[Federal Register Volume 74, Number 167 (Monday, August 31, 2009)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 44779-44793]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E9-20957]
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Federal Aviation Administration
14 CFR Parts 61, 91, and 141
[Docket No. FAA-2008-0938; Notice No. 09-08]
RIN 2120-AJ18
Pilot in Command Proficiency Check and Other Changes to the Pilot
and Pilot School Certification Rules
AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).
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SUMMARY: The FAA is proposing several changes to our pilot, flight
instructor, and pilot school certification rules. The proposals include
requiring pilot-in-command (PIC) proficiency checks for pilots who act
as PIC of single piloted, turbojet-powered airplanes; allowing pilot
applicants to apply for a private pilot certificate and an instrument
rating concurrently; and making allowance in the rule to provide for
the issuance of standard U.S. pilot certificates on the basis of an
international licensing agreement between the FAA and a foreign civil
aviation authority. The FAA has recently entered into such an agreement
with the civil aviation authority of Canada. The FAA is also proposing
to allow pilot schools to use Internet-based training programs without
requiring schools to have a physical ground training facility. The FAA
is proposing to allow pilot schools and provisional pilot schools to
apply for a combined private pilot certification and instrument rating
course. The FAA is also proposing to revise the definition of ``complex
airplane.'' Because of changing technology in aviation, the results of
successful research, and an international agreement, the FAA has
determined these proposed changes to the pilot, flight instructor, and
pilot school certification rules are necessary to ensure pilots are
adequately trained and qualified to operate safely in the National
Airspace System. The FAA has determined these proposals are needed to
respond to changes in the aviation industry and to further reduce
unnecessary regulatory burdens.
DATES: Send your comments to reach us on or before November 30, 2009.
ADDRESSES: You may send comments identified by Docket Number FAA-2008-
0938 using any of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to http://www.regulations.gov and follow the online instructions for sending your
comments electronically.
Mail: Send comments to Docket Operations, M-30; U.S.
Department of Transportation, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Room W12-
140, West Building Ground Floor, Washington, DC 20590-0001.
Hand Delivery or Courier: Take comments to Docket
Operations in Room W12-140 of the West Building Ground Floor at 1200
New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.,
Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays.
Fax: Fax comments to Docket Operations at 202-493-2251.
[[Page 44780]]
For more information on the rulemaking process, see the SUPPLEMENTARY
INFORMATION section of this document.
Privacy: We will post all comments we receive, without change, to
http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information you
provide. Using the search function of our docket web site, anyone can
find and read the electronic form of all comments received into any of
our dockets, including the name of the individual sending the comment
(or signing the comment for an association, business, labor union,
etc.) You may review DOT's complete Privacy Act Statement in the
Federal Register published on April 11, 2000 (65 FR 19477-78) or you
may visit http://docketsInfo.dot.gov.
Docket: To read background documents or comments received, go to
http://www.regulations.gov at any time and follow the online
instructions for accessing the docket. Or, go to the Docket Management
Facility in Room W12-140 of the West Building Ground Floor at 1200 New
Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday
through Friday, except Federal holidays.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For technical questions concerning
this proposed rule contact John D. Lynch, Certification and General
Aviation Operations Branch, General Aviation and Commercial Division,
AFS-810, Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC 20591; telephone (202) 267-3844; e-mail
[email protected]. For legal questions concerning this proposed rule
contact Michael Chase, Esq., Office of Chief Counsel, AGC-240,
Regulations Division, Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence
Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20591; telephone (202) 267-3110; e-mail
[email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Later in this preamble under the Additional
Information section, we discuss how you can comment on this proposal
and how we will handle your comments. Included in this discussion is
related information about the docket, privacy, and the handling of
proprietary or confidential business information. We also discuss how
you can get a copy of this proposal and related rulemaking documents.
I. Authority for This Rulemaking
The FAA's authority to issues rules regarding aviation safety is
found in Title 49 of the United States Code. Subtitle I, section 106
describes the authority of the FAA Administrator, including the
authority to issue, rescind, and revise regulations. Subtitle VII,
Aviation Programs, describes in more detail the scope of the agency's
authority.
This rulemaking is promulgated under the authority described in
Subtitle VII, Part A, Chapter 447--Safety Regulation. Under section
44701, the FAA is charged with promoting safe flight of civil aircraft
in air commerce by prescribing regulations necessary for safety. Under
section 44703, the FAA issues an airman certificate to an individual
when we find, after investigation, that the individual is qualified
for, and physically able to perform the duties related to, the position
authorized by the certificate. In this NPRM, we are proposing to amend
the training, qualification, certification, and operating requirements
for pilots.
The proposing changes are intended to ensure that flight
crewmembers have the training and qualifications to operate aircraft
safety. For this reason, the proposed changes are within the scope of
our authority and are a reasonable and necessary exercise of our
statutory obligations.
II. Background
This notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) includes 16 changes to
FAA's existing pilot, flight instructor, and pilot school certification
regulations. These regulations are published in Title 14 of the Code of
Federal Regulations, the pilot certifications regulations appear in
part 61, the flight instruction regulations appear in part 91, and the
pilot school certification regulations appear in part 141. The proposed
changes update are regulations to reflect advances in aircraft design
and avionics, pilot training, and international relations. One of the
proposed amendments requires proficiency checks for a pilot who acts as
single pilot in comment of a turbo-jet powered airplane. These new
turbojet-powered airplanes are widely referred to as very light jets
(VLJs). Other proposed changes relate to improved pilot training
methods including the use of Internet-based training programs and
concurrent pilot certification and instrument rating training. The FAA
is also proposing to revise Sec. 61.71 to provide for the issuance of
standard U.S. pilot certificates on the basis of an international
licensing agreement between the FAA and a foreign civil aviation
authority. Recently, the FAA entered into an Implementation Procedures
for Licensing (IPL) agreement with the civil aviation authority from
Transport Canada to establish reciprocity of pilot certification for
the private pilot, commercial pilot, and airline transport pilot
certificates for the airplane and instrument-airplane ratings.
III. Summary Table of Proposed Changes
The table below lists the proposed changes contained in this NPRM
in order of their Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) designations.
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Summary of the proposed
Proposal No. CFR designation changes
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1........................ Sec. 61.1(b)(3).. Proposal to revise the
definition of ``complex
airplane'' to include
airplanes equipped with
a full authority
digital engine control
(FADEC) and move it
from Sec. 61.31(e) to
Sec. 61.1(b)(3).
2........................ Sec. 61.58(a)(1) Proposal to require a
& (2) and (d)(1)- Sec. 61.58 PIC
(4). proficiency check for
PICs of single piloted,
turbojet-powered
airplanes.
3........................ Sec. 61.65(a)(1). Proposal to permit the
application for and the
issuance of an
instrument rating
concurrently with a
private pilot
certificate for pilots.
4........................ Sec. 61.71(c).... Proposal to allow the
conversion of a foreign
pilot license to a U.S.
pilot certificate based
on an Implementation
Procedure for Licensing
(IPL) agreement.
5........................ Sec. Commercial pilot
61.129(a)(3)(ii). certificate, airplane
single engine class
rating--Proposal to
replace the 10 hours of
complex airplane
aeronautical experience
with 10 hours of
advanced instrument
training.
6........................ Sec. Commercial pilot
61.129(b)(3)(ii). certificate, airplane
multiengine class
rating--Proposal to
replace the 10 hours of
complex multiengine
airplane aeronautical
experience with 10
hours of advanced
instrument training.
[[Page 44781]]
7........................ Sec. 91.109(a) Proposal to expand the
and (b)(3). use of airplanes with a
single, functioning
throwover control wheel
for providing expanded
flight training. This
proposal parallels the
long standing grants of
exemptions that the FAA
has issued to many
petitioners for use
with certain airplanes
with a single,
functioning throwover
control wheel.
8........................ Sec. 141.45...... Proposal to allow pilot
schools and provisional
pilot schools an
exception to the
requirement to have a
ground training
facility when the
training course is an
online, computer-based
training program.
9........................ Sec. 141.55(c)(1) Proposal to allow pilot
schools and provisional
pilot schools an
exception to the
requirement to describe
each room used for
ground training when
the training course is
an online, computer-
based training program.
10....................... Part 141, Appx D, Commercial pilot
para. 4.(b)(1)(ii). certification course
for an airplane single
engine class rating--
Proposal to replace the
10 hours of complex
airplane training with
10 hours of advanced
instrument training.
11....................... Part 141, Appx D, Commercial pilot
para. 4.(b)(2)(ii). certification course
for an airplane
multiengine class
rating--Proposal to
replace the 10 hours of
complex multiengine
airplane training with
10 hours of advanced
instrument training.
12....................... Part 141, Appx I, Additional airplane
para. 4.(a)(3)(ii). single-engine class
rating at the
commercial pilot
certification level--
Proposal to replace the
10 hours of complex
airplane training with
10 hours of advanced
instrument training.
13....................... Part 141, Appx I, Additional airplane
para. 4.(b)(2)(ii). multiengine class
rating at the
commercial pilot
certification level--
Proposal to replace the
10 hours of complex
multiengine airplane
training with 10 hours
of advanced instrument
training.
