[Federal Register Volume 74, Number 216 (Tuesday, November 10, 2009)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 57908-57918]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E9-27044]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 141
[EPA-HQ-OW-2009-0707; FRL-8979-5]
Expedited Approval of Alternative Test Procedures for the
Analysis of Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act; Analysis
and Sampling Procedures
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This action announces the Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA's) approval of alternative testing methods for use in measuring
the levels of contaminants in drinking water and determining compliance
with national primary drinking water regulations. The Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA) authorizes EPA to approve the use of alternative
testing methods through publication in the Federal Register. EPA is
using this streamlined authority to make 25 additional methods
available for analyzing drinking water samples required by regulation.
This expedited approach provides public water systems, laboratories,
and primacy agencies with more timely access to new measurement
techniques and greater flexibility in the selection of analytical
methods, thereby reducing monitoring costs while maintaining public
health protection.
DATES: This action is effective November 10, 2009.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Safe Drinking Water Hotline: (800)
426-4791
[[Page 57909]]
or Patricia Snyder Fair, Technical Support Center, Office of Ground
Water and Drinking Water (MS 140), Environmental Protection Agency, 26
West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268; telephone number:
(513) 569-7937; e-mail address: [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. General Information
A. Does This Action Apply to Me?
Public water systems are the regulated entities required to measure
contaminants in drinking water samples. In addition, EPA Regions as
well as States and Tribal governments with authority to administer the
regulatory program for public water systems under SDWA may also measure
contaminants in water samples. When EPA sets a monitoring requirement
in its national primary drinking water regulations for a given
contaminant, the Agency also establishes in the regulations
standardized test procedures for analysis of the contaminant. This
action makes alternative testing methods available for particular
drinking water contaminants beyond the testing methods currently
established in the regulations. EPA is providing public water systems
required to test water samples with a choice of using either a test
procedure already established in the existing regulations or an
alternative test procedure that has been approved in this action.
Categories and entities that may ultimately be affected by this action
include:
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Examples of potentially regulated
Category entities NAICS \1\
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State, Local, & Tribal Governments...................... States, local and Tribal governments 924110
that analyze water samples on behalf
of public water systems required to
conduct such analysis; States, local
and Tribal governments that
themselves operate community and non-
transient non-community water systems
required to monitor.
Industry................................................ Private operators of community and non- 221310
transient non-community water systems
required to monitor.
Municipalities.......................................... Municipal operators of community and 924110
non-transient non-community water
systems required to monitor.
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\1\ North American Industry Classification System.
This table is not exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for
readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this action. This
table lists the types of entities that EPA is now aware could
potentially be affected by this action. Other types of entities not
listed in the table could also be impacted. To determine whether your
facility is affected by this action, you should carefully examine the
applicability language at 40 CFR 141.2 (definition of public water
system). If you have questions regarding the applicability of this
action to a particular entity, consult the person listed in the
preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section.
B. How Can I Get Copies of This Document and Other Related Information?
Docket. EPA established a docket for this action under Docket ID
No. EPA-HQ-OW-2009-0707. Publicly available docket materials are
available either electronically through http://www.regulations.gov or
in hard copy at the Water Docket in the EPA Docket Center, (EPA/DC) EPA
West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC.
Copyrighted materials are available only in hard copy. The EPA Docket
Center Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday
through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the
Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the
Water Docket is (202) 566-2426.
Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in This Action
CFR: Code of Federal Regulations.
DOC: Dissolved Organic Carbon.
DPD: N,N-Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine.
E. coli: Escherichia coli.
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency.
HAA5: Haloacetic Acids (five); Sum of Monochloroacetic Acid,
Dichloroacetic Acid, Trichloroacetic Acid, Monobromoacetic Acid, and
Dibromoacetic Acid.
IC: Ion Chromatography.
IC-ESI-MS/MS: Ion Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass
Spectrometry.
LED: Light Emitting Diode.
mg/L: Milligrams/Liter.
MRL: Minimum Reporting Level.
NEMI: National Environmental Methods Index.
nm: Nanometers.
QC: Quality Control.
SDWA: Safe Drinking Water Act.
SUVA: Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance.
TOC: Total Organic Carbon.
UV254: Ultraviolet Absorbance at 254 nanometers.
Table of Contents
I. General Information
A. Does This Action Apply to Me?
B. How Can I Get Copies of This Document and Other Related
Information?
II. Background
A. What Is the Purpose of This Action?
B. What Is the Basis for This Action?
III. Summary of Approvals
A. Methods Developed by EPA
B. Methods Developed by Voluntary Consensus Standard Bodies
(VCSB)
C. Methods Developed by Vendors
IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
V. References
II. Background
A. What Is the Purpose of This Action?
In this action, EPA is approving 25 analytical methods for
determining contaminant concentrations in samples collected under SDWA.
Regulated parties required to sample and monitor may use either the
testing methods already established in existing regulations or the
alternative testing methods being approved in this action. The new
methods are listed in Appendix A to Subpart C in 40 CFR 141 and on
EPA's drinking water methods Web site at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_expedited.html.
B. What Is the Basis for This Action?
When EPA determines that an alternative analytical method is
``equally effective'' (i.e., as effective as a method that has already
been promulgated in the regulations), SDWA allows EPA to approve the
use of the alternative method through publication in the Federal
Register. (See Section 1401(1) of SDWA.) EPA is using this streamlined
approval authority to make 25 additional methods available for
determining contaminant concentrations in samples collected under SDWA.
EPA has determined that, for each contaminant or group of contaminants
listed in Section III, the additional testing methods being approved in
this action are equally effective as one or more of the testing methods
already established in the regulations for those contaminants.
[[Page 57910]]
Section 1401(1) states that the newly approved methods ``shall be
treated as an alternative for public water systems to the quality
control and testing procedures listed in the regulation.'' Accordingly,
this action makes these additional (and optional) 25 analytical methods
legally available for meeting EPA's monitoring requirements.
This action does not add regulatory language, but does, for
informational purposes, update an appendix to the regulations at 40 CFR
part 141 that lists all methods approved under Section 1401(1) of SDWA.
Accordingly, while this action is not a rule, it is updating CFR text
and therefore is being published in the ``Final Rules'' section of this
Federal Register.
