[Federal Register: November 28, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 228)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 67427-67522]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr28no07-18]
[[Page 67427]]
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Part III
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Service
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50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Proposed
Designation of Critical Habitat for 12 Species of Picture-Wing Flies
From the Hawaiian Islands; Proposed Rule
[[Page 67428]]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AU93
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Proposed
Designation of Critical Habitat for 12 Species of Picture-Wing Flies
From the Hawaiian Islands
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise our
August 15, 2006, proposal to designate critical habitat for 12 species
of Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D.
hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D.
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D.
tarphytrichia) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended
(Act). In total, approximately 9,238 acres (ac) (3,738 hectares (ha))
fall within the boundaries of this revised proposed critical habitat
designation. The revised proposed critical habitat is located in four
counties (City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai) in
Hawaii.
DATES: We will accept comments from all interested parties until
January 28, 2008. We must receive requests for public hearings, in
writing, at the address shown in the ADDRESSES section by January 14,
2008.
ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment on this revised proposed rule, you
may submit your comments and materials by any one of several methods:
1. By mail or hand-delivery to: Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor,
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu,
HI 96850.
2. By electronic mail (e-mail) to: fw1pie--pwfch@fws.gov. Please
see the Public Comments Solicited section below for other information
about electronic filing.
3. By fax to: the attention of Patrick Leonard at 808-792-9581.
4. Via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at: http://
www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor,
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room
3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850; telephone 808-792-9400;
facsimile 808-792-9581. If you use a telecommunications device for the
deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-
877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Public Comments Solicited
We intend that any final action resulting from this revised
proposal will be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore,
we request comments or suggestions on this revised proposed rule. We
particularly seek comments concerning:
(1) The reasons why we should or should not designate habitat as
``critical habitat'' under section 4 of the Act, including whether the
benefit of designation would outweigh threats to the species caused by
the designation, such that the designation of critical habitat is
prudent;
(2) Specific information on:
The amount and distribution of Drosophila aglaia, D.
differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D.
musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D.
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia habitat,
What areas occupied at the time of listing and that
contain the features essential for the conservation of the species we
should include in the designation and why, and
What areas not occupied at the time of listing are
essential to the conservation of the species and why;
(3) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat;
(4) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other potential
impacts resulting from the proposed designation and, in particular, any
impacts on small entities, and the benefits of including or excluding
areas that exhibit these impacts;
(5) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and
comments; and
(6) Our proposed exclusion of 78 acres (ac) (31 hectares (ha)) of
lands currently managed under the U.S. Army's Oahu Integrated Natural
Resources Management Plan (INRMP), and whether this INRMP provides a
benefit to the species and should therefore exempt these lands from
designation.
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this revised
proposal by any one of several methods (see ADDRESSES). If you use e-
mail to submit your comments, please include ``Attn: Hawaii picture-
wing flies critical habitat'' in your e-mail subject header, preferably
with your name and return address in the body of your message. If you
do not receive a confirmation from the system that we have received
your e-mail, contact us directly by calling our Pacific Islands Fish
and Wildlife Office at 808-792-9400. Please note that we must receive
comments by the date specified in the DATES section in order to
consider them in our final determination and that we will close out the
e-mail address fw1pie--pwfch@fws.gov at the termination of the public
comment period.
Before including your address, phone number, e-mail address, or
other personal identifying information in your comment, you should be
aware that your entire comment--including your personal identifying
information--may be made publicly available at any time. While you can
ask us in your comment to withhold your personal identifying
information from public review, we cannot guarantee that we will be
able to do so.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting
documentation we used in preparing this revised proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana
Boulevard, Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850, (telephone
808-792-9400).
Background
It is our intent to discuss only those topics directly relevant to
the designation of critical habitat in this revised proposed rule. For
additional information on the 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies
for which we are proposing to designate critical habitat, refer to the
final listing rule for the 12 species of picture-wing flies published
in the Federal Register on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26835).
This revised proposal replaces our original proposal to designate
critical habitat for the 12 species of picture-wing flies published on
August 15, 2006 (71 FR 46994). In that rule, we proposed to designate
approximately 18 acres (ac) (7.3 hectares (ha)) as critical habitat for
11 of the 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies. In that same
proposal we indicated our intent to exclude several areas from the
critical habitat designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act and not
to include specific areas that we believed did not meet the definition
of critical habitat under
[[Page 67429]]
section 3(5)(A) of the Act. We did not propose critical habitat for
Drosophila neoclavisetae, a species endemic to Maui, because we did not
believe that Maui Pineapple Company's Puu Kukui Watershed Management
Area met the definition of critical habitat under section 3(5)(A) of
the Act, based on ongoing conservation efforts. These were the only
areas identified to be essential for the conservation of D.
neoclavisetae. Under this revised proposed rule, we are proposing to
designate critical habitat for D. neoclavisetae. Under this revised
proposed rule, we are proposing to designate approximately 9,238 ac
(3,738 ha) as critical habitat for 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wing
flies. Of these lands, we are exempting 78 ac (31 ha) of land from this
proposed critical habitat revision under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the
Act that are covered by the U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii Oahu Training
Areas Natural Resource Management (Final Report, August 2000) and the
Oahu Integrated Natural Resource Management Plan 2002-2006 (Army 2000).
We are revising our original proposal because we received comments
from peer reviewers in response to the original proposed rule
questioning the methodology and lack of scientific basis. The current
revised proposal is based on the best scientific data available,
including defining suitable habitat based on distribution and density
of host plants. The methods section of this notice presents the
specific details and approach used to identify the revised proposed
critical habitat unit boundaries.
Previous Federal Actions
For more information on previous Federal actions concerning the 12
species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies, refer to the final listing rule
published in the Federal Register on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26835), and the
original proposed designation of critical habitat published in the
Federal Register on August 15, 2006 (71 FR 46994).
Under the terms of a settlement agreement approved by the U.S.
District Court for the District of Hawaii on August 31, 2005 (CBD v.
Allen, CV-05-274-HA), we were to (1) make a final listing decision for
the 12 picture-wing flies by May 6, 2006; (2) propose to designate
critical habitat by September 15, 2006; and (3) finalize a critical
habitat rule by April 17, 2007. Our determination that the designation
of critical habitat for the 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies
was prudent was included in the final listing rule, published in the
Federal Register on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26849).
On August 15, 2006, we published a proposal to designate 18 ac (7.3
ha) of critical habitat for 11 picture-wing fly species on the islands
of Hawaii, Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu (71 FR 46994). Publication of this
proposed rule opened a 60-day public comment period, which closed on
October 16, 2006. On January 4, 2007, we published a notice announcing
the availability of the draft economic analysis for the designation of
critical habitat for 11 species of picture-wing flies and reopening the
public comment period on the proposal until January 19, 2007 (72 FR
321).
We received comments from peer reviewers expressing concern with
the biological adequacy of the proposed 18-acre (7.3-ha) designation,
and the need to consider host plant density and distribution
information in determining critical habitat boundaries. In addition,
one of the peer reviewers presented new observation data for one of the
species addressed in the proposed rule. On April 16, 2007, we submitted
a joint stipulation with the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) to
the U.S. District Court to modify the timetable of the August 31, 2005,
settlement agreement for the proposed and final critical habitat rules
for the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing flies, citing the need to address
comments received during the public comment periods and to conduct
additional review of the proposal. A joint stipulation was approved by
the Court on April 18, 2007, to allow additional time to reconsider the
proposed rule in light of the comments received, and to provide an
opportunity for additional public comment. Under the terms of the
extension, we are required to submit a proposed critical habitat rule
to the Federal Register by November 15, 2007, and a final critical
habitat rule by November 15, 2008.
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
(1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which
are found those physical or biological features:
(a) essential to the conservation of the species and
(b) that may require special management considerations or
protection; and (2) specific areas outside the geographical area
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means the use
of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered
or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided under
the Act are no longer necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against Federal agencies carrying out, funding,
or authorizing the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. Section 7 of the Act requires consultation on Federal actions
that may affect critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat
does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness,
reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such designation does
not allow the government or public to access private lands. Such
designation does not require implementation of restoration, recovery,
or enhancement measures by the landowner.
For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, habitat within the
geographical area occupied by the species at the time it was listed
must first contain features that are essential to the conservation of
the species. Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent
known using the best scientific data available, habitat areas that
provide essential life cycle needs of the species (areas on which are
found the primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR
424.12(b)).
Occupied habitat that contains the features essential to the
conservation of the species meets the definition of critical habitat
only if those features may require special management considerations or
protection.
Under the Act, we can designate unoccupied areas as critical
habitat only when we determine that the best available scientific data
demonstrate that the designation of that area is essential to the
conservation needs of the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994, (59 FR
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L.
106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality
Guidelines, provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide
guidance to ensure that our decisions are based on the best scientific
data available. They require our biologists, to the extent consistent
with the Act and
[[Page 67430]]
with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and
original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to
designate critical habitat.
When we are determining which areas should be proposed as critical
habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information
developed during the listing process for the species. Additional
information sources include the recovery plan for the species, articles
in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and
counties, scientific status surveys and studies, biological
assessments, or other unpublished materials and expert opinion or
personal knowledge.
Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of
critical habitat may not include all of the habitat areas that may
eventually be determined to be necessary for the recovery of the
species, as additional scientific information may become available in
the future. For these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not
signal that habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may
not be required for recovery of the species.
Areas that support populations, but are outside the critical
habitat designation, will continue to be subject to conservation
actions we implement under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. They are also
subject to the regulatory protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2)
jeopardy standard, as determined on the basis of the best available
scientific information at the time of the agency action. Federally
funded or permitted projects affecting listed species outside their
designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy findings
in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat designations made on the
basis of the best available information at the time of designation will
not control the direction and substance of future recovery plans,
habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other species conservation
planning efforts to the extent any new information available to these
planning efforts calls for a different outcome.
Methods
As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we used the best scientific
data available in determining areas occupied at the time of listing
that contain the features essential to the conservation of Drosophila
aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D.
mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D.
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia, and areas unoccupied at the time
of listing that are essential to their conservation. Based on the best
available information, the units being proposed in this revised
proposed rule as critical habitat represent the only geographical areas
known to us that provide these essential conservation features. As a
result, we are not proposing critical habitat in any areas outside the
geographical areas presently occupied by each of the 12 species.
We have also reviewed the available information that pertains to
the habitat requirements for these species. The following geospatial,
tabular data sets were used in preparing this revised proposed critical
habitat: Occurrence data for all 12 species (K. Kaneshiro, in litt.
2005a, pp. 1-16); vegetation mapping data for the Hawaiian Islands (Gap
Analysis Program (GAP) Data--Hawaiian Islands 2005); color mosaic
1:19,000 scale digital aerial photographs for the Hawaiian Islands
dated April to May 2005; and 1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics of
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographic quadrangles. Land ownership
was determined from geospatial data sets associated with parcel data
from Oahu County (2006); Hawaii County (2005); Kauai County (2005); and
Maui County (2004).
We reviewed a variety of peer-reviewed and other articles for this
revised proposal, which included background information on the biology
of each of the 12 species, (e.g., Montgomery 1975, pp. 83, 94, 96-98,
and 100; Foote and Carson 1995, pp. 1-4; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995,
pp. 1-47); plant ecology and biology (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 45, 52-
53, 971, 1,314-1,315, and 1,351-1,352); and the ecology of the Hawaiian
Islands and the areas being considered in this revised proposal (e.g.,
Smith 1985, pp. 227-233; Stone 1985, pp. 251-253, 256, and 260-263;
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 59-66, 73-76, and 88-94). Additional
information reviewed included the October 29, 1991, final rule listing
the plant species Urera kaalae (a host plant for two of the fly
species) as endangered (56 FR 55770); the May 9, 2006, final listing
rule for the 12 species of picture-wing flies (71 FR 26835); the August
15, 2006, proposed critical habitat designation for 11 species of
picture-wing flies (71 FR 46994); unpublished reports by TNCH; and
aerial photographs and satellite imagery of the Hawaiian Islands.
We obtained additional information through personal communications
with landowners, scientists, and land managers familiar with the 12
species and their habitats, including individuals affiliated with the
University of Hawaii, University of California at Berkeley, the U.S.
Geological Survey, the Bishop Museum, Hawaii State Department of Land
and Natural Resources, TNCH, and the U.S Army. Specific information
from these sources included estimates of historic and current
distribution, abundance, and territory sizes for the 12 species, as
well as data on resources and habitat requirements.
As described in the final listing rule (May 9, 2006, 71 FR 26835),
each species of Hawaiian picture-wing fly addressed in this revised
proposal is found only on a single island, and the larvae of each
species is dependant upon only a single or a few related species of
plants (host plant(s)) (summarized in Table 1).
Table 1.--Distribution of 12 Hawaiian Picture-Wing Flies by Island, General Habitat Type, and Primary Host
Plant(s)
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General habitat
Species Island Elevation range type Primary host plants
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Oahu Species
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Drosophila aglaia.............. Oahu............. 1,400-2,900 feet Mesic forest..... Urera glabra.
(ft) (425-885
meters (m)).
D. hemipeza.................... Oahu............. 1,500-2,900 ft Mesic forest..... Cyanea sp., Lobelia
(460-885 m). sp., Urera kaalae
(E).
D. montgomeryi................. Oahu............. 1,900-2,900 ft Mesic forest..... Urera kaalae (E).
(580-885 m).
D. obatai...................... Oahu............. 1,500-2,500 ft Dry to mesic Pleomele forbesii.
(460-760 m). forest.
[[Page 67431]]
D. substenoptera............... Oahu............. 1,300-4,000 ft Wet forest....... Cheirodendron
(395-1,220 m). platyphyllum, C.
trigynum,
Tetraplasandra
kavaiensis, T.
oahuensis.
D. tarphytrichia............... Oahu............. 1,900-2,900 ft Mesic forest..... Charpentiera obovata.
(580-885 m).
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Hawaii (Big Island) Species
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D. heteroneura................. Big Island....... 3,000-6,000 ft Mesic to wet Cheirodendron
(915-1,830 m). forest. trigynum, Clermontia
sp., Delissea
parviflora.
D. mulli....................... Big Island....... 2,150-3,250 ft Wet forest....... Pritchardia
(655-990 m). beccariana.
D. ochrobasis.................. Big Island....... 3,400-5,400 ft Mesic to wet Clermontia sp.,
(1,035-1,645 m). forest. Marattia douglasii,
Myrsine sp.
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Molokai Species
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D. differens................... Molokai.......... 3,650-4,500 ft Wet forest....... Clermontia sp.
(1,115-1,370 m).
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Kauai Species
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D. musaphilia.................. Kauai............ 2,600-3,700 ft Mesic forest..... Acacia koa.
(790-1,130 m).
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Maui Species
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D. neoclavisetae............... Maui............. 3,400-4,600 ft Wet forest....... Cyanea kunthiana, C.
