to CMS
Comment: One commenter asked CMS to revise the regulation text at
Sec. 447.510(a) to clarify that manufacturers are responsible to
ensure that they report to CMS only those products/NDCs that are truly
covered outpatient drugs. The commenter also asked CMS to coordinate
with the FDA or other Federal agencies to ensure that the products
manufacturers report to CMS actually are covered outpatient drugs.
Finally, if any products are subsequently determined to not be covered
outpatient drugs, the commenter asked that CMS clarify that States are
not to be held accountable for any expenditures or rebates collected
for the products in the interim.
Response: CMS already coordinates with the FDA to ensure that drugs
covered by the Medicaid Program meet the statutory definition of
covered outpatient drugs.
Comment: A few commenters expressed support for our position that
AMP should be reported on a monthly basis and AMP, best price, and
customary prompt pay discounts should be reported on a quarterly basis.
Another commenter urged us to eliminate the monthly AMP reporting
requirement.
Response: We continue to believe that in accordance with the DRA,
AMP should be reported monthly, while AMP, best price, and customary
prompt pay discounts should be reported quarterly.
Comment: Several commenters suggested that AMP must be reported
weekly in order to accurately realize market costs and reimburse retail
pharmacy accordingly. One commenter noted that the monthly reporting
system would be inadequate and unfair, if not illegal. Some commenters
noted that pricing changes daily; therefore, monthly reporting will
cause too long of a delay in updated AMP prices. Another commenter
noted that with manufacturers supplying CMS the pricing data 30 days
after the month closes, the published pricing data will be at least 60
days behind the marketplace pricing. One commenter asked CMS to revise
the AMP reporting period to a timeframe that is available in the
private sector.
Response: The DRA requires manufacturers to report AMP monthly to
CMS. While we acknowledge that prices change in the marketplace more
frequently than monthly, we are implementing the monthly AMP reporting
requirement in this final rule. We note that States are not required to
base their Medicaid pharmacy reimbursement on AMP. AMP will be one of
many prices that States can look at when setting their pharmacy
reimbursement rates. Furthermore, we note that the FULs will be
calculated based on 250 percent of the AMP, in accordance with the
statute, which should allow for some market fluctuations.
Comment: A few commenters noted that the lag time between the
timeframe covered by monthly AMP and when the AMPs are available may
result in inaccurate AMPs due to the reporting delay. The commenters
urged CMS to address this timing issue directly and in detail before we
encourage States and others to use it as a reimbursement benchmark. One
way to do this would be to compare AMPs to WACs, and only publish those
AMPs that approximate the WAC for a brand name drug. Another commenter
suggested that CMS issue new FULs within seven to ten days of receiving
monthly AMP data.
Response: We share the commenters' interest in making sure that
AMPs reported to CMS and released to the public are as accurate as
possible. Also, we note that States have been notified of the
limitations of the AMP data. We appreciate such concerns and have
decided to establish a timeframe sufficient for initial implementation
of the new FUL prices. CMS has posted a timeline for implementation of
the FUL on its Web site (http://www.cms.hhs.gov/DeficitReductionAct/Downloads/AMPFULTentativeTimeline.pdf
).
Comment: A few commenters noted that the record layout for the
quarterly pricing report that CMS issued in December 2006 did not
include a field for customary prompt pay discounts. The commenters
asked for clarification as to how customary prompt pay discounts should
be reported.
Response: We will issue a revised record layout to manufacturers to
include customary prompt pay discounts in accordance with this final
rule.
[[Page 39207]]
Comment: A few commenters asked for operational guidance on
reporting customary prompt pay discounts to CMS. Specifically, should
manufacturers recognize discounts given at the time of sale of the
product to the customer? Also, should manufacturers report customary
prompt pay discounts at the 9-digit NDC, 11-digit NDC, or at the
labeler code level? Should the information be provided in whole
dollars, units, or by percentage? Would reporting an accrued amount by
NDC suffice? One commenter noted that the statement in the proposed
rule, that these discounts should be reported at an aggregate level,
including discounts paid to all purchasers in the rebate period is too
vague to know what level of detail is required. The commenter asked CMS
to include additional specification in this final rule.
