[Federal Register Volume 75, Number 124 (Tuesday, June 29, 2010)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 37594-37650]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2010-15025]
[[Page 37593]]
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Part III
Department of Energy
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10 CFR Part 430
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for
Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners; Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 75 , No. 124 / Tuesday, June 29, 2010 /
Proposed Rules
[[Page 37594]]
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
10 CFR Part 430
[Docket No. EERE-2008-BT-TP-0010]
RIN 1904-AC02
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test
Procedures for Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners
AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of
Energy.
ACTION: Supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking and public meeting.
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SUMMARY: On December 9, 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR) in which it proposed
amendments to its test procedures for residential clothes dryers and
room air conditioners to provide for measurement of standby mode and
off mode power use by these products in order to implement recent
amendments under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA
2007) to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA). In response to
comments on the NOPR, DOE conducted additional investigations to
address certain issues raised in these comments. In today's
supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking (SNOPR), DOE is continuing
to propose amendments to incorporate into its test procedures relevant
provisions from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Standard 62301, ``Household electrical appliances--Measurement of
standby power,'' First Edition 2005-06, including language to clarify
application of these provisions for measuring standby mode and off mode
power consumption in clothes dryers and room air conditioners. In
addition, DOE is proposing to adopt definitions of modes based on the
relevant provisions from IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition Committee
Draft for Vote. DOE is also proposing to amend its test procedures for
clothes dryers and room air conditioners to address active mode energy
use. Specifically, today's proposal addresses testing methods for
clothes dryer automatic cycle termination, vent-less clothes dryers,
test cloth preconditioning for clothes dryer energy tests, test
conditions for gas clothes dryers, and current clothes dryer usage
patterns and capabilities as well as the references in the current room
air conditioner and clothes dryer test procedure. DOE will hold a
public meeting to discuss and receive comments on the issues presented
in this notice.
DATES: DOE will hold a public meeting on Wednesday, July 14, 2010 from
9 a.m. to 4 p.m., in Washington, DC. DOE must receive requests to speak
at the public meeting before 4 p.m., Wednesday, July 7, 2010. DOE must
receive a signed original and an electronic copy of statements to be
given at the public meeting before 4 p.m., Wednesday, July 7, 2010.
DOE will accept comments, data, and information regarding the SNOPR
before and after the public meeting, but no later than August 30, 2010.
See section VI, ``Public Participation,'' of this SNOPR for details.
ADDRESSES: The public meeting will be held at the U.S. Department of
Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 1E-245, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC 20585-0121. To attend the public meeting, please notify
Ms. Brenda Edwards at (202) 586-2945. (Please note that foreign
nationals visiting DOE Headquarters are subject to advance security
screening procedures. Any foreign national wishing to participate in
the public meeting should advise DOE as soon as possible by contacting
Ms. Edwards to initiate the necessary procedures.)
Any comments submitted must identify the SNOPR on Test Procedures
for Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners, and provide the docket
number EERE-2008-BT-TP-0010 and/or Regulatory Information Number (RIN)
1904-AC02. Comments may be submitted using any of the following
methods:
1. Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow
the instructions for submitting comments.
2. E-mail: [email protected]. Include docket number
EERE-2008-BT-TP-0010 and/or RIN 1904-AC02 in the subject line of the
message.
3. Mail: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department of Energy, Building
Technologies Program, Mailstop EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC 20585-0121. Please submit one signed paper original.
4. Hand Delivery/Courier: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department of
Energy, Building Technologies Program, 950 L'Enfant Plaza, SW., Suite
600, Washington, DC 20024. Telephone: (202) 586-2945. Please submit one
signed paper original.
For detailed instructions on submitting comments and additional
information on the rulemaking process, see section VI, ``Public
Participation,'' of this document.
Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or
comments received, visit the U.S. Department of Energy, Resource Room
of the Building Technologies Program, 950 L'Enfant Plaza, SW., Suite
600, Washington, DC 20024, (202) 586-2945, between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.,
Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Please call Ms. Brenda
Edwards at the above telephone number for additional information about
visiting the Resource Room.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms. Margaret Sullivan, U.S. Department
of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building
Technologies Program, EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington,
DC 20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 287-1604. E-mail:
[email protected].
Mr. Francine Pinto, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of the
General Counsel, GC-72, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC
20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 586-7432. E-mail:
[email protected].
For information on how to submit or review public comments and on
how to participate in the public meeting, contact Ms. Brenda Edwards,
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy, Building Technologies Program, EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue,
SW., Washington, DC 20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 586-2945. E-mail:
[email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Background and Authority
II. Summary of the Proposal
III. Discussion
A. Products Covered by the Test Procedure Changes
B. Clothes Dryer and Room Air Conditioner Standby Mode and Off
Mode Test Procedures
1. Incorporating by Reference IEC Standard 62301 for Measuring
Standby Mode and Off Mode Power in Clothes Dryers and Room Air
Conditioners
2. Determination of Modes To Be Incorporated
3. Adding Specifications for the Test Methods and Measurements
for Clothes Dryer and Room Air Conditioner Standby Mode and Off Mode
Testing
a. Clothes Dryers
b. Room Air Conditioners
4. Calculation of Energy Use Associated With Standby Modes and
Off Mode
a. Clothes Dryers
b. Room Air Conditioners
5. Measures of Energy Consumption
a. Clothes Dryers
b. Room Air Conditioners
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C. Clothes Dryer and Room Air Conditioner Active Mode Test
Procedures
1. Correction of Text Describing Energy Factor Calculation for
Clothes Dryers
2. Automatic Cycle Termination for Clothes Dryers
3. Test Procedure for Vent-Less Clothes Dryers
4. Detergent Specifications for Clothes Dryer Test Cloth
Preconditioning
5. Changes To Reflect Current Usage Patterns and Capabilities
a. Clothes Dryer Number of Annual Cycles
b. Clothes Dryer Initial Remaining Moisture Content
c. Clothes Dryer Test Load Weight
d. Room Air Conditioner Annual Operating Hours
e. Room Air Conditioner Part-Load Performance
f. Room Air Conditioner Ambient Test Conditions
6. Room Air Conditioner Referenced Test Procedures
7. Clothes Dryer Referenced Test Procedure
8. Technical Correction for the Per-Cycle Gas Dryer Continuously
Burning Pilot Light Gas Energy Consumption
9. Clarification of the Gas Supply Test Conditions for Gas
Clothes Dryers
D. Compliance With Other EPCA Requirements
1. Test Burden
2. Potential Incorporation of IEC Standard 62087
3. Integration of Standby Mode and Off Mode Energy Consumption
Into the Energy Efficiency Metrics
IV. Effects of Test Procedure Revisions on Compliance With Standards
V. Procedural Requirements
A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government
Appropriations Act, 1999
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
J. Review Under the Treasury and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2001
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration
Act of 1974
VI. Public Participation
A. Attendance at the Public Meeting
B. Procedure for Submitting Requests To Speak
C. Conduct of Public Meeting
D. Submission of Comments
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment
1. Incorporation of IEC Standard 62301
2. Standby Mode Definitions
3. Clothes Dryer Standby Modes
4. Room Air Conditioner Standby Modes
5. Network Mode
6. Test Room Conditions
7. Energy-Use Calculation for Standby and Off Modes for Clothes
Dryers
8. Energy-Use Calculation for Standby and Off Modes for Room Air
Conditioners
9. Clothes Dryer Testing Procedures To Account for Automatic
Cycle Termination
10. Water Temperature for Clothes Dryer Test Load Preparation
11. Cycles and Settings for Timer Dryer and Automatic
Termination Control Dryer Testing
12. Cool-Down Period for Automatic Termination Control Dryer
Testing
13. Incorporation of Testing Procedures for Vent-Less Clothes
Dryers
14. Number of Valid Clothes Dryer Test Cycles
15. Detergent Specifications for Test Cloth Preconditioning
16. Clothes Dryer Number of Annual Use Cycles
17. Clothes Dryer Initial Remaining Moisture Content
18. Clothes Dryer Test Load Weight
19. Room Air Conditioner Annual Operating Hours
20. Room Air Conditioner Ambient Test Conditions
21. Room Air Conditioner Referenced Test Procedures
22. Clothes Dryer Referenced Test Procedure
23. Technical Correction for the per-Cycle Gas Dryer
Continuously Burning Pilot Light Gas Energy Consumption
24. Clarification of Gas Supply Test Conditions for Gas Clothes
Dryers
25. Effects of Test Procedure Revisions on Compliance With
Energy Conservation Standards
VII. Approval of the Office of the Secretary
I. Background and Authority
Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (42 U.S.C.
6291, et seq.; ``EPCA'' or, in context, ``the Act'') sets forth a
variety of provisions designed to improve energy efficiency. Part A of
Title III (42 U.S.C. 6291-6309) establishes the ``Energy Conservation
Program for Consumer Products Other Than Automobiles,'' including
clothes dryers and room air conditioners (all of which are referred to
below as ``covered products'').\1\ (42 U.S.C. 6291(1)-(2) and
6292(a)(2) and (8)).
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\1\ All references to EPCA refer to the statute as amended
including through the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007,
Public Law 110-140.
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Under the Act, this program consists essentially of three parts:
(1) Testing; (2) labeling; and (3) Federal energy conservation
standards. The testing requirements consist of test procedures that,
pursuant to EPCA, manufacturers of covered products must use as the
basis for certifying to DOE that their products comply with applicable
energy conservation standards adopted under EPCA and for
representations about the efficiency of those products. Similarly, DOE
must use these test requirements to determine whether the products
comply with EPCA standards. Under 42 U.S.C. 6293, EPCA sets forth
criteria and procedures for DOE's adoption and amendment of such test
procedures. EPCA provides that any test procedures prescribed or
amended under this section shall be reasonably designed to produce test
results which measure energy efficiency, energy use or estimated annual
operating cost of a covered product during a representative average use
cycle or period of use, as determined by the Secretary of Energy, and
shall not be unduly burdensome to conduct. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) In
addition, if DOE determines that a test procedure amendment is
warranted, it must publish proposed test procedures and offer the
public an opportunity to present oral and written comments thereon,
with a comment period no less than 60 days and not to exceed 270 days.
(42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(2))
Finally, in any rulemaking to amend a test procedure, DOE must
determine to what extent, if any, the proposed test procedure would
alter the measured energy efficiency of any covered product as
determined under the existing test procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(1)) If
DOE determines that the amended test procedure would alter the measured
efficiency of a covered product, DOE must amend the applicable energy
conservation standard accordingly. In determining the amended energy
conservation standard, the Secretary shall measure, pursuant to the
amended test procedure, the energy efficiency, energy use, or water use
of a representative sample of covered products that minimally comply
with the existing standard. The average of such energy efficiency,
energy use, or water use levels determined under the amended test
procedure shall constitute the amended energy conservation standard for
the applicable covered products. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(2)) EPCA also
states that models of covered products in use before the date on which
the amended energy conservation standard becomes effective (or
revisions of such models that come into use after such date and have
the same energy efficiency, energy use, or water use characteristics)
that comply with the energy conservation standard applicable to such
covered products on the day before such date shall be deemed to comply
with the amended energy conservation standard. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(3))
DOE's test procedures for clothes dryers are found at 10 CFR part
430, subpart B, appendix D. DOE established its test procedure for
clothes dryers in a final rule published in the Federal Register on May
19, 1981. 46 FR 27324. The test procedure includes provisions
[[Page 37596]]
for determining the energy factor (EF) for clothes dryers, which is a
measure of the total energy required to dry a standard test load of
laundry to a ``bone dry'' \2\ state.
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\2\ ``Bone dry'' is defined in the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure as ``a condition of a load of test clothes which has been
dried in a dryer at maximum temperature for a minimum of 10 minutes,
removed and weighed before cool down, and then dried again for 10-
minute periods until the final weight change of the load is 1
percent or less.'' (10 CFR subpart B, appendix D, section 1.2)
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DOE's test procedures for room air conditioners are found at 10 CFR
part 430, subpart B, appendix F. DOE established its room air
conditioner test procedure on June 1, 1977, and redesignated and
amended it on June 29, 1979. 42 FR 27898; 44 FR 37938. The existing
room air conditioner test procedure incorporates by reference two
industry test standards: (1) American National Standard (ANS) (since
renamed American National Standards Institute (ANSI)) Z234.1-1972,
``Room Air Conditioners;'' \3\ and (2) American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 16-69,
``Method of Testing for Rating Room Air Conditioners.'' \4\ The DOE
test procedure includes provisions for determining the energy
efficiency ratio (EER) of room air conditioners, which is the ratio of
the cooling capacity in British thermal units (Btu) to the power input
in watts (W).
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\3\ ANSI standards are available for purchase at http://www.ansi.org.
\4\ ASHRAE standards are available for purchase at http://www.ashrae.org.
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As currently drafted, the test procedures for the products at issue
in this rulemaking generally do not account for standby mode and off
mode energy consumption, except in one narrow product class.
Specifically, for gas dryers with continuously burning pilot lights,
DOE's current test procedure for clothes dryers addresses the standby
energy use of such pilot lights, but otherwise, neither this test
procedure nor DOE's test procedure for room air conditioners addresses
energy use in the standby or off modes.
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 \5\ (EISA 2007)
amended EPCA, and in relevant part, directs DOE to amend its test
procedures to include measures of standby mode and off mode energy
consumption. The EISA 2007 amendments to EPCA further direct DOE to
amend the test procedures to integrate such energy consumption into a
single energy descriptor for that product. If that is technically
infeasible, DOE must prescribe a separate standby mode and off mode
energy-use test procedure, if technically feasible. (42 U.S.C.
6295(gg)(2)(A)) Any such amendment must consider the most current
versions of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Standard 62301 [``Household electrical appliances-measurement of
standby power,'' First Edition 2005-06 (IEC Standard 62301)]
6 7 and IEC Standard 62087 [``Methods of measurement for the
power consumption of audio, video, and related equipment,'' Second
Edition 2008-09]. Id. For clothes dryers and room air conditioners, DOE
must prescribe any such amendment to the test procedures by March 31,
2009. (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(B)(ii))
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\5\ Public Law 110-140 (enacted Dec. 19, 2007).
\6\ IEC standards are available for purchase at: http://www.iec.ch.
\7\ Multiple editions of this standard are referenced in this
final rule. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms ``IEC Standard
62301'' or ``IEC Standard 62301 First Edition'' refer to ``Household
electrical appliances-measurement of standby power,'' First Edition
2005-06.
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The EISA 2007 amendments to EPCA also provide that amendments to
the test procedures to include standby mode and off mode energy
consumption will not determine compliance with previously established
standards. (U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(C)) The test procedure amendments
regarding provisions for standby mode and off mode would become
effective, in terms of adoption into the CFR, 30 days after the date of
publication in the Federal Register of the final rule in this test
procedures rulemaking. However, DOE is proposing added language to the
regulations codified in the CFR that would state that any added
procedures and calculations for standby mode and off mode energy
consumption resulting from EISA 2007 need not be performed at this time
to determine compliance with the current energy conservation standards.
Subsequently, manufacturers would be required to use the amended test
procedures' standby mode and off mode provisions to demonstrate
compliance with DOE's energy conservation standards on the effective
date of a final rule establishing amended energy conservation standards
for the products that address standby mode and off mode energy
consumption, at which time the limiting statement in the DOE test
procedure would be removed. Further clarification would also be
provided that as of 180 days after publication of a test procedure
final rule, any representations as to the standby mode and off mode
energy consumption of the products that are the subject of this
rulemaking would need to be based upon results generated under the
applicable provisions of this test procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6293(c)(2))
On October 9, 2007, DOE published a notice in the Federal Register
announcing the availability of a framework document to initiate a
rulemaking to consider amended energy conservation standards for
residential clothes dryers and room air conditioners (hereafter the
October 2007 Framework Document). 72 FR 57254. The issuance of a
framework document is the first step in conducting an appliance
standards rulemaking. In the October 2007 Framework Document, DOE
identified specific ways in which it could revise its test procedures
for these two products and requested comment from interested parties on
whether it should adopt such revisions. Specifically, DOE sought
comment on potential amendments to the clothes dryer test procedure to:
(1) Reflect lower remaining moisture content (RMC) \8\ in clothes
loads; (2) account for fewer annual use cycles; and (3) add the
capability to test vent-less clothes dryers. (Framework Document, STD
No. 1 at pp. 4-6) \9\ DOE also received comments in response to the
October 2007 Framework Document that it should consider changes to the
dryer test load size. For room air conditioners, DOE requested input on
potential amendments to the test procedure to: (1) Incorporate the most
recent ANSI and ASHRAE test standards; (2) reduce the annual operating
hours; and (3) measure part-load performance. (Framework Document, STD
No. 1 at pp. 6-7) For room air conditioners, DOE also received comments
in response to the October 2007 Framework Document that it should
consider changes to the ambient test conditions. Because the October
2007 Framework Document was issued before the enactment of EISA 2007,
possible amendments identified at that time for the clothes dryer and
room air conditioner test procedures did not address standby mode or
off mode energy use.
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\8\ RMC is the ratio of the weight of water contained by the
test load to the bone-dry weight of the test load, expressed as a
percent.
\9\ A notation in this form provides a reference for information
that is in the docket of DOE's rulemaking to develop energy
conservation standards for clothes dryers and room air conditioners
(Docket No. EERE-2007-BT-STD-0010), which is maintained in the
Resource Room of the Building Technologies Program. This notation
indicates that the statement preceding the reference was made in
DOE's Framework Document, which is document number 1 in the docket
for the clothes dryer and room air conditioner energy conservation
standards rulemaking, and appears at pages 4-6 of that document.
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DOE published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR) on December 9,
2008 (December 2008 TP NOPR), in which it proposed a number of
revisions
[[Page 37597]]
and additions to its test procedures for clothes dryers and room air
conditioners, consisting largely of provisions to address the new
statutory requirement to expand test procedures to incorporate a
measure of standby mode and off mode energy consumption. 73 FR 74639.
The NOPR was issued on December 2, 2008, although it was formally
published on December 9, 2008 (Id.), and the proposals in the NOPR were
addressed at a public meeting on December 17, 2008 (December 2008
Public Meeting). In addition, DOE invited written comments, data, and
information on the December 2008 TP NOPR, and accepted such material
through February 23, 2009.
DOE received oral comments from interested parties at the December
2008 Public Meeting and subsequently received four written comments.
The principal test procedure issues on which interested parties
commented were: (1) The establishment of multiple low power or standby
modes for both clothes dryers and room air conditioners; (2) the number
of annual hours associated with active, standby, and off modes for the
calculation of energy use; (3) the consideration of an additional
standby mode (a ``network mode''); (4) the potential clarification of
the definitions of standby and off mode; (5) the harmonization of mode
definitions and testing procedures with the rest of the world, in
particular the consideration of IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition,
Committee Draft 2 (IEC Standard 62301 CD2); and (6) the potential
integration of standby and off mode energy use and active mode energy
use into a single energy-use metric.
DOE determined after the December 2008 TP NOPR was published that
it would continue the clothes dryer and room air conditioner test
procedure rulemaking to allow for consideration of a revised version of
IEC Standard 62301, i.e., IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition, which at
that time was expected to be published in July 2009. DOE anticipated,
based on review of drafts of the updated IEC Standard 62301, that the
revisions could include different mode definitions. DOE expected to
publish a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking (SNOPR) for the
test procedure rulemaking in which the new mode definitions from the
revised IEC Standard 62301 would be considered. However, more recently,
DOE received information that IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition would
not be published until late 2010, which would not be in time for the
consideration of standby and off mode power consumption in the
concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking. DOE, therefore,
determined to publish today's SNOPR to consider the new mode
definitions from the most recent draft version of IEC Standard 62301
Second Edition, designated as IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition,
Committee Draft for Vote (IEC Standard 62301 CDV). DOE noted that the
IEC first proposed revisions to IEC Standard 62301 to develop IEC
Standard 62301 Second Edition by circulating IEC Standard 62301 Second
Edition, Committee Draft 1 on November 16, 2007. IEC subsequently
revised the proposed amendments to IEC Standard 62301 and circulated
IEC Standard 62301 CD2 on October 17, 2008. Most recently, the IEC
again revised the proposed amendments and circulated IEC Standard 62301
CDV on August 28, 2009. IEC Standard 62301 CDV contains the most recent
proposed amendments to IEC Standard 62301, including new mode
definitions. IEC Standard 62301 CDV revised the proposed mode
definitions from those proposed in the previous draft version IEC
Standard 62301 CD2 and addresses comments received by interested
parties in response to IEC Standard 62301 CD2. DOE, therefore, believes
that such new mode definitions represent the best definitions available
for the analysis in support of today's SNOPR.
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE's proposal was limited to
amendments to its test procedures for clothes dryers and room air
conditioners to include methods for measuring standby mode and off mode
power consumption. DOE determined after the December 2008 TP NOPR to
conduct a rulemaking to address the active mode test procedure issues
for clothes dryers and room air conditioners, including those on which
it requested comment in the October 2007 Framework Document. Because
DOE decided to continue the test procedure rulemaking concerning
standby mode and off mode power consumption, DOE intends to address in
today's SNOPR the balance of the test procedure issues relating to
active mode for clothes dryers and room air conditioners.
Any test procedure amendments regarding the active mode test
provisions for clothes dryers and room air conditioners will become
effective 30 days after the date of publication in the Federal Register
of the final rule in this test procedures rulemaking. However, as of
180 days after publication of a test procedure final rule, any
representations with respect to the energy use or efficiency or cost of
energy consumed of the products that are the subject of this rulemaking
would need to be based upon results generated under the applicable
provisions of these amended test procedures. (42 U.S.C. 6293(c)(2))
This test procedure rulemaking is anticipated to support a
concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking for residential
clothes dryers and room air conditioners. For clothes dryers, the
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (NAECA), Public Law
100-12, amended EPCA to establish prescriptive standards for clothes
dryers, requiring that gas dryers manufactured on or after January 1,
1988 not be equipped with a constant burning pilot and further
requiring that DOE conduct two cycles of rulemakings to determine if
more stringent standards are justified. (42 U.S.C. 6295(g)(3) and (4))
On May 14, 1991, DOE published a final rule in the Federal Register
establishing the first set of performance standards for residential
clothes dryers (56 FR 22250); the new standards became effective on May
14, 1994. 10 CFR 430.32(h). DOE initiated a second standards rulemaking
for residential clothes dryers by publishing an advance notice of
proposed rulemaking (ANOPR) in the Federal Register on November 14,
1994. 59 FR 56423. However, pursuant to the priority-setting process
outlined in DOE's ``Procedures for Consideration of New or Revised
Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Products'' (the ``Process
Rule''),\10\ DOE classified the clothes dryer standards rulemaking as a
low priority for its fiscal year 1998 priority-setting process. As a
result, DOE suspended the standards rulemaking activities for them. DOE
has since resumed the rulemaking activities, and has recently initiated
the second cycle of clothes dryer standards rulemakings. 72 FR 57254
(October 9, 2007).
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\10\ 61 FR 36974 (July 15, 1996) (establishing 10 CFR part 430,
subpart C, appendix A).
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NAECA established performance standards for room air conditioners
that became effective on January 1, 1990, and directed DOE to conduct
two cycles of rulemakings to determine if more stringent standards are
justified. (42 U.S.C. 6295(c)(1) and (2)) On March 4, 1994, DOE
published a NOPR for several products, including room air conditioners.
59 FR 10464. Because of the Process Rule, DOE suspended activities to
finalize standards for room air conditioners. DOE subsequently resumed
rulemaking activities related to room air conditioners, and, on
September 24, 1997, DOE published a final rule establishing an updated
set of performance standards, with an
[[Page 37598]]
effective date of October 1, 2000. 62 FR 50122; 10 CFR 40.32(b).
Concurrent with the clothes dryer rulemaking, DOE has recently
initiated the second cycle of room air conditioner standards
rulemakings. 72 FR 57254.
EISA 2007 includes amendments to EPCA that direct DOE to
incorporate standby and off mode energy use into any final rule
establishing or revising a standard for a covered product adopted after
July 1, 2010. (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(3)) DOE anticipates publishing the
next final rule revising efficiency standards for clothes dryers and
room air conditioners by June 30, 2011. Because publication of the
final rule revising efficiency standards will fall after July 1, 2010
(the date after which any final rule establishing or revising a
standard must incorporate standby and off mode energy use), this final
rule must incorporate standby and off mode energy use, thereby
necessitating the adoption of relevant standby and off mode provisions
into the test procedures for these products.
This test procedure rulemaking will fulfill the seven-year review
requirement prescribed by EISA 2007. At least once every 7 years, the
Secretary shall review test procedures for all covered products and--
amend test procedures with respect to any covered product or publish
notice in the Federal Register of any determination not to amend a test
procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(1)(A))
II. Summary of the Proposal
In today's SNOPR, DOE proposes to amend the test procedures for
clothes dryers and room air conditioners in order to: (1) Provide a
foundation for DOE to develop and implement energy conservation
standards that address the energy use of these products when in standby
mode and off mode; (2) address the statutory requirement to expand test
procedures to incorporate measures of standby mode and off mode power
consumption; (3) adopt technical changes and procedures for more
accurately measuring the effects of different automatic termination
technologies in clothes dryers; (4) expand the clothes dryer test
procedures to accommodate vent-less clothes dryers being considered for
coverage under an amended energy conservation standard; (5) update
detergent specifications for clothes dryer test cloth preconditioning;
(6) adopt technical changes to better reflect current usage patterns
and capabilities for the covered products; (7) update the references to
external test procedures in the DOE room air conditioner and clothes
dryer test procedure; and (8) clarify the test conditions for gas
clothes dryers. The following paragraphs summarize these proposed
changes.