14....................... Part 141, Appx I, Additional airplane
para. 4.(j)(2)(ii). single-engine class
rating at the
commercial pilot
certification level--
Proposal to replace the
10 hours of complex
airplane training with
10 hours of advanced
instrument training.
15....................... Part 141, Appx I, Additional airplane
para. 4.(k)(2)(ii). multiengine class
rating at the
commercial pilot
certification level--
Proposal to replace the
10 hours of complex
multiengine airplane
training with 10 hours
of advanced instrument
training.
16....................... Part 141, Appx M... Proposal to establish a
combined private pilot
certification and
instrument rating
course.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
On August 21, 2009, the FAA published a final rule entitled,
``Pilot, Flight Instructor, and Pilot School Certificate'' (See 74 FR
42500). In that final rule, we established paragraphs 4.(a)(3)(ii),
(b)(2)(ii), (j)(2)(ii), and (k)(2)(ii) in part 141, appendix I to
clarify the training requirements for an additional aircraft category
and class rating courses. In proposal Nos. 12, 13, 14, and 15 of this
preamble, we are now proposing additional changes to paragraphs
4.(a)(3)(ii), (b)(2)(ii), (j)(2)(ii) and (k)(2)(ii) in part 141,
appendix I to replace the 10 hours of complex airplane training with 10
hours of advanced instrument training.
IV. Description of Proposed Changes
(1) Proposal to revise the definition of ``complex airplane'' and
move it from Sec. 61.31(e) to Sec. 61.1(b)(3).
The FAA proposes to revise the definition of ``complex airplane''
to include airplanes that are equipped with a full authority digital
engine control (FADEC) system consisting of a digital computer and
associated accessories for controlling both the engine and propeller
with a single lever control. On November 2, 2006, we issued FAA Notice
No. 8000.331, ``Airplanes Equipped with Retractable Landing Gear,
Flaps, and FADEC Meet the Definition of a Complex Airplane (hereafter
`Complex Airplane Notice').'' That Notice made the public aware of our
determination that airplanes equipped with a retractable landing gear,
flaps, and a FADEC system met the definition of a ``complex airplane.''
In that Notice, we also stated that a FADEC-equipped airplane with a
retractable landing gear and flaps may be used for the training and
practical test to meet the ``complex airplane'' requirement for the
airplane single-engine and multiengine land ratings at the commercial
pilot certification and flight instructor certification.
The current definition of a ``complex airplane'' in Sec. 61.31(e)
requires that the airplane have a retractable landing gear, flaps, and
a controllable pitch propeller. As a result, a number of training
providers have complained to the FAA that they have had to keep older
airplanes in their inventory that meet this current Sec. 61.31(e)
``complex airplane'' definition for providing commercial pilot and
flight instructor training of Sec. 61.129(a)(3)(ii) or Sec.
61.129(b)(3)(ii) and the additional training requirements of Sec.
61.31(e). To remove this unnecessary burden, we are proposing to
consider an airplane equipped with a FADEC system as being equivalent
to one having a controllable pitch propeller.
(2) Proposal to require a recurrent PIC proficiency check for a PIC
of a single piloted, turbojet-powered airplane.
The FAA is proposing to revise Sec. 61.48 by requiring PIC
proficiency checks for pilots who act as PIC of single piloted,
turbojet-powered airplanes. Section 61.58 currently requires a PIC of
aircraft requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember to undergo a
proficiency check.
The number of single piloted, turbojet-powered airplanes is
expected to increase dramatically in the next few years. The expansion
of single piloted, turbojet-powered airplanes is the result of new
designs that are substantially lower in cost and smaller in size. These
new turbojet-powered airplanes are widely referred to as very light
jets (VLJs).
In July 2005, the FAA convened a study group, known as the Very
Light Jet (VLJ) Cross Organizational Group, to identify concerns
regarding the safe operation of VLJs and other single piloted,
turbojet-powered airplanes. One concern was that existing Sec. 61.58
does not require a pilot in command (PIC) of a single piloted,
turbojet-powered airplane to complete a recurrent PIC proficiency
check. The Sec. 61.58 PIC proficiency check currently applies only to
a PIC of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one
required pilot flight crewmember. Thus, under current rules it would be
possible for a pilot to accomplish the flight review required under
Sec. 61.56 in a glider, balloon, or small general aviation aircraft,
such as a Cessna 152, and then
[[Page 44782]]
act as PIC in a single piloted, turbojet-powered airplane.
When Sec. 61.58 was originally adopted, there were no single
piloted turbojet-powered airplanes and the FAA did not have to address
whether a proficiency check was needed for single-piloted turbojet
operations. However, with the manufacture of the Cessna Citation series
beginning in the 1980s, some turbojet-powered airplanes have been
certificated to be operated by one pilot, such as Cessna Citations and
Citation Jets (Cessna 501, Cessna 551, and Cessna 515). Since Sec.
91.531 requires large aircraft and most turbojet-powered, multiengine
airplanes to be operated with a second-in-command pilot flight
crewmember, the FAA began issuing grants of exemption to operators and
training providers of two-piloted Cessna Citation (CE500, CE550, CE552,
and CE450) to enable operations with one pilot. These grants of
exemption were issued with certain conditions, one of which requires a
PIC to undergo annual PIC training and proficiency checks.
With the number of VLJs estimated to be in operation in the future,
the FAA anticipates that there may be many less-experienced owners and
operators of these airplanes. The FAA believes that requiring Sec.
61.58 PIC proficiency checks in single piloted, turbojet-powered
airplanes will help ensure that these airplanes are operated by
competent and proficient pilots. This proposed change would affect
pilots who serve as PIC in single piloted, turbojet-powered airplanes,
such as the Cessna 501, Cessna 525, Cessna 551, Raytheon 390, and
Eclipse 500. (Pilots operating single piloted, turbojet-powered
airplane with an experimental airworthiness certificate also would be
affected.) The number of pilots affected will increase as the number of
single piloted, turbojet-powered airplanes increase. There are several
manufacturers who have such airplanes under development and the fleet
is expected to expand significantly.
(3) Proposal to permit the issuance of an instrument rating
concurrently with a private pilot certificate.
The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 61.65(a)(1) to allow applicants
for a private pilot certificate and instrument rating to apply
concurrently for the private pilot certificate with an instrument
rating. This proposal would also result in adding a new appendix M to
part 141 to establish a combined private pilot certification and
instrument rating course. (See proposal number 16 in this preamble for
further explanation.)
Under existing Sec. 61.65(a)(1), an applicant for an instrument
rating must hold at least a private pilot certificate that is
appropriate to the instrument rating sought. This precludes an
applicant from simultaneously applying for both the private pilot
certificate and instrument rating and performing one practical test for
both the private pilot certificate and instrument rating. For several
years the FAA co-sponsored studies and research with Advanced General
Aviation Transport Experiment (AGATE), FAA and Industry Training
Standards (FITS), Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), and Embry
Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) to explore the feasibility of
private pilot applicants obtaining an instrument rating while
concurrently enrolled in a private pilot certification course. The FAA
has issued grants of exemption to ERAU and MTSU where we have monitored
the feasibility of private pilot applicants receiving training
concurrently for private pilot certification and instrument rating, and
whether it can be done safely and efficiently.
In 1994, AGATE was founded to develop affordable new technology as
well as industry standards and certification methods for airframe,
cockpit, flight training systems, and airspace infrastructure for the
next generation of single piloted, all-weather light airplanes. The
Flight Training Curriculum Workgroup was established to develop and
validate advanced training technologies and techniques that take
advantage of emerging technologies. The Workgroup developed a combined
private pilot certificate and instrument rating training curriculum
with part 141 pilot schools. In 1999, the FAA granted ERAU an exemption
from Sec. 61.65(a)(1). That exemption (Exemption No. 7168) permitted
graduates of ERAU's combined private pilot and instrument rating course
to take the combined private pilot certification and instrument rating
airplane single-engine land practical test. In 2004, the FAA granted
MTSU an exemption from Sec. 61.65(a)(1). That exemption (Exemption No.
8456) allows graduates of MTSU's combined private pilot certificate and
instrument rating course to take the private pilot and instrument
rating practical test simultaneously.
ERAU's and MTSU's combined private pilot and instrument rating
course has demonstrated that some of their students were able to handle
the combined course and demonstrate the required knowledge, skills, and
abilities to operate safely under both visual meteorological conditions
(VMC). Historically, accident statistics show that all weather-related
accidents account for approximately 4.0 percent of total accidents. For
single engine airplanes with a fixed landing gear, the airplane used
predominantly by both student and private pilots, by far the largest
weather-related accident cause is continuing to fly under VFR into IMC.
This occurs when a pilot encounters changing weather conditions and
does not land prior to encountering IMC. The proposed rule change would
permit private pilot applicants to combine their private pilot and
instrument training, which would improve their skills to operate in IMC
and should reduce weather-related accidents. Thus, the FAA is proposing
to revise Sec. 61.65(a)(1) to allow applicants for an instrument
rating to concurrently apply for a private pilot certificate.