EPA described this expedited methods approval process in an April
10, 2007, Federal Register notice (72 FR 17902) (USEPA 2007) and
announced its intent to begin using the process. EPA published the
first set of approvals in a June 3, 2008, Federal Register notice (73
FR 31616) (USEPA 2008) and added Appendix A to 40 CFR Part 141, Subpart
C. Six additional methods were added to Appendix A to Subpart C in an
August 3, 2009, Federal Register notice (74 FR 38348) (USEPA 2009a).
Future approvals using this process are anticipated.
III. Summary of Approvals
EPA is approving 25 methods that are equally effective relative to
methods previously promulgated in the regulations. By means of this
notice, these 25 methods are added to Appendix A of 40 CFR Part 141,
Subpart C.
A. Methods Developed by EPA
1. EPA Method 334.0, ``Determination of Residual Chlorine in
Drinking Water Using an On-line Chlorine Analyzer'' (USEPA 2009b)
establishes quality control (QC) criteria for on-line chlorine
analyzers such that the analyzers provide data equivalent to the grab
sample methodologies that are already approved in the regulations. The
on-line chlorine analyzer is calibrated using aqueous standards or the
results from grab samples that are collected at the same sample point
as used by the analyzer. The grab samples are analyzed for chlorine
using a method that is approved for drinking water compliance
monitoring. The accuracy of the on-line chlorine analyzer is
periodically verified (and adjustments made when necessary) based on
results from grab sample analyses.
Previously approved methods for determining free and total chlorine
residuals in drinking water are listed in the tables at 40 CFR
141.74(a)(2) and 40 CFR 141.131(c)(1). All of the methods are designed
for grab sample analyses. The regulation at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2) also
states, ``Free and total chlorine residuals may be measured
continuously by adapting a specified chlorine residual method for use
with a continuous monitoring instrument provided the chemistry,
accuracy, and precision remain the same. Instruments used for
continuous monitoring must be calibrated with a grab sample measurement
at least every five days, or with a protocol approved by the State.''
Continuous monitoring instruments that use N,N-Diethyl-p-phenylene
diamine (DPD) chemistry are the only on-line chlorine analyzers that,
prior to this action, met the drinking water regulatory requirement to
use the same chemistry as an approved method. The instruments perform
chlorine residual measurements on a frequent basis using an automated
version of Standard Method 4500-Cl G (APHA 1998), which is listed in
the tables at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2) and 40 CFR 141.131(c)(1). Since the
instruments use an approved method, they have the capability to provide
the same accuracy and precision as the approved method (Standard Method
4500-Cl G), if they are properly installed and maintained. The
performance characteristics of the instruments are periodically checked
by comparing the instrumental results to grab sample measurements
according to a protocol approved by the State.
EPA Method 334.0 now allows the use of on-line chlorine analyzers
based on chemistry different from that of approved methods. It is a
``performance based'' method, which means it establishes QC criteria to
bench-mark the performance of the on-line chlorine analyzer against the
performance of approved grab sample methods. As long as the on-line
analyzer meets the QC criteria in EPA Method 334.0, the data are deemed
equivalent to data obtained using the approved grab sample methods. EPA
Method 334.0 can be used with any type of on-line chlorine analyzer.
Data from 38 drinking water treatment facilities (EE&T, Inc. 2009)
were used as the basis for establishing the on-line chlorine analyzer
QC criteria in EPA Method 334.0. Chlorine residual measurements from
on-line amperometric chlorine analyzers were compared to the results
from grab sample analyses performed using either Standard Method 4500-
Cl D (amperometric titration) (APHA 1998) or Standard Method 4500-Cl G
(DPD colorimetric). Both Standard Methods are approved for drinking
water compliance monitoring analyses and are listed in the tables at 40
CFR 141.74(a)(2) and 40 CFR 141.131(c)(1). The data from the 38
facilities demonstrate that on-line amperometric chlorine analyzers can
provide data that are equivalent to approved methods.
EPA Method 334.0 requires that the analyst demonstrate that the
grab sample method provides reliable data prior to using it to verify
the performance of an on-line chlorine analyzer. This QC requirement is
consistent with the QC requirements in the approved grab sample
methods. Aqueous standards are analyzed to demonstrate the accuracy and
precision of the measurements. EPA recommends that the grab sample QC
requirements in EPA Method 334.0 be used with all on-line chlorine
analyzers, including those that are originally approved under the
provisions of 40 CFR 141.74.
A preliminary draft of EPA Method 334.0 was provided to the
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, the American Water
Works Association, and the Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers
Association. A revised draft was reviewed by persons from two State
agencies and two drinking water utilities. The final method reflects
changes made in response to review comments. The public docket for this
action includes the comments from these organizations and the Agency's
response to comments (USEPA 2009c).
EPA has determined that EPA Method 334.0 is equally effective for
measuring free and total chlorine residuals as the methods that are
promulgated in the regulations at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2) and 40 CFR
141.131(c)(1). The basis for this determination is discussed in Fair
and Wendelken 2009. EPA is therefore approving use of EPA Method 334.0
for on-line analyses of free and total chlorine. A copy of the method
can be accessed and downloaded directly on-line at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.
2. EPA Method 302.0, ``Determination of Bromate in Drinking Waters
using Two-Dimensional Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity
Detection'' (USEPA 2009d) is a large volume (1.0 mL), two-dimensional
ion chromatography (IC) method that uses suppressed conductivity
detection for the determination of bromate in raw and finished drinking
waters. Because this method utilizes two dissimilar IC columns it does
not require second column confirmation. Detection and quantitation are
accomplished in the second dimension by suppressed conductivity
measurement. Bromate
[[Page 57911]]
concentration is calculated using the integrated peak area and the
external standard technique.
EPA Method 302.0 offers increased bromate specificity without the
complexity of post column reactors.
The approved methods for bromate are listed at 40 CFR
141.131(b)(1). The performance characteristics of EPA Method 302.0 were
compared to the characteristics of approved EPA Methods 300.1 (USEPA
2000), 317.0, Revision 2.0 (USEPA 2001), and 326.0 (USEPA 2002). EPA
has determined that EPA Method 302.0 is equally effective for measuring
bromate concentrations as these approved methods. EPA Method 302.0 can
also meet the minimum reporting limit (MRL) requirements necessary for
methods that are used to support the reduced bromate monitoring
specified at 40 CFR 141.132(b)(3)(ii)(B). The basis for these
determinations is discussed in Munch 2009a. EPA is therefore approving
EPA Method 302.0 for the routine determination of bromate in drinking
water and also allowing its use for reduced bromate monitoring. A copy
of the method can be accessed and downloaded directly on-line at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.