Other commenters noted that it is difficult for a manufacturer to
quantify the discounts taken by a purchaser, or deducted from payments
made during the rebate period, as doing so requires the manufacturer to
reconcile the deductions relating to customary prompt pay discounts and
deductions taken for other reasons, such as shortages in the amount of
product shipped. Even if the manufacturer could quantify such
deductions, that amount would relate to the invoices paid rather than
the sales made in the rebate period. In contrast, the commenters
believed that manufacturers can readily quantify the customary prompt
pay discounts offered during a rebate period, and ask that CMS clarify
the reporting requirement accordingly.
Response: We want this reporting requirement to be as simple as
possible. Therefore, manufacturers may report customary prompt pay
discounts offered during a rebate period aggregated with respect to all
purchasers. All of the pricing information reported to CMS, including
customary prompt pay discounts, should be reported at the nine-digit
NDC level. We also clarified in Sec. 447.510(a)(3) that manufacturers
should report customary prompt pay discounts provided to all
wholesalers in the rebate period. We will clarify this requirement
further when we issue a revised record layout after publication of this
final rule.
Comment: One commenter asked for guidance on whether manufacturers
should combine customary prompt pay discounts for authorized generics
with customary prompt pay discounts for the brand name drug. Similarly,
should nominal prices for authorized generics be combined with nominal
prices for brand name drugs? The commenter believed there is no purpose
to report a combined figure for these values.
Response: We agree with the commenter. A primary manufacturer
should not include customary prompt pay discounts or nominal prices for
authorized generic drugs marketed by another manufacturer when
reporting these data to CMS.
Comment: One commenter asked for clarification about what format
will be used to report nominal sales. Another commenter asked for
clarification as to whether nominal price reporting should be at the
gross or net level, with a preference for reporting at the net level.
The commenter also asked CMS to provide an example of how nominal price
data should be reported.
Response: In the proposed rule, we stated that nominal prices shall
be reported as an aggregate dollar amount and shall include all sales
to the entities listed in Sec. 447.508(a) of this subpart. The dollar
value of all sales should be aggregated for each drug at the 9-digit
NDC level. We will issue further instructions and a revised record
layout to clarify the format manufacturers should use to report nominal
prices after the publication of this final rule.
Comment: One commenter asked CMS to clarify that quarterly AMP
submissions should be based on quarterly sales, not the aggregate or
average of the three monthly AMPs submitted during the same quarterly
period. Other commenters urged CMS to allow manufacturers to calculate
their quarterly AMPs based on the weighted average of monthly AMPs in
the quarter and to clarify that manufacturers that select this option
would not be required to restate their quarterly AMP, other than to
correct an error. The commenters believed this approach would minimize
discrepancies between monthly and quarterly AMP and would be
administratively simple for manufacturers and CMS to administer.
Response: We concur with the commenters who suggested we define
quarterly AMP as the weighted average of monthly AMPs. Accordingly, we
have revised the regulation text at Sec. 447.504(i)(2) to require
manufacturers to calculate quarterly AMP as the weighted average of
monthly AMPs in the quarter. We agree that this approach will minimize
discrepancies between monthly and quarterly AMPs. However, because we
do not agree that this will eliminate the need for manufacturers to
correct their quarterly AMPs, we have retained in the final rule the
requirement that manufacturers report revisions to quarterly AMPs for
up to 12 quarters from the quarter in which the data were due.
Furthermore, manufacturers should restate their quarterly AMPs if there
are subsequent restatements of the monthly AMPs on which the quarterly
AMPs are based.
In addition, we are revising the regulation text at Sec.
447.510(d)(2) to clarify that monthly AMP should be calculated as the
weighted average of prices for all the manufacturer's package sizes for
each covered outpatient drug sold by the manufacturer during a month.
It is calculated as net sales divided by number of units sold,
excluding goods or any other items given away unless contingent on any
purchase requirements.
Comment: One commenter expressed concern with the provision in the
regulation that allows manufacturers to revise their quarterly AMPs for
up to twelve quarters from the quarter in which the data were due. The
commenter recommended that CMS address the ability of a payer to recoup
erroneous payments or the ability of a provider to claim shortages
based on incorrect AMPs in this final rule.