(4) Proposal to allow the conversion of a foreign pilot license to
a U.S. pilot certificate based on an Implementation Procedures for
Licensing (IPL) agreement.
The FAA proposes to amend Sec. 61.71 by adding a new paragraph (c)
to allow the conversion of foreign pilot licenses to equivalent U.S.
pilot certificates that are issued on the basis of an Implementation
Procedures for Licensing (IPL) agreement that has been approved by the
Administrator and the licensing authority of a foreign civil aviation
authority.
On June 12, 2000, the United States and Canada signed an
international agreement known as a Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement
(BASA). This agreement facilitates the mutual acceptance of various
aspects of aviation safety oversight systems for the benefit of pilots
and other uses of those systems. It also promotes the efficiency of the
aviation authorities of the respective countries through cooperative
agreements. In the BASA, Canada and the United States have developed
supporting agreements in the form of technical annexes called
implementation procedures that address specific areas of aviation
safety activities. The technical annex addressing pilot licensing is
called Implementation Procedures for Licensing or IPL. The IPL permits
pilots holding certain pilot licenses or certificates from either
country to obtain a pilot license or certificate from the other country
after the pilot applicant has met the appropriate qualifications and
certification requirements.
To execute an IPL, the BASA requires the FAA and Transport Canada
Civil Aviation (TCCA) to first evaluate each other's pilot licensing
standards and procedures and compare them to their own to determine
what, if any, additional requirements would be
[[Page 44783]]
necessary to assure that the pilots are in compliance with their own
standards. This task has been completed and the associated IPL was
signed by FAA and TCCA on July 14, 2006. This IPL allows holders of FAA
pilot certificates and holders of TCCA pilot licenses to convert to
Canadian pilot licenses and U.S. pilot certificates, respectively. The
IPL currently is limited to the airplane category of aircraft at the
private, commercial, and airline transport pilot levels of licenses or
certificates, and includes the following ratings or qualifications:
instrument rating, class ratings of airplane single engine land (ASEL)
and airplane multi-engine land (AMEL), type ratings, and night
qualification addressed under part 61 and Canadian Aviation Regulations
Part IV. The FAA and TCCA have agreed that they may amend the IPL to
allow conversion of other licenses or certificates in the future.
Therefore, to issue a U.S. pilot certificate on the basis of this IPL,
the FAA proposes to revise Sec. 61.71 to allow holders of TCCA pilot
licenses to convert to U.S. pilot certificates.
This proposal would merely allow the issuance of a standard U.S.
pilot certificate on the basis of an IPL agreement between the FAA and
a foreign civil aviation authority. To date, our agreement with TCCA is
the only IPL that we have entered into, and the agreement serves as the
basis for proposing Sec. 61.71(c). The issuance of a U.S. private
pilot certificate and ratings under Sec. 61.75 is a separate pilot
certification process.
(5) Commercial pilot certificate, airplane single-engine class
rating--Proposal to replace the 10 hours of complex airplane
aeronautical experience with 10 hours of advanced instrument training.
The FAA proposes to eliminate the requirement for 10 hours of
aeronautical experience in a complex airplane in Sec. 61.129(a)(3)(ii)
and replace it with 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a
single-engine airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training
device, or an aviation training device that replicates a single-engine
airplane. The training must include instrument approaches consisting of
both precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational
radio stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying that
involve performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area arrival,
approach, and missed approach phases of flight.
The FAA proposes to revise the Commercial Pilot Certification--
Airplane Single Engine (Land and Sea) rating because fewer single-
engine airplanes are being produced with retractable landing gears.
Manufacturers of general aviation airplanes now produce technologically
advanced airplanes with ``glass cockpits,'' but which do not have
retractable landing gears. Many pilot schools have complained about the
necessity to keep 30-year old Cessna 172RGs and Piper Arrows in
inventory, which are less technically advanced airplanes, for the sole
purpose of providing 10 hours of complex airplane training.
Furthermore, the FAA has determined that most commercial pilot
applicants are simultaneously applying for the Instrument-Airplane
rating, and this proposal would reduce training costs and align the
rules with current training and certification practices.
(6) Commercial pilot certificate, airplane multiengine class
rating--Proposal to replace the 10 hours of complex multiengine
airplane aeronautical experience with 10 hours of advanced instrument
training.
The FAA proposes to amend Sec. 61.129(b)(3)(ii) to eliminate the
requirement for 10 hours of aeronautical experience in a complex
multiengine airplane and replace it with 10 hours of advanced
instrument training in a multiengine airplane, or in a flight
simulator, flight training device, or an aviation training device that
replicates a multiengine airplane. The training must include instrument
approaches consisting of both precision and non-precision approaches,
holding at navigational radio stations, intersections, waypoints, and
cross-country flying that involved performing takeoff, area departure,
enroute, area arrival, approach, and missed approach phases of flight.
The FAA proposes to amend Sec. 61.129(b)(3)(ii) for the Commercial
Pilot Certification--Airplane Multiengine (Land and Sea) rating because
this training would be more beneficial if it were devoted to the
development of proficiency using instruments. This proposed change to
Sec. 61.129(b)(3)(ii) for the Commercial Pilot Certification--Airplane
Multiengine (Land and Sea) rating would parallel the proposed change
being considered for the Commercial Pilot Certification--Airplane
Single-Engine (land and Sea) rating in for Sec. 61.129(a)(3)(ii).
Therefore, the FAA proposes to replace the complex multiengine airplane
training with advanced instrument training.
(7) Proposal to expand the use of an airplane with a single,
functioning throwover control wheel for providing certain kinds of
flight training and checking.
The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 91.109(a) to allow for use of an
airplane with a single, functioning throwover control wheel for
conducting flight instruction. We also propose to revise Sec.
91.109(b)(3) to allow for the use of an airplane with a single,
functioning throwover control wheel for conducting a flight review,
performing recent flight experience, instrument flight experience, and
instrument competency checks.
Existing Sec. 91.109(a) provides for conducting instrument flight
instruction in a single engine airplane with a single, functioning
throwover control wheel. Existing Sec. 91.109(b)(3) provides for using
a single engine airplane with a single, functioning throwover control
wheel during simulated instrument flight.
Since August 30, 1993, the FAA has issued several grants of
exemption and extensions. These grants of exemption allow instructors
to provide recurrent flight training and simulated instrument flight
training in certain aircraft, such as, Beechcraft Barons, Bonanzas,
Debonairs, and Travel Air that are equipped with a single, functioning
throwover control wheel for the purpose of meeting the recency of
experience requirements and flight review contained in Sec. Sec.
61.56(a), (b), and (f) and 61.57(e)(1) and (2). This proposal would
amend Sec. 91.109(a) and (b)(3) to incorporate the conditions and
limitations that are stated in those grants of exemption.
(8) Proposal to allow pilot schools and provisional pilot schools
an exception to the requirement to have a ground training facility when
the training course is an online, computer-based training program.
The FAA proposed to revise Sec. 141.45 to allow an exception for
pilot schools and provisional pilot schools to the requirement to have
a ground training facility when the training course is an online,
computer-based training program. Examples of online, computer-based
training are the flight instructor refresher courses, pilot ground
school courses, aeronautical knowledge training courses, and some
elements of subpart K of part 141 special preparation courses.
When part 141 was originally developed by the FAA in 1960, we did
not envision that aviation training would be available on a personal
computer via the Internet. More recently, the FAA has approved several
training providers to conduct flight instructor refresher training
through the Internet. Our experience with this kind of Internet-based
training has shown that this training provides an equivalent
[[Page 44784]]
level of supervision by the training provider without requiring the
student to be physically present in a classroom. The training providers
for this kind of Internet-based training have a permanent business
location and telephone, and the training course software allows the FAA
to monitor the training from a remote site. For this reason, our rules
should not prohibit part 141 pilot schools from conducting Internet-
based training, nor should there necessarily be a ground training
facility when training is being provided via the Internet.
(9) Proposal to allow pilot schools and provisional pilot schools
an exception from the requirement to describe each room used for ground
training course is an online, computer-based training program.
The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 141.55(c)(1) by providing an
exception for pilot schools and provisional pilot schools from the
requirement to describe each room used for ground training when the
training course is an online, computer-based training program. Examples
of online, computer-based training are flight instructor refresher
courses, pilot ground school courses, aeronautical knowledge training
courses, and some elements of appendix K, part 141 for special
preparation courses. We are proposing this change for the same reasons
previously discussed in proposal No. 8 of this preamble.
(10) Commercial pilot certification course for an airplane single-
engine class rating--Proposal to replace the 10 hours of complex
airplane training requirement with 10 hours of advanced instrument
training.
The FAA proposes to revise part 141, appendix D, paragraph
4.(b)(1)(ii) to correspond to the change proposed for Sec.
61.129(a)(3)(ii), which is previously discussed in proposal No. 5 of
this preamble document. This proposed change would require part 141
pilot schools to revise their commercial pilot certification courses by
replacing 10 hours of training in a ``complex airplane'' with 10 hours
of advanced instrument training in a single-engine airplane, or in a
flight simulator, flight training device, or an aviation training
device that replicates a single engine airplane.