3. EPA Method 557, ``Determination of Haloacetic Acids, Bromate,
and Dalapon in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography Electrospray
Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS)'' (USEPA 2009e) is a
direct-injection, ion chromatography, negative-ion electrospray
ionization, tandem mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the
determination of nine haloacetic acids in finished drinking waters.
Each method analyte is qualitatively identified via a unique mass
transition, and the concentration is calculated using the integrated
peak area and the internal standard technique.
Bromate may be measured concurrently with the haloacetic acids.
Real time, chromatographic separation of common anions in drinking
water (matrix elimination) is a key feature of this method. Acceptable
method performance has been demonstrated for matrix ion concentrations
of 320 milligrams/Liter (mg/L) chloride, 250 mg/L sulfate, 150 mg/L
bicarbonate and 20 mg/L nitrate.
EPA Method 557 eliminates the labor intensive sample preparation
steps (extraction and derivatization) that are required in the current
methods that are approved for haloacetic acid determinations. It also
reduces the use of solvents and potentially hazardous chemicals. The
development work for this method is described in the method research
summary (Zaffiro and Zimmerman 2009).
The sum of five haloacetic acids (monochloroacetic acid,
dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and
dibromoacetic acid) is regulated as HAA5. The approved methods for HAA5
are listed at 40 CFR 141.131(b)(1). The performance characteristics of
EPA Method 557 for each of the five haloacetic acids were compared to
the characteristics of approved EPA Methods 552.2 (USEPA 1995) and
552.3, Revision 1.0 (USEPA 2003) for the same compounds. EPA has
determined that EPA Method 557 is equally effective for measuring HAA5
relative to approved EPA Methods 552.2 and 552.3. The basis for this
determination is discussed in Munch 2009b. Therefore, EPA is approving
EPA Method 557 for determining HAA5 in drinking water.
The performance characteristics of EPA Method 557 were also
compared to the bromate-measurement characteristics of approved EPA
Methods 300.1 (USEPA 2000), 317.0 Revision 2.0 (USEPA 2001), and 326.0
(USEPA 2002). EPA has determined that EPA Method 557 is equally
effective for measuring bromate concentrations as these approved
methods. EPA Method 557 can also meet the MRL requirements necessary
for methods that are used to support the reduced bromate monitoring
specified at 40 CFR 141.132(b)(3)(ii)(B). The basis for these
determinations is discussed in Munch 2009b. EPA is therefore approving
EPA Method 557 for the routine determination of bromate in drinking
water and also allowing its use for reduced bromate monitoring.
A copy of EPA Method 557 can be accessed and downloaded directly
on-line at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.
4. EPA Method 415.3, Revision 1.2, ``Determination of Total Organic
Carbon and Specific UV Absorbance at 254 nanometers (nm) in Source
Water and Drinking Water'' (USEPA 2009f) is a slightly modified version
of the currently approved EPA Method 415.3, Revision 1.1 (USEPA 2005).
Revision 1.1 is listed as an approved method for determining total
organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet
absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), and specific ultraviolet
absorbance (SUVA) concentrations at 40 CFR 141.131(d). Determination of
UV254 can only be done using a double beam spectrophotometer
if the instrument is zeroed according to the directions in the approved
method. Since many water system laboratories use single beam
spectrophotometers, the method was revised to allow for their use by
modifying the zeroing procedure. This modification did not result in
any change in the performance of the method. Therefore, EPA finds that
Method 415.3, Revision 1.2 is equally effective as Revision 1.1.
Revision 1.2 also corrects some typographical errors that are present
in Revision 1.1. The modifications are documented in Wimsatt 2009. EPA
is approving EPA Method 415.3, Revision 1.2 for determining TOC, DOC,
UV254, and SUVA in source water and drinking water.
A copy of EPA Method 415.3, Revision 1.2 can be accessed and
downloaded directly on-line at http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/ordmeth.htm.
B. Methods Developed by Voluntary Consensus Standard Bodies (VCSB)
1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
Standard Methods 9223 B-97 and 9223 B (20th and 21st Edition) can be
used to detect Escherichia coli (E. coli). Approved methods for E. coli
are listed at 40 CFR 141.21(f)(6). The Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG (MMO-
MUG) Test is listed as an approved method for E. coli and the reference
cited for the procedure is a journal article (Edberg et al. 1989).
Standard Methods used the same research documented in the journal
article to write Standard Method 9223 B, which is published in the 20th
and 21st Edition of Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and
Wastewater (APHA 1998, 2005). The same method is also available on-line
as Standard Method 9223 B-97 (APHA 1997). Since Standard Methods 9223 B
(20th and 21st Edition) and 9223 B-97 are the same procedure as that
documented in the Edberg et al. article, they are equally effective as
the approved Edberg method for determining E. coli (Best 2009).
Therefore, EPA is approving the use of Standard Methods 9223 B (20th
Edition), 9223 B (21st Edition) and 9223 B-97 for determining E. coli
as specified at 40 CFR 141.21(f)(6). The 20th and 21st editions can be
obtained from American Public Health Association (APHA), 800 I Street,
NW., Washington, DC 20001-3710. Standard Method 9223 B-97 is available
at http://www.standardmethods.org.
2. ASTM International. EPA compared the most recent versions of 14
ASTM International methods to the versions of those methods cited in 40
CFR 141 and 143. Changes between the approved version and the most
recent version of each method are summarized
[[Page 57912]]
in Fair 2009. The revisions primarily involve editorial changes (i.e.,
updated references, reorganization, and corrections of errors). Data
generated using the revised methods are comparable to data obtained
using the previous versions because the chemistry, sample-handling
protocols, and QC are unchanged. The new versions are equally effective
relative to the version cited in the regulation (Fair 2009). Therefore,
EPA is approving the use of the 14 updated ASTM methods for the
contaminants and regulations listed in the following table.
The revised ASTM method for bromate and chlorite analyses (D 6581-
08) is split into two techniques. Method A uses chemically suppressed
ion chromatography and is the same as the approved Method D 6581-00,
which is listed in the regulation at 40 CFR 141.131(b)(1); ASTM D 6581-
08 A is one of the 14 methods previously discussed. Method B uses
electrolytically suppressed ion chromatography and represents a new
method. EPA compared the bromate and chlorite performance data for
Method B to the data in the approved Method D 6581-00 and determined
that Method B is equally effective as the currently approved method
(Fair 2009). Therefore, EPA is approving ASTM D 6581-08 B for the
determination of bromate and chlorite in routine drinking water
compliance samples.