(1,040-1,400 m). macrostegia ssp.,
macrostegia.
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Oahu Species
Drosophila aglaia
Drosophila aglaia is historically known from five localities within
the Waianae Mountains of Oahu between 1,400-2,900 feet (ft) (425-885
meters (m)) above sea level. Drosophila aglaia is restricted to the
natural distribution of its larval stage host plant, Urera glabra
(family Urticaceae), which is a small shrub-like endemic tree found
within dry to mesic, lowland, Diospyros sp., ohia and koa forest. The
larvae of D. aglaia feed within the decomposing bark and stem of U.
glabra. This plant does not form large stands, and is infrequently
scattered throughout slopes and gulches within mesic forest habitat in
the Waianae Mountains on Oahu.
Drosophila hemipeza
Drosophila hemipeza is restricted to the island of Oahu where it is
historically known from seven localities between 1,500-2,900 ft (460-
885 m) above sea level (not including the Pupukea site, which is
considered an extirpated population). Montgomery (1975, p. 96)
determined that D. hemipeza larvae feed within the decomposing portions
of several different mesic forest plants, including the decomposing
stems of Lobelia sp. (family Campanulaceae), and the decomposing bark
and stems of Cyanea sp. (family Campanulaceae), on steep ridges and
gulches within dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest (Kaneshiro
and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 17; Science Panel 2005, p. 16). The larvae also
feed within the decomposing bark of Urera kaalae (family Urticaceae), a
federally endangered plant (Service 1995, pp. 81-83; October 29, 1991,
56 FR 55770) that grows on slopes and in gulches of diverse mesic
forest (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,314-1,315). In 2004, only 41
individuals of U. kaalae were known to remain in the wild (USFWS 2004,
p. 9). In 2005, TNCH outplanted many seedlings of this species at
several locations within D. hemipeza's historic range (TNCH 2005, p.
6).
Drosophila montgomeryi
Drosophila montgomeryi is historically known from three localities
within the Waianae Mountains on western Oahu between 1,900-2,900 ft
(580-885 m) above sea level. Montgomery (1975, p. 97) reported that the
larvae of this species feed within the decaying bark of Urera kaalae, a
federally endangered plant (USFWS 1995, pp. 81-83; October 29, 1991, 56
FR 55770) that grows on slopes and in gulches within mesic, lowland,
diverse ohia and koa forest (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,314-1,315). As
stated earlier, in 2004, only 41 individuals of U. kaalae were known to
remain in the wild (USFWS 2004, p. 9). In 2005, TNCH outplanted many
seedlings of this species at several locations within D. montgomeryi's
historic range (TNCH 2005, p. 6).
Drosophila obatai
Drosophila obatai is historically known from two localities between
1,500-2,500 ft (460-760 m) above sea level on the island of Oahu.
Drosophila obatai larvae feed within decomposing portions of Pleomele
forbesii (family Agavaceae), a candidate for Federal listing (May 11,
2005, 70 FR 24883) (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 27; Montgomery
1975, p. 98). These host plants grow on slopes within dry to mesic,
lowland, ohia and koa forest, and occur singly or in small clusters,
rarely forming large stands (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,351-1,352).
Drosophila substenoptera
Drosophila substenoptera is historically known from seven
localities in both the Koolau and Waianae Mountains on the island of
Oahu at elevations between 1,300-4,000 ft (395-1,220 m) above sea
level. Montgomery (1975, p. 100) determined that D. substenoptera
larvae feed within the decomposing bark of Cheirodendron platyphllum
and C. trigynum trees (family Araliaceae), and Tetraplasandra
kavaiensis and T. oahuensis trees
[[Page 67432]]
(family Araliaceae) in localized patches within mesic to wet, lowland
to montane, ohia and koa forest.
Drosophila tarphytrichia
Drosophila tarphytrichia was historically known from both the
Koolau and the Waianae Mountains between 1,900-2,900 ft (580- to 885 m)
above sea level on the island of Oahu. Drosophila tarphytrichia is now
apparently extirpated from the Koolau range, where it was originally
discovered near Manoa Falls, and is presently known from four
localities in the Waianae Mountains (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995;
Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP), in litt. 2005; K.
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a). The larvae of D. tarphytrichia feed on the
decomposing portions of the stems and branches of Charpentiera obovata
trees (family Amaranthaceae) within dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa
forest (Montgomery 1975, p. 100).
Hawaii (Big Island) Species
Drosophila heteroneura
Drosophila heteroneura has been the most intensely studied of the
12 species discussed in this revised proposed rule (Kaneshiro and
Kaneshiro 1995, p. 19). This species is restricted to the island of
Hawaii, where historically it was known to be widely distributed
between 3,000-6,000 ft (915-1,830 m) above sea level. Drosophila
heteroneura has been recorded from 24 localities on 4 of the island's 5
volcanoes (Hualalai, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea) within mesic to
wet, montane, ohia and koa forest (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 4-
8). D. heteroneura larvae primarily feed within the decomposing bark
and stems of Clermontia sp. (family Campanulaceae), including C.
clermontioides, and Delissea parviflora (family Campanulaceae), but it
is also known to feed within decomposing portions of Cheirodendron
trigynum (family Araliaceae) (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 19).
Drosophila mulli
Drosophila mulli is restricted to the island of Hawaii and is
historically known from three localities between 2,150-3,250 ft (655-
990 m) above sea level. Only adult flies of these species have ever
been observed, and only on the leaf undersides of the endemic fan palm,
Pritchardia beccariana (family Arecaceae), occurring within wet,
montane, ohia forest. This is the only known association of a
Drosophila species with a native Hawaiian palm species. The exact
larval feeding site on this host plant remains unknown because attempts
to rear D. mulli from decaying parts of P. beccariana have thus far
been unsuccessful (W. P. Mull, Biologist, pers. comm. 1994, p. 1;
Science Panel 2005, p. 21).
Drosophila ochrobasis
Historically, Drosophila ochrobasis was widely distributed between
3,400-5,400 ft (1,035-1,645 m) above sea level on the island of Hawaii.
D. ochrobasis has been recorded from 11 localities on 4 of the island's
5 volcanoes (Hualalai, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and the Kohala mountains)
(K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 8; K. Magnacca, University of
California at Berkley, in litt. 2006). The larvae of this species have
been reported to feed within decomposing portions of three different
host plant groups, Myrsine sp. (family Myrsinaceae), Clermontia sp.
(family Campanulaceae), and Marattia douglasii (family Marattiaceae)
within mesic to wet, montane, ohia, koa, and Cheirodendron sp. forest
(Montgomery 1975, p. 98; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 29).
Kauai Species
Drosophila musaphilia
Drosophila musaphilia is historically known from only four sites,
one at 1,900 ft (579 m) above sea level, and three sites between 2,600-
3,700 ft (790-1,130 m) above sea level on the island of Kauai.
Montgomery (1975, p. 97) determined that the host plant for D.
musaphilia is Acacia koa (koa) occurring within mesic, montane, ohia
and koa forest. The females lay their eggs on, and the larvae develop
in, the moldy slime flux (seep) that occasionally appears on certain
trees with injured plant tissue and seeping sap. Understanding the full
range of D. musaphilia is difficult because its host plant is fairly
common and stable within and surrounding its known range on Kauai;
however, the frequency of suitable slime fluxes occurring on the host
plant appears to be much more restricted and temporally unpredictable
(Science Panel 2005, pp. 23-24).
Maui Species
Drosophila neoclavisetae
Two populations of Drosophila neoclavisetae were found historically
along the Puu Kukui Trail within montane wet Metrosideros polymorpha
(ohia) forests on West Maui. One habitat site was discovered in 1969 at
4,500 ft (1,370 m) and the other in 1975 at 3,500 ft (1,070 m) above
sea level (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 26; K. Kaneshiro, in litt.
2005a, p. 11). The larval stage host plant of D. neoclavisetae has not
yet been confirmed, although it is likely to be one or both of the two
Cyanea sp. (Cyanea kunthiana and C. macrostegia ssp. macrostegia)
(family Campanulaceae) present within its range and occurring within
wet, montane, ohia forest. Because both collections of this fly
occurred within a small patch of Cyanea sp., and many other species in
the Drosophila adiastola species group use plant species in this genus
and other plants in the family Campanulaceae, researchers believe that
one or both of the two Cyanea sp. found at Puu Kukui are the correct
larval stage host plants for D. neoclavisetae (Science Panel 2005, pp.
19-20; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 26).
Molokai Species
Drosophila differens
Drosophila differens is historically known from three sites between
3,650-4,500 ft (1,115-1,370 m) above sea level, within montane wet ohia
forest (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 2) on the island of Molokai.
Montgomery (1975, p. 83) found that D. differens larvae feed within the
decomposing bark and stems of Clermontia sp. (family Campanulaceae)
within wet, montane, ohia forest (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 16).
Primary Constituent Elements
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and the
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas occupied at
the time of listing to propose as critical habitat, we consider the
primary constituent elements (PCEs) to be those physical and biological
features that are essential to the conservation of the species and that
may require special management considerations or protection. These
include, but are not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal
behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or
physiological requirements;
(3) Cover or shelter;
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing (or development)
of offspring; and
(5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are
representative of the historic geographical and ecological
distributions of a species.
We derived the specific primary constituent elements (PCEs)
required for these 12 picture-wing flies from the biological needs of
each species as described in the listing rule, published in the Federal
Register on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26835), and the August 15, 2006,
[[Page 67433]]
proposed critical habitat designation for 11 picture-wing flies (71 FR
46994).
Space for Individual and Population Growth and for Normal Behavior
The general life cycle of Hawaiian Drosophilidae is typical of that
of most flies: After mating, females lay eggs from which larvae
(immature stage) hatch; as larvae grow, they molt (shed their skin)
through three successive stages (instars); and when fully grown, the
larvae change into pupae (a transitional form) in which they
metamorphose and emerge as adults.
Breeding for all 12 species of flies included in this revised
proposal generally occurs year-round, but egg laying and larval
development increase following the rainy season as the availability of
decaying matter, upon which the flies feed, increases in response to
the heavy rains (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1-2). In general,
Drosophila lay between 50 and 200 eggs at a single time. Eggs develop
into adults in about a month, and adults generally become sexually
mature one month later. Adults generally live for one to two months.
It is unknown how much space is needed for these flies to engage in
courtship and territorial displays, and mating activities. Adult
behavior may be disrupted or modified by less than ideal conditions,
such as decreased forest cover or loss of suitable food material (K.
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1-2). Additionally, adult behavior may
be disrupted and the flies themselves may be susceptible to the hunting
activities of nonnative hymenoptera including yellow jacket wasps and
ants (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41-42). The larvae generally
pupate within the soil located below their host plant material, and it
is presumed that they require relatively undisturbed and unmodified
soil conditions to complete this stage before reaching adulthood
(Science Panel 2005, p. 5). Lastly, it is well-known that these 12
species and most picture-wing flies are susceptible to even slight
temperature increases, an issue that may be exacerbated by loss of
suitable forest cover or the impacts from global warming (K. Kaneshiro,
in litt. 2005b, pp. 1-2).
Food
Each species of Hawaiian picture-wing fly described in this
document is found only on a single island, and the larvae of each are
dependent upon only a single or a few related species of plants
(summarized in Table 1). The adult flies feed on a variety of
decomposing plant matter. The water or moisture requirements for all 12
of these species is unknown; however, during drier seasons or during
times of drought, it is expected that available adult and larval stage
food material in the form of decaying plant matter may decrease (K.
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1-2).
Primary Constituent Elements for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D.
hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D.
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D.
tarphytrichia
Within the geographical areas occupied by each Drosophila aglaia,
D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D.
musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D.
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia, we must identify the PCEs that may
require special management considerations or protections.
Based on the requisites for each species discussed above and our
current knowledge of the life history, biology, and ecology of each
species, and the requirements to sustain the essential life history
functions of the 12 species, the following PCEs for larval and adult
life stages of Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D.
heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae,
D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia are:
Oahu Species
The PCEs for Drosophila aglaia are: (1) Dry to mesic, lowland,
Diospyros sp., ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 1,400-
2,900 ft (425-885 m); and (2) the larval host plant Urera glabra.
The PCEs for Drosophila hemipeza are: (1) Dry to mesic, lowland,
ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 1,500-2,900 ft (460-885
m); and (2) the larval host plants Cyanea angustifolia, C. calycina, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C. membranacea,
C. pinnatifida, C. superba ssp. superba, Lobelia hypoleuca, L.
niihauensis, L. yuccoides, and Urera kaalae.
The PCEs for Drosophila montgomeryi are: (1) Mesic, lowland,
diverse ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 1,900-2,900 ft
(580-885 m); and (2) the larval host plant Urera kaalae.
The PCEs for Drosophila obatai are: (1) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia
and koa forest between the elevations of 1,500-2,500 ft (460-760 m);
and (2) the larval host plant Pleomele forbesii.
The PCEs for Drosophila substenoptera are: (1) Mesic to wet,
lowland to montane, ohia and koa forest between the elevations of
1,300-4,000 ft (395-1,220 m); and (2) the larval host plants
Cheirodendron platyphyllum ssp. platyphyllum, C. trigynum ssp.
trigynum, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, and T. oahuensis.
The PCEs for Drosophila tarphytrichia are: (1) Dry to mesic,
lowland, ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 1,900-2,900 ft
(580-885 m); and (2) the larval host plant Charpentiera obovata.
Hawaii (Big Island) Species
The PCEs for Drosophila heteroneura are: (1) Mesic to wet, montane,
ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 3,000-6,000 ft (915-1,830
m); and (2) the larval host plants Cheirodendron trigynum ssp.
trigynum, Clermontia clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. rockiana,
C. hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, C. montis-loa, C.
parviflora, C. peleana, C. pyrularia, and Delissea parviflora.
The PCEs for Drosophila mulli are: (1) Wet, montane, ohia forest
between the elevations of 3,150-3,250 ft (960-990 m); and (2) the
larval host plant Pritchardia beccariana.
The PCEs for Drosophila ochrobasis are: (1) Mesic to wet, montane,
ohia, koa, and Cheirodendron sp. forest between the elevations of
3,400-5,400 ft (1,035-1,645 m); and (2) the larval host plants
Clermontia calophylla, C. clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp.
rockiana, C. drepanomorpha, C. hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana,
C. montis-loa, C. parviflora, C. peleana, C. pyrularia, C. waimeae,
Marattia douglasii, Myrsine lanaiensis, M. lessertiana, and M.
sandwicensis.
Kauai Species
The PCEs for Drosophila musaphilia are: (1) Mesic, montane, ohia
and koa forest between the elevations of 2,600-3,700 ft (790-1,130 m);
and (2) the larval host plant Acacia koa.
Maui Species
The PCEs for Drosophila neoclavisetae are: (1) Wet, montane, ohia
forest between the elevations of 3,400-4,600 ft (1,040-1,400 m), and
(2) the larval host plants Cyanea kunthiana and C. macrostegia ssp.
macrostegia.