Response: We intend to use monthly AMPs in the calculation of the
FULs. Although manufacturers will be allowed to restate their monthly
AMPs, we do not anticipate that there will be any retroactive
adjustments to the FULs because we will calculate the FULs based on the
current monthly AMPs and we do not intend to recalculate the FULs if
the monthly AMPs are subsequently revised by manufacturers.
However, we note that States may need to revise payments to the
extent they base their reimbursement methodologies on AMPs that are
subsequently revised by manufacturers.
Comment: One commenter asked for guidance on monthly reporting of
AMP when a product is discontinued. Another commenter asked CMS to
clarify that a manufacturer's reporting obligation for monthly AMP
ceases with the product's termination date, beginning with the first
monthly report after the expiration date of the last lot sold. Also,
States should not be able to set reimbursement rates based on expired
AMPs as they do not reflect the acquisition price of a product that is
currently available for purchase by the retail pharmacy class of trade.
Response: Manufacturers should continue to report monthly AMP for
twelve months past the product's termination date. The purpose of
reporting a terminated product is that a product may be billed by the
pharmacy for up to a year past the date the drug was dispensed. We have
clarified this requirement in the final rule at Sec. 447.510(d)(5).
[[Page 39208]]
In regard to the issue of State payment rates, we will continue to
review SPAs to ensure that payment complies with section 1902(a)(30) of
the Act.
Comment: A few commenters suggested that CMS implement a process
that would trigger an alert if there is a severe shift in AMP from one
reporting period to another. The commenters suggested that the OIG be
alerted of all AMP price shifts and the OIG would research and then
recommend an updated AMP figure to CMS. Such a trigger mechanism would
limit the effects of price posting lag, mitigate potential market
manipulation, mitigate a possible disincentive to fill generics by the
retail pharmacies, limit incorrect public data, and provide CMS with
the most up-to-date calculation of AMP. One commenter noted that there
is even greater concern regarding the heightened risks of error and
inconsistency among manufacturers because AMP is potentially a
reimbursement metric that will be calculated and reported on a monthly
basis. Other commenters urged CMS to implement systems checks and
measures to hold manufacturers accountable for the quality of the data
they provide, including reporting or not reporting accurate data. The
commenters requested that CMS include representation from State
Medicaid Agencies in developing this system of checks and
accountability measures.
One commenter suggested that CMS compare the NDCs reported by
manufacturers with the NDCs listed on databases maintained by First
DataBank and Medispan in order to help assure that all NDCs and their
AMPs are reported to CMS.
Response: We are not implementing a trigger mechanism at this time;
we will use the monthly AMPs that are submitted by manufacturers to
calculate the FULs, and we will post the monthly and quarterly AMPs on
our Web site. In regard to the NDCs reported by manufacturers, we will
address these ongoing operational issues at a later time.
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS allow First DataBank, the
pricing source used by most States, to have access to the AMP data
electronically. This would centralize administrative tasks and allow
efficient and cost-effective integration of AMPs into State data
warehouses. The commenter also suggested that the AMP files include
specific data elements to streamline importing AMPs into State
databases. Those data elements are the 11-digit NDC, brand name,
strength, dose form, metric billing unit (for example, each,
milliliter, or gram), termination date, metric unit AMP, AMP begin
date, AMP end date, and file reporting date.
Response: The monthly and quarterly AMPs will be on our Web site,
so we do not see a need to provide them separately to First DataBank.
In regard to the specific data elements, we expect to address these
concerns in operational guidance after this final rule is published.
Comment: A few commenters noted that CMS' Drug Data Reporting
System (DDR) requires that the employee posting submissions to provide
his or her Social Security number (SSN). The commenters recommended
that access to the DDR be revised to include the corporation's tax ID
number (TIN) or SSN associated with the corporation instead of the
individual's SSN. One of the commenters urged CMS to destroy records of
employee SSNs once a company has been enrolled under its TIN and notify
the technical contacts of the destruction.
Response: This issue is not addressed in the proposed rule;
therefore, we cannot consider this comment as we consider revisions to
be included in the final rule. We intend to address this issue in the
future in guidance or regulations, as appropriate.
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS revise the DDR system to
allow manufacturers to submit a text document along with their AMP and
best price reports.