The ASTM methods that are approved in this action are listed in the
following table:
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ASTM method Contaminant Regulation
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D511-09 A (ASTM International Calcium.............................. 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009a).
Magnesium............................ 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
D511-09 B (ASTM International Calcium.............................. 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009a).
Magnesium............................ 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
D1688-07 A (ASTM International Copper............................... 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009b).
D1688-07 C (ASTM International Copper............................... 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009b).
D2972-08 B (ASTM International Arsenic.............................. 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009c).
D2972-08 C (ASTM International Arsenic.............................. 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009c).
D3559-08 D (ASTM International Lead................................. 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009d).
D3645-08 B (ASTM International Beryllium............................ 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009e).
D3697-07 (ASTM International 2009f) Antimony............................. 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
D3859-08 A (ASTM International Selenium............................. 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009g).
D3859-08 B (ASTM International Selenium............................. 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).
2009g).
D1253-08 (ASTM International 2009h) Free Chlorine........................ 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2).
40 CFR 141.131(c)(1)
Total Chlorine....................... 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2).
40 CFR 141.131(c)(1).
Combined Chlorine.................... 40 CFR 141.131(c)(1).
D516-07 (ASTM International 2009i). Sulfate.............................. 40 CFR 143.4(b).
D6581-08 A (ASTM International Bromate.............................. 40 CFR 141.131(b)(1).
2009j).
Chlorite............................. 40 CFR 141.131(b)(1).
D6581-08 B (ASTM International Bromate.............................. 40 CFR 141.131(b)(1).
2009j).
Chlorite............................. 40 CFR 141.131(b)(1).
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The 15 ASTM methods are available from ASTM International, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 or http://www.astm.org.
C. Methods Developed by Vendors
1. AMI Turbiwell Method (SWAN Analytische Instrumente AG 2009a)
uses light emitting diode (LED) nephelometry to continuously measure
turbidity in drinking water. The turbidimeter utilizes a non-contact
light source design to avoid fouling of optical surfaces. The LED has
an emission range of 415 nm to 780 nm with a peak spectral radiance of
562nm. The light beam from the emission LED impinges the water surface
and is refracted. The detector measures the scattered light at an angle
of 90[deg]. A light barrier avoids measurement errors due to light
reflections. The instrument is equipped with an internal data logger,
or the data can be downloaded to a personal computer or central data
system with appropriate computer software.
The approved methods for turbidity are listed at 40 CFR
141.74(a)(1). The performance characteristics of the AMI Turbiwell
turbidimeter were compared to the performance characteristics of
approved EPA Method 180.1 (USEPA 1993). The validation study report
(SWAN Analytische Instrumente AG 2009b) summarizes the results obtained
from the turbidimeters placed in series at three different public water
systems. One water system used ground water and the other two plants
used surface water sources. Measurements included at least one filter
backwash at each of the surface water plants.
EPA has determined that the AMI Turbiwell Method is equally
effective as approved EPA Method 180.1. The basis for this
determination is discussed in the validation study report (SWAN
Analytische Instrumente AG 2009b). Therefore, EPA is approving the AMI
Turbiwell Method for determining turbidity in drinking water. A copy of
the method can be downloaded from the National Environmental Methods
Index (NEMI) at http://www.nemi.gov or obtained by contacting Markus
Bernasconi, SWAN Analytische Instrumente AG, Studbachstrasse 13, CH-
8340 Hinwil, Switzerland.
2. ChloroSense (Palintest Ltd 2009a) is an electrochemical sensor
method that measures free and total chlorine using disposable sensors.
Free and combined available chlorine react with proprietary reagents on
the sensor to create intermediate reaction products. These products are
then detected electrochemically. The current that flows in each case is
proportional to the amount of free available chlorine or total
available chlorine in the sample. The sensors are pre-calibrated, and
free and total chlorine concentrations are displayed upon completion of
the analysis.
Approved methods for determining free and total chlorine residuals
in drinking water are listed in the tables at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2) and
40 CFR 141.131(c)(1). The performance characteristics of ChloroSense
were compared to the performance characteristics of approved Standard
Methods 4500-Cl D (amperometric titration)(APHA 1998) and 4500-Cl G
(DPD colorimetric)(APHA 1998). A variety of samples, including drinking
water samples from both surface and
[[Page 57913]]
ground water sources, were fortified with known chlorine concentrations
and then analyzed by each method. The results are summarized in the
validation study report (Palintest Ltd 2009b).
EPA has determined that the ChloroSense Method is equally effective
as approved Standard Methods 4500-Cl D and 4500-Cl G. The basis for
this determination is discussed in the validation study report
(Palintest Ltd 2009b). Therefore, EPA is approving the ChloroSense
Method for determining free and total chlorine residuals in drinking
water. A copy of the method can be downloaded from NEMI at http://www.nemi.gov or obtained by contacting Palintest Ltd, 21 Kenton Lands
Road, P.O. Box 18395, Erlanger, KY 41018.
3. Modified ColitagTM (CPI International 2009).
ColitagTM (CPI International 2001) is a presence/absence
method approved for use under the Total Coliform Rule. It uses
enzymatic cleavage of a chromogenic substance to detect total coliforms
and enzymatic cleavage of a fluorogenic substance to detect E. coli in
a 100 mL sample of drinking water. Detection of total coliforms and E.
coli are performed simultaneously by this method. ColitagTM
may also be used in a most-probable-number format provided that the sum
of all individual portions of the sample total 100 mL. Modified
ColitagTM has a different formulation from the originally
approved ColitagTM. The purpose of the formula change is to
achieve greater selectivity for total coliforms and E. coli.
Additionally, the Modified ColitagTM provides flexibility in
the incubation period (16 to 48 hours), while the approved
ColitagTM requires a 24 hour incubation time.
Approved methods for total coliforms are listed at 40 CFR
141.21(f)(3) and approved methods for E. coli are listed at 40 CFR
141.21(f)(6). The performance characteristics of Modified
ColitagTM were compared to Standard Methods 9221 B (LTB/
BGLB) for total coliforms and 9222 G (LTB/EC-MUG) for E. coli (APHA
1998). The comparison study involved analyses of twenty replicate
drinking water samples that were inoculated with very low densities of
chlorine stressed total coliforms or E. coli obtained from ten
geographically dispersed waste waters. Method specificity was evaluated
using 100 positive and 100 negative cultures as determined from
analyses by the reference methods.