Molokai Species
The PCEs for Drosophila differens are: (1) Wet, montane, ohia
forest between the elevations of 3,650-4,500 ft (1,115-1,370 m); and
(2) the larval host plants Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae, C.
granidiflora ssp. munroi, C. kakeana, C. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes,
and C. pallida.
We propose units for designation based on sufficient PCEs being
present
[[Page 67434]]
to support at least one of each of the 12 species' life history
functions. Each of the areas proposed in this revised proposed rule
have been determined to contain sufficient PCEs to provide for both the
larval and adult life stage for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D.
hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D.
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D.
tarphytrichia.
Special Management Considerations or Protections
When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the occupied
areas contain features essential to the conservation of the species
that may require special management considerations or protections.
Nonnative plants and animals pose the greatest threats to these 12
picture-wing flies. In order to counter the ongoing degradation and
loss of habitat caused by feral ungulates and invasive nonnative
plants, active management or control of nonnative species is necessary
for the conservation of all populations of the 12 picture-wing flies
(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 37-38). Without active management or
control, native habitat containing the features that are essential for
the conservation of the 12 picture-wing flies will continue to be
degraded or destroyed. In addition, habitat degradation and destruction
as a result of fire, competition with nonnative insects, and predation
by nonnative insects, such as the western yellow-jacket wasp (Vespula
pensylvanica), may significantly threaten many of the populations of
the 12 picture-wing flies.
In this revised proposed rule, all of the proposed critical habitat
units for the 12 picture-wing flies may require special management to
address feral ungulates, invasive nonnative plants, and yellow-jacket
wasps. In addition, the units in dry or mesic habitats (see Table 1
above) may also require special management to address fire and ants.
These threats are discussed below.
Feral Ungulates
Feral ungulates have devastated native vegetation in many areas of
the Hawaiian Islands (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 60-66). Because the
endemic Hawaiian flora evolved without the presence of browsing and
grazing ungulates, many plant groups have lost their adaptive defenses
such as spines, thorns, stinging hairs, and defensive chemicals
(University of Hawaii Department of Geography 1998, p. 138). Pigs (Sus
scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), and cattle (Bos taurus) disturb the
soil, and readily eat native plants (including the native host plants
for 1 or more of the 12 picture-wing flies), and distribute nonnative
plant seeds that can alter the ecosystem. In addition, browsing and
grazing by feral ungulates in steep and remote terrain causes severe
erosion of entire watersheds due to foraging and trampling behaviors
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 60-64 and 66).
Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa)
Feral pigs threaten all populations of the 12 picture-wing flies.
Feral pigs are found from dry coastal grasslands through rain forests
and into the subalpine zone on all of the main Hawaiian Islands
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65). An increase in pig densities and
expansion of their distribution has caused widespread damage to native
vegetation (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65). Feral pigs create open
areas within forest habitat by digging up, eating, and trampling native
species (Stone 1985, pp. 262-263). These open areas become fertile
ground for nonnative plant seeds spread through their excrement and by
transport in their hair (Stone 1985, pp. 262-263). In nitrogen-poor
soils, feral pig excrement increases nutrient availability, enhancing
establishment of nonnative weeds that are more adapted to richer soils
than are native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65). In this
manner, largely nonnative forests replace native forest habitat
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65).
Foote and Carson (1995, pp. 2-4) found that pig exclosures on the
island of Hawaii supported significantly higher relative frequencies of
picture-wing flies compared to other native and nonnative Drosophila
species (7 percent of all observations outside of the exclosure and 18
percent of all observations inside the exclosure), and their native
host plants. Loope et al. (1991, pp. 9-10 and 19) demonstrated that
excluding pigs from a montane bog on northeastern Haleakala, Maui,
resulted in an increase in native plant cover from 6 to 95 percent
after 6 years of protection.
Feral Goats (Capra hircus)
Feral goats threaten populations of the picture-wing flies on Oahu
(Drosophila aglaia and D. obatai), Hawaii (D. heteroneura), and Kauai
(D. musaphilia). Feral goats occupy a wide variety of habitats on
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, from lowland dry forests to
montane grasslands where they consume native vegetation, trample roots
and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and promote invasion of nonnative
plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982, pp. 34-35; Stone 1985, p. 261).
On Oahu, goat populations are increasing and spreading in the dry upper
slopes of the Waianae Mountains, becoming an even greater threat to the
native habitat (K. Kawelo, U.S. Army Environmental Division, pers.
comm. 2005, p. 1).
Feral Cattle (Bos taurus)
Feral cattle threaten populations of Drosophila heteroneura on the
island of Hawaii. Large-scale ranching of cattle began in the 19th
century on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, pp. 59-62). Large ranches, tens of thousands of acres in
size, still exist on the islands of Maui and Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, pp. 59-62). In addition, the grazing of cattle continues in
several lowland regions in the northern portion of the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Degradation of native forests used for ranching
activities is evident. Feral cattle occupy a wide variety of habitats
from lowland dry forests to montane grasslands, where they consume
native vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and
promote the invasion of nonnative plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982,
p. 36; Stone 1985, pp. 256 and 260).
Nonnative Plants
The invasion of nonnative plants contributes to the degradation of
native forests and the host plants of picture-wing flies (Kaneshiro and
Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 38-39; Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 52-53 and 971;
Science Panel 2005, p. 28), and threatens all populations of the 12
picture-wing flies. Some nonnative plants form dense stands, thickets,
or mats that shade or out-compete native plants. Nonnative vines cause
damage or death to native trees by overloading branches, causing
breakage, or forming a dense canopy cover that intercepts sunlight and
shades out native plants below. Nonnative grasses readily burn and
often grow at the border of forests, and carry fire into areas with
woody native plants (Smith 1985, pp. 228-229; Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
pp. 88-94). The nonnative grasses are more fire-adapted and can spread
prolifically after a fire, ultimately creating a stand of nonnative
grasses where native forest once existed. Some nonnative plant species
produce chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plant species (Smith
1985, p. 228; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 971).
Fire
Fire threatens habitat of the Hawaiian picture-wing flies in dry to
mesic grassland, shrubland, and forests on the islands of Kauai
(Drosophila musaphilia), Oahu (D. aglaia, D.
[[Page 67435]]
hemipeza, D. mongomeryi, D. obatai, and D. tarphytrichia), and Hawaii
(D. heteroneura). Dry and mesic regions in Hawaii have been altered in
the past 200 years by an increase in fire frequency, a condition to
which the native flora is not adapted. The invasion of fire-adapted
alien plants, facilitated by ungulate disturbance, has contributed to
wildfire frequency. This change in fire regime has reduced the amount
of forest cover for native species (Hughes et al. 1991, p. 743;
Blackmore and Vitousek 2000, p. 625) and resulted in an intensification
of feral ungulate herbivory in the remaining native forest areas.
Habitat damaged or destroyed by fire is more likely to be revegetated
by nonnative plants that cannot be used as host plants by these
picture-wing flies (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 47).
Nonnative Insect Competitors
Tipulid Flies
The Hawaiian Islands now support several established species of
nonnative insects which compete with some of the 12 picture-wing flies
within their larval stage host plants. The most important group of
nonnative insect competitors includes tipulid flies (crane flies,
family Tipulidae). The larvae of some species within this group feed
within the decomposing bark of some of the host plants utilized by
picture-wing flies, including Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Clermontia,
and Pleomele spp. (Science Panel 2005, p. 11; K. Magnacca, U.S.
Geological Survey, in litt. 2005, p. 1; S. Montgomery, in litt. 2005a,
p. 1). Therefore, all of the picture-wing flies addressed in this rule,
except for Drosophila mulli, D. musaphilia, and D. neoclavisetae face
larval-stage competition from nonnative tipulid flies. The tipulid
larvae feed within the same portion of the decomposing host plant area
normally occupied by the picture-wing fly larvae. The likely effect of
this competition is a reduction in available host plant material for
picture-wing fly larvae (Science Panel 2005, p. 11). In laboratory
studies, Grimaldi and Jaenike (1984, p. 1) demonstrated that
competition between Drosophila spp. larvae and other fly larvae can
exhaust food resources, which affects both the probability of larval
survival and the body size of adults, resulting in reduced adult
fitness, fecundity, and lifespan.
Scolytid Beetles
Additionally, the Hawaiian Islands now support several species of
nonnative beetles (family Scolytidae, genus Coccotrypes), a few of
which bore into and feed on the nuts produced by certain native plant
species including Pritchardia beccariana, the host plant of Drosophila
mulli. Affected Pritchardia spp., including P. beccariana, drop their
fruit before the nuts reach maturity due to the boring action of the
scolytid beetles. Little natural regeneration of this host plant
species has been observed in the wild since the arrival of this
scolytid beetle (K. Magnacca, in litt. 2005, p. 1; Science Panel 2005,
p. 11). Compared to the host plants of the other picture-wing flies, P.
beccariana is long lived (up to 100 years), but over time scolytid
beetles may have a significant impact on the availability of habitat
for D. mulli.
Nonnative Insect Predators
Nonnative arthropods pose a serious threat to Hawaii's native
Drosophila, both through direct predation or parasitism as well as
competition for food or space (Howarth and Medeiros 1989, pp. 82-83;
Howarth and Ramsay 1991, pp. 80-83; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp.
40-45 and 47; Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 41, 54-57). Due to their
large colony sizes and systematic foraging habits, species of social
Hymenoptera (ants and some wasps) and parasitic wasps pose the greatest
predation threat to the Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Carson 1982, p. 1,
1986, p. 7; Gambino et al. 1987, pp. 169-170; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro
1995, pp. 40-45 and 47).
Ants
Ants are believed to threaten populations of picture-wing flies in
mesic areas on Oahu (Drosophila aglaia, D. hemipeza, D. mongomeryi, D.
obatai, and D. tarphytrichia) and Hawaii (D. heteroneura) (Kaneshiro
and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 43; Science Panel 2005, p. 28). At least 44
species of ants are known to be established on the Hawaiian Islands
(Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR) database, in litt. 2005, p.
2) and 4 particularly aggressive ant species have severely affected the
native insect fauna (Zimmerman 1948, p. 173; HEAR database, in litt.
2005, p. 4). Ants are not a natural component of Hawaii's arthropod
fauna, and native species evolved in the absence of predation pressure
from ants. Ants can be particularly destructive predators because of
their high densities, recruitment behavior, aggressiveness, and broad
range of diet (Reimer 1993, pp. 14-15, 17). The threat to picture-wing
flies is amplified by the fact that most ant species have winged
reproductive adults (Borror 1989, pp. 737-738) and can quickly
establish new colonies, spreading throughout suitable habitats (Staples
and Cowie 2001, pp. 55-57). These attributes and the lack of native
species' defenses to ants allow some ant species to destroy isolated
prey populations (Nafus 1993, p. 151). Hawaiian picture-wing flies
pupate in the ground where they are exposed to predation by ants. Newly
emerging adults have been observed with ants attached to their legs
(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 43).
Western Yellow-Jacket Wasp
An aggressive race of the western yellow-jacket wasp became
established in the State of Hawaii in 1978, and this species is now
abundant between 1,969-3,445 ft (600-1,050 m) in elevation (Gambino et
al. 1990, p. 1,088). On Maui, yellow-jackets have been observed
carrying and feeding upon recently captured adult Hawaiian Drosophila
(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 41). While there is no documentation
that conclusively ties the decrease in picture-wing fly observations at
historical sites with the establishment of yellow-jacket wasps within
their habitats, the concurrent arrival of wasps and decline of picture-
wing fly observations for all 12 picture-wing flies on several of the
islands (Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii) suggests that the wasps may
have played a significant role in the decline of some picture-wing fly
populations (Carson 1982, p. 1, 1986, p. 7; Foote and Carson 1995, p.
3; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995; Science Panel 2005, p. 28).
Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat
In this revised proposed rule, we are proposing to designate
critical habitat on lands with documented occurrences and that contain
the primary constituent elements for these 12 Hawaiian picture-wing
flies. The primary dataset we used to document observations of these 12
picture-wing flies spans the years 1965-1999 (K. Kaneshiro, in litt.
2005a, pp. 1-16). Additional data were obtained from individuals
familiar with particular species and locations, and other sources of
information as described in the above ``Methods'' section. Many sites
were surveyed infrequently or have not been surveyed for a substantial
period of time, while other sites have relatively complete records from
1966-1999. It is important to note that the traditional methods used to
survey for the 12 species locate only adult flies. The adult flies of
all of these species are generalist microbivores; in contrast, the
larval stage typically requires a very specific host plant species (in
some cases, several species or genera) for successful development. The
primary constituent elements of the revised proposed critical
[[Page 67436]]
habitat include both the host plants used by the larvae, as well as the
native forest components used by foraging adults. We used known adult
location data to identify each critical habitat unit, and included the
surrounding area encompassing the physical and biological features
essential to the conservation of the species.
While there has been considerable survey work conducted for
Hawaiian picture-wing flies overall, some areas where these 12 species
are found have not been surveyed in many years. We used the results of
the best available, recent survey information to develop the revised,
initial working draft critical habitat unit maps for each species. In
addition, one peer reviewer identified a population of Drosophila
ochrobasis that was previously unknown to us in an area containing the
features essential to the conservation of this species (K. Magnacca, in
litt. 2006). This area has been included in this revised proposal (see
Unit 19--West Kohala Mountains--Drosophila ochrobasis).
We used the best available, recent survey data for adult flies to
determine which sites we would identify as occupied and which sites we
would identify as unoccupied. Additionally, we did not include in this
revised proposal some sites where a given species had been observed
according to the most recent survey data if the area had either become
degraded (e.g., due to loss or degradation of native vegetation,
increase in nonnative vegetation, or documented presence of yellow-
jacket wasps) and lacked PCEs, or if multiple surveys at a particular
site over the course of several years failed to detect a species.
However, we did not use the presence of yellow-jacket wasps alone to
conclusively determine a site as being unoccupied, unless the habitat
was also degraded in other respects. Lastly, it is important to point
out that because of the time that has elapsed since some surveys were
conducted, it is possible that some sites identified as unoccupied (and
thus not included in this revised proposed critical habitat) have since
been re-occupied by the species. Conversely, we recognize it may be
possible that some sites that we have identified as occupied according
to the most recent survey data may now be unoccupied. However, we
believe that using the most recent survey results, in conjunction with
information on existing habitat conditions, reflects the best available
information for determining occupancy.
After identifying occupied sites for each of the 12 species on a
series of maps, we added a Geographic Information System (GIS) layer of
the known elevation range of a species in a given area. This elevation
range was based upon the lowest and the highest elevation at which an
adult fly of a given species was observed during surveys. After this
step, GIS data points showing known locations of many of the flies'
host plant species were added to the map series. Most of these plant
data points were established during botanical surveys unrelated to the
historic studies of the picture-wing flies. The larval stages for
several of the 12 picture-wing flies are known to feed upon host plant
species that are federally listed as endangered or threatened,
identified as candidate species for listing under the Act, or
identified as Federal species of concern. The data points for the
listed and candidate host plant species were available to us from the
State's Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP), and from survey
information compiled from field biologists. For areas lacking host
plant data points, we consulted HBMP literature regarding other plant
species and/or queried Drosophila researchers and field biologists to
determine which native host plants were present in those areas.