(11) Commercial pilot certification course for an airplane
multiengine class rating--Proposal to replace the 10 hours of complex
multiengine airplane training requirement with 10 hours of advanced
instrument training.
The FAA proposes to revise part 141, appendix D, paragraph
4.(b)(2)(ii) to correspond to the change proposed for Sec.
61.129(b)(3)(ii), which is previously discussed in proposal No. 6 of
this preamble. This proposed change would require part 141 pilot
schools to revise their commercial pilot certification courses by
replacing 10 hours of training in a ``complex multiengine airplane''
with 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a multiengine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a multiengine airplane.
(12) Additional airplane single-engine class rating at the
commercial pilot certification level--Proposal to replace the 10 hours
of complex airplane training with 10 hours of advanced instrument
training.
The FAA proposes to revise part 141, appendix I, paragraph
4.(a)(3)(ii) to correspond to the change proposed for part 141,
appendix D, paragraph 4.(b)(1)(ii), which is previously discussed in
proposal No. 5 of this NPRM document. This proposed change would
require part 141 pilot schools to revise their commercial pilot
certification courses by replacing 10 hours of training in a ``complex
airplane'' with 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a single-
engine airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or
an aviation training device that replicates a single engine airplane.
(13) Additional airplane multiengine class rating at the commercial
pilot certification level--Proposal to replace the 10 hours of complex
multiengine airplane training requirement with 10 hours of advanced
instrument training.
The FAA proposes to revise part 141, appendix I, paragraph
4.(b)(2)(ii) to correspond to the change proposed for part 141,
appendix D, paragraph 4.(b)(2)(ii), which is previously discussed in
proposal No. 6 of this preamble. This proposed change would require
part 141 pilot schools to revise their commercial pilot certification
courses by replacing 10 hours of training in a ``complex multiengine
airplane'' with 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a
multiengine airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device,
or an aviation training device that replicates a multiengine airplane.
(14) Additional airplane single-engine class rating at the
commercial pilot certification level--Proposal to replace the 10 hours
of complex airplane training with 10 hours of advanced instrument
training.
The FAA proposes to revise part 141, appendix I, paragraph
4.(j)(2)(ii) to correspond to the change proposed for part 141,
appendix I, paragraph 4.(a)(3)(ii), which is previously discussed in
proposal No. 5 of this preamble. This proposed change would require
part 141 pilot schools to revise their commercial pilot certification
courses by replacing 10 hours of training in a ``complex airplane''
with 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a single-engine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a single engine airplane.
(15) Additional airplane multiengine class rating at the commercial
pilot certification level--Proposal to replace the 10 hours of complex
multiengine airplane training with 10 hours of advanced instrument
training.
The FAA proposes to revise part 141, appendix I, paragraph
4.(k)(2)(ii) to correspond to the change proposed for part 141,
appendix I, paragraph 4.(b)(2)(ii), which is previously discussed in
proposal No. 6 of this preamble. This proposed change would require
part 141 pilot schools to revise their commercial pilot certification
courses by replacing 10 hours of training in a ``complex multiengine
airplane'' with 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a
multiengine airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device,
or an aviation training device that replicates a multiengine airplane.
(16) Proposal to establish a combined private certification and
instrument rating course.
The FAA proposes to add new Appendix M to part 141 to correspond to
the change proposed for Sec. 61.65(a)(1), which is discussed in
proposal No. 3 of this preamble. This proposed change would provide for
a combined private pilot certification and instrument rating course. As
discussed in proposal No. 3 of this preamble, we propose to allow an
applicant for an instrument rating to concurrently apply for a private
pilot certificate.
Under this proposal, the training requirements would be 65 hours of
ground training and 70 hours of flight training that includes 5 hours
of flying solo. The proposal would allow the use of flight simulators,
flight training devices, and aviation training devices. The percentage
of usage allowed to be conducted in flight simulators, flight training
devices, and aviation training devices can be found in proposed
paragraph 4.(c) in appendix M to part 141.
V. Regulatory Notices and Analyses
Paperwork Reduction Act
There are no new information collection requirements associated
with
[[Page 44785]]
this NPRM. Existing information collection requirements have been
approved previously by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under
the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C.
3507(d)) and have been assigned OMB Control Number 2120-0021.
International Compatibility
In keeping with U.S. obligations under the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, it is FAA policy to comply with
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and
Recommended Practices to the maximum extent practicable. The FAA has
reviewed the corresponding ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices and
has identified no differences with these proposed regulations.
Regulatory Evaluation, Regulatory Flexibility Determination,
International Trade Impact Assessment, and Unfunded Mandates Assessment
Changes to Federal regulations must undergo several economic
analyses. First, Executive Order 12866 directs that each Federal agency
shall propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination
that the benefits of the intended regulation justify its costs. Second,
the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-354) requires
agencies to analyze the economic impact of regulatory changes on small
entities. Third, the Trade Agreements Act (Pub. L. 96-39) prohibits
agencies from setting standards that create unnecessary obstacles to
the foreign commerce of the United States. In developing U.S.
standards, this Trade Act requires agencies to consider international
standards and, where appropriate, that they be the basis of U.S.
standards. Fourth, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L.
104-4) requires agencies to prepare a written assessment of the costs,
benefits, and other effects of proposed or final rules that include a
Federal mandate likely to result in the expenditure by State, local, or
tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100
million or more annually (adjusted for inflation with base year of
1995). This portion of the preamble summarizes the FAA's analysis of
the economic impacts of this proposed rule. We suggest readers seeking
greater detail read the full regulatory evaluation, a copy of which we
have placed in the docket for this rulemaking.
In conducting these analyses, FAA has determined that this proposed
rule: (1) Has benefits that justify its costs; (2) is not an
economically ``significant regulatory action'' as defined in section
3(f) of Executive Order 12866; however, the Office of Management and
Budget has determined that this NPRM is a ``significant regulatory
action'' because it harmonizes U.S. aviation standards with those of
other civil aviation authorities, (3) is ``significant'' as defined in
DOT's Regulatory Policies and Procedures; (4) would not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities;
(5) would not create unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of
the United States; and (6) would not impose an unfunded mandate on
State, local, or tribal governments, or on the private sector by
exceeding the threshold identified above. These analyses are summarized
below.
Benefit-Cost Analysis Summary
A. Proposal To Require PIC Proficiency Checks for PICs of Single
Piloted Turbojet-Powered Airplanes
Costs--The FAA estimates that there are currently about 1,550
single piloted turbojet airplanes, and more to be manufactured in the
future. The FAA estimates that only approximately 325 of these
airplanes are ever flown with a single pilot. The cost of PIC
proficiency checks varies by the type of airplane as well as whether
the check is performed in a simulator or an airplane, ranging from $600
to $2,000 per hour. In many instances, insurance carriers require
annual PIC training in single piloted turbojet airplanes, so most
pilots already undergo annual PIC proficiency checks to qualify for the
premium reduction. Requiring proficiency checks on single piloted,
turbojet-powered airplanes would be a new requirement. The FAA
estimates that over 10 years costs would sum to approximately $26.8
million.
Benefits--In July 2005, the FAA convened a study group, the VLJ
Cross Organizational Group, to identify areas of concern regarding the
safe operation of light jets and other single piloted turbojet-powered
airplanes. The FAA and this study group noted that existing regulations
are currently written so that pilots in charge of other single piloted
turbojet-powered airplanes are not required to receive recurrent PIC
proficiency checks. The FAA is concerned these PICs could take a flight
review in a small general aviation aircraft and still fly legally and
carry passengers in single piloted turboprop-powered airplanes that are
capable of operating at speeds of over 500 knots and with commercial
jets. This proposal to require proficiency checks in single piloted,
turbojet-powered airplanes and other single piloted airplanes would
ensure that this would not occur, and constitutes an increase in
safety.
B. Proposal To Allow the Conversion of a Foreign Pilot License to a
U.S. Pilot Certificate Based on an Implementation Procedure for
Licensing (IPL) Agreement
Costs and Benefits--There would be no incremental costs of
implementing the Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement (BASA). Removing
barriers to getting pilot certificates and licenses and flying in both
countries would encourage greater ease in flying and more efficient
enforcement. By facilitating acceptance of various aspects of each
country's aviation safety oversight system, the proposal should lead to
less burden for pilots and aviation authorities, and could engender
cost savings.
C. Proposal To Allow Pilot Schools To Use Internet-Based Training
Programs Without Requiring Schools To Have a Ground Training Facility
Costs--The FAA estimates that there are currently six operators
that provide online training and that between five and fifteen pilot
schools might initially consider adding an on-line curriculum. The FAA
has no estimate of how many more would offer this service in the longer
term. FAA bases its cost estimates on an additional 10 pilot schools
initially electing to use this option. The costs would involve the
costs of submitting a training course for FAA approval and the FAA's
processing costs. The FAA estimates that the total initial costs would
sum to $10,800.