EPA has determined that the Modified ColitagTM Method is
equally effective as approved Standard Methods 9221 B for total
coliforms and 9222 G for E. coli, which are already promulgated in the
regulations at 40 CFR 141.21(f)(3) and 40 CFR 141.21(f)(6),
respectively. The basis for this determination is discussed in the
study report (USEPA 2009g). Therefore, EPA is approving the Modified
ColitagTM Method for determining total coliforms and E. coli
in drinking water. A copy of the method can be downloaded from NEMI at
http://www.nemi.gov or obtained by contacting CPI International, 580
Skylane Boulevard, Santa Rosa, CA 95403.
IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
As noted in Section II, under the terms of SDWA Section 1401(1),
this streamlined method approval action is not a rule. Accordingly, the
Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small
Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, does not apply
because this action is not a rule for purposes of 5 U.S.C. 804(3).
Similarly, this action is not subject to the Regulatory Flexibility Act
because it is not subject to notice and comment requirements under the
Administrative Procedure Act or any other statute. In addition, because
this approval action is not a rule but simply makes alternative
(optional) testing methods available for monitoring under SDWA, EPA has
concluded that other statutes and executive orders generally applicable
to rulemaking do not apply to this approval action.
V. References
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1997. Standard Method
9223-97. Enzyme Substrate Coliform Test. Approved by Standard
Methods Committee 1997. Standard Methods Online. (Available at
http://www.standardmethods.org.)
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1998. 20th Edition of
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW., Washington,
DC 20001-3710.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2005. 21st Edition of
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW., Washington,
DC 20001-3710.
ASTM International. 2009a. ASTM D 511-09. Standard Test Methods for
Calcium and Magnesium in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009b. ASTM D 1688-07. Standard Test Methods for
Copper in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009c. ASTM D 2972-08. Standard Test Methods for
Arsenic in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009d. ASTM D 3559-08. Standard Test Methods for
Lead in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009e. ASTM D 3645-08. Standard Test Methods for
Beryllium in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009f. ASTM D 3697-07. Standard Test Methods for
Antimony in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009g. ASTM D 3859-08. Standard Test Methods for
Selenium in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009h. ASTM D 1253-08. Standard Test Method for
Residual Chlorine in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009i. ASTM D 516-07. Standard Test Method for
Sulfate Ion in Water. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
ASTM International. 2009j. ASTM D 6581-08. Standard Test Methods for
Bromate, Bromide, Chlorate, and Chlorite in Drinking Water by
Suppressed Ion Chromatography. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. (Available at http://www.astm.org.)
Best, J. 2009. Memo to the record describing basis for expedited
approval of Standard Methods 9223 B (20th Edition), 9223 B (21st
Edition) and 9223 B-97 for determining E. coli as specified at 40
CFR 141.21(f)(6). August 31, 2009.
CPI International. 2001. Colitag\TM\ Test. Colitag\TM\ Product as a
Test for Detection and Identification of Coliforms and Escherichia
coli Bacteria in Drinking Water and Source Water as Required in
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. August 2001. 580
Skylane Boulevard, Santa Rosa, CA 95403.
CPI International. 2009. Modified ColitagTM Method.
Modified ColitagTM Test Method for the Simultaneous
Detection of E. coli and other Total Coliforms in Water (ATP D05-
0035). August 28, 2009. 5580 Skylane Boulevard, Santa Rosa, CA
95403.
Edberg, S.C. et al. 1989. ``National Field Evaluation of a Defined
Substrate Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms
and Escherichia coli from Drinking Water: Comparison with
[[Page 57914]]
Presence-Absence Techniques.'' Applied Environmental Microbiology,
Vol. 55, pp. 1003-1008, April 1989.
Environmental Engineering & Technology, Inc. (EE&T, Inc.).
Memorandum No. 4 to AWWA. Final Analysis of Online Amperometric
Data. EE&T Project No. 5318, February 27, 2009. EE&T, Inc., 712 Gum
Rock Court, Newport News, VA 23606.
Fair, P. 2009. Memo to the record describing basis for approval of
updated ASTM methods. September 30, 2009.
Fair, P. and Wendelken, S. 2009. Memo to the record describing basis
for expedited approval of EPA Method 334.0. September 30, 2009.
Munch, D. 2009a. Memo to the record describing basis for expedited
approval of EPA Method 302.0 for bromate. September 30, 2009.
Munch, D. 2009b. Memo to the record describing basis for expedited
approval of EPA Method 557 for HAA5 and bromate. October 6, 2009.
Palintest Ltd. 2009a. ChloroSense Method, Rev. 1.0. Measurement of
Free and Total Chlorine in Drinking Water by Palintest ChloroSense,
August 10, 2009, Palintest Ltd, 21 Kenton Lands Road, PO Box 18395,
Erlanger, KY 41018. (Available at http://www.nemi.gov.)
Palintest Ltd. 2009b. ATP Evaluation of Palintest ChloroSense for
the Measurement of Free and Total Chlorine, August 10, 2009.
Palintest Ltd, 21 Kenton Lands Road, PO Box 18395, Erlanger, KY
41018.
SWAN Analytische Instrumente AG. 2009a. AMI Turbiwell Method, Rev.
1.0. Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Using a SWAN AMI Turbiwell
Turbidimeter, August 10, 2009, Markus Bernasconi, SWAN Analytische
Instrumente AG, Studbachstrasse 13, CH-8340 Hinwil, Switzerland.
(Available at http://www.nemi.gov.)
SWAN Analytische Instrumente AG. 2009b. ATP Evaluation of the SWAN
AMI Turbiwell Turbidimeter for Measurement of Turbidity, August 10,
2009. Studbachstrasse 13, CH-8340 Hinwil, Switzerland.
USEPA. 1993. EPA Method 180.1, Revision 2.0, ``Determination of
Turbidity by Nephelometry'' in Methods for the Determination of
Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples, EPA/600/R-93/100.
(Available at http://www.nemi.gov.)
USEPA. 1995. EPA Method 552.2, ``Determination of Haloacetic Acids
and Dalapon in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction,
Derivatization and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture
Detection'' in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water, Supplement III, EPA/600/R-95-131, August 1995.
(Available at http://www.nemi.gov.)
USEPA. 2000. EPA Method 300.1, ``Determination of Inorganic Anions
in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography'' in Methods for the
Determination of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Drinking Water,
Volume 1, EPA 815-R-00-014. (Available at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.)