After generating multilayered GIS maps showing the occupied fly
population sites, the known elevation range for each species, and the
known host plant locations or habitat types, we prepared preliminary
critical habitat unit maps. These preliminary unit maps were then
overlaid on a series of satellite imagery and aerial photographs, and
examined closely to identify the best quality areas containing
contiguous forest and essential features. We then met individually with
several Drosophila researchers (see the ``Methods'' section above) to
review the different series of maps for each species and to confirm
whether the preliminary unit maps included PCEs essential to both life
stages (larval and adult) of each fly species. Based on these
discussions, we adjusted the preliminary unit map boundaries by adding
areas identified by the researchers that contain features essential to
the conservation of the species, or by removing areas unlikely to
contain these features. The critical habitat unit boundaries shown in
the maps included in this revised proposed rule reflect the results of
this analysis, after taking into account the presence of known
developed areas, as described below.
In summary, we identified proposed critical habitat units that:
Contain occupied population sites based on the most recent survey
information; are known to contain the PCEs essential to both the larval
and adult fly life stage for each species; and contain relatively
contiguous native or functional native forest.
Lastly, when determining proposed critical habitat boundaries
within this revised proposed rule, we made every effort to avoid
including developed areas such as buildings, paved areas, and other
structures that lack PCEs for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D.
hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D.
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D.
tarphytrichia. The scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters
for publication within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect
the exclusion of such developed areas. Any such structures and the land
under them inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown
on the maps published with this proposed rule have been excluded by
text in this revised proposed rule and are not proposed for designation
as critical habitat. Therefore, Federal actions involving these areas
would not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to critical
habitat and the requirement of no adverse modification unless the
specific action would affect the primary constituent elements in the
adjacent critical habitat.
Revised Proposed Critical Habitat Designation
We are proposing 32 units as critical habitat for Drosophila
aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D.
mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D.
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia. In total, approximately 9,238 ac
(3,738 ha) fall within the boundaries of this revised proposed critical
habitat designation. The critical habitat areas we describe below
constitute our current best assessment of areas that meet the
definition of critical habitat for the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing flies.
The areas we propose as critical habitat are:
(1) Island of Oahu: Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea; Drosophila
aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua; Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch;
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley; Drosophila hemipeza--Unit
3--Palikea; Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua; Drosophila
montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch; Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--
Palikea; Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua; Drosophila obatai--
Unit 1--Puu Pane; Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe; Drosophila
substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala; Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--
Palikea;
[[Page 67437]]
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch; Drosophila
tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea; and Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--
Puu Kaua;
(2) Hawaii (Big Island): Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau
Forest; Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge; Drosophila
heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku; Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit
Crater; Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch; Drosphila
mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest; Drosphila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest;
Drosphila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest; Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit
1--Kipuka 9; Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14; Drosophila
ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains East; Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit
4--Kohala Mountains West; and Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper
Kahuku;
(3) Island of Kauai: Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee;
(4) Island of Maui: Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui;
(5) Island of Molokai: Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole.
The areas identified as containing the features essential to the
conservation of each of the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing flies for which we
are proposing critical habitat include a variety of undeveloped,
forested areas that are used for larval stage development and adult fly
stage foraging. Proposed critical habitat includes land under Federal,
State, City and County, and private ownership. The approximate area and
land ownership of each proposed critical habitat unit are shown in
Table 2.
Table 2.--Proposed Critical Habitat Units for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D.
montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D.
tarphytrichia
[Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries.]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Land ownership (acres)
Size of Size of ---------------------------------------------
Proposed critical habitat unit unit in unit in City &
acres hectares Federal State Co. of Private
Honolulu
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu Units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea........ 208 84 0 4 0 204
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua....... 87 35 0 0 0 87
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch. 527 213 0 0 0 527
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley 111 45 0 40 71 0
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea...... (208) (84) 0 (4) 0 (204)
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua..... (87) (35) 0 0 0 (87)
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa (527) (213) 0 0 0 (527)
Gulch....................................
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea... (208) (84) 0 (4) 0 (204)
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua.. (87) (35) 0 0 0 (87)
Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane....... 33 13 0 33 0 0
Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe........ 77 31 0 45 0 32
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. 116 47 0 59 57 0
Kaala....................................
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea. (208) (84) 0 (4) 0 (204)
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa (527) (213) 0 0 0 (527)
Gulch....................................
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea. (208) (84) 0 (4) 0 (204)
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua (87) (35) 0 0 0 (87)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hawaii (Big Island) Units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest 125 51 0 125 0 0
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona 3,604 1,459 3,604 0 0 0
Refuge...................................
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower 687 278 687 0 0 0
Kahuku...................................
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater 46 18 0 0 0 46
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka 120 49 0 120 0 0
Gulch....................................
Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest..... 244 99 0 244 0 0
Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest 76 31 0 76 0 0
Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest.. 373 151 0 373 0 0
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9... 9 4 0 9 0 0
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14.. 15 6 0 15 9 0
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala 193 78 0 193 0 0
Mountains East...........................
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala 132 54 0 41 0 91
Mountains West...........................
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper 88 36 64 24 0 0
Kahuku...................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai Unit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee...... 794 321 0 794 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui Unit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu 584 237 0 134 0 450
Kukui....................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai Unit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole 988 400 0 0 0 988
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 67438]]
Total (32 units)...................... 9,238 3,738 4,356 2,331 128 2,424
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key: Unit areas in parentheses overlap with other units. Therefore, the total area being proposed as critical
habitat for each species will not equal the total area being proposed for the 12 species combined because of
this overlap.
We present brief descriptions of all units, and reasons why they
meet the definition of critical habitat for the 12 picture-wing flies,
below. All of the proposed critical habitat units for the 12 Hawaiian
picture-wing flies were occupied by the species at the time of listing.
Each unit contains sufficient PCEs to provide for both the larval and
adult life stage of one or more of the 12 species of picture-wing
flies, and may require special management considerations or protection
(see Table 3).
Table 3.--Critical Habitat Units Proposed for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D.
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia and Potential Threats to the Species Primary Constituent Elements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Threats
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed critical habitat unit Nonnative Yellow-jacket Nonnative
Feral ungulates plants wasps Ants competitors Fire
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea................ X X ............... X X X
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua............... X X ............... X X X
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch......... X X ............... X X X
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley........ X X ............... X X X
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea.............. X X ............... X X X
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua............. X X ............... X X X
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch...... X X ............... X X X
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea........... X X ............... X X X
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua.......... X X ............... X X X
Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane............... X X ............... X X X
Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe................ X X ............... X X X
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala....... X X ............... ............... X ...............
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea......... X X ............... ............... X ...............
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch.... X X ............... X X X
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea......... X X ............... X X X
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua........ X X ............... X X X
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest........ X X X X X ...............
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge....... X X X X X ...............
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku...... X X X X X ...............
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater........ X X X X X X
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch..... X X X X X ...............
Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest............. X X X ............... X ...............
Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest........ X X X ............... X ...............
Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest.......... X X X X X ...............
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9........... X X X ............... X ...............
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14.......... X X X ............... X ...............
[[Page 67439]]
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains X X X ............... X ...............
East.............................................
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala Mountains X X X ............... X ...............
West.............................................
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper Kahuku....... X X X ............... X ...............
Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee.............. X X X X ............... X
Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui....... X X X ............... ............... ...............
Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole........ X X X ............... X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As provided under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, these units may be
considered for exclusion from critical habitat when this rule is
finalized. Exclusions are considered based on the relative costs and
benefits of designating critical habitat, including information
contained in the forthcoming economic analysis.
Oahu Units
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of
lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is part of a larger
area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. aglaia at the time of listing.
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the
native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the
PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host
plant associated with this species, Urera glabra.
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha) of
lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,865-2,855 ft
(570-870 m), this unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area
called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. aglaia at the time of listing.
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the
native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the
PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host
plant associated with this species, Urera glabra.
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac (213
ha) of diverse, mesic forest within the southern Waianae Mountains of
Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,720-2,785 ft (525-850 m), this
unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area called the
Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. According to the
most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1-10), this
unit was occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of listing. This unit
includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native
forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs
for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host
plants associated with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea sp., and
Lobelia sp.
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley consists of 111 ac (45
ha) of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,995-3,005 ft (610-915
m), this unit is owned by the City and County of Honolulu and the
State, and is largely managed as a State forest reserve. According to
the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 4-5),
this unit was occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of listing. This unit
includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native
forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs
for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host
plants associated with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea sp., and
Lobelia sp.
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of
lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is part of a larger
area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime,
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval
stage host plants associated with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea
sp., and Lobelia sp.
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha) of
lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,865-2,855 ft
(570-870 m), this unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area
called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime,
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval
stage host plants associated with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea
sp., and Lobelia sp.
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac
(213 ha) of diverse, mesic forest within the southern Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,720-2,785 ft (525-850 m), this
unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area called the
Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
[[Page 67440]]
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. montgomeryi at the time of
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime,
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval
stage host plant associated with this species, Urera kaalae.
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha)
of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910
m), this unit is both privately and State-owned, and is part of a
larger area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by
TNCH. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt.
2005a, pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. montgomeryi at the time
of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the
larval stage host plant associated with this species, Urera kaalae.
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha)
of lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,865-2,855 ft
(570-870 m), this unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area
called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. montgomeryi at the time of
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime,
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval
stage host plant associated with this species, Urera kaalae.
Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane consists of 33 ac (13 ha) of
lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the northeastern Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,760-2,535 ft (535-770
m), this unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as part of a
State forest reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K.
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 6), this unit was occupied by D. obatai
at the time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range,
moisture regime, and the native forest components used by foraging
adults and identified as the PCEs for this species.
This unit also encompasses the larval stage host plant associated
with this species, Pleomele forbesii.
Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe consists of 77 ac (31 ha) of
lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southeastern Koolau
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,475-2,155 ft (445-655
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is largely managed as
part of a State forest reserve. According to the most recent survey
data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 6), this unit was occupied by D.
obatai at the time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation
range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used by
foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit
also encompasses the larval stage host plant associated with this
species, Pleomele forbesii.
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala consists of 116 ac (47
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest within the northern Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 2,750-4,030 ft (840-1,230 m),
this unit is owned by the City and County of Honolulu and the State,
and is largely managed as part of a State forest reserve and natural
area reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro,
in litt. 2005a, p. 7), this unit was occupied by D. substenoptera at
the time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range,
moisture regime, and the native forest components used by foraging
adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also
encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this species,
Cheirodendron sp. and Tetraplasandra sp.
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84
ha) of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is part of a larger
area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. substenoptera at the time of
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime,
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval
stage host plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron sp. and
Tetraplasandra sp.
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac
(213 ha) of diverse, mesic forest within the southern Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,720-2,785 ft (525-850 m), this
unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area called the
Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. According to the
most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1-10), this
unit was occupied by D. tarphytrichia at the time of listing. This unit
includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native
forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs
for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host
plant associated with this species, Charpenteira obovata.
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84
ha) of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is part of a larger
area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. tarphytrichia at the time of
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime,
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval
stage host plant associated with this species, Charpenteira obovata.
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35
ha) of lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,865-2,855 ft
(570-870 m), this unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area
called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. tarphytrichia at the time of
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime,
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval
stage host plant associated with this species, Charpenteira obovata.
Hawaii (Big Island) Units
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest consists of 125 ac (51
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located on the southern flank
of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between
5,215-5,510 ft (1,590-1,680 m), the unit is owned by the State, and is
largely managed as part of a State forest reserve. According to the
most recent survey data (K.
[[Page 67441]]
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 8), this unit was occupied by D.
heteroneura at the time of listing. This unit includes the known
elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used
by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This
unit also encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this
species, Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia sp., and Delissea
parviflora.
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge consists of 3,604 ac
(1,459 ha) of montane, mesic, closed koa and ohia forest, and is
located on the western flank of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii.
Ranging in elevation between 2,980-5,755 (910-1,755 m), this unit is
owned by the Service, and is managed as part of the Kona Unit of the
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. According to the most recent
survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 8), this unit was
occupied by D. heteroneura at the time of listing.
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and
the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as
the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage
host plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron trigynum,
Clermontia sp., and Delissea parviflora.
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku consists of 687 ac
(278 ha) of montane, mesic to wet, ohia forest, and is located on the
southern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in
elevation between 3,705-4,685 ft (1,130-1,430 m), this unit is owned
and managed by the National Park Service (NPS) (Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park). According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro,
in litt. 2005a, p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. heteroneura at the
time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the
larval stage host plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Clermontia sp., and Delissea parviflora.
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater consists of 46 ac (18
ha) of montane, mesic, open ohia forest with mixed grass species, and
is located on the western flank of Hualalai and south of the Kaupulehu
lava flow on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 3,835-
4,525 ft (1,170-1,380 m), this unit is privately owned and managed.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. heteroneura at the time of listing.
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the
native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the
PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host
plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia
sp., and Delissea parviflora.
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch consists of 120 ac
(49 ha) of montane, wet, koa and ohia forest, and is located on the
southern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in
elevation between 4,065-4,390 ft (1,240-1,340 m), the unit is owned by
the State, and is largely managed as part of a State forest reserve.
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a,
p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. heteroneura at the time of listing.
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the
native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the
PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host
plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia
sp., and Delissea parviflora.
Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest consists of 244 ac (99 ha) of
montane, wet, ohia forest and is located to the northeast of Kilauea
Caldera on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii.
Ranging in elevation between 3,120-3,300 ft (950-1,005 m), this unit is
owned by the State, and is largely managed as part of a State forest
reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in
litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by D. mulli at the time of
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime,
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval
stage host plant associated with this species, Pritchardia beccariana.
Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest consists of 76 ac (31
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located to the northeast of
Kilauea Caldera on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of
Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 1,955-2,165 ft (595-660 m), this
unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as part of a State
forest reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro,
in litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by D. mulli at the time
of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the
larval stage host plant associated with this species, Pritchardia
beccariana.
Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest consists of 373 ac (151
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located to the northeast of
Kilauea Caldera on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of
Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 3,130-3,585 ft (955-1,095 m), this
unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as part of a State
forest reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro,
in litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by D. mulli at the time
of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the
larval stage host plant associated with this species, Pritchardia
beccariana.
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9 consists of 9 ac (4 ha) of
montane, wet, ohia forest with native shrubs, and is located within the
saddle road area on the northeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the island
of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 5,075-5,125 ft (1,545-1,560 m),
this unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as part of a
State forest reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K.