Benefits--The FAA has in the past extended approval to several
training providers to conduct flight instructor refresher training via
the Internet. The FAA has found this kind of training is the equivalent
to that provided in a classroom setting. Pilot schools would be able to
realize cost savings through the need for fewer instructors, reduced
costs of curriculum maintenance, and less classroom and auxiliary
support space. The extent of savings would vary by provider. The FAA
calls for comments on the potential cost savings. The FAA envisions the
proposal to be a win-win situation for operators, course developers,
pilots, and the FAA.
D. Proposal To Change the Definition of ``Complex Airplane'' and
Eliminate the ``Complex Airplane'' Training Requirements for Commercial
Pilot and Flight Instructor Certification
Costs--This change would not result in incremental costs; rather,
it would result in cost savings which are considered a benefit as
described below.
Benefits--The FAA believes that this proposal would result in cost
savings to
[[Page 44786]]
pilot schools and training providers because they wouldn't have to keep
an inventory of two kinds of airplanes to meet the commercial pilot and
flight instructor certification requirements. The FAA estimates that
each pilot school and training provider could save as much as $1,000
per airplane per month in maintenance and leasing costs. The FAA does
not have data on the number of pilot schools and training providers
maintaining inventories of airplanes equipped with the FADEC system and
those without. Therefore, the FAA calls for comments on current and
planned inventory levels of airplanes equipped with the FADEC system.
Substituting 10 hours of instrument training for 10 hours of
``complex airplane'' training would allow students to use their time
more efficiently. There are fewer ``complex airplanes'' that anyone
could fly, students would benefit more by using these extra 10 hours
for instrument training rather than flying ``complex airplanes.''
Safety could be increased by the students getting the more useful
instrument flying training.
For students, there may be cost implications to the extent that
they can substitute the 10 hours in a ``complex airplane'' for
instrument training simulator time. Under the current regulations,
commercial pilot applicants are permitted to credit 25 hours in a
flight simulator/flight training device toward the commercial pilot
certificate, and this would not change. However, in some cases, it is
possible that some applicants could benefit. It is possible that
substituting instrument training for ``complex airplanes'' would make
applicants more likely to use simulators if they would not have already
trained for 25 hours in a flight simulator and so would save in terms
of flight instructor costs. However, the FAA does not know how many
applicants would substitute time from the currently required ``complex
airplane'' training for instrument simulator time and so calls for
comments.
E. Proposal To Allow Pilot Applicants to Apply for a Private Pilot
Certificate and Instrument Rating Concurrently
Costs and Benefits--There would be cost implications for
applicants, pilot schools, and the FAA, as described below.
1. Applicants
Currently, the majority of applicants obtain their pilot
certification outside of a part 141 pilot school because there are more
fixed base operators and independent flight instructors than there are
part 141 pilot schools. However, because the amount of time required
would diminish substantially under part 141 pilot school training, the
FAA believes that some applicants who would otherwise get their
certificates under part 61 would seek out part 141 pilot schools to
receive their combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating.
Over the years, about 30% of applicants for pilot certification
have graduated from part 141 pilot schools. The FAA estimates that
about 2% of applicants would attempt to get a combined private pilot
and instrument rating. The relatively low percentage results from the
costs, time, and complexity of taking the combined training, and
reflects the experience of schools operating under an exemption that
permitted combined training. The FAA estimates a time advantage of 20
hours for the combined rating as opposed to the individual ratings.
Cost savings would be a function of the number of applicants
getting the combined certificate at part 141 schools, having to take
one less exam, and filling out one less application form. FAA estimates
annual cost savings for applicants of $675,400 and ten-year costs
savings of $6.75 million.
2. Schools
Of the part 141 pilot schools, 367 schools provide courses for
private pilot airplane certification and instrument-airplane ratings.
The FAA does not know how many of these 367 schools would apply for a
combined private and instrument course and calls for comments on the
likelihood of schools exercising this option, and the estimated costs
and benefits from doing so. Each pilot school would need to modify its
syllabus to accommodate this change and submit it to its local FSDO for
approval.
3. FAA
There would be both costs and cost savings to the FAA, the former
involving the processing of modified syllabi and the latter involving
the need to process fewer applications. At the FADO, the ASI would
review and approve the course. Each applicant getting a combined
private pilot and instrument rating would have to submit one less
application form to the FAA for approval. Ten-year quantifiable net
cost savings to the FAA would sum to $9,700.
In addition to cost saving benefits, there would also be safety
benefits. Currently, many pilots get their private pilot certificate
and then wait before getting their instrument rating. Until they get
their instrument rating, they fly under visual flight rules (VFR). They
are not qualified to fly into instrument meteorological conditions
(IMC). Until they quality for their instrument rating, they are at
greater risk of weather-related accidents if changing weather
conditions result in their operating into IMC. The FAA believes that
combined private pilot certification and instrument rating would reduce
weather-related accidents. While these types of accidents comprise
approximately 4.0% of total accidents for single-engine airplanes with
a fixed landing gear, they account for approximately 14.0% of the fatal
accidents in such airplanes. The FAA reviewed 1,928 general aviation
fatal accidents from October 2002 through June 2007. About 70% of
eligible pilots were instrument rated; however, about 75% of these
accidents occurred under VMC. Pilots flying under VFR in bad weather
are more likely to attempt to use VMC to land. About 45% of pilots
flying under VFR or with no flight plan had accidents, while only 10%
of pilots flying under IOFR had accidents. It is very possible that
better flight planning for minimum safe altitudes in the event of
inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) would help more
than altitude instrument flying and unusual altitude recovery training.
Many fatal accidents are due to pilots being unable to control the
airplane using instruments when they inadvertently enter IMC. However,
if a pilot has an instrument rating when he or she first gets his or
her private pilot certificate, then he or she is less likely to lose
control of the aircraft. Thus, combined private pilot certification and
instrument rating has the potential to reduce weather-related accidents
of VFR flights into IMC.
F. Total Costs
Total costs of these proposals over 10 years sum to $20.01 million
($13.27 million, discounted).
Initial Regulatory Flexibility Determination
The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA) establishes ``as a
principle of regulatory issuance that agencies shall endeavor,
consistent with the objective of the rule and of applicable statutes,
to fit regulatory and informational requirements to the scale of the
business, organizations, and governmental jurisdictions subject to
regulation.'' To achieve that principle, the RFA requires agencies to
solicit and consider flexible regulatory proposals and to explain the
rationale for their actions. The RFA covers a wide-range of
[[Page 44787]]
small entities, including small businesses, not-for-profit
organizations and small governmental jurisdictions.
Agencies must perform a review to determine whether a proposed or
final rule will have a significant economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities. If the agency determines that it will, the
agency must prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis as described in
the Act.
However, if an agency determines that a proposed or final rule is
not expected to have a significant economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities, section 605(b) of the 1980 RFA provides that
the head iof the agency may so certify and a regulatory flexibility
analysis is not required. The certification must include a statement
providing the factual basis for this determination, and the reasoning
should be clear.
For this rule, affected small entity groups are considered to be
corporations that own aircraft, pilot schools, and training providers.
The corresponding North American Indsutry Classsification System
[NAICS] are 481211 (Non scheduled Chartered Passenger Air
Transportation) and 611512 (Flight Training), respectively. Some of the
proposals affect only pilots; however, pilots are not considered to be
small entities, so there wuold no small entity impact on pilots. The
remainder of this section discusses small entity impacts in the same
order as the groupings above for the benefit-cost analysis summary.
A. The proposal requiring proficiency checks for pilots in command
of single piloted turbojet-powered airplanes would affect pilots, pilot
examiners, and corporations that own these airplanes. Pilots are not
entities, so there would not be a small entity impact with regards to
pilots. The vast majority of the pilot proficiency examiners are
employees of the operator, the corporation, and those that are not
employees would not be considered small businesses. The cost of a
proficiency check is about $1,300. Given the assumption of 1.5 pilots
for each single piloted, turbojet-powered airplanes and the assumption
that few corporations would have more than a few VLJs, the overall
impact of these proficiency checks would be minimal, and so there would
not be a significant impact.
B. The proposal to allow foreign pilot applicants to convert their
foreign pilot license to a U.S. pilot certificate issued on the basis
of an IPL agreement would affect pilots, who are not consdiered to be
small entities.
C. The proposal to allow pilot schools to use online training
without requiring a physical ground training facility would be
optional. The FAA does not believe that more than 5 to 15 schools would
initially take advantage of this proposal. Schools would opt to do this
only if they believe that the ultimate pay off, in terms of additional
students and revenue, would outweigh start-up costs and the annual
maintenance costs. The FAA does not believe that there would be a
significant impact on a substantial number of entities.
D. Small businesses that would be affected by the revised
definition of ``complex airplane'' would be schools and training
providers. Many pilot schools would not have to keep an inventory of
two kinds of airplanes to meet the commercial pilot and flight
instructor certification requirements. This would engender cost
savings, which the FAA estimates at $1,000 per airplane annually.