Response: We are not revising the DDR system to permit
manufacturers to submit a text document at this time. The DDR system
was specifically designed to streamline the collection of product and
pricing data from manufacturers. We believe that any alterations to the
system at this time may hamper its functionality. Manufacturers that
wish to submit documentation regarding their AMP and best price reports
may do so outside the DDR system.
Comment: One commenter asked for guidance on how manufacturers may
report pricing corrections on the record layout.
Response: We will clarify how manufacturers should report pricing
corrections in future operational instructions.
Comment: A few commenters asked for guidance on how to handle zero
or negative monthly AMPs. The commenters noted that for quarterly
reports, CMS has instructed manufacturers to use the last quarter's
positive value when the current quarter is a zero or negative value.
Response: Manufacturers should report the most recent positive AMP
value. This is consistent with our past policy and we believe it best
represents the AMP for each drug. This will assure that manufacturers
pay a rebate and will prevent offsets due to a negative AMP.
Comment: A few commenters asked whether product reports must be
filed monthly.
Response: As set forth in the national rebate agreement, initial
product information must be submitted within 30 days after the first
month in which the drug is marketed in order for the program to
identify the relevant drug products covered by the program. Initial
product data must be submitted once before any prices can be reported.
Comment: One commenter suggested that we require manufacturers to
report AMP and best price information using NCPDP standard units, and
that CMS report the FUL using the same.
Response: NCPDP standard units are based on package pricing. The
AMP and best price information that manufacturers report is based on
unit pricing, without regard to package size; therefore, we do not see
a basis for using the NCPDP units given the Medicaid statute reporting
requirements.
Monthly AMP
Comment: Several commenters focused on the issue of revising
monthly AMPs. A few commenters agreed with the position we stated in
the proposed rule, that manufacturers should not be permitted to revise
their monthly AMPs. Otherwise, the commenters noted that the revised
monthly AMPs could be used as a basis for reducing reimbursements
already paid for the drugs. Another commenter urged CMS to allow
manufacturers to revise their monthly AMPs for up to twelve quarters
after initially submitted, as is currently allowed for quarterly AMP
data. One commenter noted that a prohibition on restatements of monthly
AMPs could have financial consequences for manufacturers, pharmacies,
physicians and outpatient hospital departments.
Other commenters expressed concern with allowing manufacturers to
revise their monthly AMPs for up to 30 days after each month. The
commenters urged CMS to enforce the prohibition against adjusting
monthly AMP beyond the 30-day period.
Response: After consideration of these comments, we have decided to
allow manufacturers to revise their monthly AMPs for a period not to
exceed 36 months from the month in which the data were due and have
revised the regulation at Sec. 447.510(d)(3). We reached this decision
in part because we want to minimize the disparities between monthly and
quarterly AMPs. If a manufacturer discovers an error one
[[Page 39209]]
year after the AMP is reported, we want the correction to be reflected
in the monthly and quarterly AMPs.
We also recognize that because we are using monthly AMP in the
calculation of the FULs, it would be impractical and burdensome for
States and pharmacies if we revised the FULs based on revised monthly
AMPs for up to three years. Furthermore, we note in Sec. 447.510(d)(2)
that manufacturers are required to submit monthly AMPs based on the
best data available and to certify the accuracy of those submissions.
As a result, we do not expect that we will need to revise the FULs. We
will consider revisiting this issue if monthly AMP submissions become
problematic.
Comment: One commenter noted that in our December 15, 2006 guidance
to manufacturers, CMS stated that ``adjustments, such as those
resulting from sales data, received after the reporting period ends,
should be reflected in the next monthly AMP submission.'' The commenter
noted that the addition of data attributable to a previous month's
transactions into a later month's AMP could artificially inflate or
deflate the later month's AMP.
Response: Our intent in the December 2006 release was to advise
manufacturers that they should submit a revised monthly AMP in the next
monthly AMP submission if they receive sales data after the reporting
period ends. In this final rule, as noted above, we are permitting
manufacturers to make revisions to monthly AMP for up to 36 months
after the month in which the data were due. Therefore, data
attributable to a previous month's transactions should not result in
the artificial inflation or deflation of a later month's AMP. We
further believe this concern will be addressed by requiring
manufacturers to estimate their lagged price concessions, as discussed
in detail below.