In amending the current test procedures, DOE proposed in the
December 2008 TP NOPR to incorporate by reference into both the clothes
dryer and room air conditioner test procedures specific clauses from
IEC Standard 62301 regarding test conditions and test procedures for
measuring standby mode and off mode power consumption. This proposal is
not affected by this SNOPR, in which DOE proposes to incorporate into
each test procedure the definitions of ``active mode,'' ``standby
mode,'' and ``off mode'' that are based on the definitions provided in
the latest draft version of IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition,
designated as IEC Standard 62301 CDV. As discussed in section III.B.1,
DOE believes that the new mode definitions contained in IEC Standard
62301 CDV represent a substantial improvement over those in IEC
Standard 62301 and demonstrate significant participation of interested
parties in the development of the best possible definitions. Further,
DOE proposes to include in each test procedure additional language that
would clarify the application of clauses from IEC Standard 62301 and
the mode definitions from IEC Standard 62301 CDV for measuring standby
mode and off mode power consumption.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\ EISA 2007 directs DOE to also consider IEC Standard 62087
when amending its test procedure to include standby mode and off
mode energy consumption. See 42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A). However, IEC
Standard 62087 addresses the methods of measuring the power
consumption of audio, video, and related equipment. As explained
subsequently in this notice, the narrow scope of this particular IEC
Standard reduces its relevance to today's proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For reasons discussed in section III.B.2 for clothes dryers, DOE is
proposing in today's SNOPR a definition and testing procedures for a
single standby mode, rather than the multiple standby modes--a general
``inactive'' mode, a ``cycle finished'' mode, and a ``delay start''
mode--that were proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR. 73 FR 74639,
74645. DOE is also proposing to establish new methods to calculate
clothes dryer standby mode and off mode energy use and to adopt a new
measure of energy efficiency (Combined Energy Factor (CEF)) that
includes energy use in the standby mode and off mode. The proposed
amendments regarding standby mode and off mode would not change the
method to calculate the existing clothes dryer energy efficiency metric
for active mode only, which is the energy factor (EF).
Similarly, for reasons discussed in section III.B.2 for room air
conditioners, DOE is proposing in today's SNOPR a definition and
testing procedures for a single standby mode, rather than the multiple
standby modes--a general ``inactive'' mode, a ``delay start'' mode, and
an ``off-cycle'' mode--as was proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR. 73
FR 74639, 74645. In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE also proposed that
standby mode and off mode testing be conducted with room-side air
temperature at 74 2 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F), with a
temperature control setting of 79 [deg]F. 73 FR 74639, 74646. However,
upon further consideration, DOE determined that, because the proposed
test procedure would be limited to the measurement of a single standby
mode and an off mode, the proposed close tolerance on ambient
temperature and the proposed temperature setting of 79 [deg]F, which
were relevant only for an off-cycle standby mode measurement, would not
be required. Therefore, DOE is no longer proposing to include these
requirements for testing conditions in today's SNOPR. DOE is also
proposing in today's SNOPR new methods to calculate room air
conditioner standby mode and off mode energy use and to adopt a new
measure of energy efficiency (Combined Energy Efficiency Ratio (CEER))
that includes energy use in the standby mode and the off mode. The
proposed amendments regarding standby mode and off mode would not
change the method to calculate the existing room air conditioner energy
efficiency metric for active mode only, which is the energy efficiency
ratio (EER).
Based upon comments from interested parties in response to the
October 2007 Framework Document and investigations of international
test standards, DOE believes that the benefit of automatic cycle
termination should be more accurately credited in its clothes dryer
test procedure. Therefore, DOE proposes to revise this test procedure
to include definitions of and provisions for testing both timer dryers
and automatic termination control dryers using methodology provided in
Australia/New Zealand (AS/NZS) Standard 2442.1: 1996, ``Performance of
household electrical appliances--Rotary clothes dryers, Part 1: Energy
consumption and performance'' (AS/NZS Standard 2442.1) and AS/NZS
Standard 2442.2: 2000, ``Performance of household electrical
appliances--Rotary clothes dryers, Part 2: Energy labeling
requirements'' (AS/NZS Standard 2442.2). AS/NZS Standard 2442 is an
internationally accepted testing
[[Page 37599]]
standard that provides testing methods to account for the over-drying
energy consumption associated with both timer dryers and automatic
termination control dryers. DOE has evaluated AS/NZS Standard 2442 and
determined that it provides an accurate testing methodology for
measuring the energy consumption for both timer and automatic
termination control dryers while also accounting for over-drying energy
consumption. Therefore, DOE is proposing to incorporate the testing
methods from these international test standards, along with a number of
added clarifications, to measure the energy consumption for both timer
dryers and automatic termination control dryers, accounting for the
amount of over-drying energy consumption, i.e., the energy consumed by
the clothes dryer after the load reaches an RMC of 5 percent. The
proposed amendments would provide methods for timer dryers to measure
the per-cycle energy consumption required to reach a final RMC of no
more than 5 percent, and continuing to apply the effective energy
efficiency penalty for timer dryer over-drying energy consumption
provided by the fixed field use (FU) factor in the current test
procedure. For automatic termination control dryers, the dryer would be
tested using an automatic termination setting, allowing the dryer to
run until the heater switches off for the final time at the end of the
drying cycle, to achieve a final RMC of no more than 5 percent. Any
energy consumed once the RMC is less than 5 percent would be considered
over-drying. Based on the proposed test methods, an automatic
termination control dryer that is able to dry the test load to close to
5-percent RMC, and thus minimize over-drying, will show a higher
efficiency than if that same dryer were to over-dry the test load to an
RMC less than 5 percent. The energy consumed by over-drying the test
load would be included in the per-cycle energy consumption, and would
result in a reduction in the measured EF.
As discussed in section III.C.3, DOE intends to analyze potential
energy conservation standards for vent-less clothes dryers in a
separate rulemaking. Therefore, provisions must be added to the DOE
clothes dryer test procedure for measuring the energy efficiency
performance in vent-less clothes dryers. DOE is proposing in today's
SNOPR to amend the current clothes dryer test procedure to include
provisions for testing vent-less clothes dryers based upon the
alternate test procedure that DOE previously presented in ``Energy
Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Publication of the Petition
for Waiver and Denial of the Application for Interim Waiver of LG
Electronics from the Department of Energy Clothes Dryer Test
Procedures.'' (LG Petition for Waiver) 71 FR 49437 (Aug. 23, 2006).
Further, DOE proposes to include in the test procedure additional
language based upon provisions from European Standard EN 61121,
``Tumble dryers for household use--Methods for measuring the
performance,'' Edition 3 2005 (EN Standard 61121) that would clarify
the alternate test procedure presented in the LG Petition for Waiver.
EN Standard 61121 is an internationally accepted test standard that
provides methods for testing vent-less clothes dryers. The
clarifications would require that if a vent-less clothes dryer is
equipped with a condensation box (which would store condensed moisture
removed from the air exiting the drum until later manual removal by the
user), the dryer would be tested with such condensation box installed
as specified by the manufacturer. In addition, the clarifications would
provide that if the clothes dryer stops the test cycle for the reason
that the condensation box is full, the test would not be valid. The
clarifications would also require that the condenser heat exchanger not
be taken out of the dryer between tests. Finally, the proposed
clarifications would address clothes dryer preconditioning for vent-
less dryers.
In addition, based upon comments from interested parties in
response to the October 2007 Framework Document and data on consumer
usage patterns, DOE is proposing to amend the DOE test procedure for
clothes dryers to reflect current usage patterns and capabilities. DOE
proposes to revise the number of annual use cycles from the 416 cycles
per year currently specified by the DOE test procedure, to 283 cycles
per year for all types (i.e., product classes) of clothes dryers based
on data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA)'s 2005
``Residential Energy Consumption Survey'' (RECS) 12 13 for
the number of laundry loads (clothes washer cycles) washed per week and
the frequency of clothes dryer use. DOE is also proposing to revise the
70-percent initial RMC required by the test procedure to 47 percent to
accurately represent the current condition of laundry loads after a
wash cycle, based on shipment-weighted RMC data for clothes washers
submitted by the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) and
based on a distribution of RMC values for clothes washer models listed
in the December 22, 2008, California Energy Commission (CEC) directory.
In addition, DOE is proposing to change the 7-pound (lb) clothes dryer
test load size specified by the current test procedure for standard-
size clothes dryers to 8.45 lb, based on the historical trends of
clothes washer tub volumes and the corresponding percentage increase in
clothes washer test load sizes (as specified by the DOE clothes washer
test procedure), which is assumed to proportionally impact dryer load
sizes. DOE believes most compact clothes dryers are used in conjunction
with compact-size clothes washers, and DOE does not have any
information to suggest that the tub volume of such clothes washers has
changed significantly. Therefore, DOE is not proposing to change the 3-
lb test load size currently specified in its clothes dryer test
procedure for compact clothes dryers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\12\ U.S. Department of Energy--Energy Information
Administration. ``Residential Energy Consumption Survey,'' 2005
Public Use Data Files, 2005. Washington, DC. Available online at:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/.
\13\ EIA's 2005 RECS is the latest available version of this
survey.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For clothes dryers, DOE is also proposing to revise the detergent
specifications for test cloth preconditioning due to obsolescence of
the detergent specified in the test procedure, to eliminate an
unnecessary reference to an obsolete industry clothes dryer test
standard, and to amend the provisions in its test procedure which
specify test conditions for gas clothes dryers to clarify the required
gas supply pressure.
For room air conditioners, based upon comments received on the
October 2007 Framework Document, DOE is proposing to update the
references in its current room air conditioner test procedure to
incorporate the most recent ANSI and ASHRAE test standards--ANSI/AHAM
RAC-1-R2008, ``Room Air Conditioners,'' (ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008) and
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) ``Method of Testing for Rating
Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners'' (ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009)). DOE has also determined that the
750 annual operating hours specified by the current DOE test procedure
is representative of current usage patterns, based upon its
interpretation of data from the 2005 RECS and, therefore, is not
proposing to amend the annual usage hours specified by the current DOE
test procedure for room air conditioners.
As noted above in section I, EPCA requires that DOE must determine
``to what extent, if any, the proposed test procedure would alter the
measured
[[Page 37600]]
energy efficiency * * * of any covered product as determined under the
existing test procedure.'' (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(1)) If DOE determines
that the amended test procedure would alter the measured efficiency of
a covered product, DOE must amend the applicable energy conservation
standard during the rulemaking carried out with respect to such test
procedure. In determining the amended energy conservation standard, the
Secretary shall measure, pursuant to the amended test procedure, the
energy efficiency, energy use, or water use of a representative sample
of covered products that minimally comply with the existing standard.
(42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(2)) Under 42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(C), EPCA provides
that amendments to the test procedures to include standby mode and off
mode energy consumption will not determine compliance with previously
established standards. (U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(C))
These amended clothes dryer and room air conditioner test
procedures would become effective, in terms of adoption into the CFR,
30 days after the date of publication in the Federal Register of the
final rule in this test procedures rulemaking. Because the proposed
amendments to the test procedures for measuring standby mode and off
mode energy consumption would not alter the existing measures of energy
consumption or efficiency for clothes dryers and room air conditioners,
the proposed amendments would not affect a manufacturer's ability to
comply with current energy conservation standards. Manufacturers would
not be required to use the amended test procedures' standby mode and
off mode provisions until the mandatory compliance date of amended
clothes dryer and room air conditioner energy conservation standards.
All representations related to standby mode and off mode energy
consumption of both clothes dryers and room air conditioners made 180
days after the date of publication of the test procedures final rule in
the Federal Register and before the compliance date of amended energy
conservation standards must be based upon the standby and off mode
requirements of the amended test procedures. (42 U.S.C. 6293(c)(2))
Furthermore, DOE has investigated how each of the proposed
amendments to the active mode provisions in its clothes dryer and room
air conditioner test procedures in today's SNOPR would affect the
measured efficiency of products. DOE has addressed this requirement for
each of the proposed amendments individually in section III.C.
III. Discussion
A. Products Covered by the Test Procedure Changes
Today's proposed amendments to DOE's clothes dryer test procedure
cover both electric clothes dryers, which DOE's regulations define to
mean a cabinet-like appliance designed to dry fabrics in a tumble-type
drum with forced air circulation. The heat source is electricity and
the drum and blower(s) are driven by an electric motor(s). The
amendments also address gas clothes dryers, which DOE defines to mean a
cabinet-like appliance designed to dry fabrics in a tumble-type drum
with forced air circulation. The heat source is gas and the drum and
blower(s) are driven by an electric motor(s).
These definitions and the proposed amendments discussed below cover
both vented and vent-less clothes dryers, as well as combination
washer/dryers.
Today's proposed amendments, to DOE's room air conditioner test
procedure, cover a consumer product, other than a ``packaged terminal
air conditioner,'' which is powered by a single-phase electric current
and which is an encased assembly designed as a unit for mounting in a
window or through the wall for the purpose of providing delivery of
conditioned air to an enclosed space. It includes a prime source of
refrigeration and may include a means for ventilating and heating.
This definition and the proposed amendments discussed below cover
room air conditioners designed for single- or double-hung windows with
or without louvered sides and with or without reverse cycle, as well as
casement-slider and casement-only window-type room air conditioners.
DOE is not proposing in today's SNOPR to change the definitions for
clothes dryers and room air conditioners in DOE's regulations.
B. Clothes Dryer and Room Air Conditioner Standby Mode and Off Mode
Test Procedures
1. Incorporating by Reference IEC Standard 62301 for Measuring Standby
Mode and Off Mode Power in Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners
As noted in the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE considered, pursuant to
EPCA, the most current versions of IEC Standard 62301 and IEC Standard
62087 for measuring power consumption in standby mode and off mode. (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A)) 73 FR 74639, 74643-44 (Dec. 9, 2008). DOE noted
that IEC Standard 62087 specifies methods of measuring the power
consumption of TV receivers, videocassette recorders (VCRs), set top
boxes, audio equipment, and multi-function equipment for consumer use.
IEC Standard 62087 does not include measurement for the power
consumption of electrical appliances such as clothes dryers and room
air conditioners. Therefore, DOE has tentatively determined that IEC
Standard 62087 was unsuitable for potential amendments to the clothes
dryer and room air conditioner test procedures. 73 FR 74639, 74643
(Dec. 9, 2008). DOE noted that IEC Standard 62301 provides for
measuring standby power in electrical appliances, including clothes
dryers and room air conditioners, and, thus, is applicable to the
proposed amendments to the clothes dryer and room air conditioner test
procedures. 73 FR 74643-44 (Dec. 9, 2008).
DOE proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR to incorporate by
reference into the DOE test procedures for clothes dryers and room air
conditioners specific clauses from IEC Standard 62301 for measuring
standby mode and off mode power: From section 4 (``General conditions
for measurements''), paragraph 4.2, ``Test room,'' paragraph 4.4,
``Supply voltage waveform,'' and paragraph 4.5, ``Power measurement
accuracy,'' and section 5 (``Measurements''), paragraph 5.1,
``General'' and paragraph 5.3, ``Procedure.'' DOE also proposed to
reference these same provisions in the DOE test procedure for room air
conditioners, as well as section 4, paragraph 4.3, ``Power supply.'' 73
FR 74639, 74644 (Dec. 9, 2008).
DOE noted in the December 2008 TP NOPR that the EPCA requirement to
consider IEC Standard 62301 in developing amended test procedures for
clothes dryers and room air conditioners presented a potential conflict
in defining ``standby mode.'' 73 FR 74639, 74644 (Dec. 9, 2008). EPCA
defines ``standby mode'' as the condition in which a product is
connected to a main power source and offers one or more of the
following user-oriented or protective functions: (1) To facilitate the
activation or deactivation of other functions (including active mode)
by remote switch (including remote control), internal sensor, or timer;
and/or (2) to provide continuous functions, including information or
status displays (including clocks) or sensor-based functions. (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(iii)). In contrast, paragraph 3.1 of IEC Standard
62301 defines ``standby mode'' as the ``lowest power consumption mode
which cannot be switched off
[[Page 37601]]
(influenced) by the user and that may persist for an indefinite time
when an appliance is connected to the main electricity supply and used
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.'' In addition,
prior to EISA 2007, DOE adopted a definition for ``standby mode''
nearly identical to that of IEC Standard 62301 in the dishwasher test
procedure, in which ``standby mode'' ``means the lowest power
consumption mode which cannot be switched off or influenced by the user
and that may persist for an indefinite time when an appliance is
connected to the main electricity supply and used in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions.'' (10 CFR part 430, subpart B,
appendix C, section 1.14) While EPCA specifies that DOE may amend the
definitions provided under 42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A), taking into
consideration the most current version of IEC Standard 62301 in
updating its test procedure (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(B)), DOE proposed in
the December 2008 TP NOPR to adopt the broader, statutory definition of
``standby mode'' provided in EPCA for reasons of greater specificity
and clarity among the considered definitions, and to include that
definition in the test procedures for clothes dryers and room air
conditioners. 73 FR 74639, 74644 (Dec. 9, 2008)
AHAM commented that the definition provided under EPCA, developed
in part using IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition, Committee Draft 1,
allowed the introduction and definition of ``off mode'' and it provided
additional clarification on standby mode, which is not addressed in IEC
Standard 62301. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 2) \14\ AHAM also submitted
comments to DOE, which AHAM denoted as general application guidelines,
to individual appliance committees on the use of IEC Standard 62301
definitions. AHAM stated that the energy mode definitions in its
comment are consistent with IEC Standard 62301 and EISA 2007. (AHAM, TP
No. 12 at p. 1) For standby mode, AHAM's submission states that this
mode may persist for an indefinite period of time and may allow
activation of other modes by local or remote switch. AHAM's description
of standby mode further specifies that standby mode applies only to
products that are not ``continuous run'' products, which it defines as
a product which ``is performing in active mode 100 [percent] of time
that it is plugged into the main electricity supply.'' (AHAM, TP No. 12
at p. 2). DOE notes that neither clothes dryers nor room air
conditioners would be classified as continuous run products, since both
provide modes in which the unit would be plugged in but not operating
in active mode. For the reasons discussed below, DOE is revising the
test procedure amendments proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR and is
proposing in today's SNOPR mode definitions based on the definitions
provided in IEC Standard 62301 CDV. As discussed further in section
III.B.3 of this SNOPR, DOE also continues to propose the requirement it
proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR that for clothes dryers or room
air conditioners that drop from a higher-power state to a lower-power
state, as discussed in Section 5, Paragraph 5.1, note 1 of IEC Standard
62301, sufficient time would be allowed for the unit to reach the
lower-power state before proceeding with the test measurement for
standby mode and off mode power. 73 FR 74639, 74656, 74658 (Dec. 9,
2008).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\14\ A notation in the form ``AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 2''
identifies a written comment (1) made by AHAM; (2) recorded in
document number 10 that is filed in the docket of this test
procedures rulemaking (Docket No. EERE-2008-BT-TP-0010) and
maintained in the Resource Room of the Building Technologies
Program; and (3) which appears on page 2 of document number 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE noted that, while section
325(gg)(2)(A) of EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A)) requires that the
amended test procedures consider the most current version of IEC
Standard 62301, the IEC is developing an updated version of this
standard, IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition. 73 FR 74639, 74644 (Dec.
9, 2008). This updated version of IEC Standard 62301 is expected to
include definitions of ``off mode,'' ``network mode,'' and
``disconnected mode,'' and would revise the current IEC Standard 62301
definition of ``standby mode.'' However, DOE stated in the December
2008 TP NOPR that, because the IEC anticipated that this new version of
Standard 62301 would likely be published in July 2009, this later
version of the standard would be unavailable in time for DOE to
consider it and to still meet the EISA 2007 deadline for issuance of a
final rule amending the relevant test procedure to include measures of
standby mode and off mode energy consumption by March 31, 2009. Id. See
42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(B)(ii). For this reason, DOE stated in the
December 2008 TP NOPR that IEC Standard 62301 would be the ``current
version'' at the time of publication of the final rule, so
consideration thereof would comply with EPCA. Accordingly, DOE
incorporated sections from IEC Standard 62301 in the proposed
amendments to the test procedure in the December 2008 TP NOPR. 73 FR
74639, 74644 (Dec. 9, 2008). DOE also stated in the December 2008 TP
NOPR that after the final rule is published, amendments to the
referenced standards would be adopted into the DOE test procedure only
if DOE later publishes a final rule to incorporate them into its
procedures. 73 FR 74644 (Dec. 9, 2008).
AHAM commented that a primary concern is the significant
differences between IEC Standard 62301 and IEC Standard 62301 CD2.
(AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 17) \15\ AHAM supports
the use of IEC Standard 62301; however, it also stated that there have
been considerable issues and concerns with the current version,
including confusion over how to interpret the standard. AHAM noted that
IEC Standard 62301 CD2 provides clarifications to IEC Standard 62301,
such as further defining standby and off mode to allow for the
measurement of multiple standby power modes. However, AHAM also noted
that the procedures for setup and testing remain very much the same.
(AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 29-31, 39-40) AHAM
questioned whether the clarifications of IEC Standard 62301 CD2,
particularly in terms of these mode definitions, could be incorporated
into the language in the DOE test procedure if DOE is unable to
incorporate the standard directly, and proposed that DOE consider
harmonizing with the IEC Standard 62301 CD2 under the expectation that
this language will be finalized in IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition.
AHAM believes that EISA 2007 could be interpreted to allow IEC Standard
62301 CD2 to be incorporated before it is finalized. (AHAM, Public
Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 31-35) Whirlpool Corporation
(Whirlpool) and GE Consumer & Industrial (GE) supported AHAMs comments
that DOE should harmonize with the rest of the world in considering IEC
Standard 62301 CD2. (AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p.
17; Whirlpool, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 36; GE, Public
Meeting Transcript, TP
[[Page 37602]]
No. 8 at pp. 35-36) Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) stated that it
supports harmonization, but does not support any significant delays in
this rulemaking. (PG&E, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 35)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\15\ A notation in the form ``AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript,
TP No. 8 at pp. 17, 29-35, 39-40'' identifies an oral comment that
DOE received during the December 17, 2008, NOPR public meeting, was
recorded in the public meeting transcript in the docket for this
test procedure rulemaking (Docket No. EERE-2008-BT-TP-0010), and is
maintained in the Resource Room of the Building Technologies
Program. This particular notation refers to a comment (1) made by
AHAM during the public meeting; (2) recorded in document number 8,
which is the public meeting transcript that is filed in the docket
of this test procedure rulemaking; and (3) which appears on pages
17, 29-35, and 39-40 of document number 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE anticipated, based on review of
draft versions of IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition, that the revisions
to IEC Standard 62301 could include different mode definitions. As
discussed in section I, DOE thus determined to publish an SNOPR for the
test procedure rulemaking in which the new mode definitions from the
IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition, expected in July 2009, would be
considered. However, more recently, DOE received information that IEC
Standard 62301 Second Edition would not be available until late 2010.
Because the final version of IEC Standard 62301 Second Edition would
not be published in time for the consideration of standby and off mode
power consumption in the concurrent energy conservation standards
rulemaking, DOE, therefore, determined to consider the new mode
definitions from the draft version IEC Standard 62301 CDV. Based on
DOE's review of IEC Standard 62301 CDV, DOE believes the definitions of
standby mode, off mode, and active mode provided in IEC Standard 62301
CDV expand upon the EPCA mode definitions and provide additional
guidance as to which functions are associated with each mode. DOE also
believes that the comments received by IEC on IEC Standard 62301 CD2,
and the resulting amended mode definitions proposed in IEC Standard
62301 CDV, demonstrate significant participation of interested parties
in the development of the best possible definitions. For these reasons,
DOE is proposing in today's SNOPR definitions of standby mode, off
mode, and active mode based on the definitions provided in IEC Standard
62301 CDV. These definitions are discussed in detail in Section
III.B.2. DOE is narrowly considering such language from IEC Standard
62301 CDV, even though this is not a finalized test standard, because
of the consensus among comments received, and DOE's corroborating
belief, that the mode definitions in the draft versions of IEC Standard
62301 Second Edition represent a substantial improvement over those in
IEC Standard 62301.
DOE did not receive any comments in response to the December 2008
TP NOPR objecting to the proposed testing methods and procedures
referenced in IEC Standard 62301. As noted above, IEC Standard 62301
will be the ``current version'' at the time of publication of the final
rule, so consideration thereof will comply with EPCA. (42 U.S.C.
6295(gg)(2)(A)) For these reasons, this SNOPR does not affect DOE's
proposal in the December 2008 TP NOPR to incorporate by reference the
clauses presented above from IEC Standard 62301.
2. Determination of Modes To Be Incorporated
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE proposed to incorporate into the
clothes dryer and room air conditioner test procedure the definitions
of ``active mode,'' ``standby mode,'' and ``off mode'' specified by
EPCA. 73 FR 74639, 74644 (Dec. 9, 2008) EPCA defines ``active mode'' as
``the condition in which an energy-using product--
(I) Is connected to a main power source;
(II) Has been activated; and
(III) Provides 1 or more main functions.''
(42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(i))
EPCA defines ``standby mode'' as ``the condition in which an
energy-using product--
(I) Is connected to a main power source; and
(II) Offers 1 or more of the following user-oriented or protective
functions:
(aa) To facilitate the activation or deactivation of other
functions (including active mode) by remote switch (including remote
control), internal sensor, or timer.
(bb) Continuous functions, including information or status displays
(including clocks) or sensor-based functions.''
(42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(iii)) This definition differs from the one
provided in IEC Standard 62301 by permitting the inclusion of multiple
standby modes.
EPCA defines ``off mode'' as ``the condition in which an energy-
using product--
(I) Is connected to a main power source; and
(II) Is not providing any standby mode or active mode function.''
\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\16\ DOE notes that some features that provide consumer utility,
such as displays and remote controls, are associated with standby
mode and not off mode. A clothes dryer or room air conditioner is
considered to be in ``off mode'' if it is plugged in to a main power
source, is not being used for an active function such as drying
clothing or providing cooling, and is consuming power for features
other than a display, controls (including a remote control), or
sensors required to reactivate it from a low power state. For
example, a clothes dryer with mechanical controls and no display or
continuously-energized moisture sensor, but that consumed power for
components such as a power supply when the unit was not activated,
would be considered to be in off mode when not providing an active
function. For room air conditioners, a unit with mechanical controls
and no display or remote control but with a power supply that is
consuming energy, for example, could be considered to be in off mode
while not providing an active function.
(42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(ii))
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE recognized that these definitions
for ``active mode,'' ``standby mode,'' and ``off mode'' were developed
to be broadly applicable for many energy-using products. For specific
products with multiple functions, these broad definitions could lead to
unintended consequences if the meaning of ``main functions'' is
narrowly interpreted. 73 FR 74639, 74644-45 (Dec. 9, 2008). To address
this problem, DOE proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR to amend the
clothes dryer and room air conditioner test procedures to clarify the
range of main functions that would be classified as active mode
functions and establish standby and off mode definitions as follows. 73
FR 74639, 74645, 74645 (Dec. 9, 2008)
DOE proposed the following mode definitions for clothes dryers in
the December 2008 TP NOPR:
``Active mode'' means a mode in which the clothes dryer is
performing the main function of tumbling the clothing with or
without heated or unheated forced air circulation to remove moisture
from the clothing and/or remove or prevent wrinkling of the
clothing;
``Inactive mode'' means a standby mode other than delay start
mode or cycle finished mode that facilitates the activation of
active mode by remote switch (including remote control), internal
sensor, or timer, or provides continuous status display;
``Cycle finished mode'' means a standby mode that provides
continuous status display following operation in active mode;
``Delay start mode'' means a standby mode that facilitates the
activation of active mode by timer; and
``Off mode'' means a mode in which the clothes dryer is not
performing any active or standby function. 73 FR 74639, 74645 (Dec.