Accordingly, the FAA believes that this proposal would not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
The proposal to replace the requirement for 10 hours of ``complex
airplane'' aeronautical experience with 10 hours of specific advanced
instrument training with regards to the training required for a
commercial pilot certificate would not have a small entity impact
because pilots are not considered to be small entities.
E. The proposal allowing applicants to apply for a private pilot
certificate and instrument rating concurrently and allow pilot schools
to apply for a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course would affect pilots and pilot schools. Pilots are not
small businesses, so there would not be a small entity impact. Each
pilot school would have one-time costs to purchase and process the new
syllabus before submission to the FSDO of under $1,000, which would not
be a significant impact.
Therefore, the FAA certifies that this proposed rule would not have
a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities. The FAA solicits comments regarding this determination.
International Trade Impact Statement
The trade Agreements Act of 1979 (Pub. L. 96-39) prohibits Federal
agencies from establishing any standards or engaging in related
activities that create unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of
the United States. Legitimate domestic objectives, such as safety, are
not considered unnecessary obstacles. The statute also requires
consideration of international standards and, where appropriate, that
they be the basis for U.S. standards. The FAA has assessed the
potential effect of this proposed rule and believes that it would
impose the same costs on dometic and international entities and, thus
have a neutral trade impact.
Unfunded Mandates Determination
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-
4) requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement
assessing the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final
agency rule that may result in an expenditure of $100 million or more
(adjusted annually for inflation) in any one year by State, local, and
tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector; such a
mandate is deemed to be a ``significant regulatory action.'' The FAA
currently uses an inflation-adjusted value of $136.1 million in lieu of
$100 million.
This proposed rule does not contain such a mandate. Therefore the
requirements of Title II do not apply.
Executive Order 13132, Federalism
The FAA has analyzed this proposed rule under the principles and
criteria of Executive Order 13132, Federalism. We determined that this
action would not have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the
relationship between the national Government and the States, or on the
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of
government, and, therefore, would not have federalism implications.
Plain English
Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) requires each
agency to write regulations that are simple and easy to understand. We
invite your comments on how to make these proposed regulations easier
to understand, including answers to questions such as the following:
Are the requirements in the proposed regulations clearly
stated?
Do the proposed regulations contain unnecessary technical
language or jargon that interferes with their clarity?
Would the regulations be easier to understand if they were
divided into more (but shorter) sections?
Is the description in the preamble helpful in
understanding the proposed regulations? Please send your comments to
the address specified in the ADDRESSES section.
Environmental Analysis
FAA Order 1050.1E identifies FAA actions that are categorically
excluded
[[Page 44788]]
from preparation of an environmental assessment or environmental impact
statement under the National Environmental Policy Act in the absence of
extraordinary circumstances. The FAA has determined this proposed
rulemaking action qualifies for the categorical exclusion identified in
paragraph 307(k) and involves no extraordinary circumstances.
Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or
Use
The FAA has analyzed this NPRM under Executive Order 13211, Actions
Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use (May 18, 2001). We have determined that it is not
a ``significant energy action'' under the executive order because it is
not a ``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order 12866,
and it is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the
supply, distribution, or use of energy.
VI. Additional Information
Comments Invited
The FAA invites interested persons to participate in this
rulemaking by submitting written comments, data, or views. We also
invite comments relating to the economic, environmental, energy, or
federalism impacts that might result from adopting the proposals in
this document. The most helpful comments reference a specific portion
of the proposal, explain the reason for any recommended change, and
include supporting data. To ensure the docket does not contain
duplicate comments, please send only one copy of written comments, or
if you are filing comments electronically, please submit your comments
one time.
We will file in the docket all comments we receive, as well as a
report summarizing each substantive public contact with FAA personnel
concerning this proposed rulemaking. Before acting on this proposal, we
will consider all comments we receive on or before the closing date for
comments. We will consider comments filed after that comment period has
closed if it is possible to do so without incurring expense or delay.
We may change this proposal in light of the comments we receive.
Proprietary or Confidential Business Information
Do not file in the docket information that you consider to be
proprietary or confidential business information. Send or deliver this
information directly to the person identified in the FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT section of this document. You must mark the
information that you consider proprietary or confidential. If you send
the information on a disk or CD ROM, mark the outside of the disk or CD
ROM and also identify electronically within the disk or CD ROM the
specific information that is proprietary or confidential.
Under 14 CFR 11.35(b), when we are aware of proprietary information
filed with a comment, we do not place in the docket. We hold it in a
separate file to which the public does not have access, and place a
note in the docket that we have received it. If we receive a request to
examine or copy this information, we treat it as any other request
under the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552). We process such a
request under the DOT procedures found in 49 CFR part 7.
Availability of Rulemaking Documents
You can get an electronic copy using the Internet by--
1. Searching the Federal eRulemaking Portal (http://www.regulations.gov);
2. Visiting the FAA's Regulations and Policies Web page at: http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/; or
(3) Accessing the Government Printing Office's Web page at: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html.
You can also get a copy by sending a request to the Federal
Aviation Administration, Office of Rulemaking, ARM-1, 800 Independence
Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20591, or by calling (202) 267-9680. Make
sure to identify the docket number, notice number, or amendment number
of this rulemaking.
You may access all documents the FAA considered in developing this
proposed rule, including economic analyses and technical reports, from
the internet through the Federal eRulemaking Portal referenced in
paragraph (1).
List of Subjects
14 CFR Part 61
Aircraft, Airmen, Alcohol abuse, Aviation safety, Drug abuse,
Recreation and recreation areas, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements, Security measures, Teachers.
14 CFR Part 91
Afghanistan, Agriculture, Air traffic control, Aircraft, Airmen,
Airports, Aviation safety, Canada, Cuba, Ethiopia, Freight, Mexico,
Noise control, Political candidates, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements, Yugoslavia.
14 CFR Part 141
Airmen, Educational facilities, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements, Schools.
The Proposed Amendment
In consideration of the foregoing, the Federal Aviation
Administration proposes to amend Chapter I of Title 14, Code of Federal
Regulations, and, at amendatory instruction 14, as amended on August
21, 2009 (74 FR 42566), and effective October 20, 2009, as follows:
PART 61--CERTIFICATION: PILOTS AND FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS
1. The authority citation for part 61 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-
44711, 45102-45103, 45301-45302.
2. Amend Sec. 61.1 by re-designating paragraphs (b)(3) through
(b)(16) as paragraphs (b)(4) through (b)(17) respectively, and by
adding a new paragraph (b)(3) to read as follows:
Sec. 61.1 Applicability and definitions.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(3) Complex airplane means an airplane that has a retractable
landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, including
airplanes equipped with an engine control system consisting of a
digital computer and associated accessories for controlling the engine
and propeller, such as a full authority digital engine control (FADEC).
A complex seaplane would not necessarily be equipped with a retractable
landing gear.
* * * * *
Amend Sec. 61.31 by revising the introductory text of paragraph
(e)(1) to read as follows:
Sec. 61.31 Type rating requirements, additional training, and
authorization requirements.
* * * * *
(e) * * *
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, no
person may act as pilot in command of a complex airplane, unless the
person has--
* * * * *
4. Amend Sec. 61.58 by revising the section heading; paragraphs
(a), (d)(1), (d)(2), (d)(3), and (d)(4) to read as follows:
Sec. 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of an
aircraft that requires more than one pilot flight crewmember or is
turbojet-powered.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, to serve as pilot
in
[[Page 44789]]
command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one
required pilot crewmember, or is turbojet-powered, a person must--
(1) Within the preceding 12 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-
command proficiency check in an aircraft in which that person will
serve as pilot-in-command, that is type certificated for more than one
required pilot flight crewmember, or is turbojet-powered; and
(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-
command proficiency check in the particular type of aircraft in which
that person will serve as pilot-in-command, that is type certificated
for more than one required pilot flight crewmember, or is turbojet-
powered.
* * * * *
(d) * * *
(1) A pilot-in-command proficiency check conducted by a person
authorized by the Administrator, consisting of the aeronautical
knowledge areas, areas of operations, and tasks required for a type
rating, in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one
pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered.
(2) The practical test required for a type rating, in an aircraft
that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight
crewmember or is turbojet-powered;
(3) The initial or periodic practical test required for the
issuance of a pilot examiner or check airman designation, in an
aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot
flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered;
(4) A pilot proficiency check administered by a U.S. Armed Force
that qualifies the military pilot for pilot-in-command designation with
instrument privileges, and was performed in a military aircraft that
the military requires to be operated by more than one pilot flight
crewmember or is turbojet-powered.
* * * * *
5. Amend Sec. 61.65 by revising paragraph (a)(1) to read as
follows:
Sec. 61.65 Instrument rating requirements.
(a) * * *
(1) Hold at least a current private pilot certificate, or be
concurrently applying for a private pilot certificate, with an
airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift rating appropriate to the
instrument rating sought;
* * * * *
6. Amend Sec. 61.71 by adding new paragraph (c) to read as
follows:
Sec. 61.71 Graduates of an approved training program other than under
this part: Special rules.