Comment: One commenter asked whether it is acceptable for
manufacturers to run monthly reports of sales and discounts to be
included in the AMP calculations based on the ``post'' date of
chargebacks, which indicates when a chargeback has been ``paid.''
Response: We will continue to allow manufacturers the flexibility
to count chargebacks based on their GAAPs, provided they use one
methodology uniformly.
Comment: One commenter asked what procedure CMS will put in place
if a manufacturer believes the monthly AMP on CMS' Web site is
incorrect.
Response: We will establish a procedure to address this and will
issue operational guidance after publication of this final rule.
Comment: One commenter suggested that CMS address the requirements
for monthly AMPs under Determination of AMP, Sec. 447.504, rather than
addressing monthly AMP under Requirements for Manufacturers, Sec.
447.510.
Response: We appreciate this comment but have decided to address
the requirements for monthly AMP under Sec. 447.510.
Comment: One commenter recommended that we include the 11-digit NDC
on the monthly AMP file that we distribute to States.
Response: The 11-digit NDC will be included on the monthly file
distributed to States.
Comment: One commenter asked CMS to consider defining monthly and
quarterly AMPs differently. Another commenter agreed with CMS' proposal
that monthly AMP be defined the same as quarterly AMP, except the
monthly AMP would represent data for one calendar month.
Response: For reasons noted in the preamble to the proposed rule,
we continue to believe that monthly and quarterly AMPs should be
defined the same.
Lagged Price Concessions
In the proposed rule, we proposed allowing manufacturers to rely on
estimates regarding the impact of their end-of-quarter rebates or other
price concessions for purposes of calculating monthly AMP. We suggested
a 12-month rolling average of all lagged price concessions for purposes
of calculating monthly and quarterly AMPs and requested comments on the
appropriate methodology for calculating monthly AMP.
Comment: Many commenters favored allowing manufacturers the
flexibility to estimate lagged price concessions for monthly and
quarterly AMPs. Many of these commenters expressed a preference for
using a 12-month rolling average. Several commenters pointed out that a
12-month smoothing methodology for AMP would mirror the smoothing
methodology CMS established for ASP; therefore, it would be easier for
manufacturers to implement, would reduce the risk of errors, and would
minimize the volatility in the data. One commenter noted that a 12-
month rolling average is an auditable approach, but there are other,
more credible approaches that would result in potentially more accurate
AMPs (but the commenter did not elaborate on what those approaches
are). Another commenter urged CMS to mandate that all manufacturers use
a rolling 12-month average for reporting monthly AMP, but require
actual discounts to be used in reporting the quarterly best price. Some
commenters suggested manufacturers should be allowed to employ a
variety of smoothing methodologies to calculate accurate quarterly and
monthly AMPs, while one suggested that manufacturers be allowed to
choose a preferred method, provided that the method is used
consistently. One commenter asked that manufacturers be given the
option to estimate lagged price concessions for quarterly AMP through a
smoothing methodology or an estimation method based on accruals and
sales experience. One commenter asked us to clarify that manufacturers
can estimate all lagged rebates or concessions regardless of whether
they are quarterly or on a different period. Other commenters asked us
to specify whether manufacturers should calculate the 12-month rolling
average using the date the rebate is earned versus the date the rebate
is paid.
Commenters suggested a modification of the 12-month rolling
percentage methodology. They suggested requiring manufacturers to look
to the four full calendar quarters before the reporting period to
calculate the rolling 12-month percentage, which could then be applied
to all three monthly AMPs and the quarterly AMP. As an alternative,
chargebacks and rebates could be singled out for lagged treatment on a
routine basis. In addition, the commenters urged CMS to provide
examples showing how the methodology should be applied in both the
monthly and the quarterly context, taking into account the proper
treatment of the various types of bundled sales.
Other commenters recommended that manufacturers be permitted to use
a four-quarter rolling average of rebates to sales, and apply that
percentage to monthly sales. The commenters believe that using a four-
quarter rolling average for smoothing is more operationally feasible
than a 12-month rolling average because rebates and other price
concessions are typically invoiced by customers and paid by the
manufacturer on a quarterly basis. The commenters also asked that CMS
allow manufacturers to estimate excluded sales for the month using a
four-quarter rolling average based on gross sales units divided by
excludable AMP units.