9, 2008).
For room air conditioners, DOE proposed the following mode
definitions in the December 2008 TP NOPR:
``Active mode'' means a mode in which the room air conditioner
is performing the main function of cooling or heating the
conditioned space, or circulating air through activation of its fan
or blower, with or without energizing active air-cleaning components
or devices such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, electrostatic
filters, ozone generators, or other air-cleaning devices;
``Inactive mode'' means a standby mode other than delay start
mode or off-cycle mode that facilitates the activation of active
mode by remote switch (including remote control) or internal sensor
or provides continuous status display;
``Delay start mode'' means a standby mode in which activation of
an active mode is facilitated by a timer;
[[Page 37603]]
``Off-cycle mode'' means a standby mode in which the room air
conditioner: (1) Has cycled off its main function by thermostat or
temperature sensor; (2) does not have its fan or blower operating;
and (3) will reactivate the main function according to the
thermostat or temperature sensor signal; and
``Off mode'' means a mode in which a room air conditioner is not
performing any active or standby function. 73 FR 74639, 74645 (Dec.
9, 2008).
DOE received numerous comments from interested parties on the
standby and off mode definitions. DOE did not receive any comments
objecting to the proposed definitions of active mode for clothes dryers
and room air conditioners. As discussed in the following paragraphs
regarding standby mode definitions, DOE did receive comments stating
that certain modes that it had proposed as standby modes should be
considered as part of active mode. In addition, AHAM's comments
reiterated the definition of active mode in general as provided by EISA
2007 and stated that this definition is consistent with the energy mode
definition in IEC Standard 62301. AHAM's comments also state, however,
that when a product is not in off mode or standby mode, it is in active
mode. (AHAM, TP No. 12 at p. 1) Such a definition is inconsistent with
the EPCA, IEC Standard 62301 CD2, and IEC Standard 62301 CDV mode
definitions, in which off mode is defined as providing no standby or
active mode function. (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(ii))
As to the active mode, as discussed in section III.B.1, DOE is
proposing in today's SNOPR to amend the DOE clothes dryer and room air
conditioner test procedures to define active mode as a mode which
``includes product modes where the energy using product is connected to
a main power source, has been activated and provides one or more main
functions.'' 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix D1, proposed section
1.1 and appendix F, proposed section 1.1. The proposed definition of
active mode is the same as the definition proposed for the December
2008 TP NOPR. 73 FR 74639, 74644 (Dec. 9, 2008). DOE notes that IEC
Standard 62301 CD2 provided additional clarification that ``delay start
mode is a one off user initiated short duration function that is
associated with an active mode.'' (IEC Standard 62301 CD2, section 3.8)
IEC Standard 62301 CDV removed this clarification; however, in response
to comments on IEC Standard 62301 CD2 that led to IEC Standard 62301
CDV, IEC states that delay start mode is a one off function of limited
duration.\17\ DOE infers this to mean that delay start mode would not
be considered a standby mode, although no conclusion is made as to
whether it would be considered part of active mode.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\17\ ``Compilation of comments on 59/523/CD: IEC 62301 Ed 2.0:
Household electrical appliances--Measurement of standby power.''
August 7, 2009. p. 6. IEC Standards are available online at http://www.iec.ch.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOE is also proposing the additional clarifications discussed above
for the range of main functions that would be classified as active mode
functions, which were proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR. For
clothes dryers, DOE is proposing that the main function consist of
tumbling the clothing with or without heated or unheated forced air
circulation to remove moisture from the clothing and/or remove or
prevent wrinkling of the clothing. 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix
D1, proposed section 1.1. For room air conditioners, DOE is proposing
that the main function consist of cooling or heating the conditioned
space, or circulating air through activation of its fan or blower, with
or without energizing active air-cleaning components or devices such as
ultraviolet (UV) radiation, electrostatic filters, ozone generators, or
other air-cleaning devices. 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix F,
proposed section 1.1. DOE believes this proposed definition of active
mode provides sufficient specificity for room air conditioners.
For clothes dryers, DOE additionally investigated whether certain
operating cycles providing a steam function should be covered under
active mode, and whether measurement of energy consumption for such
cycles should be incorporated into the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure. Based on its research and discussions with manufacturers,
DOE believes that the general purpose of steam in a clothes dryer cycle
is to soften the clothing load to ease wrinkles, sanitize clothes,
eliminate static electrical charge, and/or help remove odors. As part
of its reverse engineering analyses conducted for the energy
conservation standards rulemaking for residential clothes dryers, DOE
observed that the steam may be generated by spraying a fine mist of
water into the heated drum, allowing the hot clothing load to evaporate
the water, or the steam may be produced in a generator outside the drum
before injecting it in with the clothes load. Most steam-equipped
clothes dryers require a hookup to the cold water line that would
supply water to an adjacent clothes washer. On certain models, however,
the clothes dryer contains a user-fillable water reservoir. Steam
functions typically are programmed as unique operating cycles, although
manufacturers may provide the option to add steam during a conventional
drying cycle or to periodically tumble and inject steam over a certain
amount of time at the end of a conventional drying cycle to prevent
wrinkling.
The current DOE test procedure does not contain any provisions that
would account for the energy and water use of such steam cycles. Based
on a preliminary market survey of products available on the market,
DOE's estimates suggest that, at this time, steam cycles represent a
very small fraction of overall product use on a nationwide basis. DOE
is unaware of energy and water consumption or consumer usage data with
respect to steam. For these reasons, DOE is not proposing amendments to
include measurement of steam cycles for clothes dryers.
DOE received multiple comments regarding the proposed definition
and clarifications for standby modes. AHAM opposed the establishment of
multiple low power or standby modes for both clothes dryers and room
air conditioners. AHAM stated that ``delay start'' and ``cycle
finished'' modes for clothes dryers and ``delay start'' and ``off-
cycle'' modes for room air conditioners should not be defined as
standby modes, because in each case the product is not operating at its
lowest power state. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at pp. 2-4) AHAM stated that the
delay start function is associated with an active cycle, requires input
by the consumer, and persists for a defined time. AHAM further stated
that the cycle finished mode for clothes dryers and the off-cycle mode
for room air conditioners are modes of limited duration that are
associated with an active cycle, wherein the product is not operating
at its lowest power state. According to AHAM, this condition is in
conflict with the IEC Standard 62301 definition that standby mode ``* *
* may persist for an indefinite time * * *'' (AHAM, TP No. 10 at pp. 2-
3) For these reasons, AHAM commented that delay start mode for both
products, cycle finished mode for clothes dryers, and off-cycle mode
for room air conditioners should be incorporated into active mode, or
that a standard empirical value should be added to all active energy
measurements to represent the energy use of these low-power modes. Id.
AHAM also noted that, for room air conditioners, delay start mode and
off-cycle mode are energy-saving features which, in an integrated
energy-use metric combining the energy use of these modes with
[[Page 37604]]
energy use in active mode, result in lower-efficiency units that don't
have such features appearing to be more efficient than units with these
energy-saving features. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 4)
GE adopted by reference AHAM's comments on the definitions of
multiple standby modes. (GE, TP No. 11 at p. 1) Whirlpool also opposed
defining multiple active and standby modes because doing so would add
complexity to the test procedure without adding value to the
measurements. Whirlpool agreed with AHAM and GE that delay start and
cycle finished modes, which are user-initiated primary functions of the
product, are part of active mode rather than separate standby modes.
(Whirlpool, TP No. 9 at p. 2) PG&E added that it is confusing to
consider as an off-cycle mode the state in which the thermostat has
cycled off the fan and compressor. PG&E stated that this state should
be considered part of the active mode. (PG&E, Public Meeting
Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 84-85)
As discussed in section III.B.1, DOE is proposing in today's SNOPR
to amend the DOE test procedure for clothes dryers and room air
conditioners to define standby mode based on the definitions provided
in IEC Standard 62301 CDV. DOE proposes to define standby mode as a
mode which ``includes any product modes where the energy using product
is connected to a main power source and offers one or more of the
following user oriented or protective functions which may persist for
an indefinite time: \18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\18\ The actual language for the standby mode definition in IEC
Standard 62301 CDV describes ``* * * user oriented or protective
functions which usually persist'' rather than ``* * * user oriented
or protective functions which may persist for an indefinite time.''
DOE notes, however, that section 5.1 of IEC Standard 62301 CDV
states that ``a mode is considered persistent where the power level
is constant or where there are several power levels that occur in a
regular sequence for an indefinite period of time.'' DOE believes
that the proposed language, which was originally included in IEC
Standard 62301 CD2, encompasses the possible scenarios foreseen by
section 5.1 of IEC Standard 62301 CDV without unnecessary
specificity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
To facilitate the activation of other modes (including
activation or deactivation of active mode) by remote switch (including
remote control), internal sensor, timer;
Continuous function: Information or status displays
including clocks;
Continuous function: Sensor-based functions.'' 10 CFR part
430, subpart B, appendix D1, proposed section 1.19 and appendix F,
proposed section 1.5.
DOE is proposing an additional clarification that ``a timer is a
continuous clock function (which may or may not be associated with a
display) that provides regular scheduled tasks (e.g., switching) and
that operates on a continuous basis.'' Id. This definition was
developed based on the definitions provided in IEC Standard 62301 CDV,
and expands upon the EPCA mode definitions to provide additional
clarifications as to which functions are associated with each mode.
Based on these proposed definitions, delay start mode and cycle-
finished mode for clothes dryers and delay start mode and off-cycle
mode for room air conditioners are not modes that persist for an
indefinite time, and would therefore not be considered as part of a
standby mode. DOE's analysis of annual energy use in specific clothes
dryer and room air conditioner modes--presented in the December 2008 TP
NOPR--determined that delay start mode and cycle-finished mode for
clothes dryers, and delay start mode and off-cycle mode for room air
conditioners, each represent a negligible portion (0.1 percent or less)
of the annual energy use for the particular product. 73 FR 74639,
74647, 74649 (Dec. 9, 2008). Therefore, an integrated energy efficiency
metric for either clothes dryers or room air conditioners would not be
measurably affected by either the inclusion or exclusion of the energy
use in any of these modes. Further, DOE believes that the benefit of
incorporating the energy use of these modes into the overall energy
efficiency (i.e., providing greater specificity in the evaluation of
methods for reducing energy consumption and the potential for energy
savings for the energy conservation standards rulemaking) is outweighed
by the burden that would be placed on the manufacturers to measure
power consumption in each of these modes. For these reasons, DOE is not
proposing amendments to the test procedures to define delay start,
cycle finished, and off-cycle modes or to measure power consumption in
delay start mode for either product, cycle finished mode for clothes
dryers, and off-cycle mode for room air conditioners in today's SNOPR.
DOE is only including in the proposed clothes dryer and room air
conditioner test procedures amendments in this SNOPR provisions for
measuring energy consumption in the inactive mode and off mode.
AHAM commented that the term ``inactive mode'' should be changed to
``standby mode'' for simplicity and to remain consistent in the use of
this term. In addition, AHAM stated that DOE should define standby mode
as ``the lowest power consumption mode which cannot be switched off or
influenced by the user'' (i.e., not performing any function, but ready
to perform a function) to be consistent with IEC Standard 62301. (AHAM,
TP No. 10 at pp. 2-3) The comments which AHAM subsequently submitted to
DOE clarified AHAM's suggested definition by stating that standby mode
should be defined as ``the lowest-power consumption mode when the
appliance is connected to the main electricity supply and is used in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Standby mode power
usage is the power (wattage) consumed by an appliance at the factory
setting. Standby Mode may persist for an indefinite period of time.''
(AHAM, TP No. 12 at p. 2) AHAM stated that appliances to which its
comments apply should be shipped in this mode. If the factory or
``default'' settings are indicated in manufacturer's instructions, AHAM
stated that the appliance should be tested at those settings;
otherwise, the appliance should be tested as shipped. Id. AHAM
commented that any other feature accessible by the consumer should be
considered as active mode, and, therefore, the definitions for off,
standby and active modes should cover all clothes dryer and room air
conditioner features. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at pp. 3-4)
Although at this time DOE is proposing to amend the test procedures
for room air conditioners and clothes dryers to include only provisions
for measuring energy use in inactive mode and that delay start, cycle
finished, and off-cycle modes would not be considered part of standby
mode, DOE remains open to consideration of additional standby modes.
Therefore, DOE is not renaming ``inactive mode'' to ``standby mode'' in
today's SNOPR. However, DOE agrees that, in measuring the single
significant standby mode (inactive mode), power consumption would be
measured in the lowest possible energy state, as discussed in section
III.B.3.
In response to AHAM's comments, DOE believes that provisions for
setting up the appliance for standby mode and off mode testing should
be specified in the test procedure. However, DOE believes that setting
up the appliance in accordance with manufacturer's instructions or in
the as-shipped factory or ``default'' settings, as commented by AHAM,
would allow manufacturers to ship appliances set in a low power mode
that consumers may switch out of during typical standby or off mode
use. In order to provide a clear and consistent testing method, DOE is
proposing that the appliance be set up with the settings that produce
the highest power consumption level, consistent with the particular
mode
[[Page 37605]]
definition under test, for standby and off mode testing. 10 CFR part
430, subpart B, appendix D1, proposed section 3.6 and appendix F,
proposed section 4.2.
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE requested comment on additional
standby modes under the EPCA definition which had not been identified
and which could represent significant energy use. 73 FR 74639, 74654
(Dec. 9, 2008) AHAM commented that, although there is the potential for
networking in the future relating to functions such as peak load
sharing, this feature would be considered part of active mode.
According to AHAM, this mode might be selected by the consumer, thereby
taking the product out of the default lowest power mode. (AHAM, TP No.
10 at p. 3) PG&E commented that it agrees with AHAM that network mode
should be considered. PG&E added that if network mode is on all the
time, then this mode should be considered a standby function, whereas
if this mode is consumer-activated and on for limited periods of time,
it should be considered part of active mode. (PG&E, Public Meeting
Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 79, 86) GE raised concerns that some
utilities require that a network function remain on continuously in
order for consumers to get the peak-power rebates, implying that
manufacturers may not have control over the way this part of the
control works. (GE, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 87) PG&E
responded by commenting that network modes might be designed for low
power and intermittent activation. (PG&E, Public Meeting Transcript, TP
No. 8 at pp. 87-88)
Section 3.7 of IEC Standard 62301 CDV defines network mode as a
mode category which ``includes any product modes where the energy-using
product is connected to a main power source and at least one network
function is activated (such as reactivation via network command or
network integrity communication) but where the primary function is not
active.'' Section 3.7 of IEC Standard 62301 CDV also provides a note
stating, ``Where a network function is provided but is not active and/
or not connected to a network, then this mode is not applicable. A
network function could become active intermittently according to a
fixed schedule or in response to a network requirement. A `network' in
this context includes communication between two or more separate
independently powered devices or pieces of equipment. A network does
not include one or more controls, which are dedicated to a single piece
of equipment. Network mode may include one or more standby functions.''
However, DOE is unaware of any clothes dryers or room air conditioners
currently available on the market that incorporate a networking
function. Further, DOE is unaware of any data regarding network mode in
these products, which would allow it to determine appropriate testing
procedures and mode definitions for incorporation into the test
procedures for clothes dryers and room air conditioners. In particular,
DOE is unaware of data and methods for the appropriate configuration of
networks, whether network connection speed or the number and type of
network connections affects power consumption, or whether wireless
network devices may have different power consumptions when the device
is looking for a connection and when the network connection is actually
established. DOE is also unaware of how the energy consumption for
clothes dryers and room air conditioners in a network environment may
be affected by their product design and user interaction as well as
network interaction, such as whether the network function could become
active intermittently according to a fixed schedule or in response to a
network requirement. For these reasons, the proposed amendments in
today's SNOPR do not include network mode. However, DOE welcomes
comment on whether clothes dryers and room air conditioners are
available that incorporate a networking function, and whether
definitions and testing procedures for a network mode should be
incorporated into the DOE test procedure. DOE also requests comment on
appropriate methodologies for measuring energy consumption in a network
mode, and data on the results and repeatability of such testing
methodology.
GE commented that standby mode should not apply to room air
conditioners because they are considered continuously running products
which operate in active mode 100 percent of the time that they are
plugged into the main electricity supply and not in off mode. (GE, TP
No. 11 at p. 2) DOE determined that room air conditioners with remote
controls operate in a mode which facilitates the activation of other
modes (including activation or deactivation of active mode) by remote
switch (including remote control). This mode is covered by both the
proposed definition in today's SNOPR and the EPCA definition for
standby mode, and, hence, DOE believes that standby mode would apply to
room air conditioners under the proposed definition.
DOE also requested comment on the definition and clarifications of
off mode that were proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR. AHAM stated
it supports DOE's definition of off mode, but believes this definition
must be clarified. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at pp. 2-4) AHAM provided
clarifications in its comments, which state the following:
``Off Mode describes the status of an appliance when it is
connected to the main electricity supply and is providing no
consumer-interactive function. Off Mode may persist for an
indefinite period of time. Providing the product with an on/off
switch satisfies this condition.
Off Mode may include:
1. LED or some other indication of off mode condition;
2. Electric noise reduction capacitor, choke or filter;
3. The state where a one-way remote control device has turned
the product off, but cannot be used to activate the product.
4. Leakage current will occur in some appliances, and may
include current flow in 208/230 volt appliances where only one leg
of the line is isolated by the switch.
5. May include electrical energy flow to a transformer of some
electronics units.''
(AHAM, TP No. 12 at p. 2)
As discussed in section III.B.1, DOE is proposing in today's SNOPR
to amend the DOE test procedure for clothes dryers and room air
conditioners to define off mode based upon the definition in IEC
Standard 62301 CDV. DOE proposes to define off mode as a mode category
which ``includes any product modes where the energy using product is
connected to a mains power source and is not providing any standby mode
or active mode function and where the mode may persist for an
indefinite time.\19\ An indicator that only shows the user that the
product is in the off position is included within the clasification of
off mode.'' As noted in section III.B.1, this defintion was developed
based on the definitions provided in IEC Standard 62301 CDV, and
expands upon the EPCA mode definitions to provide additional
clarifications as to which functions are associated with each mode.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\19\ As with the definition for standby mode, IEC Standard 62301
CDV qualifies off mode as one that ``* * * usually persists'' rather
than one that ``* * * may persist for an indefinite time.'' For the
same reasons as discussed for standby mode, DOE is proposing the
latter definition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In response to AHAM's comments regarding off mode, under the
proposed mode definitions, a clothes dryer or room air conditioner
equipped with a mechanical on/off switch which can disconnect power to
the display and/or control components would be
[[Page 37606]]
considered as operating in the off mode when the switch is in the
``off'' position, provided that no other standby or active mode
functions are energized. DOE agrees with AHAM that an energized LED or
other indication that only shows the user that the product is in the
off position would be considered part of off mode under the proposed
definition, again if no other standby or active mode functions were
energized. However, if any energy is consumed by the appliance in the
presence of a one-way remote control, the unit would be operating in
standby mode pursuant to EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(iii)), which
includes a remote control which facilitates the activation or
deactivation of other functions (including active mode) as a feature of
standby mode. DOE agrees that the other three conditions, which AHAM
outlines in its comments, would be indicative of off mode. Because DOE
believes that a one-way remote control would be a function associated
with standby mode, and not off mode as stated by AHAM, DOE is not
proposing to adopt AHAM's definition for off mode.
DOE also notes that section 3.9 of IEC Standard 62301 CDV provides
a definition of ``disconnected mode,'' which is ``the status in which
all connections to mains power sources of the energy using product are
removed or interrupted.'' IEC Standard 62301 CDV also adds a note that
common terms such as ``unplugged'' or ``cut off from mains'' also
describe this mode and that this mode is not part of the low power mode
category. DOE believes that there would be no energy use in a
``disconnected mode,'' and therefore, is not proposing a definition or
testing methods for such a mode in the DOE test procedure for clothes
dryers or room air conditioners.
3. Adding Specifications for the Test Methods and Measurements for
Clothes Dryer and Room Air Conditioner Standby Mode and Off Mode
Testing
DOE proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR to establish test
procedures for measuring all standby and off modes associated with
clothes dryers and room air conditioners. 73 FR 74639, 74645 (Dec. 9,
2008). As discussed in section III.B.2, the mode identified as inactive
mode in the December 2008 TP NOPR is believed to be the only
significant standby mode for clothes dryers and room air conditioners
at this time. This section discusses product-specific clarifications of
the procedures of IEC Standard 62301 when used to measure standby and
off mode energy use for clothes dryers and room air conditioners.
a. Clothes Dryers
DOE understands that displays on clothes dryers may reduce power
consumption by automatically dimming or powering down after a certain
period of user inactivity. For those clothes dryers for which the power
input in inactive mode varies in this fashion during testing, DOE
proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR that that the test be conducted
after the power level has dropped to its lower power state. 73 FR
74639, 74645 (Dec. 9, 2008).
PG&E commented that, while IEC Standard 62301 notes that some
appliances wait in a higher-power state before dropping back to a
lower-power state, the standard does not provide guidance on how long
to wait for the appliance to drop to the lower-power state. (PG&E,
Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 25-27) AHAM stated that
section 5 of IEC Standard 62301 specifies a stabilization time of 30
minutes. (AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 28-29) AHAM
subsequently clarified in written comments that IEC Standard 62301
calls for a stabilization period of at least 30 minutes and a
measurement period of at least 10 minutes, and that DOE's test
procedure should be consistent with that of IEC Standard 62301 to
reduce test burden. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 4) Whirlpool commented that
most test procedures involving electronics incorporate a 30-minute
stabilization period and a 10-minute measurement period. Whirlpool
believes that these requirements would be reasonable for DOE's test
procedures. (Whirlpool, TP No. 9 at p. 3) PG&E supported the
specification of a 30-minute stabilization period. (PG&E, Public
Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 50)
As part of the residential clothes dryer energy conservation
standards rulemaking preliminary analyses, DOE conducted standby mode
and off mode testing on 11 representative residential clothes dryers.
Table 0.1 shows the measured duration of the higher-power state for
clothes dryers in DOE's test sample. DOE observed during this testing
that the higher-power state in inactive mode may persist for
approximately 5-10 minutes of user inactivity after the user interface
display has been energized for all products tested.
Table 0.1--Clothes Dryer Standby Mode Testing: Duration of Higher-Power State
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Duration of
higher-
Product class Test unit Control type Automatic power-down? power state
(min)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vented Electric, Standard......... 1 Electromechanical... N........................ ...........
2 Electromechanical... N........................ ...........
3 Electronic.......... Y........................ 5
4 Electromechanical... N........................ ...........
5 Electromechanical... N........................ ...........
Vented Electric, Compact (120 V).. 6 Electromechanical... N........................ ...........
Vented Gas........................ 7 Electromechanical... N........................ ...........
8 Electronic.......... Y........................ 5
9 Electronic.......... Y........................ 5
10 Electronic.......... Y........................ 7
11 Electronic.......... Y........................ 7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph 5.3.1 of section 5.3 of IEC Standard 62301 specifies, for
products in which the power varies by not more than 5 percent from a
maximum level during a period of 5 minutes, that the user waits at
least 5 minutes for the product to stabilize and then measures the
power at the end of an additional time period of not less than 5
minutes. Paragraph 5.3.2 of IEC Standard 62301 contains provisions for
measuring average power in cases where the power is not stable. In such
cases, it requires a measurement period of no less than 5 minutes, or
one or more complete
[[Page 37607]]
operating cycles of several minutes or hours. IEC Standard 62301
contains no requirement that the stabilization period extends to 30
minutes, nor that the measurement is made over a period of at least 10
minutes. However, based on its testing results shown in Table 0.1, DOE
also notes that some clothes dryers may remain in the higher-power
state for the duration of a 5-minute stabilization period and 5-minute
measurement period, and then drop to the lower-power state that is more
representative of inactive mode. In contrast, IEC Standard 62301 CDV
specifies for each testing method that the product be allowed to
stabilize for at least 30 minutes prior to a measurement period of not
less than 10 minutes. DOE believes this clarification would allow
sufficient time for displays that automatically dim or power down after
a period of user inactivity to reach the lower-power state prior to
measurement. Based on the automatic power-down time periods observed in
its own testing, DOE believes that the 30-minute stabilization and 10-
minute measurement periods suggested by commenters provide a clearer
and more consistent testing procedure than the corresponding times
specified in IEC Standard 62301. This allows for representative
measurements among products that may have varying times before the
power drops to a low level.
DOE also notes that allowing a test period of ``not less than'' or
``at least'' a specified amount of time, as provided in both IEC
Standard 62301 and IEC Standard 62301 CDV, may result in different test
technicians testing the same product for different periods of time. In
order to ensure that the testing procedures for standby and off mode
are clear and consistent, such that different test technicians are
testing the product using the same procedures, DOE is proposing to
require that the stabilization period be 30 to 40 minutes, and the test
period be 10 minutes. 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix D1, proposed
section 3.6.
The American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) stated
that the test procedure could be ``gamed'' by products for which the
default setting would be for the display to power down after 5 minutes,
but which would easily allow consumers to increase the duration of the
higher-power state, or switch the product to permanently maintain the
higher-power state. ACEEE commented that DOE should include additional
guidance to level the playing field for all manufacturers. (ACEEE,
Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 27-28) AHAM's comments for
all covered products suggest that these products may have provision for
the consumer to add or delete product functions that alter the as-
shipped standby energy consumption, and that the power consumption in
these user-selected states may exceed the power consumption in the
lowest power consumption mode. AHAM stated that the consumer must be
informed as to how to make the selections that would override the
lowest power consumption mode. (AHAM, TP No. 12 at p. 2)
DOE's test procedures are developed to measure representative
energy use for the typical consumer. DOE does not have data
representing all possible consumer actions and appliance usage patterns
that might increase energy use. As discussed above in section III.B.2,
DOE is proposing that the appliance be set up with the settings that
produce the highest power consumption level, consistent with the
particular mode definition under test, for standby and off mode
testing. DOE believes that this would prevent any ``gaming'' of default
or as-shipped settings. For this reason, DOE has not proposed
additional provisions in today's SNOPR to address the possibility of
adjusting the as-shipped or default display settings or other features
for higher energy use. However, DOE welcomes comment on methodologies
to account for such consumer actions that might increase energy use and
data on the corresponding consumer usage patterns.