USEPA. 2001. EPA Method 317.0, Revision 2.0, Determination of
Inorganic Oxyhalide Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water Using
Ion Chromatography with the Addition of a Postcolumn Reagent for
Trace Bromate Analysis, EPA 815-B-01-001, July 2001. (Available at
http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.)
USEPA. 2002. EPA Method 326.0, Determination of Inorganic Oxyhalide
Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography
Incorporating the Addition of a Suppressor Acidified Postcolumn
Reagent for Trace Bromate Analysis, EPA 815-R-03-007, June 2002.
(Available at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.)
USEPA. 2003. EPA Method 552.3, Determination of Haloacetic Acids and
Dalapon in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Microextraction,
Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture
Detection, EPA 815-B-03-002, July 2003. (Available at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html).
USEPA. 2005. EPA Method 415.0, Revision 1.1. Determination of Total
Organic Carbon and Specific UV Absorbance at 254 nm in Source Water
and Drinking Water. EPA/600/R-05/055, February 2005. (Available at
http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/ordmeth.htm.)
USEPA. 2007. Expedited Approval of Test Procedures for the Analysis
of Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act; Analysis and
Sampling Procedures. 72 FR 17902. April 10, 2007.
USEPA. 2008. Expedited Approval of Alternative Test Procedures for
the Analysis of Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act;
Analysis and Sampling Procedures. 73 FR 31616. June 3, 2008.
USEPA. 2009a. Expedited Approval of Alternative Test Procedures for
the Analysis of Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act;
Analysis and Sampling Procedures. 74 FR 38348. August 3, 2009.
USEPA. 2009b. EPA Method 334.0. Determination of Residual Chlorine
in Drinking Water Using an On-line Chlorine Analyzer, EPA 815-B-09-
013. September 2009. (Available at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.)
USEPA. 2009c. Response to Comments Document for Review of EPA Method
334.0. September 30, 2009.
USEPA. 2009d. EPA Method 302.0. Determination of Bromate in Drinking
Waters using Two-Dimensional Ion Chromatography with Suppressed
Conductivity Detection, EPA 815-B-09-014. September 2009. (Available
at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.)
USEPA. 2009e. EPA Method 557. Determination of Haloacetic Acids,
Bromate, and Dalapon in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography
Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS), EPA
815-B-09-012, August 2009. (Available at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.)
USEPA. 2009f. EPA Method 415.0, Revision 1.2. Determination of Total
Organic Carbon and Specific UV Absorbance at 254 nm in Source Water
and Drinking Water. EPA/600/R-09/122, September 2009. (Available at
http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/ordmeth.htm.)
USEPA. 2009g. ATP Study Report of Modified Colitag\TM\, ATP Case No.
D05-0035, September 21, 2009.
Wimsatt, J. 2009. Memo to the record describing changes to EPA
Method 415.3, Revision 1.1 that are incorporated into Revision 1.2.
September 30, 2009.
Zaffiro, A.D. and Zimmerman, M. 2009. EPA Method 557 Research
Summary, Shaw Environmental Inc., Cincinnati OH. March 2009.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 141
Chemicals, Environmental protection, Indians--lands,
Intergovernmental relations, Radiation protection, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Water supply.
Dated: October 29, 2009.
Peter S. Silva,
Assistant Administrator, Office of Water.
0
For the reasons stated in the preamble, 40 CFR part 141 is amended as
follows:
PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
0
1. The authority citation for part 141 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-l, 300j-4, and 300j-9.
0
2. Appendix A to subpart C of part 141 is amended as follows:
0
a. By revising the entry in the table entitled ``Alternative testing
methods for contaminants listed at 40 CFR 141.21(f)(3).''
0
b. By adding the table entitled ``Alternative testing methods for
contaminants listed at 40 CFR 141.21(f)(6)'' after the table entitled
``Alternative testing methods for contaminants listed at 40 CFR
141.21(f)(3).''
0
c. By revising the entries for ``Antimony,'' ``Arsenic,''
``Beryllium,'' ``Calcium,'' ``Copper,'' ``Lead,'' ``Magnesium,'' and
``Selenium'' in the table entitled ``Alternative testing methods for
contaminants listed at 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1).''
0
d. By revising the entry for ``Turbidity'' in the table entitled
``Alternative testing methods for contaminants listed at 40 CFR
141.74(a)(1).''
0
e. By revising the entries for ``Free Chlorine'' and ``Total Chlorine''
in the
[[Page 57915]]
table entitled ``Alternative testing methods for disinfectant residuals
listed at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2).''
0
f. By revising the entry for ``HAA5'' and adding the entries for
``Bromate'' and ``Chlorite'' after the entry for ``HAA5'' in the table
entitled ``Alternative testing methods for contaminants listed at 40
CFR 141.131(b)(1).''
0
g. By revising the entries for ``Free Chlorine,'' ``Combined Chlorine''
and ``Total Chlorine'' in the table entitled ``Alternative testing
methods for disinfectant residuals listed at 40 CFR 141.131(c)(1).''
0
h. By revising all the entries in the table entitled ``Alternative
testing methods for parameters listed at 40 CFR 141.131(d).''
0
i. By adding the table entitled ``Alternative testing methods with MRL
<= 0.0010 mg/L for monitoring listed at 40 CFR 141.132(b)(3)(ii)(B)''
after the table entitled ``Alternative testing methods for parameters
listed at 40 CFR 141.131(d).''
0
j. By revising the entry for ``Sulfate'' in the table entitled
``Alternative testing methods for contaminants listed at 40 CFR
143.4(b)'' and,
0
k. By adding footnotes 13 through 19 to the table.
Appendix A to Subpart C of Part 141--Alternative Testing Methods
Approved for Analyses Under the Safe Drinking Water Act
* * * * *
Alternative Testing Methods for Contaminants Listed at 40 CFR 141.21(f)(3)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology SM 21st edition \1\ Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coliforms............... Total Coliform 9221 A, B .............................
Fermentation
Technique.
Total Coliform 9222 A, B, C .............................
Membrane Filter
Technique.
Presence-Absence 9221 D .............................
(P-A) Coliform
Test.
ONPG-MUG Test.... 9223 .............................