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by D.
ochrobasis at the time of listing. This unit includes the known
elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used
by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This
unit also encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this
species, Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp.
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14 consists of 15 ac (6 ha)
of montane, wet, ohia forest with native shrubs, and is located within
the saddle road area on the northeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the
island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 5,105-5,145 ft (1,555-
1,570 m), this unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as
part of a State forest reserve. According to the most recent survey
data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 12-13), this unit was occupied
by D. ochrobasis at the time of listing. This unit includes the known
elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used
by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This
unit also encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this
species, Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp.
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains East consists of
193
[[Page 67442]]
ac (78 ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest with native shrubs and mixed
grass species, and is located on the southeastern flank of the Kohala
Mountains on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 3,850-
4,140 ft (1,175-1,260 m), this unit is owned by the State and is
largely managed as part of a State forest reserve. According to the
most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 12-13), this
unit was occupied by D. ochrobasis at the time of listing. This unit
includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native
forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs
for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host
plants associated with this species, Clermontia sp., Marattia
douglasii, and Myrsine sp.
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala Mountains West consists of
132 ac (54 ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest with native shrubs and
mixed grass species, and is located on the southwestern flank of the
Kohala Mountains on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between
4,945-5,325 ft (1,510-1,625 m), this unit is privately and State-owned,
and is largely managed as part of a State forest reserve. Drosophila
ochrobasis was not historically known from this area, but was first
observed here during field surveys in 2006 (K. Magnacca, in litt. 2006,
p. 1). Based upon those positive observations and the relatively
intact, closed-canopy, native forest, including the fly's host plant
species found within this unit, we have determined that it was occupied
by D. ochrobasis at the time of the listing. This unit includes the
known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest
components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this
species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host plants
associated with this species, Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, and
Myrsine sp.
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper Kahuku consists of 88 ac (36
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located on the southern flank
of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between
5,235-5,390 ft (1,595-1,645 m), the unit is owned by the State and the
National Park Service (Hawaii Volcanoes National Park). The area within
this unit is largely managed as part of a State forest reserve and as a
national park. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro,
in litt. 2005a, pp. 12-13), this unit was occupied by D. ochrobasis at
the time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range,
moisture regime, and the native forest components used by foraging
adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also
encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this species,
Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp.
Kauai Unit
Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee consists of 794 ac (321 ha) of
montane, mesic koa and ohia forest, and is located in the Kokee region
of northwestern Kauai. Ranging in elevation between 3,310-3,740 ft
(1,010-1,140 m), this unit is owned by the State and occurs on lands
managed as part of a State park, forest reserve, and natural area
reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in
litt. 2005a, p. 11), this unit was occupied by D. musaphilia at the
time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the
larval stage host plant associated with this species, Acacia koa.
Maui Unit
Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui consists of 584 ac (237
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest within the west Maui mountains on the
island of Maui. Ranging in elevation between 3,405-4,590 ft (1,040-
1,400 m), this unit is both privately and State-owned. Much of the area
within this unit occurs within the boundary of the Puu Kukui Watershed
Preserve, lands jointly managed by TNCH, the State, and the Maui Land
and Pineapple Company. According to the most recent survey data (K.
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 11), this unit was occupied by D.
neoclavisetae at the time of listing. This unit includes the known
elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used
by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This
unit also encompasses the larval stage host plant associated with this
species, Cyanea kunthiana, C. macrostegia ssp. macrostegia.
Molokai Unit
Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole consists of 988 ac (400
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest within the eastern Molokai mountains
on the island of Molokai. Ranging in elevation between 3,645-4,495 ft
(1,110-1,370 m), this unit is privately owned and is managed by TNCH as
part of the Kamakou and Pelekunu preserves. According to the most
recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 11), this unit was
occupied by D. differens at the time of listing. This unit includes the
known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest
components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this
species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host plant
associated with this species, Clermontia sp.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are
not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Decisions
by the 5th and 9th Circuit Court of Appeals have invalidated our
definition of ``destruction or adverse modification'' (50 CFR 402.02)
(see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378
F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 442F (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely
on this regulatory definition when analyzing whether an action is
likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Under the
statutory provisions of the Act, we determine destruction or adverse
modification on the basis of whether, with implementation of the
proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would remain
functional (or retain the current ability for the PCEs to be
functionally established) to serve its intended conservation role for
the species.
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency)
must enter into consultation with us. As a result of this consultation,
we document compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) through
our issuance of:
(1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat;
or
(2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we also provide
reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are
identifiable. We
[[Page 67443]]
define ``Reasonable and prudent alternatives'' at 50 CFR 402.02 as
alternative actions identified during consultation that:
Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the
intended purpose of the action,
Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the
Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
Are economically and technologically feasible, and
Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of the listed species or destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are
similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where we have
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal
agencies may sometimes need to request reinitiation of consultation
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.
Federal activities that may affect Drosophila aglaia, D. differens,
D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia,
D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D.
tarphytrichia or their designated critical habitat will require section
7 consultation under the Act. Activities on State, Tribal, local, or
private lands requiring a Federal permit (such as a permit from the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from us under section 10 of the
Act) or involving some other Federal action (such as funding from the
Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, or the
Federal Emergency Management Agency) are also be subject to the section
7 consultation process. Federal actions not affecting listed species or
critical habitat, and actions on State, Tribal, local, or private lands
that are not federally funded, authorized, or permitted, do not require
section 7 consultations.
Application of the ``Adverse Modification'' Standard
The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the
affected critical habitat would continue to serve its intended
conservation role for the species, or would retain its current ability
for the primary constituent elements to be functionally established.
Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat are
those that alter the PCEs to an extent that appreciably reduces the
conservation value of critical habitat for Drosophila aglaia, D.
differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D.
musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D.
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia. Generally, the conservation role
of the critical habitat units is to support the populations of these
species as identified in this revised proposed rule.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such
designation.
Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may affect critical habitat and therefore should result
in consultation for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D.
heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae,
D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia
include, but are not limited to:
(1) The following activities may result in adverse modification if
they are likely to affect the PCEs of the 12 picture-wing flies:
Overgrazing; control of feral ungulates; clearing or cutting of native
live trees and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, or
other means (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road
building, mining, herbicide application); introducing or enabling the
spread of nonnative species (e.g., nonnative plant species that may
compete with native host plants, or nonnative arthropod pests that prey
upon native host plants); and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
(2) Construction where a permit under section 404 of the Clean
Water Act would be required by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Construction in wetlands, where a 404 permit would be required, could
affect the habitat of Drosophila heteroneura.
(3) Recreational activities that appreciably degrade vegetation.
(4) The purposeful release or augmentation of any dipteran predator
or parasitoid.
Exemptions and Exclusions
Application of Section 4(a)(3)(B) of the Act
The Sikes Act Improvement Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a)
required each military installation that includes land and water
suitable for the conservation and management of natural resources to
complete an integrated natural resource management plan (INRMP) by
November 17, 2001. An INRMP integrates implementation of the military
mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural resources
found on the base. Each INRMP includes:
An assessment of the ecological needs on the installation,
including the need to provide for the conservation of listed species;
A statement of goals and priorities;
A detailed description of management actions to be
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and
A monitoring and adaptive management plan.
Among other things, each INRMP must, to the extent appropriate and
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife management; fish and wildlife
habitat enhancement or modification; wetland protection, enhancement,
and restoration where necessary to support fish and wildlife; and
enforcement of applicable natural resource laws.
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub.
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) now provides: ``The Secretary shall not
designate as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas
owned or controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its
use, that are subject to an integrated natural resources management
plan prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if
the Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit
to the species for which critical habitat is proposed for
designation.''
We consult with the military on the development and implementation
of INRMPs for installations with listed species. INRMPs developed by
military installations located within the range of this revised
proposed critical habitat
[[Page 67444]]
designation for Drosophila aglaia and D. substenoptera were analyzed
for exemption under the authority of section 4(a)(3) of the Act.
Approved INRMPs
West Range of Schofield Barracks Military Reservation
The U.S. Army completed its Oahu INRMP in 2000, and the INRMP was
approved by the Service in 2001. Conservation measures included in the
INRMP that benefit Drosophila aglaia and D. substenoptera include (1)
outplanting of native plants which provides for the natural forest
conditions necessary for adult fly foraging by both species; (2) feral
ungulate control which prevents both direct loss of the larval stage
host plants and adult foraging substrate of both species and prevents
habitat alteration by feral ungulates; (3) wildland fire control which
prevents both loss and alteration of habitat for D. aglaia; and (4)
nonnative plant control which prevents habitat alteration for both
species.
Based on the above considerations, and in accordance with section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we have determined that conservation efforts
identified in the U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii Oahu Training Areas Natural
Resource Management (Final Report August 2000) and the Oahu INRMP 2002-
2006 (Army 2000) will provide benefits to Drosophila aglaia and D.
substenoptera occurring in habitats within or adjacent to the West
Range of Schofield Barracks Military Reservation. The other 10 species
of picture-wing flies do not occur on Army land. Therefore, this
installation is exempt from critical habitat designation under section
4(a)(3) of the Act. We are not including approximately 78 ac (31 ha) of
habitat on Oahu in this revised proposed critical habitat designation
because of this exemption.
Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must designate
and revise critical habitat on the basis of the best available
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact,
national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying
any particular area as critical habitat. The Secretary may exclude an
area from critical habitat if he determines that the benefits of such
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such area as part of the
critical habitat, unless he determines, based on the best scientific
data available, that the failure to designate such area as critical
habitat will result in the extinction of the species. In making that
determination, the legislative history is clear that the Secretary has
broad discretion regarding which factor(s) to use and how much weight
to give to any factor.
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in considering whether to exclude
a particular area from the designation, we must identify the benefits
of including the area in the designation, identify the benefits of
excluding the area from the designation, and determine whether the
benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion. If we
consider an exclusion, then we must determine whether excluding the
area would result in the extinction of the species.
We are conducting an economic analysis of the impacts of this
revised proposed critical habitat designation and related factors,
which will be available for public review and comment when it is
complete. Based on public comment on that document, this revised
proposed designation itself, and the information in the final economic
analysis, the Secretary may exclude from critical habitat additional
areas beyond those identified in this assessment under the provisions
of section 4(b)(2) of the Act. This is also addressed in our
implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.19.
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we must consider all relevant
impacts, including economic impacts. We consider a number of factors in
a section 4(b)(2) analysis. For example, we consider whether there are
lands owned or managed by the Department of Defense (DOD) where a
national security impact might exist. We also consider whether the
landowners have developed any conservation plans for the area, or
whether there are conservation partnerships that would be encouraged by
designation of, or exclusion from, critical habitat. In addition, we
look at any Tribal issues, and consider the government-to-government
relationship of the United States with tribal entities. We also
consider any social impacts that might occur because of the
designation.
In preparing this revised proposal, we have determined that the
lands within the revised proposed designation of critical habitat for
the 12 picture-wing flies are not owned or managed by the Department of
Defense, there are currently no HCPs for these species, and the
proposed designation does not include any Tribal lands or trust
resources.
We anticipate no impact to national security, Tribal lands,
partnerships, or HCPs from this revised proposed critical habitat
designation. Based on the best available information, we believe that
all of these units contain the features essential to the species.
Therefore, we are not proposing to exclude any areas under section
4(b)(2) of the Act at this time. However, based on public comment on
this revised proposed critical habitat designation and the economic
analysis, and the information in the economic analysis itself, we may
exclude areas from the final critical habitat designation under section
4(b)(2) of the Act.
Economic Analysis
We are preparing an analysis of the economic impacts of this
revised proposed critical habitat for the 12 picture-wing flies from
the Hawaiian Islands. We will announce the availability of the draft
economic analysis as soon as it is completed, at which time we will
seek public review and comment. At that time, copies of the draft
economic analysis will be available for downloading from the Internet
at http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands, or by contacting the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office directly (see ADDRESSES). The draft
economic analysis prepared for this revised proposed critical habitat
designation will replace the draft economic analysis that was prepared
for the original proposal and announced in the Federal Register on
January 4, 2007 (72 FR 321). We may exclude areas from the final rule
based on information in the new draft economic analysis.
Peer Review
In accordance with our joint policy published in the Federal
Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we are obtaining the expert
opinions of at least three appropriate independent specialists
regarding this revised proposed rule. The purpose of peer review is to
ensure that our critical habitat designation is based on scientifically
sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We have posted our proposed peer
review plan on our Web site at http://www.fws.gov/pacific/
informationquality/index.htm. We will send these peer reviewers copies
of this revised proposed rule, immediately following publication in the
Federal Register. We have invited these peer reviewers to comment
during a public comment period on our specific assumptions and
conclusions in this revised proposed designation of critical habitat.
We will consider all comments and information we receive during the
comment period on this revised proposed rule during our preparation of
a final determination. Accordingly, our final decision may differ from
this proposal.
[[Page 67445]]
Public Hearings
The Act provides for one or more public hearings on this proposal,
if we receive any requests for hearings. We must receive your request
for a public hearing within 45 days after the date of this Federal
Register publication. Send your request to the person named in FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. We will schedule public hearings on this
proposal, if any are requested, and announce the dates, times, and
places of those hearings, as well as how to obtain reasonable
accommodations, in the Federal Register and local newspapers at least
15 days before the first hearing.
Persons needing reasonable accommodations to attend and participate
in the public hearings should contact the Pacific Islands Fish and
Wildlife Office at 808-792-9400 as soon as possible. To allow
sufficient time to process requests, please call no later than one week
before the hearing date. Information regarding this revised proposal is
available in alternative formats upon request.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
In accordance with Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, this document is a
significant rule in that it may raise novel legal and policy issues,
but we do not anticipate that it will have an annual effect on the
economy of $100 million or more or affect the economy in a material
way. To determine the economic consequences of designating the specific
area as critical habitat, we are preparing a draft economic analysis of
this proposed action, which will be available for public comment. This
economic analysis also will be used to determine compliance with E.O.
12866, the Regulatory Flexibility Act, the Small Business Regulatory
Enforcement Fairness Act, E.O. 12630, and E.O. 13211. Due to the tight
timeline for publication in the Federal Register, the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) has not formally reviewed this rule.
Further, E.O. 12866 directs Federal agencies promulgating
regulations to evaluate regulatory alternatives (OMB Circular A-4,
September 17, 2003). Under Circular A-4, once an agency determines that
the Federal regulatory action is appropriate, the agency must consider
alternative regulatory approaches. Because the determination of
critical habitat is a statutory requirement under the Act, we must
evaluate alternative regulatory approaches, where feasible, when
promulgating a designation of critical habitat.
In developing our designations of critical habitat, we consider
economic impacts, impacts to national security, and other relevant
impacts under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. Based on the discretion
allowable under this provision, we may exclude any particular area from
the designation of critical habitat providing that the benefits of such
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying the area as critical
habitat and that such exclusion would not result in the extinction of
the species. As such, we believe that the evaluation of the inclusion
or exclusion of particular areas, or a combination of both, constitutes
our regulatory alternative analysis for designations.