DOE proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR to adopt the test room
ambient temperature of 73.4 9 [deg]F specified by IEC
Standard 62301 for standby mode and off mode testing. 73 FR 74639,
74645-46 (Dec. 9, 2008). This test room ambient temperature is slightly
different from the ambient temperature currently specified for DOE's
drying performance tests of clothes dryers (75 3 [deg]F).
However, the proposed test room ambient temperature conditions would
permit manufacturers who opt to test active, standby, and off modes
sequentially in the same test room to use the current ambient
temperature requirements for drying tests, since the latter
temperatures are within the limits specified by IEC Standard 62301.
Alternatively, the proposed temperature specifications would allow a
manufacturer that opts to conduct standby mode and off mode testing
separately from drying tests more flexibility in ambient temperature.
AHAM and Whirlpool supported DOE's test room ambient temperature
specifications for standby mode and off mode testing of clothes dryers.
(AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 5; Whirlpool, TP No. 9 at p. 3) In the absence
of comments objecting to the ambient temperature specifications, this
SNOPR does not affect DOE's proposal in the December 2008 TP NOPR to
use the test room ambient temperature specified by IEC Standard 62301
for clothes dryer standby mode and off mode testing.
b. Room Air Conditioners
A room air conditioner with a temperature display may use varying
amounts of standby power depending on the digit(s) being displayed. DOE
proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR to require that test room
temperature be maintained at 74 2 [deg]F, and that the
temperature control setting is 79 [deg]F. 73 FR 74639, 74646 (Dec. 9,
2008). These conditions differ from the cooling performance testing
conditions in the DOE room air conditioner test procedure. The cooling
performance test conditions are specified as 80 [deg]F on the indoor
side of the test chamber and 95 [deg]F on the outdoor side. In
addition, the cooling performance test conditions do not specify a
temperature control setting. DOE proposed the different test room
conditions in the December 2008 TP NOPR because such conditions would
assure a consistent display configuration, and thus a representative
power consumption, for all room air conditioners under test,
particularly during off-cycle operation that was defined in the
December 2008 TP NOPR as a standby mode. 73 FR 74639, 74646 (Dec. 9,
2008).
GE commented that the smaller tolerances specified by IEC Standard
62301, for ambient conditions that differ from the conditions for
cooling performance testing, represent a testing burden. GE believes
that the proposed conditions would be relevant only for off-cycle mode.
(GE, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 99-100) ACEEE commented
that there would be no objection among interested parties to relax
tolerance of the temperatures, if such close specification were not
required. (ACEEE, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 101) AHAM
commented that the proposed test room temperature is unrealistic and
burdensome. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 5) AHAM also stated that if off-
cycle mode is considered part of active mode, then standby mode testing
could be carried out in the same test chamber that is used for cooling
performance testing because standby mode (other than off-cycle) is not
affected by ambient temperature. (AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, TP
No. 8 at pp. 103-104)
As part of the room air conditioner energy conservation standards
rulemaking preliminary analyses, DOE conducted standby mode and off
mode testing on representative room air
[[Page 37608]]
conditioners. During its preliminary tests, DOE determined that room
air conditioner displays among the units it tested do not provide any
user information in inactive mode. In addition, DOE determined that the
displays among the units it tested provide indication of time delay or
time until start rather than temperature when the air conditioners are
in delay start mode. These observations are supported by GE's comment,
discussed above, that the proposed test chamber ambient conditions
would be relevant only for off-cycle mode. (GE, Public Meeting
Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 99-100) DOE concurs with GE's position that
if the test procedure were limited to measurement of a single standby
mode and an off mode as discussed in section III.B.2, the proposed
close tolerance on ambient temperature would not be required. DOE is,
therefore, proposing in today's SNOPR to provide flexibility in the
room air conditioner test procedure amendments by allowing standby mode
and off mode testing either in a test chamber used for measurement of
cooling performance or in a separate test room that meets the specified
standby mode and off mode test conditions. The proposed amendments to
the room air conditioner test procedure in today's SNOPR specify
maintaining the indoor test conditions, if tested in a cooling
performance test chamber, or room ambient test conditions, if tested in
a separate test room, at the temperature required by section 4.2 of IEC
Standard 62301. Further, if the unit is tested in the cooling
performance test chamber, the proposed amendments allow the
manufacturer to maintain the outdoor test conditions either as
specified for the DOE cooling test procedure or according to section
4.2 of IEC Standard 62301 for standby and off mode testing. DOE also
notes that the indoor temperature conditions required by the DOE
cooling performance test procedure fall within the temperature range
allowed by section 4.2 of IEC Standard 62301.
DOE proposed a test procedure for the delay start mode in the
December 2008 TP NOPR that required a 5-minute stabilization period
followed by a 60-minute measurement period. 73 FR 74639, 74646 (Dec. 9,
2008) Because the proposed amendments to the test procedure in today's
SNOPR are limited to the measurement of a single standby mode and an
off mode as discussed in section III.B.2, DOE is not proposing any
provisions in the room air conditioner test procedure for measuring
delay start mode.
Similar to clothes dryers, DOE proposed in the December 2008 TP
NOPR (73 FR 74639, 74646 (Dec. 9, 2008)) that standby and off modes for
room air conditioners, other than delay start mode, be tested with a
stabilization period no less than 5 minutes and a measurement period no
less than 5 minutes for units with stable power, consistent with
paragraph 5.3.1 of section 5.3 of IEC Standard 62301. In cases where
the power was unstable, the provisions of paragraph 5.3.2 would apply,
in which the measurement period would be no less than 5 minutes or one
or more complete operating cycles. AHAM commented that IEC Standard
62301 requires a stabilization period at least 30 minutes long and a
measurement period at least 10 minutes long and that DOE's test
procedure should be consistent with that of IEC Standard 62301 to
reduce test burden. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 4) DOE does not have any
information or data that would suggest that a 30-minute stabilization
period followed by a 10-minute measurement period would produce more
representative or consistent standby and off mode power measurements
than the times proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR.
However, DOE also notes that allowing a test period of ``not less
than'' or ``at least'' a specified amount of time, as provided in IEC
Standard 62301, may result in different test technicians testing the
same product for different periods of time. In order to ensure that the
testing procedures for standby and off mode are clear and consistent,
such that different test technicians are testing the product using the
same exact procedures, DOE is proposing to require that the
stabilization period be 5 to 10 minutes, and the test period be 5
minutes. 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix F, proposed section 4.2.
4. Calculation of Energy Use Associated With Standby Modes and Off Mode
Measurements of power consumption associated with each standby and
off mode for clothes dryers and room air conditioners are expressed in
W. The annual energy consumption in each of these modes for a clothes
dryer or room air conditioner is the product of the power consumption
in W and the time spent in that particular mode.
a. Clothes Dryers
Energy use for clothes dryers is expressed in terms of total energy
use per drying cycle. As discussed in section III.D.3, DOE has
determined that it is technically feasible to incorporate measures of
standby and off mode energy use into the overall energy-use metric, a
determination that is required by the EISA 2007 amendments to EPCA. (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A)) Therefore, DOE has examined standby and off mode
energy consumption in terms of annual energy use apportioned on a per-
cycle basis. Energy used during a drying cycle (active mode) is
directly measured in the DOE test procedure, although adjustments are
made to the directly measured energy to account for differences between
test and field conditions. The energy use associated with continuously
burning pilot lights of gas dryers is measured and is converted to an
energy use per cycle by dividing calculated annual gas energy use by
the representative average number of drying cycles per year (i.e.,
416). 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix D, section 4.4. DOE proposes
that this procedure for gas standing pilot lights provides an approach
for calculating standby mode and off mode power consumption on a per-
cycle energy-use basis.
Whirlpool commented that standing (i.e., continuously burning)
pilot lights are not allowed in gas dryers and that it was unclear why
DOE was referring to them in this context. (Whirlpool, TP No. 9 at p.
2) The Federal standards prohibiting such pilot lights were established
by the NAECA amendments to EPCA for gas clothes dryers manufactured
after January 1, 1988. (42 U.S.C. 6295(g)(3)) However, the subsequent
energy conservation standards rulemaking for clothes dryers amended
those standards to require performance standards for all product
classes of clothes dryers, including gas clothes dryers, based on EF,
for clothes dryers manufactured on or after May 14, 1994. The amended
energy conservation standards replaced the previous standards, and thus
eliminated the prohibition of standing pilot lights. (56 FR 22250 (May
14, 1991)); 10 CFR 430.32(h)(1)). Although DOE is unaware of any
current models of gas clothes dryers incorporating standing pilot
lights, the methodology for measuring the energy consumption of such a
feature is included in the current DOE clothes dryer test procedure
because standing pilot lights are not precluded by the standards. For
this reason, DOE continues to consider the methodology for
incorporating standing pilot light annual energy use in the EF metric
for gas dryers a viable approach for incorporating the annual energy
use of modes other than active mode into the per-cycle energy-use
metric.
In the existing test procedure, energy use per cycle for
continuously burning pilot lights is calculated by multiplying the
energy use measured for a period of one hour by an established number
of hours per year that the dryer is not in drying mode, and dividing by
the
[[Page 37609]]
representative average cycles per year. The existing test procedure
established that a gas clothes dryer is in the drying mode 140 hours
per year, and that the balance of the year (8,620 hours) is the
established number of hours associated with the pilot light energy
consumption.
DOE proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR to adopt a similar
approach for measuring energy consumption during standby and off modes
for clothes dryers. Specifically, DOE proposed to adopt the current 140
hours associated with drying (i.e., the active mode) and to associate
the remaining 8,620 hours of the year with the standby and off modes.
Table 0.2 presents the comparison of the approximate wattages and
annual energy use associated with all modes that DOE proposed in the
December 2008 TP NOPR. 73 FR 74639, 74647-48 (Dec. 9, 2008).
Table 0.2--DOE Estimate of Annual Energy Use of Clothes Dryer Modes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mode Hours Typical Power (W) Annual Energy Use (kWh)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Active.......................... 140 6,907........................ 967.
Delay Start..................... * 34 3............................ 0.1.
Cycle Finished.................. ** 429 3............................ 1.
Off and Inactive................ [dagger] 8,157 0.5 to 3..................... 4 to 24.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* 5 minutes per cycle x 416 cycles per year
** 5 percent of remaining time (0.05 x (8,760 - 140 - 34) = 429)
[dagger] 95 percent of remaining time (0.95 x (8,760 - 140 - 34) = 8,157)
GE and AHAM commented that the 0.5 to 3 W range provided for
standby modes is typical for displays on appliances. (GE, Public
Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 113; AHAM, Public Meeting
Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 113-114.)
At the December 17 Public Meeting, AHAM expressed general support
of the DOE estimates of energy use. (AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript,
TP No. 8 at p. 122.) Whirlpool commented that work carried out among
AHAM members has included the development of a representative
allocation of hours to the applicable clothes dryer operating modes.
(Whirlpool, TP No. 9 at p. 3.) The data Whirlpool provided for this
allocation are reproduced as Table 0.3 below.
Table 0.3--Whirlpool-Supplied Estimate of Annual Hours for Clothes Dryer Modes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Whirlpool/AHAM
DOE proposal definition Whirlpool hours
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Active............................... Active................. 140 (20 minutes per cycle).
Inactive............................. Standby................ Assume equal to Delay Start.
Cycle Finished....................... Active................. 416 (1 hour/cycle).
Delay Start.......................... Active................. 69 (10 minutes/cycle).
Off.................................. Off.................... Balance [8,066].
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Whirlpool data confirm DOE's selection of 140 hours for active
drying mode. The key difference between the hours proposed by DOE and
Whirlpool is that Whirlpool allocates only 10 minutes per cycle to
inactive mode (69 hours annually), resulting in 8,066 hours allocated
to off mode. DOE believes that the proposed definition of off mode as
applied to clothes dryers refers to dryers with mechanical rather than
electronic controls or to dryers with electronic controls that have a
mechanical switch with which the user can de-energize the electronic
controls. Reactivation of the dryer with a pushbutton sensor, touch
sensor, or other similar device that consumes power is considered to be
a standby mode feature under the proposed definition, in which one
possible standby mode ``facilitate[s] the activation of other modes
(including activation or deactivation of active mode) by remote switch
(including remote control), internal sensor, timer.'' 10 CFR part 430,
subpart B, appendix D1, proposed section 1.19 and appendix F, proposed
section 1.5. Based on DOE's tests, it concluded that there are few
clothes dryers with electronic controls that have this additional
mechanical switch. Therefore, the combined inactive/off hours would
most likely be allocated fully either to inactive or off mode,
depending on the type of controls present on the clothes dryer. DOE
does not have market share information to determine how many clothes
dryers are currently shipped with electromechanical controls, but DOE
believes that the relative proportion of inactive and off mode annual
hours as contained in Whirlpool's data submission may not be wholly
representative of the relative shipments of clothes dryers with
electronic and electromechanical controls because it implies that
virtually all clothes dryers would be equipped with electromechanical
controls, and DOE's review of clothes dryer models currently available
does not support such a conclusion. For this reason, DOE believes that,
under the proposed definitions of standby and off modes, the allocation
of annual hours to inactive and off modes are appropriate and this
SNOPR does not affect DOE's proposal in the December 2008 TP NOPR for
this allocation of hours.
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE proposed an alternative
simplified methodology for allocating annual hours. 73 FR 74639, 74648
(Dec. 9, 2008). The comparison of annual energy use of different
clothes dryer modes shows that delay start and cycle finished modes
represent a negligible percentage of total annual energy consumption.
In addition, for clothes dryers currently on the market, power levels
in these modes are similar to those for off/inactive modes. Therefore,
DOE proposed that all of the non-active hours (which total 8,620) would
be allocated to the inactive and off modes. 73 FR 74639, 74648 (Dec. 9,
2008). AHAM commented that it supports the alternative approach, but
that the delay start and cycle finished mode hours more appropriately
would be combined with the active mode hours than with the inactive and
off mode hours.
[[Page 37610]]
(AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 123; AHAM, TP No. 10
at p. 6.) As discussed in section III.B.2, DOE has determined that
delay start and cycle finished modes are not standby modes according to
the definitions proposed in today's SNOPR. Therefore, DOE is not
proposing to combine delay start and cycle finished mode hours with
active mode hours as commented by AHAM. However, because the power
consumption of clothes dryers operating in such modes approximates the
power levels in off/inactive modes, it would be more appropriate under
a simplified approach to allocate the hours associated with delay start
and cycle finished modes to off/inactive modes. Therefore, in today's
SNOPR, because DOE is not proposing amendments to the clothes dryer
test procedure to measure delay start and cycle finished power
consumption, DOE is proposing to maintain the estimate of 8,620 hours
as the non-active hours that would be allocated to inactive and off
modes for clothes dryers.
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE proposed to allocate the number
of hours for the combined off and inactive modes entirely to either off
mode or standby mode, as appropriate, if only one of these modes is
possible for the clothes dryer. DOE noted in the October 2008 TP NOPR
that information to guide allocation of the hours for clothes dryers
that have both inactive and off modes is currently unavailable. Two
operational scenarios exist: (1) A clothes dryer reverts to an off mode
after a specified time in inactive mode; or (2) a clothes dryer stays
in inactive mode unless the user switches the appliance back to off
mode. DOE does not have information regarding the percentage of clothes
dryers being sold that fall into each of these categories. Because of
this limitation, DOE proposed in the October 2008 TP NOPR to allocate
half of the hours determined for off/inactive modes to each of the two
modes. 73 FR 74639, 74648 (Dec. 9, 2008). Because of DOE's
interpretation of the inactive and off mode data supplied by Whirlpool
as not being representative of typical inactive and off mode hours
under the EPCA mode definitions, and in the absence of additional data
regarding allocation of hours, this SNOPR does not affect DOE's
proposal in the December 2008 TP NOPR for the allocation of hours
between inactive mode and off mode.
DOE recognizes that the analysis of the number of annual hours
allocated to each clothes dryer mode are based, in part, on the number
of annual use cycles. Although, as discussed in section III.C.5.a, DOE
believes that the average number of annual cycles is currently 283
rather than the 416 cycles specified in the current DOE clothes dryer
test procedure, DOE does not have any information on whether active
mode cycle times may have changed accordingly. It is possible that the
smaller number of use cycles may correspond to larger load sizes and
thus, potentially, longer drying times. Therefore, in consideration of
Whirlpool's data submittal which supported DOE's estimate of 140 hours
in active mode, DOE is proposing in today's SNOPR the same allocation
of hours for inactive mode and off mode that were proposed in the
December 2008 TP NOPR even though it is proposing fewer annual use
cycles.
In summary, DOE is proposing to amend the clothes dryer test
procedure to calculate clothes dryer energy use per cycle associated
with inactive and off modes by: (1) Calculating the product of wattage
and allocated hours for inactive and off modes, depending on which of
these modes are possible; (2) summing the results; (3) dividing the sum
by 1,000 to convert from Wh to kWh; and (4) dividing by 283 cycles per
year. The 8,620 hours for off/inactive modes would be allocated
entirely to either off mode or inactive mode, as appropriate, if only
one of these modes is possible for the clothes dryer. If both modes
were possible, the hours would be allocated to each mode equally as
discussed above in this section, and each would be allocated 4,310
hours.
b. Room Air Conditioners
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE stated it was not aware of
reliable data for hours spent in different standby and off modes in
room air conditioners. Therefore, DOE estimated the annual hours for
standby and off modes and the relative magnitude of annual energy use
in standby and off modes in an example for a representative 8,000 Btu/
hour (Btu/h), 9 EER unit that has delay start, off-cycle, and inactive
modes. 73 FR 7439, 74648-49 (Dec. 9, 2008). DOE's estimates of annual
energy use in each mode are shown in Table 0.4.
Table 0.4--DOE Estimate of Annual Energy Use of Room Air Conditioner Modes for a Representative Unit With 8,000
Btu/h Capacity and 9 EER
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annual Energy Use
Mode Hours Typical Power (W) (kWh)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Active Cooling.............................. 750 889 667
Delay Start................................. 90 2 0.2
Off-Cycle................................... 440 2 0.9
Off and Standby............................. 4,850 0.5 to 2 2.5 to 10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE presented an alternative
simplified methodology. Similar to the analysis for clothes dryers, the
comparison of annual energy use of different room air conditioner modes
shows that delay start and off-cycle modes represent a small percentage
of annual energy use in the active mode, and that the power consumption
in those standby modes are distinct from but comparable to those for
off/inactive modes. Thus, DOE proposed adopting an alternative approach
focusing only on off and inactive modes. In that case, the non-active
hours are allocated as if the room air conditioner has only the
inactive standby mode. A total of 5,115 hours would be allocated to the
standby and off modes (8,760 x 0.75 - 750 -705 = 5,115).\20\ 73 FR
74639, 74649 (Dec. 9, 2008). AHAM and GE support this alternative
proposal, with the clarification that the off-cycle and delay start
hours should be considered part of the active mode hours rather than
part of the standby or off mode hours. (AHAM, Public Meeting
Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 130; AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 6; GE, Public
Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 131.) In today's SNOPR, because DOE
is not proposing amendments to the room air conditioner test procedure
to measure delay start and off-cycle power consumption, DOE is
proposing the estimate of 5,115 hours as the non-active hours that
would be allocated to inactive and off modes for
[[Page 37611]]
room air conditioners. For the same reasons as discussed for delay
start and cycle finished modes for clothes dryers, DOE believes that
the delay start and off-cycle hours for room air conditioners should be
allocated to inactive and off modes even though it has determined that
delay start and off-cycle modes are not standby modes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\20\ Multiplying by 0.75 eliminates hours associated with
unplugged hours, assumed for half of the hours of the year for half
of room air conditioners as described in the December 2008 TP NOPR
(73 FR 74639, 74648 (Dec. 9, 2008)); 750 = Cooling (active mode)
hours; 705 = Fan-only (active mode) hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typically, room air conditioners with remote control can be
controlled whenever they are plugged in; hence, these units do not have
provision for an off mode in addition to inactive mode. However, if a
room air conditioner allows the user to switch off remote control
operation, such a product would be capable of both off and inactive
modes. DOE notes that information to guide allocation of the hours for
room air conditioners that have both inactive and off modes is
currently unavailable. For these units, DOE proposed in the December
2008 TP NOPR that the off/inactive hours are allocated equally to the
off and inactive modes for such a product. Otherwise, for units that
are capable of operation in only off or inactive mode, DOE proposed
that all of the hours be allocated to the appropriate mode. 73 FR
74639, 74649 (Dec. 9, 2008). In the absence of comments on or
additional data regarding allocation of hours, this SNOPR does not
affect DOE's proposal in the December 2008 TP NOPR for the allocation
of hours between inactive mode and off mode.
In summary, DOE is proposing to amend the room air conditioner test
procedure to calculate room air conditioner annual energy use
associated with inactive and off modes by: (1) Calculating the products
of wattage and allocated hours for inactive and off modes, depending on
which of these modes is possible; (2) summing the results; and (3)
dividing the sum by 1,000 to convert from Wh to kWh. The 5,115 hours
for off/inactive modes would be allocated entirely to either off mode
or inactive mode, as appropriate, if only one of these modes is
possible for the room air conditioner. If both modes were possible, the
hours would be allocated to each mode equally as discussed above in
this section, and each would be allocated 2,557.5 hours.
5. Measures of Energy Consumption
The DOE test procedures for clothes dryers and room air
conditioners currently provide for the calculation of several measures
of energy consumption. For clothes dryers, the test procedure
incorporates the following: Various measures of per-cycle energy
consumption; including total per-cycle electric dryer energy
consumption; per-cycle gas dryer electrical energy consumption; per-
cycle gas dryer gas energy consumption; per-cycle gas dryer
continuously burning pilot light gas energy consumption; total per-
cycle gas dryer gas energy consumption expressed in Btu; and total per-
cycle gas dryer gas energy consumption expressed in kWh. 10 CFR part
430, subpart B, appendix D, sections 4.1-4.5. The test procedure also
provides an EF, which is equal to the clothes load in pounds divided
either by the total per-cycle electric dryer energy consumption or by
the total per-cycle gas dryer energy consumption expressed in kWh. 10
CFR 430.23(d). For room air conditioners, the test procedure calculates
annual energy consumption in kWh and an EER. 10 CFR 430.23(f).
Under 42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A), EPCA directs that the ``[t]est
procedures for all covered products shall be amended pursuant to
section 323 to include standby mode and off mode energy consumption * *
* with such energy consumption integrated into the overall energy
efficiency, energy consumption, or other energy descriptor for each
covered product, unless the Secretary determines that--(i) the current
test procedures for a covered product already fully account for and
incorporate the standby mode and off mode energy consumption of the
covered product; or (ii) such an integrated test procedure is
technically infeasible for a particular covered product, in which case
the Secretary shall prescribe a separate standby mode and off mode
energy-use test procedure for the covered product, if technically
feasible.''
As part of the December 2008 TP NOPR DOE explored whether the
existing measures of energy consumption for clothes dryers and room air
conditioners can be combined with standby mode and off mode energy use
to form a single metric. For the reasons presented in the December 2008
TP NOPR, DOE proposed combined metrics addressing active, standby, and
off modes for clothes dryers and room air conditioners, as discussed
below.
a. Clothes Dryers
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE proposed to establish the
following measures of energy consumption for clothes dryers that
integrate energy use of standby and off modes with energy use of main
functions of the products. ``Per-cycle integrated total energy
consumption expressed in kWh'' will be defined as the sum of per-cycle
standby and off mode energy consumption and either total per-cycle
electric dryer energy consumption or total per-cycle gas dryer energy
consumption expressed in kWh, depending on which type of clothes dryer
is involved. ``Integrated energy factor'' (IEF) will be defined as the
(clothes dryer test load weight in lb)/(per-cycle integrated total
energy in kWh). 73 FR 74639, 74650 (Dec. 9, 2008).
b. Room Air Conditioners
In the December 2008 TP NOPR, DOE proposed to establish the
following measures of energy consumption for room air conditioners that
integrate energy use of standby and off modes with energy use of main
functions of the products. ``Integrated annual energy consumption''
will be defined as the sum of annual energy consumption and standby and
off mode energy consumption. ``Integrated energy efficiency ratio''
(IEER) will be defined as (cooling capacity in Btu/hr x 750 hours
average time in cooling mode)/(integrated annual energy consumption x
1,000 Wh per kWh). 73 FR 74639, 74650 (Dec. 9, 2008).
AHAM, Whirlpool, and GE all supported the proposed integrated
measures of energy consumption and energy efficiency for clothes dryers
and room air conditioners combining standby mode and off mode energy
consumption with active mode energy consumption. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at p.
6; Whirlpool, TP No. 9 at p. 3; GE, TP No. 11 at p. 1) PG&E and ACEEE
both commented that an integrated metric for these products is largely
irrelevant. (PG&E, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 147,
ACEEE, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 146-147) PG&E
recognizes the legal requirements and limitations, but it does not
support an integrated metric. It stated that many of the covered
appliances use a large amount of energy in active mode and only a small
amount in standby mode. PG&E also commented that the measurements of
energy use in active and standby mode can be combined, but the cost of
reducing standby mode energy use, which is small but could be made
smaller very inexpensively, is low. PG&E suggested a prescriptive limit
on standby power or a voluntary agreement for a standby power limit.
(PG&E, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 143-144) ACEEE stated
that the public policy objective in EISA 2007 was to encourage
limitations of the amount of energy wasted when a covered product is
not in active mode, regardless of the type of product. ACEEE believes
that it would be more straightforward to simply place a limitation on
the wattage at each of these non-operating cycle conditions, which
would encourage manufacturers to incorporate low-standby-power
[[Page 37612]]
components such as improved power supplies. ACEEE also commented that
it is not sure why DOE is mixing in source use of gas with site use of
electricity to present integrated measures that do not help minimize
the relatively small contributions of non-duty cycle energy use. ACEEE
believes such an approach is not technically feasible unless all energy
is site use because of the many disagreements about the appropriate
site-to-source conversions and because these conversions vary so much
among regions and times of day. (ACEEE, Public Meeting Transcript, TP
No. 8 at pp. 140-142)
EPCA directs that standby mode and off mode energy consumption be
integrated into the overall energy efficiency, energy consumption, or
other energy descriptor for each product unless the Secretary
determines--(i) The current test procedure already fully accounts for
and incorporates the standby mode and off mode energy consumption; or
(ii) such an integrated test procedure is technically infeasible (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A)). DOE tentatively determined in the December 2008
TP NOPR that it is technically feasible to integrate standby mode and
off mode energy consumption into the overall energy consumption metrics
for clothes dryers and room air conditioners. 73 FR 74639, 74650 (Dec.