* * * * *
(c) A person who holds a foreign pilot license and is applying for
an equivalent U.S. pilot certificate on the basis of an approved
Implementation Procedures for Licensing agreement is considered to have
met the applicable aeronautical experience, aeronautical knowledge, and
areas of operation requirements of this part.
7. Amend Sec. 61.129 by revising paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) and
(b)(3)(ii) to read as follows:
Sec. 61.129 Aeronautical experience.
(a) * * *
(3) * * *
(ii) 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a single engine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a single engine airplane, and
the training must include instrument approaches consisting of both
precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational radio
stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying that
involves performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area arrival,
approach, and missed approach phases of flight;
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(3) * * *
(ii) 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a multiengine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a multiengine airplane, and
the training must include instrument approaches consisting of both
precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational radio
stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying that
involves performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area arrival,
approach, and missed approach phases of flight;
* * * * *
PART 91--GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
8. The authority citation for part 91 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 1155, 40103, 40113, 40120, 44101,
44111, 44701, 44704, 44709, 44711, 44712, 44715, 44716, 44717,
44722, 46306, 46315, 46316, 46504, 46506-46507, 47122, 47508, 47528-
47531, articles 12 and 29 of the Convention on International Civil
Aviation (61 stat. 1180).
9. Amend Sec. 91.109 by revising paragraphs (a) introductory text
and (b)(3) to read as follows:
Sec. 91.109 Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and
certain flight tests.
(a) No person may operate a civil aircraft (except a manned free
balloon) that is being used for flight instruction unless that aircraft
has fully functioning dual controls. However, instrument flight
instruction may be given in an airplane that is equipped with a single,
functioning throwover control wheel that controls the elevator and
ailerons, in place of fixed, dual controls, when--
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(3) Except in the case of lighter-than-air-aircraft, the aircraft
must be equipped with fully functioning dual controls. However, an
airplane equipped with a single functioning, throwover control wheel
that controls the elevator and ailerons may be used in accordance with
the following conditions and limitations:
(1) The airplane's pilot stations must be side-by-side seating.
(ii) An airplane with only a single functioning, throwover control
wheel must be equipped with operable rudder pedals at both pilot
stations.
(iii) An airplane equipped with a single functioning, throwover
control wheel may be used for:
(A) Conducting a flight review required by Sec. 61.56 of this
chapter.
(B) Obtaining a recent flight experience as required by Sec. 61.57
of this chapter.
(C) Maintaining instrument proficiency as required by Sec.
61.57(c) or (d) of this chapter.
(iv) The pilot manipulating the controls of an airplane with only a
single functioning, throwover control wheel must be qualified to, and
serve as, pilot in command of the airplane.
(v) To serve as a flight instructor in an airplane with only a
single functioning, throwover control wheel, that flight instructor
must:
(A) Be current and qualified to serve as the pilot in command and
flight instructor in the airplane involved, as required by Sec.
61.195(b) and (f) of this chapter; and
(B) Have logged at least 25 hours of pilot in command flight time
in that make and model of airplane with a single, functioning throwover
control wheel involved.
* * * * *
PART 141--PILOT SCHOOLS
10. The authority citation for 14 CFR part 141 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709,
44711, 45102-45103, 45301-45302.
[[Page 44790]]
11. Revise Sec. 141.45 to read as follows:
Sec. 141.45 Ground training facilities.
An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school
certificate must show that:
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, each room,
training booth, or other space used for instructional purposes is
heated, lighted, and ventilated to conform to local building,
sanitation, and health codes.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, the
training facility is so located that the students in that facility are
not distracted by the training conducted in other rooms, or by flight
and maintenance operations on the airport.
(c) If a training course is conducted through an Internet-based
medium, the pilot school or provisional pilot school that provides the
training must comply with the following:
(1) The school must maintain a permanent business location and
business telephone number.
(2) The school must inform the FAA within 3 working days of any
change of location of its permanent business address.
(3) The school must maintain its FAA-aproved training course
outline and student records at its permanent business location.
(4) The school must ensure that its approved Training Course
Outlines are adhered to by its students and instructors.
(5) The school will issue to each graduate of its approved training
courses, a sequentially numbered graduation certificate containing at
least the following information:
(i) The school's full business name and address.
(ii) The full name and address of each graduate.
(iii) The date of issuance of the graduation certificate.
(iv) In accordance with Sec. 61.719a) of this chapter, a statement
that the graduation certificate is valid for 60 days from the date of
issuance.
(v) The signature of the chief instructor or its FAA-approved
Airman Certification Representative (ACR).
(6) The school must maintain a record of the complete name and
addressed of all of its students, whether a graduation certificate was
issued or denied. If a graduation certificate is denied, the reason
must be stated in that student's file. Student records must be
maintained for a period of at least 12 calendar months after the
student has completed or was terminated from the training course.
(7) The school must maintain in current status, its mailing
address, telephone number, and facsimile number for a point of contact
for all its Internet-based training courses.
(8) The school must submit its training course outlines revisions
to the FAA that are identified numerically by page, date, and screen,
at least 30 days prior to their planned use of the training course
outline. Minor editorial and typographical changes do not require FAA
approval, provided the school notifies the FAA within 30 days of their
insertion.
(9) For monitoring purposes, the school must provide the FAA an
acceptable means to:
(i) Log-in and review all elements of the course as viewed by
attendees and to by-pass the normal attendee restrictions.
(ii) Logoff at will from a remote location.
(10) The school must incorporate adequate security measures into
its Internet-based courseware information system and into its operating
and maintenance procedures to ensure the following fundamental areas of
security and protection:
(i) Integrity.
(ii) Identification/Authentication.
(iii) Confidentiality.
(iv) Availability.
(v) Access Control.
(11) The pilot school must design its Internet-based courses to
ensure that the data will not be exposed to accidental alteration or
destruction, and that the data is the same as that in source documents
or has been correctly computed from source data without inappropriate
alteration.
(12) When requested by the FAA, the pilot school must make the
following information about its Internet-based courses readily
available to the FAA in a timely manner. The information must be held
in confidence to protect that information from unauthorized disclosure.
The information that must be made available to the FAA, includes:
(i) Training course material and content.
(ii) Name of the student to include the student's pilot certificate
number, address, and telephone number.
(iii) Training folder or electronic training record, as
appropriate, of the individual student.
(iv) Tests taken by the individual student.
(v) Test results record of the individual student.
(vi) Copy of the graduation certificate of the individual student.
(13) The pilot school must use software in the design of its
Internet-based training courses that provides for accountability and
traceability that enables any violations and attempted violations of
security protections to be traced to an individual who may have
committed such acts.
12. Amend Sec. 141.55 by revising paragraph (c)(1) to read as
follows:
Sec. 141.55 Training course: Contents.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(1) A description of each room used for ground training, including
the room's size and the maximum number of students that may be trained
in the room at one time, unless the course is provided via an Internet-
based training medium;
* * * * *
13. Amend Appendix D to part 141 by revising paragraphs
4.(b)(1)(ii) and 4.(b)(2)(ii) to read as follows:
Appendix D to Part 141--Commercial Pilot Certification Course
* * * * *
4. * * *
(b) * * *
(1) * * *
(ii) 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a single-engine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a single-engine airplane,
and the training must include instrument approaches consisting of
both precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational
radio stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying
that involves performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area
arrival, approach, and missed approach phases of flight;
* * * * *
(2) * * *
(ii) 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a multiengine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a multiengine airplane, and
the training must include instrument approaches consisting of both
precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational
radio stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying
that involves performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area
arrival, approach, and missed approach phases of flight;
* * * * *
14. Amend Appendix I to part 141, as amended on August 21, 2009 (74
FR 42566), and effective October 20, 2009, by revising paragraphs
4.(a)(3)(ii), (b)(2)(ii), (j)(2)(ii), and (k)(2)(ii) to read as
follows:
Appendix I to Part 141--Additional Aircraft Category and/or Class
Rating Course
* * * * *
4. * * *
(a) * * *
[[Page 44791]]
(3) * * *
(ii) 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a single-engine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a single-engine airplane
and the training must include instrument approaches consisting of
both precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational
radio stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying
that involves performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area
arrival, approach, and missed approach phases of flight;
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(2) * * *
(ii) 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a multiengine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a multiengine airplane and
the training must include instrument approaches consisting of both
precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational
radio stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying
that involves performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area
arrival, approach, and missed approach phases of flight;
* * * * *
(i) * * *
(2) * * *
10 hours of advanced instrument training in a single-engine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a single-engine airplane
and the training must include instrument approaches consisting of
both precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational
radio stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying
that involves performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area
arrival, approach, and missed approach phases of flight;
* * * * *
(k) * * *
(2) * * *
(ii) 10 hours of advanced instrument training in a multiengine
airplane, or in a flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device that replicates a multiengine airplane and
the training must include instrument approaches consisting of both
precision and non-precision approaches, holding at navigational
radio stations, intersections, waypoints, and cross-country flying
that involves performing takeoff, area departure, enroute, area
arrival, approach, and missed approach phases of flight;
* * * * *
15. Add new Appendix M to Part 141 to read as follows:
Appendix M to Part 141--Combined Private Pilot Certification and
Instrument Rating Course
1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum
curriculum for a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course required under this part, for the following ratings:
(a) Airplane.