Colitag \TM\..... .............................. Modified Colitag \TM\ \13\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative Testing Methods for Contaminants Listed at 40 CFR 141.21(f)(6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology SM 20th edition \6\ SM 21st edition \1\ SM online \3\ Other
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
E. coli....................... ONPG-MUG Test.... 9223 B 9223 B 9223 B-97 .............................
Modified Colitag \TM\ \13\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative Testing Methods for Contaminants Listed at 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SM 21st edition
Contaminant Methodology EPA method \1\ SM online \3\ ASTM \4\ Other
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Antimony...................... Hydride-Atomic .................. .................. .................. D 3697-07 .................
Absorption.
Atomic Absorption; .................. 3113 B .................. ................. .................
Furnace.
Axially viewed 200.5, Revision .................. .................. ................. .................
inductively coupled 4.2.\2\
plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry
(AVICP-AES).
Arsenic....................... Atomic Absorption; .................. 3113 B .................. D 2972-08 C .................
Furnace.
Hydride Atomic .................. 3114 B .................. D 2972-08 B .................
Absorption.
Axially viewed 200.5, Revision .................. .................. ................. .................
inductively coupled 4.2.
plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry
(AVICP-AES).
* * * * * * *
Beryllium..................... Inductively Coupled .................. 3120 B .................. ................. .................
Plasma.
Atomic Absorption; .................. 3113 B .................. D 3645-08 B .................
Furnace.
Axially viewed 200.5, Revision .................. .................. ................. .................
inductively coupled 4.2.
plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry
(AVICP-AES).
* * * * * * *
Calcium....................... EDTA titrimetric...... .................. 3500-Ca B .................. D 511-09 A .................
Atomic Absorption; .................. 3111 B .................. D 511-09 B .................
Direct Aspiration.
Inductively Coupled .................. 3120 B .................. ................. .................
Plasma.
Axially viewed 200.5, Revision .................. .................. ................. .................
inductively coupled 4.2.
plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry
(AVICP-AES).
* * * * * * *
Copper........................ Atomic Absorption; .................. 3113 B .................. D 1688-07 C .................
Furnace.
Atomic Absorption; .................. 3111 B .................. D 1688-07 A .................
Direct Aspiration.
Inductively Coupled .................. 3120 B .................. ................. .................
Plasma.
[[Page 57916]]
Axially viewed 200.5, Revision .................. .................. ................. .................
inductively coupled 4.2.
plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry
(AVICP-AES).
* * * * * * *
Lead.......................... Atomic Absorption; .................. 3113 B .................. D 3559-08 D .................
Furnace.
Axially viewed 200.5, Revision .................. .................. ................. .................
inductively coupled 4.2.
plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry
(AVICP-AES).
Magnesium..................... Atomic Absorption..... .................. 3111 B .................. D 511-09 B .................
Inductively Coupled .................. 3120 B .................. ................. .................
Plasma.
Complexation .................. 3500-Mg B .................. D 511-09 A .................
Titrimetric Methods.
Axially viewed 200.5, Revision .................. .................. ................. .................
inductively coupled 4.2.
plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry
(AVICP-AES).
* * * * * * *
Selenium...................... Hydride-Atomic .................. 3114 B .................. D 3859-08 A .................
Absorption.
Atomic Absorption; .................. 3113 B .................. D 3859-08 B .................
Furnace.
Axially viewed 200.5, Revision .................. .................. ................. .................
inductively coupled 4.2.
plasma-atomic
emission spectrometry
(AVICP-AES).
* * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
Alternative Testing Methods for Contaminants Listed at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(1)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology SM 21st edition \1\ Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * *
Turbidity....................... Nephelometric 2130 B ...............................
Method.
Laser Nephelometry ........................ Mitchell M5271 \10\
(on-line).
LED Nephelometry ........................ Mitchell M5331 \11\
(on-line).
LED Nephelometry ........................ AMI Turbiwell \15\
(on-line).
LED Nephelometry ........................ Orion AQ4500 \12\
(portable).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative Testing Methods for Disinfectant Residuals Listed at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residual Methodology SM 21st edition \1\ ASTM \4\ Other
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Free Chlorine...................... Amperometric Titration 4500-Cl D D 1253-08 ..................................
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F .......................... ..................................
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric...... 4500-Cl G .......................... ..................................
Syringaldazine (FACTS) 4500-Cl H .......................... ..................................
On-line Chlorine ........................... .......................... EPA 334.0 \16\
Analyzer.
Amperometric Sensor... ........................... .......................... ChloroSense \17\
Total Chlorine..................... Amperometric Titration 4500-Cl D D 1253-08 ..................................
Amperometric Titration 4500-Cl E .......................... ..................................
(Low level
measurement).
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F .......................... ..................................
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric...... 4500-Cl G .......................... ..................................
Iodometric Electrode.. 4500-Cl I .......................... ..................................
On-line Chlorine ........................... .......................... EPA 334.0 \16\
Analyzer.
Amperometric Sensor... ........................... .......................... ChloroSense \17\
* * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 57917]]
Alternative Testing Methods for Contaminants Listed at 40 CFR 141.131(b)(1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Methodology EPA method ASTM \4\ SM 21st edition \1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * *
HAA5............................... LLE (diazomethane)/GC/ ........................... .......................... 6251 B
ECD.
* * * * * *
Ion Chromatography 557 \14\ .......................... ..................................
Electrospray
Ionization Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (IC-
ESI-MS/MS).
Bromate............................ Two-Dimensional Ion 302.0 \18\ .......................... ..................................
Chromatography (IC).
Ion Chromatography 557 \14\ .......................... ..................................
Electrospray
Ionization Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (IC-
ESI-MS/MS).
Chemically Suppressed ........................... D 6581-08 A ..................................
Ion Chromatography.
Electrolytically ........................... D 6581-08 B ..................................
Suppressed Ion
Chromatography.
Chlorite........................... Chemically Suppressed ........................... D 6581-08 A ..................................
Ion Chromatography.
Electrolytically ........................... D 6581-08 B ..................................
Suppressed Ion
Chromatography.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative Testing Methods for Disinfectant Residuals Listed at 40 CFR 141.131(c)(1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residual Methodology SM 21st edition \1\ ASTM \4\ Other
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Free Chlorine...................... Amperometric Titration 4500-Cl D D 1253-08 ..................................
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F .......................... ..................................
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric...... 4500-Cl G .......................... ..................................
Syringaldazine (FACTS) 4500-Cl H .......................... ..................................