9, 2008). In the case of clothes dryers, the DOE test procedure already
allows for a measure of standby power (i.e., pilot gas consumption) to
be incorporated into EF. For both clothes dryers and room air
conditioners, the difference in energy use in active and standby modes
is so large that standby power has little impact on the overall measure
of energy efficiency. Therefore, it is technically feasible for both
products to integrate standby and off mode power into the energy-use
metric. While DOE recognizes that a prescriptive standard for standby
and off mode power could have certain advantages for products such as
clothes dryers and room air conditioners in which energy use in such
modes represents such a small percentage of annual energy use in the
active mode, EISA 2007 provides a clear requirement for an integrated
metric where technical feasibility for such incorporation is
determined. In response to ACEEE's comment regarding the technical
feasibility of mixing source use of gas with site use of electricity to
present integrated measures of energy use, DOE notes that the current
DOE clothes dryer test procedure only considers gas use at the
appliance site, precluding the need for a site-to-source conversion
factor. Since the test procedure already incorporates both electrical
energy consumption and gas energy consumption for gas clothes dryers,
converting the gas energy consumption metric, Btu/h, to kWh to obtain
total energy consumption, DOE concludes that considering additional
electricity or gas usage during standby mode or off mode would also be
technically feasible.
DOE was also made aware that the Air-Conditioning, Heating and
Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Standard 340/360-2007, ``Performance
Rating of Commercial and Industrial Unitary Air-Conditioning and Heat
Pump Equipment,'' (AHRI Standard 340/360) and the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-
2007, ``Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings,'' (ASHRAE 90.1) both published in 2007, included an IEER
metric, also named ``Integrated Energy Efficiency Ratio,'' which is
meant to rate the part-load performance of the air-conditioning
equipment under test. Manufacturers of the equipment covered by these
standards currently list IEER ratings in their product literature and
in the AHRI certified product directory. This IEER metric does not
integrate standby mode and off mode energy use, as is being proposed in
today's SNOPR. Because the IEER metric used in AHRI Standard 340/360
and ASHRAE 90.1 was established prior to the IEER proposed in this
rulemaking, DOE is proposing for today's SNOPR to revise the name of
the integrated metrics incorporating standby mode and off mode energy
use to ``combined'' metrics for both clothes dryers and room air
conditioners.
For these reasons, today's SNOPR proposes to incorporate into the
DOE test procedures the ``per-cycle combined total energy consumption
expressed in kWh'' and ``combined energy factor'' (CEF) for clothes
dryers and ``combined annual energy consumption'' and ``combined energy
efficiency ratio'' (CEER) for room air conditioners as were proposed in
the December 2008 TP NOPR. 73 FR 74639, 74650 (Dec. 9, 2008).
AHAM and GE noted that DOE did not propose in the December 2008 TP
NOPR to amend the annual energy cost calculations for room air
conditioners in 10 CFR 430.23 to include the cost of standby mode and
off mode energy use. (AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp.
164-165; GE, Public Meeting Transcript, TP No. 8 at p. 164) AHAM stated
that such an annual energy cost should be obtained by multiplying the
integrated annual energy consumption from the new method by the
representative average unit cost of electrical energy in dollars per
kWh. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 6) DOE is not proposing to amend the annual
energy cost calculations in 10 CFR 430.23 for clothes dryers and room
air conditioners to include the cost of energy consumed in standby and
off modes because:
EPCA as amended by EISA does not require DOE to include
standby and off mode energy costs in the annual energy cost
calculation; and
The Federal Trade Commission's (FTC's) EnergyGuide Label
for room air conditioners includes as an indicator of product energy
efficiency the annual energy cost, compared to a range of annual energy
costs of similar products. Appendix E to 16 CFR part 305. An annual
energy cost incorporating standby and off mode energy would no longer
be directly comparable to the minimum and maximum energy costs
prescribed for the EnergyGuide Label. Clothes dryers are not covered
products for the EnergyGuide Label.
C. Clothes Dryer and Room Air Conditioner Active Mode Test Procedures
1. Correction of Text Describing Energy Factor Calculation for Clothes
Dryers
DOE proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR to correct certain errors
contained in specific references used in the current DOE test procedure
regulation. 73 FR 74639, 74650 (Dec. 9, 2008). In particular, the
reference to sections 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 of 10 CFR part 430, subpart B,
appendix D in the calculation of EF for clothes dryers found at section
430.23(d)(2) was determined to be incorrect and should refer instead to
sections 2.7.1 and 2.7.2. Section 2.6 provides instructions for the
test clothes to be used in energy testing of clothes dryers, whereas
section 2.7 provides instructions on test loads. The EF of clothes
dryers is measured in lbs of clothes per kWh. Since the EF calculation
requires the weight of the test load, DOE proposed in the December 2008
TP NOPR to correct these references in 10 CFR 430.23(d)(2). DOE did not
receive any comments opposing this correction. Therefore, this SNOPR
does not affect DOE's proposal in the December 2008 TP NOPR for this
same correction.
2. Automatic Cycle Termination for Clothes Dryers
In the October 2007 Framework Document, DOE stated that it believes
that the clothes dryer test procedure may not adequately measure the
benefits of automatic cycle termination, in which a sensor monitors
either the exhaust air temperature or moisture in
[[Page 37613]]
the drum to determine the length of the drying cycle. (Framework
Document, STD No. 1 at p. 5.) Currently, the test procedure provides a
single credit for the enhanced performance of clothes dryers equipped
with automatic termination but does not distinguish between the type of
sensing control system (e.g., temperature-sensing or moisture-sensing
controls) and the sophistication and accuracy of the control system.
The current clothes dryer test procedure provides a credit in the
calculation of EF for clothes dryers equipped with an automatic cycle
termination feature, defined in terms of an FU scaling factor applied
to the per-cycle drying energy consumption. Gas or electric clothes
dryers with time termination control (i.e., those dryers equipped only
with a timer to determine the end of a drying cycle) are assigned an FU
of 1.18, while dryers with automatic termination are assigned an FU of
1.04. Therefore, clothes dryers with automatic cycle termination
control receive a 12-percent credit as compared to a comparable dryer
with time termination control, which is assumed to consume more energy
due to over- or under-drying, which in the latter case can result in
consumers running an additional drying cycle. DOE sought comment in the
October 2007 Framework Document on such a test procedure revision.
In response to the October 2007 Framework Document, AHAM, Edison
Electric Institute (EEI), Alliance Laundry Systems (ALS), and the
Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) commented that the clothes dryer
test procedure should be changed to account for the use of automatic
cycle termination. (AHAM, STD No. 8 at p. 2; EEI, STD No. 5 at p. 2;
ALS, STD No. 6 at p. 1; CEE, STD No. 10 at p. 2.)\21\ Whirlpool
commented that automatic cycle termination reduces over- or under-
drying. According to Whirlpool, over-drying wastes energy directly, and
under-drying leads to consumer use of a second clothes-drying cycle.
Whirlpool believes that the test procedure should credit both
temperature sensing and moisture sensing automatic termination and,
because moisture sensing is less subject to over- or under-drying, this
approach should receive greater credit. Whirlpool added that it would
need additional time to evaluate a specific recommendation on the
nature of the credit. (Whirlpool, STD No. 7 at p. 2.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\21\ A notation in the form ``AHAM, STD No. 8 at p.2''
identifies a written comment that DOE has received and has included
in the docket of the energy conservation standards rulemaking for
clothes dryers and room air conditioners (Docket No. EE-2007-STD-
0010). This particular notation refers to a comment (1) submitted by
the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM), (2) in
document number 8 in the docket of that rulemaking, and (3)
appearing on page 2 of document number 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The ACEEE, Appliance Standards Awareness Project (ASAP), Natural
Resources Defense Council (NRDC), and the Northwest Power and
Conservation Council (NPCC) (hereafter ``Joint Comment'') stated in
jointly filed comments that DOE should verify the benefits of automatic
cycle termination for clothes dryers and that testing should be
conducted on new and accelerated-use models to verify long-term
effectiveness. The Joint Comment added that the test procedure should
not provide any ``default'' efficiency credit for reduced cycle time
unless such benefits have been verified through actual testing. (Joint
Comment, STD No. 9 at p. 13.) At the October 24, 2007 framework
document public meeting, ACEEE questioned whether the current DOE
clothes dryer test procedure allows for ambiguity or less-than-optimum
results in terms of cycle termination when the clothes are defined to
be dry. (ACEEE, Public Meeting Transcript, STD No. 4.6 at p. 36.) \22\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\22\ A notation in the form ``ACEEE, Public Meeting Transcript,
STD No. 4.6, p. 36'' identifies an oral comment that DOE received
during the October 24, 2007, framework public meeting and that was
recorded in the public meeting transcript in the docket for the
energy conservation standards rulemaking for clothes dryers and room
air conditioners (Docket No. EE-2007-STD-0010), maintained in the
Resource Room of the Building Technologies Program. This particular
notation refers to a comment (1) made by the American Council for an
Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) during the public meeting, (2)
recorded in document number 4.6, which is the public meeting
transcript that is filed in the docket of that rulemaking, and (3)
which appears on page 36 of document number 4.6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Based on comments received in response to the October 2007
Framework Document, DOE agrees that the benefit of automatic cycle
termination should be more accurately credited, and that this credit
should account for any over- or under-drying. Therefore, DOE considered
potential amendments to the DOE test procedure to account for automatic
cycle termination. DOE investigated other clothes dryer test procedures
for measuring the effectiveness of automatic cycle termination and
conducted limited testing to analyze over-drying energy consumption and
the applicability of the proposed amendments to the DOE clothes dryer
test procedure.
DOE reviewed industry and international clothes dryer test
standards for testing methods and procedures for evaluating clothes
dryers that use automatic cycle termination. DOE noted that AHAM
recently published an update to its industry test standard, AHAM HLD-1-
2009, ``Household Tumble Type Clothes Dryers'' (AHAM Standard HLD-1-
2009), which contains provisions for measuring the over-drying energy
consumption for dryers that use automatic cycle termination. DOE also
noted that the international test standards EN Standard 61121 and AS/
NZS Standard 2442.1 both address methods for testing dryers with
automatic termination sensor technologies. EN Standard 61121 is used in
European Union (EU) member countries. DOE notes that this test standard
appears to be identical to the IEC Standard 61121, which is used in
other countries such as China.
As noted above, DOE reviewed the recently issued AHAM Standard HLD-
1-2009, which provides separate testing procedures for automatic
termination sensing dryers and timer dryers. For timer dryers, AHAM
Standard HLD-1-2009 requires that the test cycle (with the temperature
set to maximum) is run until the load is dried to 5-percent 1-percent RMC, which can be determined from experience or
continuous weighing. The test procedure in AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009 for
automatic termination sensing dryers requires that the dryer be
operated at the maximum temperature setting and the test cycle is
stopped when it just reaches cool down. If the RMC is less than 6
percent, then the test is valid and is repeated two more times. AHAM
Standard HLD-1-2009 allows automatic termination sensing dryers to dry
the test load to any value below 6-percent RMC, and the total energy
consumption and final RMC are recorded. DOE notes that the procedures
for timer dryers and automatic termination sensing dryers both require
that the initial RMC of the test load be 70 percent 5
percent.
Annex H of AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009 contains moisture removal
datasheet tables that can be used to record testing data. As noted
above, the test requires that the total energy input and the final RMC
be recorded at the end of the test cycle for both timer dryers and
automatic termination sensing dryers. Table H.2 of annex H, which
includes test values to record for automatic termination sensing
dryers, requires that the time to dry to 5-percent RMC and total energy
to reach 5-percent RMC be recorded. This table indicates that the time
to dry the test load to 5-percent RMC can be estimated using dynamic
scale recording and that the total energy to reach 5-percent RMC can be
estimated using dynamic energy
[[Page 37614]]
recording and the time determined above. From this, the over-drying
energy loss is calculated by subtracting the total energy to reach 5-
percent RMC from the total measured energy input. Therefore, an
automatic termination-sensing dryer that dries the test load to between
5- and 6-percent final RMC would have no over-drying energy
consumption. DOE believes that AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009 provides a
clear methodology for measuring the over-drying energy consumption for
automatic termination sensing dryers and provides a means for comparing
the accuracy of different automatic termination sensor technologies
used in different clothes dryer models. However, DOE believes that AHAM
Standard HLD-1-2009 does not provide an appropriate method for
comparing the amount of over-drying for a timer dryer to that of an
automatic termination-sensing dryer. According to the methods in AHAM
Standard HLD-1-2009, a timer dryer could appear to consume less energy,
and thus appear more efficient, than an automatic termination-sensing
dryer since the timer dryer test only allows for drying the test load
to as low as 4-percent RMC, whereas the automatic cycle termination
test would allow for drying the test load to any value below 6-percent
RMC, including lower than 4-percent RMC.
DOE reviewed EN Standard 61121, which defines ``automatic tumble
dryer,'' as a dryer ``which switches off the drying process when a
certain RMC of the load is reached,'' and ``non-automatic tumble
dryer,'' as a dryer ``which does not switch off the drying process when
a certain RMC of the load is reached, usually controlled by a timer,
but may also be manually controlled.'' The testing procedures in
section 9 of EN Standard 61121 require that, for automatic termination
control dryers, a program is selected which achieves the final RMC
value given in Table 3 in the test standard.\23\ The test standard adds
additional clarification, stating that the test cycle be repeated using
a different program if the program selected does not dry the test load
to the specified RMC, and that if no program is available to dry the
test load to the specified RMC, this fact is reported and the test is
stopped. Section 9 of EN Standard 61121 also states that for non-
automatic (timer) dryers, the dryer is operated for as long as required
to achieve the final RMC specified in Table 3 in the test standard. The
test standard adds that if the dryer does not reach the RMC after its
maximum programmed time, this fact is reported and the test is stopped.
DOE notes that although EN Standard 61121 provides descriptions of the
test methods to use for each type of dryer, it does not provide any
methodology to account for the energy consumed over- or under-drying
the test load beyond a certain RMC for each type of dryer. According to
the test procedures in EN Standard 61121, if the test load is dried to
the same RMC, and therefore consumed the same amount of energy during
the test cycle, a timer dryer and automatic termination control dryer
would appear to consume the same amount of energy in real world use.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\23\ Table 3 of EN Standard 61121 specifies the final moisture
content of the test load after drying for ``dry cotton'' programme
as 0 percent with an allowable range of 3 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOE also reviewed AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 for potential amendments
to the DOE test procedure to more properly account for automatic cycle
termination. DOE noted that AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 provides similar
definitions of types of dryers as provided by EN Standard 61121,
including ``manual dryer,'' ``timer dryer,'' and ``autosensing dryer.''
In particular, AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 defines ``autosensing dryer'' as
a dryer that can be preset to carry out at least one sequence of
operations to be terminated by means of a system assessing, directly or
indirectly, the RMC of the load. AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 also provides
that when the drying temperature can be chosen independently of the
program of an autosensing dryer, it shall be set to the maximum. DOE
also notes that the combined definitions of manual and timer dryer in
AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 are equivalent to the definition of ``non-
automatic tumble dryer'' in EN Standard 61121.
AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 provides separate testing methods for
manual/timer dryers and automatic termination control dryers, for which
DOE noted the following differences. The manual/timer dryer test
procedure requires that two test cycles be conducted. For the first
test cycle, the dryer is operated until the RMC is greater than 6
percent and less than 7 percent. The test procedure is then repeated to
obtain an RMC greater than 5 percent and less than 6 percent. In both
cases, the test cycle is not allowed to advance into the cool-down
period. From these results, the energy consumption required to obtain a
final RMC of exactly 6 percent is linearly interpolated. The automatic
termination control dryer test procedure requires that a drying program
be selected to achieve a final RMC below 6 percent. The test cycle is
run until immediately before the cool-down period begins. AS/NZS
Standard 2442.1 allows for any final RMC value below 6 percent for
automatic termination control dryers. If the RMC of the test load is
above 6 percent for such a dryer, the test is invalid and a new test is
run with a different drying program setting. For the automatic
termination control dryer test, the moisture removed from the load and
the energy consumed to reach the measured final RMC are recorded. DOE
notes that the automatic termination control dryer test procedure does
not provide a calculation for determining the energy consumption to
obtain a final RMC of exactly 6 percent, as is done in the timer dryer
test procedure.
AS/NZS Standard 2442.2 sets out the equations and procedures for
calculating the values of the comparative energy consumption. The
comparative energy consumption, which is determined through the
projected annual energy consumption, includes an FU factor which
accounts for the over-drying of clothes by manual/timer dryers.
According to AS/NZS Standard 2442.2, the FU factor is equal to 1.1 for
manual/timer controlled dryers and 1.0 for automatic termination
control dryers; these values were estimated from research obtained in
the United States. DOE notes that the AS/NZS Standard 2442.2 also
provides a calculation for the ``tested energy performance,'' which is
the tested energy consumption divided by the mass of moisture removed.
However, DOE notes that AS/NZS Standard 2442.2 only uses this value as
a check, requiring only that the tested energy performance be less than
1.36 kilowatt hour (kWh) per kilogram (kg) of moisture removed.
Therefore, DOE believes that for autosensing dryers the calculation for
the comparative energy consumption, which is independent of the tested
energy performance, takes into consideration the amount of energy
consumed over-drying the test load below 6-percent RMC during the test
cycle by simply adding this energy consumption to the overall annual
energy consumption.
DOE was made aware in discussions with an Australian clothes dryer
manufacturer that the 1.1 FU factor for timer dryers in the calculation
of comparative energy consumption in AS/NZS Standard 2442.2 was
questioned in the past by interested parties involved in the
development of Australia/New Zealand testing standards as possibly
being too low. However, DOE was informed that limited studies were
conducted by interested parties that showed that this value was still
appropriate, and, therefore, DOE is not proposing a different FU factor
for timer dryers. As discussed later in this
[[Page 37615]]
section, DOE is requesting comment on the FU factor for timer dryers.
DOE notes that appendix E of AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 provides
specifications for the preparation of the standard damp test load, in
which the load is soaked in a clothes washer for 10 minutes and then
the water is extracted by a normal spin operation to reduce the RMC of
the test load to between 85 and 90 percent. This process is similar to
the test load preparation outlined in the DOE test procedure (with
different RMC values and soaking times). However, AS/NZS Standard
2442.1 then requires that a final mass adjustment be made, such that
the initial RMC of the test load is 90 percent (190 percent 0.02 kg of the bone dry weight) by adding water uniformly to the
load in a very fine spray. Although AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 requires a
much higher RMC than is representative of actual clothes washer loads,
DOE still believes that the final mass adjustments to achieve a more
exact initial RMC in AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 would improve the
repeatability and help to reduce variation from test to test. DOE
believes this would also allow for a more representative comparison
(without the use of RMC correction factors for automatic termination
control dryers based on limited test data) between timer dryers and
automatic termination control dryers.
DOE believes that AS/NZS Standard 2442 provides testing methods and
procedures which accounts for the amount of over-drying associated with
automatic termination control dryers beyond a specified RMC, and
effectively takes into consideration the accuracy of different
automatic termination sensor technologies. DOE also believes that the
testing methods provide an accurate and representative method for
comparing the energy consumption between timer dryers and automatic
termination control dryers. For these reasons DOE proposes to amend the
DOE test procedure for clothes dryers to incorporate the individual
test procedures for timer dryers and automatic termination control
dryers in AS/NZS Standard 2442 with modifications as appropriate for
the DOE test procedure. The following discussion describes the proposed
amendments.
Based on the definitions in EN Standard 61121 and AS/NZS Standard
2442, DOE proposes to define ``timer dryer'' as ``a dryer which can be
preset to carry out at least one sequence of operations to be
terminated by a timer, but may also be manually controlled,'' and
``automatic termination control dryer'' as ``a dryer which can be
preset to carry out at least one sequence of operations to be
terminated by means of a system assessing, directly or indirectly, the
moisture content of the load. An automatic termination control dryer
with supplementary timer shall be tested as an automatic termination
control dryer.''
For the reasons discussed above, DOE proposes to amend sections
2.7.1, ``Compact size dryer load,'' and 2.7.2, ``Standard size dryer
load,'' of the DOE test procedure for clothes dryers, which contain
provisions for test load preparation, to add at the end of both
sections the following requirement: ``Make a final mass adjustment,
such that the moisture content is 47 percent 0.33 percent
by adding water uniformly to the load in a very fine spray.'' The
0.33 percent allowable RMC range was determined based upon
the allowable range specified in AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 (190 percent
0.02 kg of the bone dry weight) for a 7-lb test load. DOE
is also proposing that the procedure for dampening and extracting water
from the test load specified in the current test procedure be changed
to require that the moisture content of the test load be between 42 and
47 percent of the bone-dry weight of the test load, and would serve as
an initial preparation step prior to the final mass adjustments to
obtain a test load with an RMC of 47 percent proposed above. DOE notes
that it is proposing to use a nominal initial RMC of 47 percent based
on the proposed amendment to change the initial RMC from 70 percent to
47 percent, as discussed in section III.C.5.b. If DOE does not adopt
this proposed amendment to change the nominal initial RMC, it would
propose for the above mentioned amendment to first prepare the test
load to 65- to 70-percent RMC and make adjustments to the moisture
content to get 70-percent 0.33-percent initial RMC.
DOE also notes that section 2.7 of the existing clothes dryer test
procedure regarding test load preparation requires that the test load
be agitated in water whose temperature is 100[deg] 5
[deg]F. DOE recognizes that some residential clothes washers may use a
default cold rinse cycle at the end of the wash cycle, which sections
2.6.1.2.1 and 2.6.3.1 of the current DOE clothes washer test procedure
specifies to be 60[deg] 5 [deg]F. However, DOE does not
have any data indicating whether a different water temperature for
clothes dryer test load preparation would be more representative of
current consumer usage habits. For this reason, DOE is not proposing
any changes to the water temperature for clothes dryer test load
preparation at this time. If consumer usage data is made available that
indicates a 60[deg] 5 [deg]F water temperature is more
representative of consumer usage, DOE may adopt an alternate approach
specifying a 60[deg] 5 [deg]F water temperature for test
load preparation in section 2.7 of the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure. DOE invites comment on whether the existing water
temperature of 100[deg] 5 [deg]F for test load preparation
in the existing test procedure is representative of consumer usage
habits, and, if not, what would be a representative value. In addition,
DOE is unaware of how changes to the water temperature for clothes
dryer test load preparation would affect the measured efficiency as
compared to the existing test procedure. For this reason, DOE also
requests data quantifying how changes to the water temperature for
clothes dryer test load preparation would affect the measured
efficiency as compared to the existing DOE test procedure, in
particular for those units that are minimally compliant with current
energy conservation standards.
DOE also proposes to amend section 3.3, ``Test cycle,'' in the DOE
test procedure for clothes dryers to include testing procedures
specific to each type of dryer. For timer dryers, the clothes dryer
shall be operated at the maximum temperature setting and, if equipped
with a timer, at the maximum time setting. The load shall be dried to
5-6 percent RMC without the dryer advancing into cool down, resetting
the timer if necessary. The procedure would then be repeated until the
RMC of the test load is 4-5 percent. DOE requests comment on whether
using the maximum temperature setting is representative of current
consumer usage habits. DOE also requests comment on whether multiple
temperature settings should be evaluated and averaged, and if so, how
testing multiple temperature settings would affect the measured
efficiency as compared to the existing DOE clothes dryer test
procedure, which only measures the clothes dryer at the maximum
temperature setting.
As part of the energy conservation standards rulemaking preliminary
analyses, DOE conducted testing on a representative gas clothes dryer.
To support the evaluation of the testing methods for automatic
termination control dryers, DOE conducted additional testing on this
gas clothes dryer to evaluate the effects of program settings that
provide the maximum drying temperature and maximum dryness level (i.e.,
lowest final RMC). DOE selected these settings to remain consistent
with the current DOE clothes dryer test procedure, which specifies
[[Page 37616]]
that the maximum temperature setting be selected for the test cycle.
The tests consisted of running the clothes dryer on the cycle settings
discussed above with test load initial RMCs of 70 percent
0.33 percent, 56 percent 0.33 percent, and 47 percent
0.33 percent, and allowing the clothes dryer to run until
the heater cycles off for the the final time (i.e., immediately before
the cool-down period begins). For each initial RMC, three identical
tests were conducted to determine the repeatability of the test
results. Table 0.5 below shows the results from this testing compared
to the results of testing the same gas dryer according to the current
DOE test prcocedure.
Table 0.5--DOE Automatic Cycle Termination Test Results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Per-cycle energy
Initial RMC (%) Test Final RMC (%) consumption (kWh)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
70....................................... Automatic Cycle Termination. 0.6 3.018
Current DOE................. * 3.3 * 2.462
56....................................... Automatic Cycle Termination. 0.6 2.559
Current DOE................. * 3.7 * 2.001
47....................................... Automatic Cycle Termination. 0.5 2.252
Current DOE................. * 3.4 * 1.754
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Current DOE test procedure normalizes the per-cycle energy consumption equation to represent the energy
consumption required to dry the test load to 4-percent RMC. In addition, the current DOE test procedure
multiplies the per-cycle energy consumption by a fixed field use factor of 1.04 to account for over-drying
energy consumption.
DOE noted that for all of the test runs, using the maximum
temperature and dryness level settings resulted in the test load being
dried to near bone dry (0.4-percent to 0.7-percent RMC). Using the data
of the estimated RMC of the test load measured continuously during the
test cycle, as discussed below, DOE also observed that for all of the
test runs, the estimated RMC of the test load was below 1-percent RMC
by the time the heater began cycling on/off. The increased amount of
over-drying resulted in higher energy consumption, greater than the
per-cycle energy consumption resulting from the same dryer being tested
according to the DOE test procedure, which uses a fixed FU factor to
account for over-drying energy consumption. DOE believes that different
manufacturers may target different final RMCs for their highest dryness
level setting. Based on the test results for this gas clothes dryer
unit, DOE believes that the highest dryness level setting may be
intended to dry the clothes load to near bone dry, beyond the target
RMC of the DOE test procedure, and would not be appropriate for the
proposed test cycle. For this reason, DOE does not intend to propose
that the highest dryness level be specified for the test cycle. DOE
believes that a ``normal'' drying program would be more representative
of consumer usage habits and would more likely dry the clothes load to
the target range specified in the DOE clothes dryer test procedure.
Based on additional testing, DOE is proposing an alternative
approach in which, for automatic termination control dryers, a
``normal'' program shall be selected for the test cycle to be most
representative of consumer usage. Where the drying temperature can be
chosen independently of the program, it shall be set to the maximum.