(1) Airplane single engine.
(2) airplane multiengine.
(b) Rotocraft helicopter.
(c) Powered-lift.
2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold a sport pilot,
recreational, or student pilot certificate prior to enrolling in the
flight portion of a combined private pilot certification and
instrument rating course.
3. Aeronautical knowledge training.
(a) Each approved course must include at least 65 hours of
ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in
paragraph (b) of this section that are appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating of the course:
(b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical
knowledge areas:
(1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for private pilot
privileges, limitations, flight operations, and IFR flight
operations.
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board.
(3) Applicable subjects of the ``Aeronautical Information
Manual'' and the appropriate FAA advisory circulars.
(4) Aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, dead
reckoning, and navigation systems.
(5) Radio communication procedures.
(6) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground
and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts.
(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft and under
instrument flight rules and conditions.
(8) Collision avoidance and recognition and avoidance of wake
turbulence.
(9) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb
performance.
(10) Weight and balance computations.
(11) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft
systems.
(12) If the course of training is for an airplane category,
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques.
(13) Air traffic control system and procedures for instrument
flight operations.
(14) IFR navigation and approaches by use of navigation systems.
(15) Use of IFR en route and instrument approach procedure
charts.
(16) Aeronautical decision making and judgment.
(17) Preflight action that includes--
(i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of
intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports
and forecasts, and fuel requirements.
(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot
be completed or delays are encountered.
(iii) Procurement and use of aviation weather reports and
forecasts, and the elements of forecasting weather trends on the
basis of that information and personal observation of weather
conditions.
4. Flight training.
(a) Each approved course must include at least seventy hours of
training, as described in section 4 and section 5 of this appendix,
on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of
section 4 that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class
rating of the course:
(b) Each approved course must include at least the following
flight training:
(1) For an airplane single-engine course: Seventy hours of
flight training from an authorized instructor on the approved areas
of operation in paragraph (d)(1) of this section that includes at
least--
(i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours
of cross-country flight training in a single-engine airplane.
(ii) Three hours of night flight training in a single-engine
airplane that includes--
(A) One cross-country flight of more than 100 nautical miles
total distance.
(B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(iii) Thirty-five hours of instrument flight training in a
single-engine airplane that includes at least one cross-country
flight that is performed under IFR and--
(A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways
or ATC-directed routing with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between
airports.
(B) Involves an instrument approach at each airport.
(C) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use of
navigation systems.
(iv) Three hours of flight training in a single-engine airplane
in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the
date of the test.
(2) For an airplane multiengine course: Seventy hours of
training from an authorized instructor on the approved areas of
operation in paragraph (d)(2) of this section that includes at
least--
(i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours
of cross-country flight training in a multiengine airplane.
(ii) Three hours of night flight training in a multiengine
airplane that includes--
(A) One cross-country flight of more than 100 nautical miles
total distance.
(B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(iii) Thirty-five hours of instrument flight training in a
multiengine airplane that includes at least one cross-country flight
that is performed under IFR and--
(A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways
or ATC-directed routing with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between
airports.
(B) Involves an instrument approach at each airport.
(C) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use of
navigation systems.
(iv) Three hours of flight training in a multiengine airplane in
preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.
(3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: Seventy hours of
training from an authorized instructor on the approved areas of
operation in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that includes at
least--
[[Page 44792]]
(i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours
of cross-country flight training in a helicopter.
(ii) Three hours of night flight training in a helicopter that
includes--
(A) One cross-country flight of more than 50 nautical miles
total distance.
(B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(iii) Thirty-five hours of instrument flight training in a
helicopter that includes at least one cross-country flight that is
performed under IFR and--
(A) Is a distance of at least 100 nautical miles along airways
or ATC-directed routing with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 50 nautical miles between
airports.
(B) Involves an instrument approach at each airport.
(C) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use of
navigation systems.
(iv) Three hours of flight training in a helicopter in
preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.
(4) For a powered-lift course: Seventy hours of training from an
authorized instructor on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(4) of this section that includes at least--
(i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours
of cross-country flight training in a powered-lift.
(ii) Three hours of night flight training in a powered-lift that
includes--
(A) One cross-country flight of more than 100 nautical miles
total distance.
(B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(iii) Thirty-five hours of instrument flight training in a
powered-lift that includes at least one cross-country flight that is
performed under IFR and--
(A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways
or ATC-directed routing with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between
airports.
(B) Involves an instrument approach at each airport.
(C) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use of
navigation systems.
(iv) Three hours of flight training in a powered-lift in
preparation for the practical test, within 60 days preceding the
date of the test.
(c) For use of flight simulators or flight training devices:
(1) The course may include training in a combination of flight
simulators, flight training devices, and aviation training device,
provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets the requirements of this section, and the
training is given by an authorized instructor.
(2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements
of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 35
percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the
approved course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3) Training in a flight training device or aviation training
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part
may be credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the total flight
training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this
section, whichever is less.
(4) Training in a combination of flight simulators, flight
training devices, or aviation training devices, described in
paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of this section, may be credited for a
maximum of 35 percent of the total flight training hour requirements
of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight training device and
aviation training device, that meets the requirements of Sec.
141.41(b), cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph
(c)(3) of this section.
(d) Each approved course must include the flight training on the
approved areas of operation listed in this section that are
appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating course--
(1) For a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course involving a single-engine airplane:
(i) Preflight preparation.
(ii) Preflight procedures.
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations.
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(v) Performance maneuvers.
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers.
(vii) Navigation and navigation systems.
(viii) Slow flight and stalls.
(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers, flight by reference to
instruments, and instrument approach procedures.
(x) Air traffic control clearances and procedures.
(xi) Emergency operations.
(xii) Night operations.
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(2) For a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course involving a multiengine airplane:
(i) Preflight preparation.
(ii) Preflight procedures.
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations.
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(v) Performance maneuvers.
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers.
(vii) Navigation and navigation systems.
(vii) Basic instrument maneuvers, flight by reference to
instruments, and instrument approach procedurse.
(viii) Slow flight and stalls.
(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers, flight by reference to
instruments, and instrument approach procedures.
(x) Air traffic control clearances and procedures.
(xi) Emergency operations.
(xii) Multiengine operations.
(xiii) Night operations.
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course involving a helicopter:
(i) Preflight preparation.
(ii) Preflight procedures.
(iii) Airport and heliport operations.
(iv) Hovering maneuvers.
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(vi) Performance maneuvers.
(vii) Navigation and navigation systems.
(viii) Basic instrument maneuvers, flight by reference
instruments, and instrument approach procedures.
(ix) Air traffic control clearances and procedures.
(x) Emergency operations.
(xi) Night operations.
(xii) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course involving a powered-lift:
(i) Preflight preparation.
(ii) Preflight procedures.
(iii) Airport and heliport operations.
(iv) Hovering maneuvers.
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(vi) Performance maneuvers.
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers.
(viii) Navigation and navigation systems.
(ix) Slow flight and stalls.
(x) Basic instrument maneuvers, flight by reference to
instruments, and instrument approach procedures.
(xi) Air traffic control clearances and procedures.
(xii) Emergency operations.
(xiii) Night operations.
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
5. Solo flight training. Each approved course must include at
least the following solo flight training:
(a) For a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course involving an airplane single-engine: Five hours of
flying solo in a single-engine airplane on the appropriate areas of
operation in paragraph (d)(1) of section 4 of this appendix that
includes at least--
(1) One solo cross-country flight of a least 100 nautical miles
with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the
flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50
nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations.
(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(b) For a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course involving an airplane multiengine: Five hours of
flying solo in a multiengine airplane or 5 hours of performing the
duties of a pilot in command while under the supervision of an
authorized instructor. The training must consist of the appropriate
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(2) of section 4 of this
appendix, and include at least--
(1) One cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical miles with
landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight
consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles
between the takeoff and landing locations.
(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(c) For a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course involving a helicopter: Five hours of flying solo in a
helicopter on the appropriate areas of operation in paragraph (d)(3)
of section 4 of this appendix that includes at least--
(1) One solo cross-country flight of at least 50 nautical miles
with landings at a
[[Page 44793]]
minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of
a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles between the
takeoff and landing locations.
(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(d) For a combined private pilot certification and instrument
rating course involving a powered-life: Five hours of flying solo in
a powered-lift on the appropriate areas of operation in paragraph
(d)(4) of section 4 of this appendix that includes at least--
(1) One solo cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical miles
with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the
flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50
nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations.
(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.
6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests.
(a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot course must
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests
in accordance with the school's approved training course that
consists of the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d)
of section 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating for which the course applies.
(b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior
to receiving an endorsement to operate an aircraft in solo flight.
Issued in Washington, DC, on August 3, 2009.
John M. Allen,
Director, Flight Standards Service.
[FR Doc. E9-20957 Filed 8-28-09; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P