Amperometric Sensor... ........................... .......................... ChloroSense \17\
On-line Chlorine ........................... .......................... EPA 334.0 \16\
Analyzer.
Combined Chlorine.................. Amperometric Titration 4500-Cl D D 1253-08 ..................................
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F .......................... ..................................
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric...... 4500-Cl G .......................... ..................................
Total Chlorine..................... Amperometric Titration 4500-Cl D D 1253-08 ..................................
Low level Amperometric 4500-Cl E .......................... ..................................
Titration.
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F .......................... ..................................
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric...... 4500-Cl G .......................... ..................................
Iodometric Electrode.. 4500-Cl I .......................... ..................................
Amperometric Sensor... ........................... .......................... ChloroSense \17\
On-line Chlorine ........................... .......................... EPA 334.0 \16\
Analyzer.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
Alternative Testing Methods for Parameters Listed at 40 CFR 141.131(d)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameter Methodology SM 21st edition \1\ EPA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)...... High Temperature 5310 B 415.3, Rev 1.2 \19\
Combustion.
Persulfate- 5310 C 415.3, Rev 1.2
Ultraviolet or
Heated Persulfate
Oxidation.
Wet Oxidation...... 5310 D 415.3, Rev 1.2
Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance Calculation using ........................ 415.3, Rev 1.2
(SUVA). DOC and UV254 data.
Dissolved Organic Carbon High Temperature 5310 B 415.3, Rev 1.2
(DOC). Combustion.
Persulfate- 5310 C 415.3, Rev 1.2
Ultraviolet or
Heated Persulfate
Oxidation.
Wet Oxidation...... 5310 D 415.3, Rev 1.2
Ultraviolet absorption at Spectrophotometry.. 5910 B 415.3, Rev 1.2
254 nm (UV254).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative Testing Methods With MRL <= 0.0010 mg/L for Monitoring
Listed at 40 CFR 141.132(b)(3)(ii)(B)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Methodology EPA method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bromate................ Two-Dimensional Ion 302.0 \18\
Chromatography (IC).
Ion Chromatography 557 \14\
Electrospray
Ionization Tandem Mass
Spectrometry (IC-ESI-
MS/MS).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
[[Page 57918]]
Alternative Testing Methods for Contaminants Listed at 40 CFR 143.4(b)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Methodology EPA Method ASTM \4\ SM 21st edition \1\ SM Online \3\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * *
Sulfate................. Ion Chromatography. ........................ ........................ 4110 B ...........................
Gravimetric with ........................ ........................ 4500-SO4-2 C 4500-SO4-2 C-97
ignition of
residue.
Gravimetric with ........................ ........................ 4500-SO4-2 D 4500-SO4- D-97
drying of residue.
Turbidimetric ........................ D 516-07 4500-SO4-2 E 4500-SO4-2 E-97
method.
Automated ........................ ........................ 4500-SO4-2 F 4500-SO4-2 F-97
methylthymol blue
method.
* * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 21st edition (2005). Available from American Public
Health Association, 800 I Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001-3710.
\2\ EPA Method 200.5, Revision 4.2. ``Determination of Trace
Elements in Drinking Water by Axially Viewed Inductively Coupled
Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry.'' 2003. EPA/600/R-06/115.
(Available at http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/ordmeth.htm.)
\3\ Standard Methods Online are available at http://www.standardmethods.org. The year in which each method was approved
by the Standard Methods Committee is designated by the last two
digits in the method number. The methods listed are the only online
versions that may be used.
\4\ Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 or http://astm.org. The methods
listed are the only alternative versions that may be used.
* * * * *
\6\ Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 20th edition (1998). Available from American Public
Health Association, 800 I Street, NW., Washington, DC 20001-3710.
* * * * *
\10\ Mitchell Method M5271, Revision 1.1. ``Determination of
Turbidity by Laser Nephelometry,'' March 5, 2009. Available at
http://www.nemi.gov or from Leck Mitchell, Ph.D., PE, 656
Independence Valley Dr., Grand Junction, CO 81507.
\11\ Mitchell Method M5331, Revision 1.1. ``Determination of
Turbidity by LED Nephelometry,'' March 5, 2009. Available at http://www.nemi.gov or from Leck Mitchell, Ph.D., PE, 656 Independence
Valley Dr., Grand Junction, CO 81507.
\12\ Orion Method AQ4500, Revision 1.0. ``Determination of
Turbidity by LED Nephelometry,'' May 8, 2009. Available at http://www.nemi.gov or from Thermo Scientific, 166 Cummings Center,
Beverly, MA 01915, http://www.thermo.com.
\13\ Modified Colitag\TM\ Method, ``Modified Colitag\TM\ Test
Method for the Simultaneous Detection of E. coli and other Total
Coliforms in Water (ATP D05-0035),'' August 28, 2009. Available at
http://www.nemi.gov or from CPI, International, 580 Skylane
Boulevard, Santa Rosa, CA 95403.
\14\ EPA Method 557. ``Determination of Haloacetic Acids,
Bromate, and Dalapon in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography
Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS),''
August 2009. EPA 815-B-09-012. Available at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.
\15\ AMI Turbiwell, ``Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Using
a SWAN AMI Turbiwell Turbidimeter,'' August 2009. Available at
http://www.nemi.gov or from Markus Bernasconi, SWAN Analytische
Instrumente AG, Studbachstrasse 13, CH-8340 Hinwil, Switzerland.
\16\ EPA Method 334.0. ``Determination of Residual Chlorine in
Drinking Water Using an On-line Chlorine Analyzer,'' August 2009.
EPA 815-B-09-013. Available at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.
\17\ ChloroSense. ``Measurement of Free and Total Chlorine in
Drinking Water by Palintest ChloroSense,'' September 2009. Available
at http://www.nemi.gov or from Palintest Ltd, 21 Kenton Lands Road,
PO Box 18395, Erlanger, KY 41018.
\18\ EPA Method 302.0. ``Determination of Bromate in Drinking
Waters using Two-Dimensional Ion Chromatography with Suppressed
Conductivity Detection,'' September 2009. EPA 815-B-09-014.
Available at http://epa.gov/safewater/methods/analyticalmethods_ogwdw.html.
\19\ EPA 415.3, Revision 1.2. ``Determination of Total Organic
Carbon and Specific UV Absorbance at 254 nm in Source Water and
Drinking Water,'' August 2009. EPA/600/R-09/122. Available at http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/ordmeth.htm.
[FR Doc. E9-27044 Filed 11-9-09; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P