When the heater switches off for the final time at the end of the
drying cycle, i.e., immediately before the cool-down period begins, the
dryer shall be stopped. If the final RMC is greater than 5 percent, the
tests shall be invalid and a new run shall be conducted using the
highest dryness level setting. Any test cycle in which the final RMC is
5 percent or less shall be considered valid. DOE is also proposing that
for automatic termination control dryers, the cycle setting selected
for the test be recorded. This would include settings such as the
drying mode, dryness level, and temperature level. DOE requests comment
on whether proposed cycle and settings are representative of current
consumer usage habits. DOE also requests comment on whether multiple
cycles and settings should be tested and how the results from those
multiple tests should be evaluated, and if so, how testing multiple
cycles and settings would affect the measured efficiency as compared to
the existing DOE clothes dryer test procedure, which only requires that
the clothes dryer be tested at the maximum temperature setting.
DOE notes that AS/NZS Standard 2442 specifies the maximum allowable
final RMC for automatic termination control dryers as 6 percent. DOE,
however, is unaware of any data indicating that a final RMC of 6
percent would be representative of current consumer usage habits. DOE
also notes that using 5-percent RMC, as proposed in today's SNOPR,
would remain within the range specified by the current DOE test
procedure, which specifies 2.5- to 5-percent final RMC. DOE seeks
comment and consumer usage data on whether a 6-percent final RMC target
value would be more representative of current consumer usage habits.
DOE also notes that AS/NZS Standard 2442 requires an initial RMC of 90
percent. As noted in section III.C.5.b, DOE researched appropriate
initial RMC values based on clothes washer shipment-weighted average
RMC, and believes that a value of 47-percent RMC would be most
representative of clothes loads being dried after completion of a
residential clothes washer cycle.
DOE notes that there are at least two ways to terminate the drying
cycle during the test: (1) Termination before cool-down, or (2)
termination at the end of the selected test cycle, including cool-down.
As discussed above, section 4.2 of AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 requires that
for automatic termination control dryers, the programmed test cycle be
run until immediately before the cool-down period begins. Similarly,
section 4.5.1 of AHAM-HLD-1-2009 requires that the automatic
termination control dryer test cycle not be permitted to advance into
the cool-down period. Alternatively, section 9.2.1 of EN Standard 61121
requires that the selected test cycle program be allowed to run until
completion, including the cool-down period. Today's SNOPR proposes
automatic cycle termination based on the provisions in AS/NZS Standard
2442 because it provides a more representative comparison of the energy
consumption between automatic termination control dryers and timer
dryers than EN Standard 61121. In addition, the proposed amendments to
stop the test cycle immediately before the cool-down period will
harmonize DOE test methods with industry and international test
standards. However, DOE is considering the alternative
[[Page 37617]]
method of section 9.2.1 of EN Standard 61121 because it may provide
incentives for energy-saving improvements in dryer controls. DOE
recognizes that manufacturers may design products to use the residual
heat during the cool-down period (i.e., immediately after the heater
has switched off for the final time) to continue to dry the clothes
load while slowly spinning the drum to achieve a desired RMC.\24\ DOE
recognizes that inclusion of the cool-down period may make it possible
for some manufacturers to design dryers that attain the desired RMC
with lower total energy consumption. This potential for energy
efficiency improvement would not be captured by the test methods
proposed in today's SNOPR. In order to capture this real-world energy
savings potential associated with the additional drying using residual
heat during the cool-down period, DOE could adopt an alternate approach
to include the measurement of the cool-down period as part of the
proposed automatic cycle termination test methodology. Under an
alternate approach, section 3.3.2 of the test procedure for automatic
termination control dryers, instead of specifying that ``when the
heater switches off for the final time, immediately before the cool-
down period begins, stop the dryer,'' would specify to ``run the
clothes dryer until the programmed cycle has terminated.'' DOE also
notes that the inclusion or exclusion of the cool-down period under the
proposed test method would not affect the ability to compare energy
consumption test results between automatic termination control dryers
and timer dryers in DOE's clothes dryer test procedure. DOE welcomes
comment on whether the cool-down period should be included as part of
the active mode test cycle for automatic termination control dryers.
DOE is unaware of data showing the effects of including the cool-down
period on the measured efficiency as compared to the existing test
procedure. For this reason, DOE also welcomes data quantifying how
including the cool-down period in the test cycle would affect the
measured efficiency of clothes dryers as compared to the existing DOE
test procedure, in particular for those units that are minimally
compliant with current energy conservation standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\24\ The clothes dryer would also consume energy to spin the
drum during the cool-down period that is currently not accounted for
by the DOE test procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, DOE proposes to revise section 4, ``Calculation of Derived
Results from Test Measurements,'' of the DOE test procedure. DOE
proposes to revise the FU factor credits in the current DOE test
procedure to more appropriately account for automatic termination
control dryers' over-drying energy consumption. Automatic termination
control clothes dryers would receive an FU factor of 1.0 (instead of
the 1.04 currently provided), with any over-drying energy consumption
being added to the drying energy consumption to decrement EF. Based on
the proposed test methods, an automatic termination control dryer that
is able to dry the test load to close to 5-percent RMC, and thus
minimize over-drying, would result in a higher measured efficiency than
if it over-dried the test load to an RMC less than 5 percent. The
energy consumed over-drying the test load would be included in the per-
cycle energy consumption, and would result in a reduction in the
measured EF. For timer dryers, DOE is proposing to use the results from
the proposed test cycles (5-6 and 4-5 percent final RMCs) to
interpolate the value of the per-cycle energy consumption required to
dry the test load to exactly 5-percent RMC. DOE invites comment on
whether such methodology appropriately credits both automatic
termination control and timer clothes dryers.
DOE is unaware of any data or studies that would indicate that the
1.18 FU factor credit for timer dryers (to account for over- or under-
drying test loads in real-world use) is inaccurate and not currently
representative of consumer usage habits. For this reason, DOE does not
intend to revise the 1.18 FU factor credit for timer dryers at this
time. However, DOE recognizes that this field use factor for timer
dryers was established at the same time the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure was established, in 1981, and may not be representative of
current consumer usage patterns. DOE is open to revising this value and
welcomes data and comment on whether this value is appropriate.
In support of the residential clothes dryer energy conservation
standards rulemaking, DOE conducted testing of ten vented clothes
dryers and two vent-less clothes dryers (one of which was not an
automatic termination control dryer) at an independent testing
laboratory.\25\ As part of this testing, DOE conducted a limited number
of preliminary automatic cycle termination tests in order to analyze
the various automatic termination technologies found in DOE's sample of
selected dryers. DOE selected the AHAM 8-lb test load \26\ instead of
the 7-lb load specified in the DOE test procedure for standard-size
clothes dryers in order to lengthen the test cycle times and better
evaluate the function of the dryer controls as the test load approached
low RMCs. The independent test lab conducting the clothes dryer tests
used a data acquisition system to monitor estimated RMC of the test
load continuously during the test cycle. The system used a platform
weighing scale, along with an algorithm to account for buoyancy effects
of hot air in the dryer, drum rotational effects, and other proprietary
factors. With this data, DOE was able to estimate when the test load
reached a certain RMC and how much energy was associated with over-
drying for RMCs beyond that point. However, for the vent-less clothes
dryer, the test lab was unable to accurately monitor the estimated RMC
of the test load continuously to analyze over-drying because the
moisture removed from the clothes load remained inside the dryer
cabinet until a drain pump removed it, in contrast to vented dryers in
which the moisture-laden air exits the dryer cabinet through the
exhaust pipe. Therefore, the scale weight measurement used to calculate
the estimated RMC was not meaningful for the vent-less units.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\25\ A summary of this testing is available in the preliminary
technical support document for the residential clothes dryer energy
conservation standards rulemaking and can be found online at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/clothes_dryers.html.
\26\ The AHAM 8-lb test load is made up of the following mixed
cotton items, which are intended to represent clothes items
regularly laundered: 2 sheets, 1 table cloth, 2 shirts, 3 bath
towels, 2 ``T'' shirts, 2 pillow cases, 3 shorts, 1 wash cloth, 2
handkerchiefs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The automatic termination tests conducted by DOE consisted of
running the test cycle in a user-programmable automatic termination
mode and allowing the dryer to self-terminate the drying cycle using
the various automatic termination sensor technologies. DOE monitored
the energy consumption and estimated RMC of the test load during the
test cycle from the starting time at 70-percent initial RMC to the time
when the heater last cycled off (i.e., immediately before the cool-down
period). The specific focus was on analyzing the amount of over-drying
energy consumed drying the test load to less than 5-percent RMC. DOE
also applied a correction factor to the test data to account for the
fact that the automatic cycle termination tests used the AHAM 8-lb test
load instead of the DOE 7-lb test load. For a test reducing the nominal
RMC of the test load from an initial 70 percent to a final 5 percent,
an 8-lb test load would require 5.2 lb of
[[Page 37618]]
water to be removed during the test cycle, whereas a 7-lb test load
would only require 4.6 lb of water to be removed. Because the automatic
cycle termination tests with the AHAM 8-lb test load would consume more
energy to dry the greater amount of water in the test load, DOE
developed a correction factor by comparing the rates of energy
consumption per nominal percent RMC reduced between the automatic cycle
termination test, and the tests conducted according to the current DOE
test procedure.
Figure 0.1 shows the over-drying energy consumption versus the
final RMC for a number of different units tested, and, in some cases,
different cycle settings. DOE noted that some of the tested units
stopped the test cycle at or higher than 5-percent RMC, thereby not
producing over-drying. For the remaining tests, the data show that
over-drying the test load to lower final RMCs requires higher energy
consumption, with a slightly exponential trend likely because it
becomes more difficult to remove the final small amounts of moisture
remaining in the test load. DOE did not observe any apparent
relationship between the type of automatic cycle termination sensor
technology used and the amount of over-drying. However, these tests
were conducted using different testing methods than the methods
proposed in today's SNOPR (e.g., various automatic cycle termination
settings). Therefore, DOE was unable to determine whether one type of
sensor technology is more accurate, and thus more effective at
preventing over-drying.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP29JN10.015
Figure 0.2 presents the data from one of the test runs for a vented
baseline electric standard dryer, showing the cumulative energy
consumption as the test load is dried. DOE observed that for this
clothes dryer, the energy consumption versus the estimated RMC in the
range of 70 percent to 10 percent shows a linear relationship. However,
there appears to be an exponential trend when comparing the RMC below 5
percent to the over-drying energy consumption, with a significant
increase in over-drying energy consumption when the RMC of the test
load reaches approximately 3 percent or less. DOE observed these same
trends in most of the other clothes dryers tested. As discussed above,
this non-linearity at low RMC likely occurs because it becomes more
difficult to remove the lesser amounts of moisture remaining in the
test load.
[[Page 37619]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP29JN10.016
Because DOE had not yet developed the proposed test procedure for
automatic cycle termination at the time that this testing was
conducted, test conditions different than those proposed in the test
procedure amendments were used; i.e., various automatic cycle
termination settings were applied to achieve the low RMCs, and an 8-lb
AHAM test load comprising different materials and articles of clothing
was used. Therefore, the testing results may not be representative of
the results obtained when using the proposed automatic cycle
termination testing methods.
DOE also analyzed how the proposed changes to the DOE clothes dryer
test procedure, discussed above, would affect the measured EF of
residential clothes dryers, as required by EPCA. EPCA also requires
that DOE must determine how the EF of clothes dryers which are
minimally compliant would be affected by the amendments to the test
procedure, and based on this, amend the energy conservation standards
as appropriate. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)) As part of DOE's preliminary
analyses for the energy conservation standards rulemaking for clothes
dryers, DOE concluded that all clothes dryers currently available on
the U.S. market that are covered under the current energy conservation
standards are equipped with some form of automatic cycle termination
sensing. Therefore, DOE analyzed, as discussed in the paragraphs below,
how the proposed changes to the clothes dryer test procedure would
affect the measured EF of residential clothes dryers according to the
test procedure for automatic termination control dryers.
Because DOE is changing the FU credit from 1.04 to 1.0 for
automatic termination control dryers, a dryer which has an automatic
cycle termination setting that is capable of drying the test load to
very close to 5-percent RMC, and therefore had little over-drying
energy consumption, would receive a 4-percent credit in EF compared to
the current DOE test procedure. DOE also notes that because the
proposed test procedure requires the test load to be dried to a target
final RMC of 5 percent (or lower), the measured energy consumption
would decrease and EF increase if the target RMC of 5 percent is
achieved (no over-drying), as compared to the current DOE test
procedure which uses a correction factor in order to determine the
energy consumption required to dry the test load to a final RMC of 4
percent. As discussed below for timer dryers, based on the differences
in the calculations of per-cycle energy consumption using a starting
RMC of 47 percent, if the target final RMC of 5 percent is achieved,
DOE believes that the EF would increase by about 2.4 percent using the
proposed test procedure as compared to the current DOE test procedure.
DOE believes that a clothes dryer which is minimally compliant with
current energy conservation standards would likely use a less accurate
automatic termination control system, and that such a dryer would
possibly over-dry the test load below 5-percent RMC, such that the
energy consumption and measured EF would be equivalent to that measured
by the existing DOE clothes dryer test procedure. For this reason, DOE
does not believe that any changes to the current energy conservation
standards as a result of the proposed amendments to the test procedure
to account for automatic cycle termination would be warranted. However,
DOE welcomes comment on this tentative conclusion, as well as test data
of minimally compliant clothes dryers tested according to the proposed
automatic termination control dryer test procedure to determine whether
changes to the current energy
[[Page 37620]]
conservation standards for dryers would be warranted.
The proposed test procedure for timer dryers would provide the
energy consumption required to dry the test load from 47-percent RMC to
5-percent RMC. DOE notes that the 5-percent final RMC falls within the
range of RMC specified by the current test procedure (2.5-5 percent
final RMC). However, in the current DOE clothes dryer test procedure,
the per-cycle energy consumption calculation contains a correction
factor which is intended to normalize the measured energy consumption
to represent the energy consumption required to dry the test load to 4-
percent RMC.\27\ Because the proposed test procedure for timer dryers
would measure the energy consumption to reach a final RMC of only 5
percent, the energy consumption would be lower, and EF higher, as
compared to the current DOE test procedure, which measures the energy
consumption to reach a final RMC of 4 percent. Based on the differences
in the calculations of per-cycle energy consumption, DOE believes that
the EF would increase by about 2.4 percent using the proposed test
procedure as compared to the current DOE test procedure, assuming that
an initial RMC of 47 percent would be used in both cases. However,
because DOE is unaware of any clothes dryers controlled only by a timer
currently on the U.S. market, as noted above, DOE does not intend to
revise the current energy conservation standards based on the proposed
amendments to the test procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\27\ The correction factor in the current test procedure
normalizes the measured energy consumption to represent the energy
consumption required to dry the test load from 70-percent initial
RMC to 4-percent final RMC. As discussed in section III.C.5.b, DOE
is proposing to change the initial RMC from 70 to 47 percent. DOE
has considered the effects of changing the initial RMC from 70 to 47
percent on the measured EF in section III.C.5.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Test Procedure for Vent-Less Clothes Dryers
DOE noted in the October 2007 Framework Document that a potential
limitation of the clothes dryer test procedure had been identified for
vent-less dryers, which includes condensing clothes dryers and
combination washer/dryers. (Framework Document, STD No. 1 at p. 5)
Manufacturers of vent-less clothes dryers commented that the current
clothes dryer test procedure is unable to test this type of clothes
dryer. Vent-less clothes dryers do not vent exhaust air to the outside
as a conventional dryer does. Instead, they typically use ambient air
in a heat exchanger to cool the hot, humid air inside the appliance,
thereby condensing out the moisture. Alternatively, cold water can be
used in the heat exchanger to condense the moisture from the air in the
drum.\28\ In either case, the dry air exiting the drum is reheated and
recirculated in a closed loop. Thus, there is no moisture-laden exhaust
air to vent outside, only a wastewater stream that either can be
collected in an included water container or discharged down the
household drain. However, the process of condensing out the moisture in
the recirculated air results in higher energy consumption than a
conventional dryer, and it can significantly increase the ambient room
temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\28\ This is a typical approach for combination washer/dryers,
which wash and dry a load in the same drum.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manufacturers of condensing clothes dryers have, in the past,
applied for waivers from the DOE test procedure for these products on
the basis that the test procedure did not contain provisions for vent-
less clothes dryers. On November 15, 2005, LG filed an Application for
Interim Waiver and Petition for Waiver from the clothes dryer test
procedure for its condensing dryer model because it asserted that the
current clothes dryer test procedure applies only to vented clothes
dryers. The current test procedure requires the use of an exhaust
restrictor to simulate the backpressure effects of a vent tube in an
installed condition. Condenser dryers do not have exhaust vents as they
recirculate rather than exhaust the process air. LG further stated that
DOE's test procedure for clothes dryers provides no definition or
mention of condensing clothes dryers. LG also noted that it knew of no
other test procedure that would rate its condensing dryer products.
On August 23, 2006, DOE published the LG Petition for Waiver. 71 FR
49437. In that notice, DOE presented an alternate test procedure for
vent-less dryers to address the potential limitation of the clothes
dryer test procedure. 71 FR 49437, 49439.\29\ The alternate test
procedure consisted of adding separate definitions for a ``conventional
clothes dryer'' (which is vented) and a ``condensing clothes dryer''
(which is a vent-less design). Further, the alternate test procedure
presented in the LG Petition for Waiver qualified the requirement for
an exhaust simulator so that it would only apply to conventional
clothes dryers. In that notice, DOE stated that it is seeking comment
on the proposed modification to the test procedure. In response,
Whirlpool submitted a comment agreeing with the alternate test
procedure, although it recommended clarifications to DOE's proposed
definitions. 73 FR 66641, 66642 (Nov. 10, 2008). On November 10, 2008,
DOE approved the LG Petition for Waiver and determined that LG should
not be required to rate or test the subject clothes dryer model
according to the existing test procedure. The notice did not include
further rulemaking actions on the presented alternate test procedure.
73 FR 66641.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\29\ DOE's alternate test procedure for vent-less dryers was
described in the LG Petition for Waiver.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under DOE's regulations for petitions for waiver from the energy
conservation program, codified in 10 CFR 430.27(m), DOE is required to
publish a NOPR within 1 year of the granting of any waiver. The NOPR
would propose amending its regulations to eliminate any need for
continuation of the waiver. DOE is required to subsequently publish a
final rule as soon thereafter as practicable. The waiver would then
terminate on the effective date of the final rule. Publication of this
SNOPR addressing, in part, test procedures for vent-less clothes
dryers, would satisfy these regulatory requirements for the LG waiver.
DOE notes that there are currently no existing Federal energy
conservation standards for vent-less clothes dryers. In the October
2007 Framework Document, DOE stated that it intended to analyze
potential energy conservation standards for vent-less clothes dryers.
In particular, DOE proposed to analyze vent-less clothes dryers as a
separate product class, recognizing the unique utility that vent-less
clothes dryers offers to consumers (the ability to be installed in
conditions in which vented clothes dryers would be precluded due to
venting restrictions). DOE proposed to analyze two product classes for
vent-less clothes dryers: (1) Vent-less electric compact (240V) clothes
dryers, and (2) electric combination washer/dryers. DOE also requested
comment in the October 2007 Framework Document on the alternate test
procedure for vent-less clothes dryers proposed in the LG Petition for
Waiver.
ALS and CEE both commented in response to the October 2007
Framework Document in support of revising the clothes dryer test
procedure to test vent-less clothes dryers. (ALS, STD No. 6 at p. 1;
CEE, STD No. 10 at pp. 1-2) AHAM also supported including a provision
to test vent-less clothes dryers, but added that a single procedure for
vented and vent-less clothes dryers may not be applicable. (AHAM, STD
No. 8 at p. 1) At the October 2007 public meeting, AHAM commented that
adding ventless dryers
[[Page 37621]]
to the test procedure is not as simple as closing a vent off, but may
require a more significant change to appropriately measure energy use.
AHAM added that it would work on developing such a test procedure for
DOE to measure energy use. (AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, STD No.
4.6 at pp. 18-19) AHAM commented that the energy calculation for vent-
less clothes dryers should take a more ``holistic'' approach than those
for vented clothes dryers because vent-less clothes dryers can have an
effect on energy use outside of their system (i.e., impacts on HVAC
loads). (AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, STD No. 4.6 at p. 51; AHAM,
STD No. 8 at p. 3) Whirlpool commented that in light of increasing
interest by manufacturers in offering vent-less clothes dryers in North
America, it would work through AHAM to propose an appropriate test
procedure. (Whirlpool, STD No. 7 at p. 2) Whirlpool also noted that
combination washer/dryers would require a unique test procedure, and
that DOE should weigh the effort to create such a test procedure
against the potential for energy savings from a product with very
modest annual unit sales. (Whirlpool, STD No. 7 at p. 3)
DOE notes that accounting for ambient space conditioning impacts
would require significant changes to the current test procedure.
According to EPCA, any test procedures prescribed or amended under this
section shall be reasonably designed to produce test results which
measure energy efficiency, energy use, water use, or estimated annual
operating cost of a covered product during a representative average use
cycle or period of use. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) DOE believes that
accounting for impacts on HVAC loads on energy use of a household would
be beyond the scope of a test procedure to measure the energy use of a
product, as prescribed by EPCA. DOE also notes that other DOE test
procedures for products such as refrigerators, ovens, and water heaters
which could impact HVAC loads, do not take into account these impacts
on ambient space conditioning in the test procedure. DOE also notes
that for the energy conservation standards rulemaking for water
heaters, DOE considered the effects of heat pump water heaters on house
heating loads as part of the energy-use characterization, and did not
propose to amend the test procedure to account for such energy use. For
these reasons, DOE is not proposing to amend the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure to account for the ambient space conditioning impacts, but
will consider such impacts as part of the concurrent energy
conservation standards rulemaking.
In order to analyze potential energy conservation standards for
vent-less clothes dryers, provisions must be added to the DOE clothes
dryer test procedure for measuring the energy efficiency performance in
vent-less clothes dryers. Therefore, DOE determined to consider such
amendments to its clothes dryer test procedure. DOE first examined the
test procedure proposed as part of the LG Petition for Waiver. DOE
conducted limited tests of vent-less clothes dryers at an independent
testing laboratory according to those amendments. DOE tested one vent-
less electric compact (240V) clothes dryer and one vent-less
combination washer/dryer, conducting three test runs per unit. Table
0.6 shows the results from DOE's tests. DOE observed no variation in EF
from test to test within the precision of the proposed test procedure
for the vent-less electric compact (240V) dryer, and less than 2-
percent variation in EF from test to test for the vent-less combination
washer/dryer. Based on this limited testing, the proposed testing
procedures appear to produce repeatable results. DOE welcomes
additional test data for vent-less clothes dryers tested according to
the alternate test procedure presented in the LG Petition for Waiver,
in particular to analyze the test-to-test variation for individual
units tested multiple times.
Table 0.6--Data From DOE Testing of Vent-less Clothes Dryers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Energy factor (lb/kWh)
-------------------------------------------------
Test run Vent-less electric Vent-less combination
compact (240 V) washer/dryer
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............................................................. 2.37 1.95
2............................................................. 2.37 1.96
3............................................................. 2.37 1.93
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In reviewing alternate test procedures for vent-less clothes dryers
for potential amendments to the DOE test procedure, DOE also
investigated testing conditions and methods specified in test standards
used internationally. DOE is aware of international test standards for
clothes dryers used in Europe, China, Australia, and New Zealand which
include provisions for vent-less or condensing clothes dryers.
DOE evaluated EN Standard 61121, and identified as relevant the
test procedures for condensing (vent-less) clothes dryers, as well as
certain test conditions which affect all clothes dryers. These test
procedures provide greater specificity than the alternate test
procedure presented in the LG Petition for Waiver, and details of the
relevant sections of EN Standard 61121 are presented below.
Section 3 of EN Standard 61121, ``Definitions and symbols,''
provides definitions for various types of dryers, including:
``3.1
tumble dryer
appliance in which textile material is dried by tumbling in a
rotating drum, in which heated air is passed''
``3.2
air vented tumble dryer
tumble dryer with a fresh-air intake which is heated and passed over
the textile material and where the resulting moist air is exhausted
into the room or vented outside,''
``3.3
condenser tumble dryer
tumble dryer in which the air used for the drying process is
dehumidified by cooling.''
Section 6.1 of EN Standard 61121, ``General,'' which addresses
general conditions for measurements, provides in part the following
conditions for dryer installation and, in particular, installation
without an exhaust duct:
``The measurements shall be carried out on a tumble dryer
installed and used in accordance with manufacturer's instructions,
except as required by this standard.''
* * * * *
``Where the tumble dryer is intended for use without a duct
(i.e., the tumble dryer is intended to be vented into the room), the
tumble dryer shall be tested as supplied without a duct.''
* * * * *
[[Page 37622]]
``Where a manufacturer gives the option to use the tumble dryer
both with and without a duct, the tumble dryer shall be tested
without a duct.''
Section 6.2.3 of EN Standard 61121, ``Ambient temperature,''
requires that the ambient temperature of the room in the vicinity of
the dryer shall be maintained at 23 2 degrees Celsius
([deg]C) throughout the test.
Section 9 of EN Standard 61121, ``Performance tests,'' provides the
test procedures for performance tests of the main tumble dryer
functions. In particular, section 9.1, ``General,'' states:
* * * * *
``Tumble dryers shall be configured with or without a duct as
specified in 6.1.''
``All tests shall be started with the tumble dryer at ambient
temperature conditions according to 6.2.3.''
Note: This can be done by leaving the machine at ambient
conditions for at least 12 h [hours].
Section 9.2.1 of EN Standard 61121, ``Drying tests general,''
which details the procedures for the drying test, provides in part
the following:
``For automatic tumble dryers those programmes are selected which
aim to achieve the final moisture values given in table 3.'' \30\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\30\ Table 3 of EN Standard 61121 specifies the final moisture
content of the test load after drying for ``dry cotton'' programme
as 0 percent with an allowable range of -3 to +3 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
``The minimum number of valid cycles shall be five * * * If the
dryer is automatically stopped during a cycle and the reason is that
the condensation box is full of water, the fact is reported and the
test is stopped.''
``Note: If the manufacturer gives the option to use a condenser
tumble dryer both with or without condensation box, the dryer should
be tested with the condensation box.''
Section 9.2.1 also provides that water and energy consumption for
the cycle shall be reported. The water consumption would be applicable
to condensing clothes dryers which use water to condense moisture in
the drum exhaust air.