One commenter noted that end-of-year rebates or chargebacks should
be excluded from the AMP calculation in order to avoid significant 12
to 18-month revisions to AMP data. Such revisions would render AMP data
unusable for reimbursement purposes.
[[Page 39210]]
An alternative would be to require manufacturers to estimate their end-
of-year settlements at minimum discount levels.
Response: We have decided to require manufacturers to use a 12-
month rolling average to estimate the value of lagged price concessions
in their calculation of monthly and quarterly AMPs and have added this
requirement to the regulation at Sec. 447.510(d)(2). We believe this
methodology will ensure the greatest stability and accuracy for AMP
data.
Comment: One commenter noted that if CMS changes its position with
regard to the treatment of Medicaid units and rebates to Federal
programs such as Medicare Part D, that CMS should consider allowing
discretionary smoothing of those units and removal of a corresponding
value from gross sales dollars.
Response: We are not changing our position with regard to the
treatment of Medicaid units and rebates to Federal programs such as
Medicare Part D.
Comment: One commenter asked CMS to clarify what we consider to be
``lagged price concessions.'' Another commenter urged us to only allow
manufacturers to estimate the value of price concessions between
manufacturers and true wholesalers.
Response: We consider lagged price concessions to be any discounts
or rebates that are realized after the sale of the drug, except for
customary prompt pay discounts. Lagged price concessions are not
limited to discounts or rebates offered to wholesalers. Accordingly, we
have added a definition of lagged price concessions to the regulation
text at Sec. 447.502.
Comment: A few commenters asked CMS to clarify whether the current
month should be included in the 12-month rolling average.
Response: Manufacturers should include the current month in
calculating the 12-month rolling average they use to determine the
value of lagged price concessions.
Comment: One commenter asked that manufacturers who estimate lagged
price concessions be exempt from the requirement to report revised
quarterly AMPs in Sec. 447.510(b).
Response: The purpose of requiring manufacturers to report revised
quarterly AMPs in Sec. 447.510(b) is to ensure the Medicaid rebate
amounts are as accurate as possible. In this final rule, we are
requiring manufacturers to estimate the value of lagged price
concessions using a 12-month rolling average; however, we do not expect
this requirement will eliminate the need for manufacturers to correct
their quarterly AMP calculations for other reasons, such as errors in
the initial AMP calculation. Therefore, we are not creating a broad
exemption from this requirement. Instead, we have clarified in this
final rule at Sec. 447.510(b)(2) that manufacturers should report
revised AMPs except when the revision would be solely as a result of
data pertaining to lagged price concessions.
Comment: One commenter asked that smoothing not be required for the
first partial year of sales for new products because the base date AMP
can be skewed by non-recurring post-launch start-up payments.
Response: We disagree with the commenter's suggestion about
estimating lagged price concessions during the first partial year of
sales for new products. We believe such an exception would run counter
to the intent of the DRA, which is to provide for increased
transparency in AMP pricing.
Comment: One commenter expressed concern that in light of the
increasing vertical integration of the pharmacy market, manufacturers
could use the monthly and quarterly ``dual reporting'' timeframes to
manipulate AMP, thereby manipulating the market. This concern stems
from the ability of manufacturers to restate their quarterly AMPs for
twelve quarters from the quarter in which the data were due, as well as
the ability of manufacturers to estimate their end-of-quarter discounts
and allocate these discounts in the monthly AMPs reported to CMS
throughout the rebate period. The commenter was also concerned that
this situation could lead to a loss of price transparency.
Response: We disagree with the commenter that the possibility
exists for a lack of price transparency. Beginning with the data for
January 2007, we interpret the law to provide for posting of monthly
and quarterly AMPs on our Web site, which allows full transparency for
monthly and quarterly AMPs. The intent behind the decision to require
manufacturers to estimate their end-of-quarter discounts was to
minimize volatility in the monthly AMP data, which is used to set the
FUL and which States may consider in setting their pharmacy
reimbursement rates. Without thi