We will announce the availability of the draft economic analysis in
the Federal Register and in local newspapers so that it is available
for public review and comments. The draft economic analysis will also
be available on the Internet at www.fws.gov/pacificislands or by
contacting the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office directly (see
ADDRESSES).
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency must publish a notice of
rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that
describes the effects of the rule on small entities (small businesses,
small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended RFA to require
Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for
certifying that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
At this time, we lack the available economic information necessary
to provide an adequate factual basis for the required RFA finding.
Therefore, we defer the RFA finding until completion of the draft
economic analysis prepared under section 4(b)(2) of the Act and E.O.
12866. This draft economic analysis will provide the required factual
basis for the RFA finding. Upon completion of the draft economic
analysis, we will announce availability of the draft economic analysis
of this revised proposed designation in the Federal Register and reopen
the public comment period for this revised proposed designation. We
will include with this announcement, as appropriate, an initial
regulatory flexibility analysis or a certification that the rule will
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities accompanied by the factual basis for that determination. We
have concluded that deferring the RFA finding until completion of the
draft economic analysis is necessary to meet the purposes and
requirements of the RFA. Deferring the RFA finding in this manner will
ensure that we make a sufficiently informed determination based on
adequate economic information and provide the necessary opportunity for
public comment.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we make the following findings:
(a) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a
Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.''
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or [T]ribal governments'' with
two exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It
also excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary
Federal program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing
Federal program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually
to State, local, and [T]ribal governments under entitlement
authority,'' if the provision would ``increase the stringency of
conditions of assistance'' or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease,
the Federal Government's responsibility to provide funding,'' and the
State, local, or Tribal governments ``lack authority'' to adjust
accordingly. At the time of enactment, these entitlement programs were:
Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social
Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster
Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family Support
Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal private
sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a condition of
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from
[[Page 67446]]
participation in a voluntary Federal program.''
The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties.
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs
listed above onto State governments.
(2) We do not believe that this rule will significantly or uniquely
affect small governments. The lands being proposed for critical habitat
designation are owned by the State of Hawaii, City and County of
Honolulu, private citizens, and the National Park Service and U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. None of these entities fit the definition of
``small governmental jurisdiction.'' Therefore, a Small Government
Agency Plan is not required. However, as we conduct our economic
analysis, we will further evaluate this issue and revise this
assessment if appropriate.
Takings
In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical
habitat for the 12 picture-wing flies in a takings implications
assessment. The takings implications assessment concludes that this
designation of critical habitat for the 12 picture-wing flies does not
pose significant takings implications for lands within or affected by
the proposed designation.
Federalism
In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this revised proposed
rule does not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism
assessment is not required. In keeping with Department of the Interior
and Department of Commerce policy, we requested information from, and
coordinated development of, this revised proposed critical habitat
designation with appropriate State resource agencies in Hawaii. The
designation of critical habitat in areas currently occupied by 12
species of picture-wing flies imposes no additional restrictions to
those currently in place and, therefore, has little incremental impact
on State and local governments and their activities. The designation
may have some benefit to these governments because the areas that
contain the features essential to the conservation of the species are
more clearly defined, and the primary constituent elements of the
habitat necessary to the conservation of the species are specifically
identified. This information does not alter where and what federally
sponsored activities may occur. However, it may assist local
governments in long[pi]range planning (rather than having them wait for
case-by-case section 7 consultations to occur).
Civil Justice Reform
This regulation meets the applicable standards set forth in
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 (Civil
Justice Reform). We have issued this revised proposed critical habitat
designation in accordance with the provisions of the Act. This proposed
rule uses standard property descriptions and identifies the primary
constituent elements within the designated areas to assist the public
in understanding the habitat needs of the 12 species of Hawaiian
picture-wing flies.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
This rule does not contain any new collections of information that
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not impose recordkeeping or
reporting requirements on State or local governments, individuals,
businesses, or organizations. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and
a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act
It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to
prepare environmental analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et
seq.) in connection with designating critical habitat under the Act. We
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This position was
upheld by the Circuit Court of the United States for the Ninth Circuit
(Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied
516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).
Clarity of the Rule
We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
(a) Be logically organized;
(b) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
(c) Use clear language rather than jargon;
(d) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
(e) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us
comments by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. To
better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as
possible. For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections
or paragraphs that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences
are too long, the sections where you feel lists or tables would be
useful, etc.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, and the Department of the
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights,
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act),
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with
Tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge
that tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make
information available to Tribes. We have determined that there are no
Tribal lands occupied at the time of listing that contain the features
essential for the conservation, and no Tribal lands that are essential
for the conservation, of the 12 picture-wing flies within the State of
Hawaii. Therefore, we have not proposed designation of critical habitat
for any of these species on Tribal lands.
[[Page 67447]]
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O.
13211; Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use) on regulations that significantly affect
energy supply, distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.
While this revised proposed rule to designate critical habitat for 12
species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies is a significant regulatory
action under E.O. 12866 in that it may raise novel legal and policy
issues, we do not expect it to significantly affect energy supplies,
distribution, or use because these areas are not presently used for
energy production and we are unaware of any future plans in this
regard. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and
no Statement of Energy Effects is required. However, we will further
evaluate this issue as we conduct our economic analysis, and review and
revise this assessment as warranted.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited in this rule is available
upon request from the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Fish and
Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES).
Author(s)
The primary author of this document is staff of the Fish and
Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. In Sec. 17.11(h), revise the entries for ``Fly, Hawaiian
picture-wing'' (Drosophila aglaia), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing''
(Drosophila differens), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila
hemipeza), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila heteroneura),
``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila montgomeryi), ``Fly,
Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila mulli), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-
wing'' (Drosophila musaphilia), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing''
(Drosophila neoclavisetae), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila
obatai), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila ochrobasis), ``Fly,
Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila substenoptera), and ``Fly, Hawaiian
picture-wing'' (Drosophila tarphytrichia), under INSECTS in the List of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, to read as follows:
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Vertebrate
-------------------------------------------------------- population where When Critical Special
Historic range endangered or Status listed habitat rules
Common name Scientific name threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Insects
* * * * * * *
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila aglaia... U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila differens U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila hemipeza. U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
heteroneura.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
montgomeryi.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila mulli.... U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. T 756 17.95(i) NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
musaphilia.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
neoclavisetae.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila obatai... U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
ochrobasis.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
substenoptera.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing....... Drosophila U.S.A. (HI)......... NA.................. E 756 17.95(i) NA
tarphytrichia.
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. In Sec. 17.95, amend paragraph (i) by adding entries for
``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila aglaia),'' ``Hawaiian picture-
wing fly (Drosophila differens),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly
(Drosophila hemipeza),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila
heteroneura),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila montgomeryi),''
[[Page 67448]]
``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila mulli),'' ``Hawaiian picture-
wing fly (Drosophila musaphilia),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly
(Drosophila neoclavisetae),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila
obatai),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila ochrobasis),''
``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila substenoptera),'' and
``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila tarphytrichia),'' in the same
alphabetical order in which these species appear in that table at Sec.
17.11(h), to read as follows:
Sec. 17.95 Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.
* * * * *
(i) Insects.
* * * * *
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila aglaia)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Honolulu,
island of Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila aglaia are:
(i) Dry to mesic, lowland, Diospyros sp., ohia and koa forest
between the elevations of 1,400-2,900 ft (425-885 m); and
(ii) The larval host plant Urera glabra.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila aglaia
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.000
(6) Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854;
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967;
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425;
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906;
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262;
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521;
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473;
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290;
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183;
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015;
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550;
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105;
593675, 2368000.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea follows:
[[Page 67449]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.001
[[Page 67450]]
(7) Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 594166, 2370854;
594166, 2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 2370843; 594090, 2370815;
594040, 2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 2370827; 593852, 2370875;
593778, 2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 2370999; 593602, 2371041;
593574, 2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 2371118; 593531, 2371121;
593534, 2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 2371375; 593552, 2371390;
593628, 2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 2371431; 593876, 2371437;
593974, 2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 2371415; 594190, 2371399;
594232, 2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 2371354; 594170, 2370879;
594172, 2370877; 594170, 2370855.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua follows:
[[Page 67451]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.002
[[Page 67452]]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila differens)
(1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Maui, island of
Molokai, Hawaii, on the map below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila differens are:
(i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between the elevations of 3,650-4,500
ft (1,115-1,370 m); and
(ii) The larval host plants Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae, C.
granidiflora ssp. munroi, C. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, C. kakeana,
and C. pallida.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map unit. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole, Maui County, island
of Molokai, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 718527, 2337536;
718533, 2337451; 718538, 2337370; 718543, 2337298; 718547, 2337236;
718551, 2337182; 718555, 2337138; 718560, 2337098; 718571, 2337055;
718586, 2337010; 718607, 2336962; 718632, 2336912; 718662, 2336860;
718698, 2336807; 718739, 2336754; 718784, 2336700; 718835, 2336646;
718892, 2336593; 718958, 2336551; 719034, 2336520; 719119, 2336502;
719215, 2336497; 719320, 2336503; 719420, 2336509; 719506, 2336508;
719579, 2336500; 719639, 2336484; 719685, 2336462; 719675, 2336394;
719613, 2336327; 718980, 2335781; 718332, 2335236; 718002, 2334953;
717930, 2334932; 717877, 2334988; 717855, 2335060; 717846, 2335123;
717848, 2335175; 717862, 2335217; 717888, 2335249; 717921, 2335272;
717946, 2335291; 717961, 2335308; 717965, 2335322; 717958, 2335333;
717942, 2335342; 717928, 2335356; 717919, 2335377; 717915, 2335404;
717916, 2335438; 717923, 2335478; 717935, 2335515; 717952, 2335542;
717974, 2335558; 718001, 2335564; 718034, 2335559; 718070, 2335550;
718107, 2335553; 718144, 2335567; 718182, 2335593; 718221, 2335630;
718257, 2335675; 718280, 2335710; 718286, 2335733; 718277, 2335745;
718253, 2335744; 718213, 2335731; 718166, 2335721; 718115, 2335717;
718060, 2335719; 718001, 2335728; 717937, 2335742; 717873, 2335764;
717812, 2335793; 717753, 2335829; 717697, 2335873; 717643, 2335924;
717591, 2335977; 717543, 2336020; 717499, 2336052; 717458, 2336073;
717420, 2336083; 717385, 2336085; 717351, 2336089; 717319, 2336098;
717288, 2336110; 717258, 2336127; 717230, 2336148; 717204, 2336180;
717183, 2336223; 717165, 2336280; 717151, 2336348; 717140, 2336429;
717130, 2336510; 717118, 2336579; 717103, 2336636; 717085, 2336680;
717065, 2336713; 717041, 2336739; 717009, 2336769; 716968, 2336806;
716919, 2336847; 716862, 2336894; 716800, 2336946; 716745, 2337000;
716702, 2337055; 716669, 2337112; 716647, 2337171; 716635, 2337231;
716632, 2337289; 716634, 2337341; 716644, 2337388; 716660, 2337430;
716683, 2337468; 716713, 2337497; 716751, 2337516; 716797, 2337523;
716850, 2337520; 716912, 2337507; 716976, 2337488; 717031, 2337481;
717077, 2337486; 717126, 2337542; 717183, 2337585; 718403, 2337817;
718484, 2337833; 718487, 2337824; 718499, 2337760; 718510, 2337691;
718519, 2337616.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 67453]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.003
[[Page 67454]]
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila hemipeza)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Honolulu,
island of Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila hemipeza are:
(i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest between the
elevations of 1,500-2,900 ft (460-885 m); and
(ii) The larval host plants Cyanea angustifolia, C. calycina, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C. membranacea,
C. pinnatifida, C. superba ssp. superba, Lobelia hypoleuca, L.
niihauensis, L. yuccoides, and Urera kaalae.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila
hemipeza follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.004
(6) Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593240, 2374436;
593231, 2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 2374385; 593612, 2374173;
593656, 2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 2374077; 593676, 2374072;
593703, 2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 2374058; 593793, 2374029;
593779, 2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 2373784; 593609, 2373702;
593592, 2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 2373553; 593657, 2373561;
593770, 2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 2373417; 593842, 2373411;
593842, 2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 2373383; 594103, 2373292;
594134, 2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 2373256; 594178, 2373323;
594196, 2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 2373340; 594341, 2373350;
594339, 2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 2373513; 594460, 2373552;
594496, 2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 2373509; 594572, 2373460;
594632, 2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 2373475; 594728, 2373476;
594762, 2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 2373501; 594852, 2373465;
594903, 2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 2373489; 594974, 2373334;
594800, 2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 2373102; 594744, 2373091;
594710, 2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 2372633; 594678, 2372623;
594566, 2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 2372663; 594467, 2372672;
594395, 2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 2372567; 594558, 2372553;
594551, 2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 2372434; 594415, 2372428;
594511, 2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 2372421; 594607, 2372385;
594593, 2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 2372322; 594661, 2372357;
594700, 2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 2372333; 594697, 2372283;
594652, 2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 2372294; 594400, 2372294;
594293, 2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 2372241; 594126, 2372258;
594075, 2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999,
[[Page 67455]]
2372354; 593948, 2372388; 593889, 2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781,
2372425; 593756, 2372442; 593742, 2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736,
2372521; 593736, 2372560; 593757, 2372587; 593790, 2372662; 593663,
2372772; 593543, 2372859; 593558, 2372894; 593555, 2372910; 593526,
2372928; 593476, 2372912; 593422, 2372953; 593420, 2372976; 593403,
2372997; 593400, 2373025; 593373, 2373016; 593352, 2373044; 593328,
2373025; 593215, 2373118; 593230, 2373171; 593214, 2373176; 593163,
2373154; 593095, 2373213; 593091, 2373238; 593064, 2373243; 593019,
2373295; 592937, 2373388; 592889, 2373462; 592897, 2373535; 592908,
2373597; 592923, 2373668; 592914, 2373772; 592889, 2373866; 592868,
2373941; 592867, 2373950; 592894, 2374029; 592908, 2374120; 592894,
2374162; 592860, 2374213; 592854, 2374216; 593151, 2374494.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 67456]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.005
[[Page 67457]]
(7) Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 586712, 2378108;
586877, 2378091; 587049, 2378091; 587173, 2378087; 587333, 2378079;
587506, 2378079; 587592, 2378075; 587641, 2378046; 587641, 2378038;
587666, 2377980; 587543, 2377935; 587399, 2377931; 587243, 2377919;
587090, 2377906; 586794, 2377943; 586696, 2377943; 586597, 2377869;
586507, 2377767; 586449, 2377684; 586449, 2377458; 586408, 2377397;
586305, 2377368; 586206, 2377405; 586054, 2377643; 585968, 2377726;
585869, 2377775; 585803, 2377849; 585803, 2377915; 585869, 2377952;
585894, 2377956; 585956, 2377952; 586050, 2377923; 586120, 2377869;
586194, 2377824; 586317, 2377828; 586383, 2377878; 586391, 2377956;
586420, 2378034; 586461, 2378116; 586482, 2378174; 586552, 2378190;
586630, 2378149; 586655, 2378128.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley
follows:
[[Page 67458]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.006
[[Page 67459]]
(8) Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854;
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967;
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425;
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906;
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262;
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521;
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473;
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290;
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183;
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015;
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550;
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105;
593675, 2368000.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea follows:
[[Page 67460]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.007
[[Page 67461]]
(9) Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 594166, 2370854;
594166, 2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 2370843; 594090, 2370815;
594040, 2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 2370827; 593852, 2370875;
593778, 2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 2370999; 593602, 2371041;
593574, 2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 2371118; 593531, 2371121;
593534, 2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 2371375; 593552, 2371390;
593628, 2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 2371431; 593876, 2371437;
593974, 2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 2371415; 594190, 2371399;
594232, 2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 2371354; 594170, 2370879;
594172, 2370877; 594170, 2370855.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua follows:
[[Page 67462]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.008
[[Page 67463]]
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila heteroneura)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Hawaii,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila heteroneura are:
(i) Mesic to wet, montane, ohia and koa forest between the
elevations of 3,000--6,000 ft (915-1,830 m); and
(ii) The larval host plants Cheirodendron trigynum ssp. trigynum,
Clermontia clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. rockiana, C.
hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, C. montis-loa, C. parviflora,
C. peleana, C. pyrularia, and Delissea parviflora.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila
heteroneura follows:
[[Page 67464]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.009
[[Page 67465]]
(6) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest, Hawaii County,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 859357, 2130685;
859117, 2130401; 858810, 2130412; 858577, 2130667; 858596, 2130918;
858800, 2131167; 858976, 2131240; 859117, 2131196; 859416, 2130970.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest
follows:
[[Page 67466]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.010
[[Page 67467]]
(7) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge, Hawaii County,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 836880, 2145492;
836927, 2144316; 836473, 2144373; 835378, 2144516; 831663, 2144980;
831685, 2145029; 831718, 2145184; 831669, 2145289; 831669, 2145387;
831694, 2145557; 831685, 2145727; 831685, 2145882; 831677, 2146020;
831710, 2146149; 831767, 2146247; 831685, 2146482; 831572, 2146766;
831572, 2146953; 831515, 2147156; 831442, 2147391; 831438, 2147486;
837419, 2147183.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge
follows:
[[Page 67468]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.011
[[Page 67469]]
(8) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku, Hawaii County,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 849578, 2119874;
849925, 2117860; 849842, 2117726; 849716, 2117636; 849492, 2117618;
849240, 2117726; 849114, 2118058; 848962, 2118723; 848953, 2119065;
848845, 2119720; 848728, 2120187; 848701, 2120646; 848638, 2120870;
848620, 2121095; 848692, 2121194; 848782, 2121292; 849007, 2121310;
849177, 2121319; 849350, 2121233; 849475, 2120505; 849474, 2120484;
849447, 2120250; 849528, 2120044.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku
follows:
[[Page 67470]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.012
[[Page 67471]]
(9) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater, Hawaii County,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 821660, 2184453;
821670, 2184348; 821617, 2184279; 821490, 2184191; 821428, 2184164;
821304, 2184150; 821131, 2184187; 821052, 2184187; 821012, 2184150;
820889, 2184086; 820850, 2184076; 820824, 2184102; 820778, 2184164;
820705, 2184193; 820626, 2184233; 820610, 2184289; 820657, 2184318;
820673, 2184316; 820707, 2184310; 820723, 2184306; 820747, 2184293;
820790, 2184269; 820818, 2184247; 820832, 2184215; 820861, 2184180;
820905, 2184168; 820929, 2184191; 820939, 2184221; 820974, 2184255;
821024, 2184261; 821109, 2184261; 821206, 2184261; 821264, 2184269;
821282, 2184285; 821292, 2184322; 821254, 2184360; 821232, 2184396;
821276, 2184404; 821341, 2184400; 821369, 2184431; 821363, 2184463;
821333, 2184499; 821345, 2184528; 821426, 2184550; 821531, 2184554;
821619, 2184513.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater
follows:
[[Page 67472]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.013
[[Page 67473]]
(10) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch, Hawaii County,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 868924, 2138585;
868686, 2138463; 868564, 2138464; 868434, 2138482; 868325, 2138598;
868350, 2138841; 868378, 2138886; 868503, 2139088; 868720, 2139220;
868946, 2139193; 869076, 2139167; 869160, 2139055; 869238, 2139018;
869248, 2138892.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch
follows:
[[Page 67474]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.014
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 67475]]
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila montgomeryi)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Honolulu,
Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila montgomeryi are:
(i) Mesic, lowland, diverse ohia and koa forest between the
elevations of 1,900-2,900 ft (580-885 m); and
(ii) The larval host plant Urera kaalae.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila
montgomery i follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.015
(6) Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch, City and County
of Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593240, 2374436;
593231, 2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 2374385; 593612, 2374173;
593656, 2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 2374077; 593676, 2374072;
593703, 2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 2374058; 593793, 2374029;
593779, 2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 2373784; 593609, 2373702;
593592, 2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 2373553; 593657, 2373561;
593770, 2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 2373417; 593842, 2373411;
593842, 2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 2373383; 594103, 2373292;
594134, 2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 2373256; 594178, 2373323;
594196, 2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 2373340; 594341, 2373350;
594339, 2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 2373513; 594460, 2373552;
594496, 2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 2373509; 594572, 2373460;
594632, 2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 2373475; 594728, 2373476;
594762, 2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 2373501; 594852, 2373465;
594903, 2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 2373489; 594974, 2373334;
594800, 2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 2373102; 594744, 2373091;
594710, 2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 2372633; 594678, 2372623;
594566, 2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 2372663; 594467, 2372672;
594395, 2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 2372567; 594558, 2372553;
594551, 2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 2372434; 594415, 2372428;
594511, 2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 2372421; 594607, 2372385;
594593, 2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 2372322; 594661, 2372357;
594700, 2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 2372333; 594697, 2372283;
594652, 2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 2372294; 594400, 2372294;
594293, 2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 2372241; 594126, 2372258;
594075, 2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999, 2372354; 593948, 2372388;
593889, 2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781, 2372425; 593756, 2372442;
593742, 2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736, 2372521; 593736, 2372560;
593757, 2372587; 593790,
[[Page 67476]]
2372662; 593663, 2372772; 593543, 2372859; 593558, 2372894; 593555,
2372910; 593526, 2372928; 593476, 2372912; 593422, 2372953; 593420,
2372976; 593403, 2372997; 593400, 2373025; 593373, 2373016; 593352,
2373044; 593328, 2373025; 593215, 2373118; 593230, 2373171; 593214,
2373176; 593163, 2373154; 593095, 2373213; 593091, 2373238; 593064,
2373243; 593019, 2373295; 592937, 2373388; 592889, 2373462; 592897,
2373535; 592908, 2373597; 592923, 2373668; 592914, 2373772; 592889,
2373866; 592868, 2373941; 592867, 2373950; 592894, 2374029; 592908,
2374120; 592894, 2374162; 592860, 2374213; 592854, 2374216; 593151,
2374494.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 67477]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.016
[[Page 67478]]
(7) Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854;
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967;
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425;
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906;
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262;
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521;
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473;
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290;
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183;
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015;
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550;
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105;
593675, 2368000.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea follows:
[[Page 67479]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.017
[[Page 67480]]
(8) Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 594166, 2370854;
594166, 2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 2370843; 594090, 2370815;
594040, 2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 2370827; 593852, 2370875;
593778, 2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 2370999; 593602, 2371041;
593574, 2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 2371118; 593531, 2371121;
593534, 2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 2371375; 593552, 2371390;
593628, 2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 2371431; 593876, 2371437;
593974, 2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 2371415; 594190, 2371399;
594232, 2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 2371354; 594170, 2370879;
594172, 2370877; 594170, 2370855.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua follows:
[[Page 67481]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.018
[[Page 67482]]
Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila Mulli)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Hawaii,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila mulli are:
(i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between the elevations of 2,150-3,250
ft (655-990 m); and
(ii) The larval host plant Pritchardia beccariana.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila mulli
follows:
[[Page 67483]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.019
[[Page 67484]]
(6) Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest, Hawaii County, island of
Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 898754, 2154890;
898225, 2154740; 898030, 2154878; 897846, 2155268; 897927, 2155578;
898328, 2155910; 898508, 2155922; 899064, 2155498; 899064, 2155268.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest follows:
[[Page 67485]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.020
[[Page 67486]]
(7) Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest, Hawaii County,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 903259, 2169945;
903159, 2169907; 903080, 2169965; 902974, 2170089; 902953, 2170247;
903012, 2170346; 903101, 2170415; 903166, 2170439; 903245, 2170490;
903324, 2170521; 903420, 2170603; 903509, 2170651; 903636, 2170699;
903732, 2170771; 903849, 2170799; 903914, 2170789; 903955, 2170730;
903869, 2170662; 903866, 2170658; 903718, 2170579; 903653, 2170521;
903622, 2170487; 903441, 2170394; 903386, 2170322; 903399, 2170250;
903451, 2170133; 903403, 2170058.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest
follows:
[[Page 67487]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.021
[[Page 67488]]
(8) Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest, Hawaii County, island
of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 897021, 2168026;
896225, 2167587; 895745, 2167704; 895687, 2167996; 895745, 2168207;
896014, 2168335; 896480, 2168668; 896841, 2169108; 897302, 2169068;
897522, 2168908; 897482, 2168607.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest follows:
[[Page 67489]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.022
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 67490]]
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila musaphilia)
(1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Kauai, island of
Kauai, Hawaii, on the map below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila musaphilia are:
(i) Mesic, montane, ohia and koa forest between the elevations of
2,600-3,700 ft (790-1,130 m); and
(ii) The larval host plant Acacia koa.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map unit. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee, Kauai County, island of
Kauai, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 432035, 2448683;
432126, 2448510; 432111, 2448312; 432111, 2448119; 432106, 2447977;
432010, 2447906; 432025, 2447779; 431992, 2447749; 431962, 2447768;
431938, 2447766; 431926, 2447752; 431895, 2447719; 431861, 2447686;
431825, 2447651; 431786, 2447616; 431745, 2447581; 431701, 2447544;
431658, 2447505; 431616, 2447462; 431575, 2447417; 431535, 2447368;
431496, 2447318; 431457, 2447271; 431418, 2447231; 431379, 2447198;
431339, 2447172; 431299, 2447153; 431267, 2447131; 431247, 2447103;
431239, 2447068; 431244, 2447027; 431260, 2446979; 431278, 2446930;
431292, 2446881; 431300, 2446834; 431303, 2446788; 431302, 2446743;
431300, 2446700; 431301, 2446659; 431306, 2446621; 431252, 2446466;
431186, 2446345; 431181, 2446332; 430955, 2445963; 430860, 2445709;
430831, 2445664; 430760, 2445497; 430648, 2445441; 430416, 2445421;
430405, 2445422; 430396, 2445420; 430159, 2445358; 430153, 2445371;
430148, 2445402; 430150, 2445437; 430157, 2445475; 430170, 2445517;
430188, 2445562; 430212, 2445610; 430240, 2445660; 430270, 2445707;
430302, 2445754; 430335, 2445799; 430371, 2445842; 430407, 2445883;
430441, 2445921; 430474, 2445956; 430506, 2445988; 430535, 2446017;
430559, 2446044; 430567, 2446070; 430558, 2446095; 430533, 2446120;
430492, 2446144; 430441, 2446167; 430398, 2446193; 430363, 2446221;
430337, 2446252; 430320, 2446284; 430311, 2446319; 430309, 2446353;
430315, 2446388; 430327, 2446423; 430347, 2446457; 430373, 2446492;
430401, 2446525; 430430, 2446558; 430459, 2446589; 430489, 2446619;
430518, 2446649; 430531, 2446681; 430524, 2446716; 430497, 2446755;
430451, 2446797; 430387, 2446842; 430330, 2446887; 430288, 2446930;
430262, 2446971; 430250, 2447010; 430253, 2447047; 430263, 2447083;
430274, 2447118; 430288, 2447153; 430304, 2447187; 430323, 2447220;
430339, 2447254; 430350, 2447291; 430356, 2447331; 430358, 2447373;
430354, 2447418; 430351, 2447461; 430354, 2447496; 430361, 2447524;
430374, 2447545; 430392, 2447558; 430416, 2447567; 430445, 2447573;
430479, 2447576; 430518, 2447577; 430563, 2447574; 430609, 2447572;
430649, 2447573; 430684, 2447578; 430714, 2447587; 430737, 2447599;
430755, 2447616; 430767, 2447639; 430772,
2447667; 430772, 2447701; 430766, 2447740; 430756, 2447783; 430755,
2447821; 430762, 2447853; 430778, 2447879; 430802, 2447900; 430834,
2447916; 430864, 2447928; 430893, 2447937; 430920, 2447943; 430945,
2447947; 430968, 2447947; 430989, 2447952; 431007, 2447961; 431022,
2447974; 431035, 2447992; 431045, 2448014; 431049, 2448036; 431046,
2448057; 431036, 2448077; 431019, 2448096; 430996, 2448113; 430971,
2448128; 430946, 2448140; 430921, 2448149; 430896, 2448155; 430871,
2448158; 430849, 2448165; 430830, 2448179; 430815, 2448200; 430804,
2448228; 430796, 2448263; 430799, 2448299; 430816, 2448330; 430848,
2448356; 430894, 2448377; 430956, 2448393; 431018, 2448407; 431064,
2448423; 431094, 2448440; 431109, 2448459; 431107, 2448479; 431094,
2448502; 431076, 2448530; 431054, 2448563; 431027, 2448601; 430996,
2448643; 430967, 2448687; 430957, 2448722; 430966, 2448749; 430994,
2448766; 431042, 2448775; 431103, 2448778; 431162, 2448779; 431218,
2448779; 431269, 2448779; 431317, 2448777; 431361, 2448775; 431403,
2448767; 431443, 2448754; 431480, 2448736; 431515, 2448712; 431548,
2448685; 431579, 2448661; 431607, 2448643; 431633, 2448630; 431657,
2448622; 431678, 2448620; 431692, 2448631; 431697, 2448656; 431694,
2448695; 431683, 2448749; 431665, 2448816; 431657, 2448878; 431666,
2448928; 431692, 2448967; 431735, 2448994; 431795, 2449009; 431857,
2449019; 431913, 2449024; 431963, 2449027; 432008, 2449026; 432046,
2449022; 432076, 2449012; 432094, 2448996; 432100, 2448974; 432095,
2448945; 432078, 2448910; 432060, 2448872; 432053, 2448837; 432063,
2448834; 432035, 2448784.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 67491]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.023
[[Page 67492]]
Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila Neoclavisetae)
(1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Maui, island of
Maui, Hawaii, on the map below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila neoclavisetae are:
(i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between the elevations of 3,500-4,500
ft (1,070-1,370 m); and
(ii) The larval host plants Cyanea kunthiana and C. macrostegia
ssp. macrostegia.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map unit. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui, Maui County,
island of Maui, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 750380, 2316357;
750447, 2316239; 750554, 2316115; 750610, 2316104; 750638, 2315964;
750593, 2315879; 750577, 2315666; 750593, 2315407; 750605, 2315295;
750650, 2315205; 750711, 2315059; 750751, 2314806; 750762, 2314750;
750734, 2314654; 750790, 2314615; 750829, 2314576; 750852, 2314452;
750869, 2314300; 750869, 2314227; 750869, 2314115; 750925, 2313946;
751049, 2313856; 751122, 2313789; 751122, 2313766; 751116, 2313643;
751054, 2313598; 750981, 2313609; 750857, 2313637; 750695, 2313778;
750650, 2313896; 750633, 2313974; 750565, 2314008; 750537, 2314137;
750515, 2314194; 750481, 2314250; 750453, 2314261; 750402, 2314210;
750397, 2314126; 750357, 2314098; 750329, 2314098; 750312, 2314143;
750290, 2314227; 750239, 2314244; 750194, 2314227; 750133, 2314238;
750076, 2314255; 750009, 2314238; 749885, 2314289; 749773, 2314435;
749520, 2314710; 749515, 2314969; 749509, 2315036; 749509, 2315093;
749565, 2315087; 749649, 2315036; 749739, 2314991; 749756, 2315031;
749655, 2315132; 749599, 2315244; 749554, 2315340; 749458, 2315407;
749368, 2315480; 749254, 2315543; 749183, 2315602; 749145, 2315636;
749117, 2315676; 749197, 2315711; 749279, 2315683; 749363, 2315677;