Section 10.3 of EN Standard 61121, ``Water consumption,'' provides
for the calculation of the corrected test cycle water consumption
corresponding to the nominal final RMC (specified in Table 3 of EN
Standard 61121).
EN Standard 61121 also provides a method for measuring the
efficiency of condensing moisture from the test load. Section 9.2.2 of
EN Standard 61121, ``Condensation efficiency,'' states the following:
``The condensation efficiency for a condenser tumble dryer,
shall be measured using the dry cotton programme and setting
selected to achieve the ``dry cotton'' result (this means the
equivalent timer setting for a timer dryer) in the drying test.''
``The mass of the test load is measured immediately before and
after the cycle. The mass of the moisture condensed during the cycle
and collected in the container is determined. The first cycle after
a period of non-operation longer than 36 h shall not be used for
evaluation.''
``During the time between two cycles the door of the tumble
dryer shall be closed except for loading.''
Section 10.5 of EN Standard 61121, ``Condensation efficiency,''
subsequently provides the following methods and calculations for the
condensation efficiency:
``Efficiency of condensation, C, is determined according to
9.2.2 as the ratio between the water produced during the cycle
Ww, relative to the total mass of water evaporated from
the load.''
* * * * *
``Efficiency of condensation is the mean value of a minimum of
four valid cycles.''
``Note: Due [to] this requirement the first run of a
condensation efficiency test has normally to be discarded.''
DOE notes that AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 also includes provisions for
condensing clothes dryers. AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 states that the scope
of the standard specifically includes condenser dryers and the dryer
function of combination washer/dryers. Section 1.4.4 of AS/NZS Standard
2442.1, ``Dryer types,'' provides the following definitions for vented
and condenser clothes dryers:
``Vented electric rotary clothes dryer--a clothes dryer in which
air (usually heated) is passed through the load while it is being
tumbled. The air and accumulated moisture is then discharged to the
atmosphere.''
``Condenser electric rotary clothes dryer--a clothes dryer in
which air (usually heated) is passed through the load while it is
being tumbled. The moisture thus accumulated is then separated from
the air within the dryer, converted to a liquid, and either drained
or stored for later removal.''
DOE notes that these definitions are essentially the same as those
provided in EN Standard 61121. Both definitions state that the moisture
in the air from the drying process is dehumidified, but AS/NZS Standard
2442.1 adds more detail providing that the liquid can either be drained
or stored for later removal. Section 3.4 of AS/NZS Standard 2442.1,
``Exhaust,'' also provides the following exhaust conditions for
installation, which DOE notes are very similar to those provided in EN
Standard 61121, and provides conditions to cover all possible dryer
configurations:
``3.4.3 Dryers with optional exhaust duct--Where a dryer is
designed to operate with an optional exhaust duct, the dryer shall
be tested without the duct fitted, in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions for operating without a duct.''
``3.4.4 Dryers without exhaust duct--Where a dryer is designed
solely to operate without an exhaust duct, the test shall be carried
out in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer.''
Similar to EN Standard 61121, AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 provides that
for condensing clothes dryers, as applicable, the volume of supply
water consumed be recorded at the end of the test cycle. The test
procedure also provides a calculation of the water consumption per test
cycle (used to reach the specified final RMC).
DOE also considered comments that Whirlpool submitted as part of
the residential clothes dryer and room air conditioner energy
conservation standards rulemaking, providing amendments to the DOE test
procedure for clothes dryers to include methods for the testing of
condensing dryers.\31\ These suggested amendments were largely based
upon EN Standard 61121. Whirlpool stated that section 1 of the DOE test
procedure for clothes dryers must incorporate definitions of an
``exhausted dryer,'' ``non-exhausted dryer,'' and a ``condensing
dryer.'' Whirlpool suggested the following definitions:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\31\ Whirlpool, 2007. ``U.S Department of Energy Test Procedure
Change for Condensing Clothes Dryers.'' September 4, 2007. Docket
No. EE-2007-BT-STD-0010, Comment Number 13.
``An exhausted Dryer has a blower system which is intended to
deliver the heated, moist air from the Drum cavity into a duct
system external to the Dryer and this duct system is exhausted into
the outdoors.''
``A non-exhausted Dryer is intended to be used without an
external duct system and has no provision to connect to such a duct
system.''
``A condensing Dryer is a non-exhausted tumble Dryer in which
the air used for the drying process is dehumidified by using room
ambient air for cooling. The blower system used for circulating room
ambient air is independent of the heated moist air from the Drum
cavity.''
(Whirlpool, STD No. 13 at p. 20).
Whirlpool also stated that section 2.1 of the DOE test procedure
for clothes dryers must be updated to include non-exhausted dryers.
Whirlpool proposed that ``[w]here the tumble Dryer is defined as a non-
exhausted Dryer and is intended for use without a duct [t]he tumble
Dryer shall be tested as supplied without a duct,'' and that ``[w]here
the tumble Dryer is defined as an exhausted Dryer and is intended for
use with a duct [t]he Dryer exhaust shall be
[[Page 37623]]
restricted by adding the AHAM exhaust simulator described in 3.3.5 of
[AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009].'' Id.
With regard to the pre-conditioning cycle in section 2.8 of the DOE
test procedure for clothes dryers, Whirlpool proposed that, in order to
align with the European energy procedure, the DOE test procedure should
incorporate the following condensing dryer pre-conditioning cycle:
``For condensing Dryers, the Dryer steady state temperature must be
equal to ambient room temperature according to 2.2 before the start of
all test runs. Note: this can be done by leaving the machine at ambient
room conditions for at least (12) hours between tests but not more than
(36) hours between tests.'' Id. at 21. In addition, Whirlpool stated
that in order to align with the European energy procedure and for
consistency in results, the DOE test procedure should incorporate the
following condenser dryer test procedure steps:
``If the manufacturer gives the option to use a condensing
tumble Dryer both with or without condensation box, the Dryer shall
be tested with the condensation box.''
``If the Dryer is automatically stopped during a cycle and the
reason is that the condensation box is full of water, the test is
stopped, and the run is invalid.''
``During the time between two cycles, the door of the tumble
Dryer shall be closed except for loading.''
``The first cycle after a period of non-operation longer than
(36) hours shall not be used for evaluation.''
``Results from the first test run on an unused (dry) condensing
Dryer are invalid and cannot be used for the energy efficiency
calculations.''
``The Condenser unit of the Dryer must remain in place and not
be taken out of the Dryer for any reason between tests.''
Id. at 22.
After review of the definitions detailed in EN Standard 61121
(section 3), AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 (section 1.4), and Whirlpool's
proposed amendments to the DOE test procedure, DOE concludes that the
definitions of ``conventional clothes dryer'' and ``condensing clothes
dryer'' proposed in the LG Petition for Waiver are essentially the same
as the definitions discussed above from the international test
standards. Therefore, DOE proposes to define ``conventional clothes
dryer'' as ``a clothes dryer that exhausts the evaporated moisture from
the cabinet,'' and ``vent-less clothes dryer'' as ``a clothes dryer
that uses a closed-loop system with an internal condenser to remove the
evaporated moisture from the heated air. The moist air is not
discharged from the cabinet.'' DOE is proposing to use the term ``vent-
less'' to reflect the actual consumer utility (i.e. no external vent
required) instead of ``condensing'' because of the possibilty of market
availability of vented dryers that also condense. DOE invites comment
on these proposed definitions.
After evaluating the installation conditions detailed in EN
Standard 61121 (section 6.1), AS/NZS Standard 2442.1 (section 3.4), and
Whirlpool's proposed amendments to the DOE test procedure, DOE believes
that the proposed amendments regarding the exhaust duct installation
requirements in DOE's publication of the LG Petition for Waiver are
appropriate for testing vent-less dryers, along with additional
clarifications. DOE notes that the exhaust duct installation conditions
proposed in the LG Petition for Waiver simply remove the requirement of
installing an exhaust simulator for a clothes dryer without an exhaust
duct (vent-less dryer). The international test standards, detailed
above, similarly require that a clothes dryer without an exhaust duct
be tested as such, but also provide additional conditions for a clothes
dryer with an optional exhaust duct, stating that such a dryer should
be tested without the duct installed. DOE believes these installation
conditions provide additional clarity and cover all possible clothes
dryer configurations as well as provide harmonization with
international test standards. Therefore, DOE proposes in today's notice
to amend section 2.1 of the DOE test procedure for clothes dryers,
which covers installation conditions, to qualify the requirement for an
exhaust simulator so that it would only apply to conventional clothes
dryers, with additional clarification that vent-less clothes dryers be
tested without the exhaust simulator installed and, if a dryer is
designed to operate with an optional exhaust duct, the dryer shall be
tested without the duct installed.
DOE also believes that the provisions in EN Standard 61121
regarding a condensation box provides additional clarity in an effort
to cover all possible vent-less dryer configurations. For this reason,
DOE is proposing to revise section 2.1, ``Installation,'' of the DOE
test procedure for clothes dryers to add the requirement in the
installation conditions that ``if a manufacturer gives the option to
use a vent-less dryer with or without a condensation box, the dryer
shall be tested with the condensation box installed.'' In addition, DOE
proposes to amend the testing cycle measurement in section 3.3 of the
DOE test procedure for clothes dryers to add that ``if the dryer
automatically stops during a cycle and the reason is that the
condensation box is full of water, the test is stopped, and the test
run is invalid.'' This requirement would ensure consistency of the
measured efficiency.
Also regarding installation conditions, DOE believes that
Whirlpool's proposal to add a requirement that the condenser unit of
the dryer must remain in place and not be taken out of the dryer for
any reason between tests would provide additional clarification to the
test procedure and ensure that all manufacturers are testing products
under the same conditions. For this reason, DOE proposes in today's
SNOPR to add in section 2.1 of the DOE clothes dryer test procedure
regarding installation the provision that ``the condenser unit of the
dryer must remain in place and not be taken out of the dryer for any
reason between tests.'' DOE invites comment on the proposed amendments
regarding installation conditions, including exhaust configuration,
condensation box, and condenser unit requirements.
DOE believes that the methodology in the current DOE test procedure
for conventional (vented) dryers can be applied to vent-less dryers,
with a number of added clarifications. Based upon starting test
conditions detailed in EN Standard 61121 (section 9.1) and Whirlpool's
proposed amendments, DOE agrees that section 2.8 of 10 CFR 430 subpart
B appendix D will likely need to be revised to provide a consistent and
repeatable approach for vent-less clothes dryers. Currently, this
section, which addresses clothes dryer preconditioning, requires that
before any test cycle is initiated, the clothes dryer must be operated
without a test load in the non-heat mode for 15 minutes or until the
discharge air temperature varies less than 1 [deg]F during a period of
10 minutes, whichever is longer. Because a vent-less clothes dryer does
not have discharge air for which the temperature can be measured, DOE
proposes to revise this section to require that, for vent-less clothes
dryers, the steady-state temperature must be equal to ambient room
temperature according to section 2.2 of appendix D before the start of
all test runs, with a note that this can be done by leaving the machine
at ambient room conditions for at least 12 hours but not more than 36
hours between tests. DOE also proposes to revise section 2.8, ``Test
loads,'' of the DOE clothes dryer test procedure to add a qualification
to the procedure for pre-conditioning that it applies only to vented
clothes dryers.
DOE agrees with the provisions in section 9.2.2 of EN Standard
61121 and Whirlpool's proposed amendments that specify that the first
cycle after a period of non-operation longer than 36 hours
[[Page 37624]]
shall not be used for evaluation, and that, between test cycles, the
door of the tumble dryer shall be closed except for loading (and
unloading). DOE notes that this would make the first test run on an
unused (dry) condensing dryer invalid and could not be used for the
energy efficiency calculations. DOE believes these provisions will
maintain a clear and repeatable testing procedure and produce accurate
and representative results. Therefore, DOE proposes in today's notice
to incorporate these provisions into section 3.3 of the DOE clothes
dryer test procedure. DOE welcomes comment on these provisions as well
as data comparing test results allowing longer or shorter than 36 hours
of non-operation to evaluate the repeatability of test results.
DOE notes that section 9.2.1 of EN Standard 61121 requires that at
least five valid test cycles be performed and the results averaged.
DOE's clothes dryer test procedure does not specify multiple test
cycles to obtain the representative EF, and DOE is not aware of data
suggesting that test-to-test variation is sufficient to warrant a
requirement for more than one test cycle. Therefore, DOE is not
proposing amendments addressing the number of valid test cycles. DOE
welcomes input and data on this issue.
DOE also investigated the water consumption of vent-less clothes
dryers. Based upon its review of products on the U.S. market, DOE is
unaware of any vent-less electric compact (240V) condensing dryers
which use water in a heat exchanger to condense moisture in the air
exiting the drum; instead, available units use an air-to-air heat
exchanger. DOE's review also showed that only vent-less combination
washer/dryers use water to condense moisture in the air exiting the
drum for products on the market in the United States. As part of its
energy testing of clothes dryers conducted at an independent
laboratory, DOE measured the water consumed by a vent-less combination
washer/dryer according to the DOE clothes dryer test procedure (without
the use of the exhaust simulator). The test procedure was conducted
three times, and the combination washer/dryer consumed on average 3.25
gallons (27.1 lb) of cold water, with a range of 2.83 gallons to 3.95
gallons. Although this water consumption is not insignificant,
combination washer/dryers represent a very small niche of the U.S.
clothes dryer market and, therefore, DOE believes that the benefit of
measuring water use for vent-less dryers is outweighed by the burden
that would be placed on manufacturers to measure water consumption. For
this reason, DOE is not proposing amend the DOE test procedure to
include a requirement to measure the water consumption for vent-less
condensing clothes dryers. DOE welcomes comment and data on the water
consumption of vent-less clothes dryers and whether measurement of
water consumption should be included in the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure.
DOE believes the results from DOE's tests at an independent
laboratory are representative of the repeatability of results that
would be observed using the testing procedures proposed in today's
SNOPR. Although DOE's tests were conducted using the alternate test
procedure in the LG Petition for Waiver, DOE believes that the
additional clarifications proposed in today's SNOPR would not
significantly affect these testing results. Therefore, DOE believes
that the amendments to the test procedure to for vent-less clothes
dryers proposed in today's notice would produce accurate and repeatable
measurements of CEF.
The proposed amendments for vent-less clothes dryers would cover
products which are not covered under the current DOE test procedure.
For this reason, the proposed amendments in today's SNOPR for vent-less
clothes dryers would not affect the existing EF ratings of residential
clothes dryers. Therefore, no change to the current clothes dryer
energy conservation standards would be required. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e))
4. Detergent Specifications for Clothes Dryer Test Procedure
Preconditioning
Section 2.6.3 of the current DOE clothes dryer test procedure
specifies that the test cloth be preconditioned by performing a 10-
minute wash cycle in a standard clothes washer using AHAM Standard Test
Detergent IIA. 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix D, section 2.6.3.
This detergent is obsolete and no longer supplied by AHAM or other
suppliers. The current AHAM standard detergent is identified as AHAM
standard test detergent Formula 3. Because AHAM Standard detergent IIA
is no longer available to manufacturers, DOE proposes to amend section
2.6.3 of the clothes dryer test procedure to specify the use of AHAM
standard test detergent Formula 3 in test cloth preconditioning.
Clothes washer tests that DOE conducted with AHAM standard test
detergent Formula 3 suggest that the dosage that is specified in
section 2.6.3(2) of the DOE clothes dryer test procedure for AHAM
Standard detergent IIA--6.0 grams (g) per gallon of water--may no
longer be appropriate, because at the end of clothes washer test cloth
preconditioning, which specifies the same dosage, undissolved clumps of
detergent were observed in the cloth load. Further, DOE conducted
extractor tests that indicate that detergent dosage impacts RMC
measurements by as much as several percent.
AHAM's clothes dryer test standard, AHAM HLD-1-2009, specifies a
standard test detergent Formula 3 dosage of 27 g + 4.0 g/lb of base
test load for test cloth pre-treatment. For DOE's clothes dryer test
cloth preconditioning, the current test procedure specifies that
clothes washer water fill level be set to the maximum level, regardless
of test load size. In today's notice, DOE is proposing to amend the
test load size for standard-size clothes dryers to 8.45 lb .085 lb (see section III.C.5.c.), which would result in a
detergent dosage for AHAM standard test detergent Formula 3 of 60.8 g.
DOE believes that the detergent concentration should be set by the
pounds of test cloth in this standard-size test load because this load
is more closely matched to the maximum water fill level than is the
compact-size test load (3.0 lb .03 lb.) For preconditioning
a compact-size test load, DOE proposes that the same detergent dosage
would be specified because the water fill level would remain the same
as for the larger load, resulting in the same concentration of the
water/detergent mixture. 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix D,
revised section 2.6.3.
Due to the observed problems associated with the current dosage
specification in the DOE clothes dryer test procedure, DOE is
tentatively proposing in today's notice to amend section 2.6.3 of the
clothes dryer test procedure to require 60.8 g of AHAM standard test
detergent Formula 3 for test cloth preconditioning, but is also seeking
further information on the appropriate detergent concentration.
DOE is unaware of any data indicating that changes to the detergent
specifications for test cloth preconditioning would affect the measured
efficiency. DOE believes that the proposed amendments in today's SNOPR
changing the detergent specifications for test cloth preconditioning
would not affect the EF rating of residential clothes dryers and would
not require revision of the existing energy conservation standards for
these products. However, DOE welcomes data showing the effects of
changing the detergent specifications for test cloth preconditioning on
the measured EF for clothes dryers.
[[Page 37625]]
5. Changes To Reflect Current Usage Patterns and Capabilities
a. Clothes Dryer Number of Annual Cycles
As noted above, DOE established its test procedure for residential
clothes dryers in a final rule published in the Federal Register on May
19, 1981. 46 FR 27324. Although DOE has updated its test procedure for
residential clothes washers since that time,\32\ it has not updated its
residential clothes dryer test procedure since it was first established
in 1981. In the revised residential clothes washer test procedure, the
average number of annual use cycles was revised to reflect current (at
the time) consumer use patterns. DOE noted in the October 2007
Framework Document that the average number of dryer use cycles assumed
in the revised clothes washer test procedure is inconsistent with the
use cycles in the clothes dryer test procedure. (Framework Document,
STD No. 1 at p. 4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\32\ See 62 FR 45484 (Aug. 27, 1997); 68 FR 62198 (Oct. 31,
2003).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the case of the average residential clothes washer annual use
cycles, DOE published a final rule on August 27, 1997, amending the DOE
clothes washer test procedure to lower the annual clothes washer use
cycles from 416 to 392 cycles per year, a value that DOE determined to
be more representative of current usage patterns. 62 FR 45484. Further,
the revised DOE clothes washer test procedure assumes that 84 percent
of all clothes washer loads are dried in clothes dryers. Thus, based
upon the parameters in the current residential clothes washer test
procedure, the annual usage pattern for clothes dryers is calculated to
be 329 cycles per year. In contrast, the current DOE residential
clothes dryer test procedure assumes an average annual clothes dryer
use of 416 cycles per year, which is 21 percent higher than the number
of cycles per year derived from the current clothes washer test
procedure. DOE notes that the number of annual cycles does not factor
into the EF calculation except in the case of gas clothes dryers with
standing pilots (which DOE determined are no longer available on the
market), nor is the number of annual cycles used in the life-cycle cost
(LCC), national energy savings (NES), or national impact analysis (NIA)
calculations, which instead use consumer survey data. DOE sought
comment on this issue in the October 2007 Framework Document.
(Framework Document, STD No. 1 at p. 5)
In response to the October 2007 Framework Document, AHAM stated
that it supports changing the clothes dryer test procedure to decrease
the use cycles from 416 to 329 cycles per year, as proposed by DOE,
based on usage patterns for residential washers. (AHAM, STD No. 8 at
p.1) CEE also supported decreasing the number of use cycles to be more
consistent with the clothes washer test procedure. CEE noted that in
the amendments to the DOE test procedure for clothes washers in 1997,
the clothes dryer utilization factor (i.e., percentage of clothes
washer loads dried in clothes dryers) was set to 84 percent. However,
CEE was unsure whether 392 (the number of annual clothes washer cycles)
or 329 (84 percent of 392) is the correct number of clothes dryer
cycles, and recommended that DOE re-examine the clothes dryer
utilization factor. (CEE, STD No. 10 at p. 1) EEI stated that the test
procedure should have fewer use cycles based on the EIA's RECS data and
demographic projections. (EEI, STD No. 5 at p. 2)
Whirlpool commented that 392 annual clothes washer cycles are
generally accepted as valid. However, Whirlpool stated that the value
of 84 percent of washer loads being machined dried is high. Whirlpool
cited data from Procter & Gamble indicating that consumers average 5.72
loads per week, or 297 annually, and that line drying and blocking are
a common alternative to machine drying. Whirlpool also stated that
other surveys suggest that annual laundry loads are closer to 343 than
392, which, if the 84 percent were applied, would result in 288 dryer
loads annually. However, Whirlpool concluded that the annual number of
cycles should be 298 (equaling 76 percent of the 392 clothes washer
loads). (Whirlpool, STD No. 7 at p. 2)
The Joint Comment stated that DOE should request manufacturers to
verify that the ratio of dryer cycles to washer cycles is 84 percent.
The Joint Comment commented that DOE should establish the number of
clothes dryer cycles independent of washer cycles because some laundry
is washed but not dried in a dryer, while some clothes dryer loads have
not been washed. The Joint Comment also noted that many recently
manufactured clothes dryers have software that logs the number of
cycles, and manufacturers could provide cycle count data for clothes
dryers with at least 1 full year of operation (to account for month-to-
month variations). The Joint Comment stated that another potential data
source DOE should check is the California Measurement Advisory Council
(CALMAC), which documents appliance energy use in California. (Joint
Comment, STD No. 9 at pp. 10-11)
For these reasons, DOE determined to review available data and
investigate the number of annual clothes dryer use cycles in order to
amend its test procedure to accurately reflect current consumer usage
habits. DOE reviewed the 2004 California Statewide Residential
Appliance Saturation Study (RASS), which surveyed appliance product
usage patterns, including clothes dryers.\33\ The study surveyed 7,686
households between 2002 and 2003, asking the question ``how many loads
of clothes do you dry in your clothes dryer during a typical week?''
For the 6,790 of these households that said they owned a clothes dryer,
average usage was 4.69 loads per week, or approximately 244 loads per
year. However, because this study provides only a limited dataset, DOE
does not intend to rely only on this data to determine an appropriate
number of annual use cycles for the clothes dryer test procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\33\ For more information visit: http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/rass/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOE also reviewed data from the 2005 RECS to determine the annual
usage of clothes dryers. RECS is a national sample survey of housing
units that collects statistical information on the consumption of and
expenditures for energy in housing units along with data on energy-
related characteristics of the housing units and occupants. RECS
provides enough information to establish the type (i.e., product class)
of clothes dryer used in each household, the age of the product, and an
estimate of the household's annual energy consumption attributable to
clothes dryers. DOE estimated the number of clothes dryer cycles per
year for each sample home using data given by RECS on the number of
laundry loads (clothes washer cycles) washed per week and the frequency
of clothes dryer use. Based on its analysis of RECS data, DOE estimated
the dryer usage factor (the percentage of washer loads dried in a
clothes dryer) to be 91 percent and the calculated average usage to be
283 cycles per year for all product classes of clothes dryers. DOE also
notes that the RECS data shows a historical decreasing trend for the
number of clothes washer and clothes dryer cycles. Because this dataset
is more extensive than that of the RASS, DOE believes these numbers are
more representative of annual usage patterns. Therefore, DOE is
proposing to amend the number of annual use cycles in its test
procedure to 283 cycles for all product classes of clothes dryers.
[[Page 37626]]
The proposed amendments for the number of annual use cycles only
affect the equations for the per-cycle gas energy consumption of a
continuously burning pilot light in gas dryers, which factors into EF,
and the estimated annual operating cost for all clothes dryers. DOE is
not aware of any gas dryers currently available on the market that
incorporate a continuously burning pilot light. For this reason, DOE
believes the proposed amendments in today's SNOPR to change the number
of clothes dryer annual use cycles would not affect the EF rating of
residential clothes dryers and would not require revision of the
existing energy conservation standards for these products.
b. Clothes Dryer Initial Remaining Moisture Content
In the revised residential clothes washer test procedure, a new
parameter, the RMC of the test cloth, was introduced. The RMC is the
ratio of the weight of water contained by the test load at the
completion of the clothes washer energy test cycle to the bone-dry
weight of the test load, expressed as a percent. Correspondingly, the
initial RMC of a clothes load being dried is a function of RMC at the
end of a clothes washer cycle. The current DOE clothes dryer test
procedure specifies an initial RMC of 70 3.5 percent. As
was explained above for the average number of use cycles per year, the
RMC of typical clothes loads in the residential clothes washer test
procedure should be consistent with values defined in the clothes dryer
test procedure. However, DOE believes that the initial RMC in the
clothes dryer test procedure may not reflect typical RMCs of actual
clothes dryer loads.
DOE notes that the revision to the clothes washer test procedure
changed the clothes washer energy conservation standards metric to a
modified energy factor (MEF), which established a method for crediting
the performance of clothes washers that lower the RMC and, thereby,
reduce clothes drying energy use. Since the clothes dryer test
procedure was established in 1981 (46 FR 27324, May 19, 1981), average
clothes washer RMC has decreased due to the introduction of higher
efficiency models with higher final spin speeds. Therefore, while
clothes dryer energy use has decreased with the lower RMC, clothes
washer energy use has increased somewhat to achieve the higher spin
speeds. This energy use is accounted for in the residential clothes
washer energy conservation standards rulemaking, and the net national
annual energy use for clothes washers and clothes dryers combined is
expected to decrease as average RMC is reduced. During the course of
the standards rulemaking for clothes washers that culminated in a final
rule published in the Federal Register on January 12, 2001, DOE
estimated RMCs at specific efficiency levels. 66 FR 3314. For the
residential clothes washer standard which became effective January 1,
2007 (1.26 MEF), DOE estimated a weighted-average RMC of 56 percent.
As discussed in section I, the EF for clothes dryers is determined
by measuring the total energy required to dry a standard test load of
laundry to a ``bone dry'' state. If today's clothes dryer loads have
initial RMCs that are lower than the nominal 70 percent specified in
the existing DOE clothes dryer test procedure, revisions to the test
procedure to reflect more realistic (i.e., lower) RMCs would result in
the current EF rating increasing for a given clothes dryer, since the
clothes dryer would have less water to remove.