749430, 2315632; 749498, 2315536; 749571, 2315469; 749610, 2315469;
749576, 2315610; 749548, 2315688; 749481, 2315801; 749481, 2315846;
749582, 2315823; 749633, 2315862; 749627, 2315919; 749666, 2315986;
749661, 2316076; 749633, 2316138; 749661, 2316216; 749722, 2316188;
749767, 2316098; 749857, 2316070; 749897, 2316126; 749942, 2316121;
750026, 2316065; 750043, 2315964; 750065, 2315840; 750099, 2315846;
750116, 2315941; 750172, 2316076; 750088, 2316244; 750133, 2316301;
750223, 2316289; 750239, 2316346; 750234, 2316436; 750279, 2316469;
750318, 2316436.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui
follows:
[[Page 67493]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.024
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 67494]]
Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila Obatai)
(1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Honolulu, island of
Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila obatai are:
(i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest between the
elevations of 1,500-2,500 ft (460-760 m); and
(ii) The larval host plant Pleomele forbesii.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of the critical habitat units for Drosophila
obatai follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.025
(6) Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 591489, 2379704;
591662, 2379690; 591807, 2379704; 591822, 2379699; 591901, 2379571;
591871, 2379579; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596;
591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596;
591791, 2379600; 591791, 2379600; 591791, 2379601; 591791, 2379600;
591791, 2379600; 591791, 2379600; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 2379597;
591766, 2379597; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 2379597;
591766, 2379597; 591741, 2379583; 591741, 2379583; 591710, 2379565;
591672, 2379554; 591672, 2379554; 591635, 2379542; 591614, 2379537;
591614, 2379537; 591614, 2379537; 591582, 2379526; 591582, 2379526;
591582, 2379526; 591582, 2379526; 591582, 2379526; 591545, 2379500;
591523, 2379495; 591496, 2379495; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505;
591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505;
591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591444, 2379502;
591444, 2379502; 591444, 2379502; 591444, 2379502; 591444, 2379502;
591432, 2379498; 591421, 2379497; 591421, 2379497; 591421, 2379497;
591421, 2379497; 591421, 2379497; 591420, 2379497; 591420, 2379497;
591420, 2379497; 591420, 2379497; 591420, 2379497; 591405, 2379487;
591405, 2379487; 591405, 2379487; 591405, 2379486; 591405, 2379486;
591405, 2379486; 591403, 2379483; 591354, 2379454; 591283, 2379460;
591240, 2379449; 591113, 2379474; 591116, 2379531; 591169, 2379618;
591284, 2379716; 591345, 2379723.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 67495]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.026
[[Page 67496]]
(7) Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 629222, 2358352;
629208, 2358307; 629199, 2358225; 629147, 2358205; 629100, 2358307;
629048, 2358343; 629028, 2358316; 629023, 2358250; 629005, 2358174;
628908, 2358169; 628890, 2358110; 628922, 2358034; 628883, 2358011;
628795, 2358007; 628791, 2357939; 628753, 2357885; 628759, 2357799;
628705, 2357743; 628676, 2357619; 628606, 2357592; 628536, 2357607;
628552, 2357673; 628610, 2357731; 628574, 2357806; 628559, 2357874;
628619, 2357932; 628637, 2357973; 628635, 2358074; 628660, 2358185;
628735, 2358298; 628775, 2358411; 628936, 2358634; 629070, 2358711;
629243, 2358647; 629307, 2358506.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe follows:
[[Page 67497]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.027
[[Page 67498]]
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila ochrobasis)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Hawaii,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila ochrobasis are:
(i) Mesic to wet, montane, ohia, koa, and Cheirodendron sp. forest
between the elevations of 3,400-5,400 ft (1,035-1,645 m); and
(ii) The larval host plants Clermontia calophylla, C.
clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. rockiana, C. drepanomorpha, C.
hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, C. montis-loa, C. parviflora,
C. peleana, C. pyrularia, C. waimeae, Marattia douglasii, Myrsine
lanaiensis, M. lessertiana, and M. sandwicensis.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila
ochrobasis follows:
[[Page 67499]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.028
[[Page 67500]]
(6) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9, Hawaii County, island
of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 884112, 2179392;
884090, 2179333; 884069, 2179303; 884023, 2179281; 883971, 2179292;
883936, 2179295; 883896, 2179273; 883855, 2179287; 883825, 2179319;
883828, 2179335; 883861, 2179349; 883869, 2179346; 883885, 2179346;
883888, 2179373; 883893, 2179409; 883896, 2179441; 883934, 2179473;
883985, 2179484; 884036, 2179444; 884112, 2179409.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9 follows:
[[Page 67501]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.029
[[Page 67502]]
(7) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14, Hawaii County, island
of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 884379, 2179103;
884375, 2179051; 884351, 2178992; 884320, 2178889; 884264, 2178832;
884236, 2178818; 884211, 2178834; 884141, 2178891; 884099, 2178924;
884064, 2178929; 884026, 2178959; 884026, 2178976; 884052, 2178983;
884071, 2179008; 884101, 2179013; 884137, 2179021; 884160, 2179035;
884148, 2179051; 884151, 2179065; 884210, 2179063; 884208, 2179084;
884242, 2179101; 884280, 2179131; 884323, 2179146; 884365, 2179146.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14 follows:
[[Page 67503]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.030
[[Page 67504]]
(8) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains East, Hawaii
County, island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 848091, 2222077;
847912, 2222077; 847578, 2222142; 847461, 2222323; 847396, 2222654;
847508, 2222900; 847620, 2223146; 847773, 2223179; 848104, 2223079;
848172, 2222934; 848235, 2222798; 848327, 2222764; 848361, 2222693;
848350, 2222595; 848317, 2222476; 848177, 2222184.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains
East follows:
[[Page 67505]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.031
[[Page 67506]]
(9) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala Mountains West, Hawaii
County, island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 841990, 2224000;
842156, 2223966; 842268, 2223966; 842486, 2223897; 842666, 2223757;
842803, 2223586; 842840, 2223426; 842812, 2223314; 842758, 2223157;
842584, 2223047; 842430, 2223096; 842355, 2223157; 842260, 2223278;
842154, 2223345; 842020, 2223634; 841988, 2223746; 841967, 2223882.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala Mountains
West follows:
[[Page 67507]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.032
[[Page 67508]]
(10) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper Kahuku, Hawaii County,
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 850211, 2124185;
849989, 2124179; 849874, 2124347; 849874, 2124516; 849975, 2124603;
850177, 2124724; 850332, 2124866; 850474, 2124900; 850589, 2124832;
850669, 2124785; 850690, 2124684; 850669, 2124549; 850508, 2124448;
850339, 2124320.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper Kahuku
follows:
[[Page 67509]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.033
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 67510]]
Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Drosophila substenoptera)
(1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Honolulu, island of
Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila substenoptera are:
(i) Mesic to wet, lowland to montane, ohia and koa forest between
the elevations of 1,300-4,000 ft (395--1,220 m); and
(ii) The larval host plants Cheirodendron platyphyllum ssp.
platyphyllum, C. trigynum ssp. trigynum, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, and
T. oahuensis.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila
substenoptera follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.034
(6) Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 588692, 2378661;
588740, 2378622; 588806, 2378595; 588799, 2378573; 588790, 2378564;
588785, 2378562; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378565;
588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378566;
588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566;
588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566;
588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566;
588766, 2378566; 588765, 2378566; 588765, 2378566; 588765, 2378566;
588753, 2378551; 588731, 2378529; 588722, 2378520; 588722, 2378520;
588722, 2378520; 588714, 2378509; 588660, 2378470; 588660, 2378470;
588660, 2378470; 588660, 2378470; 588617, 2378429; 588584, 2378412;
588563, 2378405; 588530, 2378398; 588530, 2378398; 588484, 2378387;
588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384;
588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384;
588459, 2378380; 588459, 2378380; 588459, 2378380; 588459, 2378380;
588459, 2378379; 588459, 2378379; 588459, 2378379; 588459, 2378379;
588395, 2378293; 588361, 2378254; 588361, 2378254; 588361, 2378254;
588361, 2378254; 588361, 2378254; 588349, 2378234; 588349, 2378234;
588349, 2378234; 588349, 2378234; 588349, 2378234; 588349, 2378234;
588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378210;
588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378186; 588344, 2378186;
588344, 2378186; 588344, 2378186; 588349, 2378161; 588349, 2378161;
588349, 2378161; 588349, 2378161; 588373, 2378097; 588385, 2378041;
588384, 2378026; 588380, 2378003; 588364, 2377972; 588364, 2377972;
588364, 2377972; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941;
588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941;
588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588354, 2377924;
588354,
[[Page 67511]]
2377924; 588354, 2377923; 588354, 2377923; 588354, 2377923; 588362,
2377904; 588362, 2377904; 588362, 2377904; 588362, 2377904; 588362,
2377904; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588369,
2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588376, 2377888; 588308,
2377906; 588255, 2377885; 588156, 2377924; 588103, 2377905; 588064,
2377903; 587879, 2378062; 587792, 2378228; 587806, 2378342; 587939,
2378515; 588067, 2378659; 588232, 2378655; 588363, 2378748; 588503,
2378737; 588614, 2378668.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 67512]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.035
[[Page 67513]]
(7) Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854;
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967;
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425;
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906;
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262;
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521;
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473;
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290;
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183;
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015;
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550;
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105;
593675, 2368000.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea
follows:
[[Page 67514]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.036
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 67515]]
Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila Tarphytrichia)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Honolulu,
island of Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for
Drosophila tarphytrichia are:
(i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest between the
elevations of 1,900 and 2,900 ft (580-885 m); and
(ii) The larval host plant Charpentiera obovata.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date
of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila
tarphytrichia follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.037
(6) Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch, City and County
of Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593240, 2374436;
593231, 2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 2374385; 593612, 2374173;
593656, 2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 2374077; 593676, 2374072;
593703, 2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 2374058; 593793, 2374029;
593779, 2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 2373784; 593609, 2373702;
593592, 2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 2373553; 593657, 2373561;
593770, 2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 2373417; 593842, 2373411;
593842, 2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 2373383; 594103, 2373292;
594134, 2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 2373256; 594178, 2373323;
594196, 2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 2373340; 594341, 2373350;
594339, 2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 2373513; 594460, 2373552;
594496, 2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 2373509; 594572, 2373460;
594632, 2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 2373475; 594728, 2373476;
594762, 2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 2373501; 594852, 2373465;
594903, 2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 2373489; 594974, 2373334;
594800, 2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 2373102; 594744, 2373091;
594710, 2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 2372633; 594678, 2372623;
594566, 2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 2372663; 594467, 2372672;
594395, 2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 2372567; 594558, 2372553;
594551, 2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 2372434; 594415, 2372428;
594511, 2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 2372421; 594607, 2372385;
594593, 2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 2372322; 594661, 2372357;
594700, 2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 2372333; 594697, 2372283;
594652, 2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 2372294; 594400, 2372294;
594293, 2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 2372241; 594126, 2372258;
594075, 2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999, 2372354; 593948, 2372388;
593889, 2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781, 2372425; 593756, 2372442;
593742, 2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736,
[[Page 67516]]
2372521; 593736, 2372560; 593757, 2372587; 593790, 2372662; 593663,
2372772; 593543, 2372859; 593558, 2372894; 593555, 2372910; 593526,
2372928; 593476, 2372912; 593422, 2372953; 593420, 2372976; 593403,
2372997; 593400, 2373025; 593373, 2373016; 593352, 2373044; 593328,
2373025; 593215, 2373118; 593230, 2373171; 593214, 2373176; 593163,
2373154; 593095, 2373213; 593091, 2373238; 593064, 2373243; 593019,
2373295; 592937, 2373388; 592889, 2373462; 592897, 2373535; 592908,
2373597; 592923, 2373668; 592914, 2373772; 592889, 2373866; 592868,
2373941; 592867, 2373950; 592894, 2374029; 592908, 2374120; 592894,
2374162; 592860, 2374213; 592854, 2374216; 593151, 2374494.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 67517]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.038
[[Page 67518]]
(7) Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854;
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967;
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425;
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906;
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262;
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521;
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473;
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290;
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183;
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015;
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550;
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105;
593675, 2368000.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea
follows:
[[Page 67519]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.039
[[Page 67520]]
(8) Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua, City and County of
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
(i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 594166, 2370854;
594166, 2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 2370843; 594090, 2370815;
594040, 2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 2370827; 593852, 2370875;
593778, 2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 2370999; 593602, 2371041;
593574, 2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 2371118; 593531, 2371121;
593534, 2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 2371375; 593552, 2371390;
593628, 2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 2371431; 593876, 2371437;
593974, 2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 2371415; 594190, 2371399;
594232, 2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 2371354; 594170, 2370879;
594172, 2370877; 594170, 2370855.
(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua
follows:
[[Page 67521]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.040
[[Page 67522]]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
* * * * *
Dated: November 2, 2007.
David M. Verhey,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 07-5706 Filed 11-27-07; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C