AHAM commented in response to the October 2007 Framework Document
that an RMC of 56 percent is realistic, and added that it will collect
additional information to validate this estimate. (AHAM, STD No. 8 at
p. 1.) Whirlpool stated that the weighted-average RMC from clothes
washers that it sells in North America is approximately 56 percent and
that a revised test procedure should use this value. (Whirlpool, STD
No. 7 at pp. 1-2.) CEE, EEI, and ALS also support revising the clothes
dryer test procedure to account for lower RMC. (CEE, STD No. 10 at p.
1; EEI, STD No. 5 at p. 2; ALS, STD No. 6 at p. 1) CEE added that the
lower average RMC is likely due to recent improvements in clothes
washers, particularly the entrance of horizontal-axis washers with high
spin speeds and significantly reduced RMC. (CEE, STD No. 10 at p. 1.)
The Joint Comment also commented that a lower RMC for the clothes
dryer test procedure is justified. The Joint Comment referenced CEC
data for the relationship between residential clothes washer MEF and
RMC, which shows that models just meeting current energy conservation
standards have an average RMC of 55 percent. The Joint Comment also
noted that a regression fit through the entire CEC data set shows a
residential clothes washer with an MEF of 0.817 (which approximates
pre-2001 standards) would have an estimated RMC of 72 percent, which is
comparable to the value in the existing test procedure. (Joint Comment,
STD No. 9 at pp. 12-13.)
DOE agrees that a review of the residential clothes washer models
in the CEC database suggests that the average RMC is less than the
nominal 70 percent which is currently provided in the DOE clothes dryer
test procedure. Therefore, DOE considered amendments to the clothes
dryer test procedure to address RMC.
As part of the preliminary analyses for the residential clothes
dryers energy conservation standards rulemaking, DOE estimated the RMC
of clothes washers using a distribution of values for models listed in
the December 12, 2008, CEC product database. For products for which the
RMC was listed, the RMC values ranged from 30 percent to 61 percent,
with an average of 46 percent.
As part of the October 2007 Framework Document, DOE requested data
from AHAM showing the shipments of residential clothes washers for
which RMC was reported, along with shipment-weighted RMC (See Table
0.7). These data sets, each including disaggregated data for front-
loading and top-loading clothes washers, as well as reported overall
values for all units, provide insight into what initial clothes dryer
RMC would be most representative of current residential clothes
washers. However, as noted above, AHAM indicated that the data contains
only shipments for which the RMC was reported and thus the total will
not be equal to actual shipments reported for 2000-2008. The data
indicate that RMC has been decreasing consistently, from about 54
percent in 2000 to 47 percent in 2008, and suggest that the initial RMC
of nominally 70 percent in the DOE clothes dryer test procedure is
greater than the current shipment-weighted residential clothes washer
average RMC.
[[Page 37627]]
Table 0.7--AHAM Shipment-Weighted Clothes Washer RMC Data Submittal \34\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clothes washer shipments for which Shipment-weighted RMC (%)
RMC was reported --------------------------------------
Year ---------------------------------------
Front- Front- Top-loading Total
loading Top-loading Total loading
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000.............................. 232,714 686,440 919,154 43.6 57.4 53.9
2001.............................. 235,989 473,629 709,618 41.3 57.7 52.2
2002.............................. 280,667 529,265 809,932 41.5 58.1 52.3
2003.............................. 351,411 1,676,877 2,028,288 43.1 54.5 52.5
2004.............................. 1,179,813 5,270,285 6,450,098 42.2 52.8 50.9
2005.............................. 1,563,108 5,394,511 6,957,619 40.8 52.7 50.1
2006.............................. 1,851,218 5,628,279 7,479,497 39.3 51.4 48.4
2007.............................. 1,973,825 5,371,142 7,344,967 38.3 51.4 47.8
2008.............................. 2,043,024 4,492,059 6,535,083 38.1 51.0 47.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Based on the shipment-weighted RMC data submitted by AHAM and DOE's
own review of the CEC residential clothes washer database, DOE believes
that an initial RMC of 47 percent is representative of current
residential clothes dryer initial test load characteristics. Therefore,
DOE is proposing in today's notice to amend section 2.7, ``Test
loads,'' of the clothes dryer test procedure to require that the
initial RMC be changed from 70 3.5 percent to 47 percent.
DOE is not proposing to allow the 3.5 percent range in RMC
because the proposed amendments to the DOE clothes dryer test procedure
for automatic cycle termination, detailed in section III.C.2, would
require that the test load be initially prepared to between 42- and 47-
percent RMC, and that final adjustments be made to the RMC to achieve
47-percent 0.33-percent RMC, in order to account for over-
drying energy consumption.
Alternatively, if DOE, in the final rule, does not adopt the
proposed amendments in today's SNOPR for testing automatic cycle
termination, presented in section III.C.2, but adopts only these
aforementioned proposed amendments to change the initial RMC, DOE
proposes to specify an initial RMC of 47 3.5 percent. In
that case, the tolerance of 3.5 percent on the nominal
initial RMC, as currently specified in DOE's test procedure, would
allow the same flexibility in test cloth preparation as is currently
allowed. If DOE, in the final rule, does adopt the proposed amendments
to account for automatic cycle termination, then the tolerance of
3.5 percent for the initial RMC would not be necessary.
DOE welcomes comment on and additional data regarding the
representative initial RMC for current dryer test loads.
DOE also notes that the current test procedure contains a provision
in the calculation of per-cycle energy consumption that is intended to
normalize EF by the reduction in RMC over the course of the drying
cycle. A scaling factor of 66 is applied, which is representative of
the percentage change from the nominal initial RMC of 70 percent to the
nominal ending RMC of 4 percent. However, DOE notes that the proposed
changes to account for automatic cycle termination, as presented above
in section III.C.2, would require amending the calculations for the
per-cycle energy consumption to remove the need for this scaling
factor. Therefore, DOE is not proposing to amend the scaling factor in
today's SNOPR. Alternatively, if DOE, in the final rule, does not adopt
the proposed amendments in today's SNOPR for testing automatic cycle
termination, presented in section III.C.2, but adopts only these
aforementioned proposed amendments to change the initial RMC, DOE
proposes to change the scaling factor to 43 to reflect a starting RMC
of 47 percent. If DOE, in the final rule, does adopt the proposed
amendments to account for automatic cycle termination, then changes to
the scaling factor would not be necessary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\34\ AHAM, 2009. AHAM Weighted RMC for Front Load and Top Load
Units, 2000-2008--DOE Clothes Dryer Rulemaking, Secondary Data
Request. July 7, 2009. Docket No. EE-2007-BT-STD-0010, Comment
Number 18
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
As noted above in section I, if DOE determines that the amended
test procedure would alter the measured efficiency of a covered
product, DOE must amend the applicable energy conservation standard. In
determining the amended energy conservation standard, the Secretary
shall measure, pursuant to the amended test procedure, the energy
efficiency, energy use, or water use of a representative sample of
covered products that minimally comply with the existing standard. The
average of such energy efficiency, energy use, or water use levels
determined under the amended test procedure shall constitute the
amended energy conservation standard for the applicable covered
products. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(2))
As part of the October 2007 Framework Document, DOE requested data
from AHAM to help evaluate the effect of a lower initial RMC on
measured EF for clothes dryers which minimally comply with existing
energy conservation standards. Table 0.8 lists and Figure 0.3
illustrates the data AHAM provided for the change in measured EF that
was observed when initial RMC was reduced from nominally 70 percent to
nominally 56 percent. When the scaling factor in the calculation of
per-cycle energy consumption, described above, was changed to 52--
reflecting a change in RMC during the test cycle from an initial 56
percent to a final 4 percent--measured EF increased by an average of 22
percent in AHAM's test sample of 11 baseline clothes dryers. Under
these conditions, the average EF increased from 3.09 to 3.77 lb per
kWh. When this scaling factor was left as 66 as currently provided for
in the DOE test procedure, measured EF decreased by an average of 4
percent when initial RMC was reduced as described. In this case,
average EF decreased from 3.09 to 2.97 lb per kWh.
[[Page 37628]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP29JN10.017
Table 0.8--AHAM Data Submittal for the Impact of Initial RMC on Clothes Dryer Energy Factor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial RMC (%) Baseline Model EF
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Using Existing
Test Target Actual Scaling Factor = 66)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1a.............................................................. ........... 70 3.1
2a.............................................................. ........... 70.08 3.08
3a.............................................................. ........... 70.08 2.99
4a.............................................................. ........... 70.24 3.11
5a.............................................................. ........... 70.33 3.08
6a.............................................................. 70 70.17 3.07
7a.............................................................. ........... 69.7 3.07
8a.............................................................. ........... 71.6 3.27
9a.............................................................. ........... 70.5 3.03
10a............................................................. ........... 70.9 3.13
11a............................................................. ........... 70 3.04
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline Model EF Baseline Model EF
Test Target Actual (Using Revised (Using Existing
Scaling Factor = 52) Scaling Factor = 66)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1b...................................... ........... 56 3.77 2.97
2b...................................... ........... 55.99 3.73 2.94
3b...................................... ........... 55.99 3.85 3.03
4b...................................... ........... 55.99 3.74 2.95
5b...................................... ........... 58.43 3.73 2.94
6b...................................... 56 58.58 3.8 2.99
7b...................................... ........... 58.58 3.82 3.01
8b...................................... ........... 55.4 3.8 2.99
9b...................................... ........... 55.8 3.78 2.98
10b..................................... ........... 55.7 3.83 3.02
11b..................................... ........... 56 3.59 2.83
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 37629]]
In order to supplement the data provided by AHAM, DOE conducted
similar tests subsequent to the October 2007 Framework Document for one
representative vented electric standard, vented electric compact (240
V), vented gas, and vent-less electric compact (240 V) clothes dryer in
its test sample. DOE tested each of these units according to the
current DOE clothes dryer test procedure, but changing the initial RMC
from 70 percent 3.5 percent to 56 percent 1
percent and 39 percent 1 percent in order to evaluate the
effects of lowering the initial RMC. DOE did not test an initial RMC of
47 percent because, at the time of testing, the shipment-weighted RMC
data indicating 47 percent was representative of laundry loads after
the residential clothes washer cycle was not yet available to DOE.
Therefore, DOE selected a wider range of initial RMC values for
testing, such that effects of changing the initial RMC to a value in
between the tested values could be interpolated from the testing
results. DOE selected models that minimally complied with energy
conservation standards for clothes dryers, except for the one vent-less
model (since vent-less clothes dryers are not currently subject to
energy conservation standards.) DOE selected a vent-less unit with an
EF it considered a baseline for evaluating efficiencies of vent-less
products.
Table 0.9 shows the measured EF for each of the clothes dryers DOE
tested at 70-percent, 56-percent, and 39-percent initial RMC, and the
percentage change in EF for the reduced initial RMC compared to the 70-
percent initial RMC required by the current DOE test procedure. DOE
notes that the scaling factor in the calculations of per-cycle energy
consumption was adjusted to 52 and 35 (from 66) for the initial RMCs of
56 percent and 39 percent, respectively, in order to represent the
nominal change in percent from the initial RMC to the final RMC, as
discussed above. The results from DOE testing indicate that, on
average, measured EF increases by about 23 percent and 70 percent when
the initial RMC is changed to 56 percent and 39 percent, respectively.
DOE notes that the results showing a 23-percent increase in EF for the
56-percent initial RMC tests are in close agreement with AHAM's test
results, which shows a 22-percent increase in measured EF.
Table 0.9--DOE Test Results Evaluating Reduced Initial RMC
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
70% RMC 56% RMC 39% RMC
Product Class ----------------------------------------------------------------
EF EF % Change EF % Change
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vented Electric Standard....................... 3.09 3.86 25.0 5.39 74.6
Vented Electric Compact (240 V)................ 3.06 3.69 20.6 5.02 63.8
Vented Gas..................................... 2.81 3.43 21.9 4.79 70.5
Vent-less Electric Compact (240 V)............. 2.37 2.99 26.1 4.09 72.5
----------------------------------------------------------------
Average.................................... ........... ........... 23.4 ........... 70.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plotting these test data reveals a non-linear trend in EF as a
function of initial RMC, as seen in Figure III.4. DOE explored using a
polynomial trend to fit the datasets in order to develop an estimate
for the percentage change in EF resulting from changing the initial RMC
to 47 percent, as proposed in today's SNOPR. Using the polynomial
trends, an initial RMC of 47 percent would be predicted to increase
measured EF by approximately 47 percent on average, as shown in Table
0.10.
[[Page 37630]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP29JN10.018
Table 0.10--Calculated Energy Factor Using Polynomial Trend Fits of the
DOE Test Data
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calculated EF at % Change from 70%
Product class 47% initial RMC initial RMC
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vented Electric Standard........ 4.63 49.8
Vented Electric Compact (240 V). 4.37 42.8
Vented Gas...................... 4.04 43.5
Vent-less Electric Compact (240 3.58 51.2
V).............................
---------------------------------------
Average..................... .................. 46.9
------------------------------------------------------------------------
After this analysis was complete, DOE conducted testing of three
identical maximum-available gas clothes dryers as part of its energy
conservation standards rulemaking preliminary analyses for clothes
dryers. These tests investigated the measured EF for this model
according to the current DOE test procedure with an initial RMC of 70
percent 3.5 percent. In order to supplement the test
procedure analysis discussed above, DOE subsequently conducted further
testing on one of these maximum-available gas clothes dryers to
evaluate the effects on EF of changing the initial RMC. DOE tested the
unit according to the current DOE clothes dryer test procedure at
reduced initial RMCs of 56 percent 3.5 percent and 47
percent 3.5 percent. For each initial RMC, DOE conducted
three tests for the test unit to determine if the results were
repeatable. Table 0.11 below shows the results from this testing, which
indicate that, on average, measured EF increases by about 24 percent
and 41 percent when the initial RMC is reduced to 56 percent and 47
percent, respectively. DOE notes that the results showing a 24-percent
increase in EF for the 56-percent initial RMC tests are in close
agreement with the AHAM data submittal and previous DOE test results.
Table 0.11--DOE Test Results Evaluating Reduced Initial RMC Using Maximum-Available Gas Clothes Dryer
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
70% RMC 56% RMC 47% RMC
Test run ----------------------------------------------------------------
EF EF % change EF % change
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.............................................. 2.81 3.51 24.3 3.87 37.1
2.............................................. 2.82 3.52 24.6 4.04 43.2
3.............................................. 2.83 3.50 23.9 4.00 41.7
Average........................................ 2.82 3.51 24.3 3.97 40.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 37631]]
Based on its testing, DOE believes that a 41-percent increase in EF
resulting from switching from 70-percent to 47-percent initial RMC for
a minimally compliant clothes dryer is representative. For this reason,
DOE believes that the current energy conservation standards in terms of
EF for vented clothes dryer product classes would need to be increased
by 41 percent, based upon the proposed amendments to change the initial
RMC from 70 percent 3.5 percent to 47 percent
3.5 percent. DOE would consider addressing this change in the
concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking for residential
clothes dryers, for which a final rule is scheduled for publication by
June 30, 2011.
c. Clothes Dryer Test Load Weight
The current DOE clothes dryer test procedure requires a 7.00 lb
.07 lb test load for standard-size dryers and a 3.00 lb
.03 lb test load for compact-size dryers. The Joint
Comment stated in response to the October 2007 Framework Document that
DOE should determine whether the average test load weight for standard-
capacity dryers is consistent with the current generation of washer
capacities. The Joint Comment noted that, according to AHAM data, the
average tub volume of washers has been increasing for a number of
years. The Joint Comment indicated that between 1981, when the dryer
testing protocol was established, to 2004, the average washer tub
volume increased by more than 20 percent (2.52 cubic feet (ft\3\) to
3.05 ft\3\). The Joint Comment also pointed out that, in the current
DOE clothes washer test procedure, the maximum test load weight of a
2.52 ft\3\ machine is 10.5 lb, while the maximum test load weight of a
3.05 ft\3\ machine is 12.5 lb. The Joint Comment stated that if the
ratio of the maximum test load weights were applied to the test load
weight in the clothes dryer test procedure, this would imply that the
current 7-lb test load weight should be adjusted upward by about 20
percent to 8.3 lb. The Joint Comment added that DOE should request that
manufacturers provide field data to document whether the current test
load weight for standard-capacity dryers should be adjusted upward to
account for the increased capacity of residential clothes washers. The
Joint Comment also stated that DOE should interview detergent
manufacturers since they are among the most knowledgeable parties in
the laundry industry. Because the size of the load affects proper
detergent dosing, the Joint Comment stated that detergent manufacturers
are likely to have data on current load weights. (Joint Comment, STD
No. 9 at pp. 11-12)
DOE contacted detergent manufacturers to obtain data on average
residential clothes washer load sizes. Procter and Gamble (P&G)
conducted an internal study in 2003 on household laundry habits on a
representative set of the population across the United States, from
which P&G provided select summary data to DOE for this rulemaking. The
clothes washer load weight data, which was based on a sample size of
3367 loads of laundry from a total of 510 respondents, showed that the
average load size for top-loading and front-loading clothes washers was
7.2 lb and 8.4 lb, respectively. (P&G, No. 15 at p. 1) Based on the
average shipment-weighted market share for top-loading and front-
loading clothes washers between 2000 and 2008 from data submitted by
AHAM (shown in Table 0.7), the shipment-weighted average clothes washer
load size would be approximately 7.5 lbs. However, DOE recognizes that
clothes washer capacities were likely to have increased since the
survey was conducted in 2003, and therefore DOE continued its analysis
to factor in these capacity changes to estimate a more current average
load size.
Table 0.12 shows the trends of the shipment-weighted average tub
volume for residential clothes washers from 1981 to 2008, based on data
from the AHAM Trends in Energy Efficiency 2008. The shipment-weighted
average tub volume has increased from 2.52 ft\3\ in 1981 to 3.22 ft\3\
in 2008.
Table 0.12--Residential Clothes Washer Shipment-Weighted Average Tub
Volume Trends \35\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shipment-weighted
Year average tub volume % change
(ft\3\) since 1990
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1981................................... 2.52 ...........
1990................................... 2.63 ...........
1991................................... 2.72 3.4
1992................................... 2.71 3.0
1993................................... 2.71 3.0
1994................................... 2.69 2.3
1995................................... 2.72 3.4
1996................................... 2.80 6.5
1997................................... 2.83 7.6
1998................................... 2.85 8.4
1999................................... 2.89 9.9
2000................................... 2.92 11.0
2001................................... 2.96 12.5
2002................................... 2.96 12.5
2003................................... 3.01 14.4
2004................................... 3.05 16.0
2005................................... 3.08 17.2
2006................................... 3.13 19.2
2007................................... 3.16 20.3
2008................................... 3.22 22.4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 2.7, ``Test Load Sizes,'' in the DOE clothes washer test
procedure provides the minimum, maximum, and average test load size
requirements for the clothes washer test, which is determined based on
the clothes container capacity. Table 0.13 shows the minimum, maximum,
and average test load sizes for 2.52 ft\3\ and 3.22 ft\3\ container
capacities, determined according to Table 5.1 in the DOE clothes washer
test procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\35\ Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, Trends in
Energy Efficiency 2008. Available at: http://www.aham.org/ht/d/Store.
Table 0.13--DOE Clothes Washer Test Load Size Requirements
[Table 5.1 of 10 CFR 430 Subpart B, Appendix J1]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum load Maximum load Average load
Container volume (ft\3\) (lb) (lb) (lb)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>=2.50 to <2.60........................................... 3.00 10.50 6.75
>=3.20 to <3.30........................................... 3.00 13.30 8.15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 37632]]
DOE notes that the average load size in the clothes washer test
procedure increases by about 21 percent with the associated increase in
capacity, which DOE believes proportionally impacts clothes dryer load
sizes. Applying this ratio of average clothes washer test load sizes to
the clothes dryer test load size would result in an increase from 7.00
lb to 8.45 lb for standard-size dryers. For these reasons, DOE is
proposing to amend the clothes dryer test load size to 8.45 lb for
standard-size dryers. 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix D, revised
section 2.7.2. DOE is proposing to amend the test load size based on
the change in average load size for clothes washers rather than the
maximum load size because data from RECS 2005 indicates that not all
clothes that are washed are machine dried. Therefore, DOE believes that
average clothes washer load size would be more representative of
clothes dryer load size. DOE is also proposing to maintain the 1-
percent tolerance in load sizes specified by the current DOE test
procedure for both standard-size dryers (8.45 lb .085 lb).
DOE believes most compact clothes dryers are used in conjunction
with compact-size clothes washers, and DOE does not have any
information to suggest that the tub volume of such clothes washers has
changed significantly. Therefore, DOE is not proposing to change the 3-
lb test load size currently specified in the test procedure for compact
clothes dryers. DOE welcomes data on the historical trends of compact-
size clothes washer average tub volumes or any other data that would
suggest a change in the clothes dryer test load size for compact
clothes dryers.
As noted previously, EF for clothes dryers is the bone-dry test
load weight divided by the clothes dryer energy consumption per cycle.
DOE notes that the proposed amendments to the test load size would
increase both the bone-dry test load weight and the energy consumption
per cycle. For example, for a test in which the nominal RMC of the test
load is reduced from an initial 70 percent to a final 4 percent, an
8.45-lb test load would require about 5.6 lb of water to be removed
during the drying cycle, whereas a 7-lb test load would require only
4.6 lb of water to be removed. DOE also notes that, as lower nominal
RMCs are reached at the end of the test cycle, the rate and efficiency
of water removal from the load would be higher for the larger test load
simply because there would be more water in the load, hence making it
easier to remove.
In order to determine a quantifiable estimate of the change in the
measured EF, DOE reviewed research and investigations of the effects of
changing the load size on the measured efficiency. The National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted testing to
investigate the effects of changing the clothes dryer load size on the
measured efficiency for a vented electric standard clothes dryer with a
capacity of 6.3 ft3.\36\ NIST tested the clothes dryer
according to the DOE clothes dryer test procedure, except the test load
size was varied from 2 lb to 15 lb. Table 0.14 presents the results of
the NIST testing, which shows an increase in EF when increasing the
load size within the range of interest (i.e., from 7 lb to 9 lb).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\36\ J. Y. Kao. 1999. Energy Test Results of a Conventional
Clothes Dryer and a Condensing Clothes Dryer. International
Appliance Technical Conference, 49th. Proceedings. May 4-6,
Columbus, OH, pp. 11-21, 1998.
Table 0.14--NIST Vented Electric Standard Clothes Dryer Variable Test Load Data
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Room Temperature, [deg]F................................ 74.1 74.4 73.8 73.3 73.8 74.1 74.4 74.4
Room Humidity, %........................................ 40 38 38 33 42 38 40 36
Nominal Bone-Dry Weight, lb............................. 2 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Measured Bone-Dry Test Load Weight, lb.................. 1.99 2.99 4.99 7.00 8.99 10.98 13.01 15.01
Measured Dry Test Load Weight, lb....................... 2.05 3.06 5.17 7.99 9.11 11.56 13.57 15.71
Measured Wet Test Load Weight, lb....................... 3.40 5.10 8.50 11.89 15.34 18.98 22.04 25.56
Measured Energy Consumption, kWh........................ 0.953 1.159 1.593 2.112 2.667 3.250 3.796 4.384
Initial RMC, %.......................................... 70.30 70.67 70.52 69.99 70.67 72.81 69.35 70.34
Final RMC, %............................................ 2.84 2.48 3.73 2.88 1.28 5.27 4.29 4.67
Per-Cycle Energy Consumption, kWh....................... 0.970 1.167 1.637 2.160 2.638 3.303 4.005 4.582
EF, lb/kWh.............................................. 2.06 2.56 3.04 3.24 3.41 3.33 3.25 3.27
Percentage Change in EF Compared to 7-lb Test, %........ -36.6 -20.9 -6.0 0.0 5.2 2.7 0.3 1.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOE estimated the percentage change in EF for an 8.45-lb test load
by linearly interpolating the results for the 7-lb and 9-lb tests.
Using this method, the EF would increase by about 3.8 percent when
increasing the test load size from 7 lb to 8.45 lb. DOE believes that
this percentage change in EF can be applied to all vented standard-size
clothes dryer product classes because it believes the moisture removal
mechanisms are comparable among them. For these reasons, DOE believes
that the current energy conservation standards in terms of EF for
vented standard-size clothes dryer product classes would need to be
increased by 3.8 percent, based upon the proposed amendments to
increase the test load size to 8.45 .085 lb for standard-
size dryers. DOE would consider addressing this change in the
concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking for residential
clothes dryers, for which a final rule is scheduled for publication by
June 30, 2011. DOE welcomes comment and data on current clothes dryer
test load sizes and additional data showing the effects of changing the
clothes dryer test load size on the measured EF for both standard-size
and compact-size clothes dryers.
d. Room Air Conditioner Annual Operating Hours
The DOE test procedure currently assumes room air conditioners have
an average annual use of 750 hours. DOE's technical support document
from September 1997, issued in support of the most recent room air
conditioner energy conservation standards
[[Page 37633]]
rulemaking, shows that the average annual operational hours are closer
to 500 hours,\37\ which would yield approximately 33-percent lower
annual energy consumption than the annual energy consumption determined
using the 750 operational hours assumed in the current test procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\37\ U.S. Department of Energy, Technical Support Document for
Energy Conservation Standards for Room Air Conditioners. September
1997. Chapter 1, section 1.5. http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/room_ac.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AHAM commented in response to the October 2007 Framework Document
that the room air conditioner test procedure should be changed to
account for fewer annual operating hours. (AHAM, STD No. 8 at p. 2.)
The Joint Comment stated that DOE should update the room air
conditioner test procedure for annual operating hours to reflect the
best available information and to seek justification other than
manufacturer assertions. The Joint Comment suggested checking the New
York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) or the
New York Department of Public Service, which have considerable
ratepayer investments in changing out room air conditioners for more
efficient models, and analysis to support this program may include data
on hours of operation. (Joint Comment, STD No. 9 at p. 8) CEE also
believes that DOE should research the number of annual hours of usage
and does not believe that the hours have declined from 750 to 500. CEE
believes the number of annual hours is higher, citing a study by the
Northwest Power & Planning Council's Regional Technical Forum, which is
claimed to represent a low usage area, which found the average annual
operating hours to be 628. (CEE, STD No. 10 at p. 2.)
DOE recognizes the uncertainty regarding room air conditioner usage
patterns, and determined to investigate the annual hours of usage from
a range of information sources to develop as accurate an estimate of
annual operating hours as possible. DOE's investigation revealed a lack
of metered and survey data for the operating hours of individual room
air conditioners. DOE found that estimates of the annual operating
hours of use were often based on regional climatic data rather than
actual room air conditioner use. DOE did find two sources of survey
data on room air conditioner use in the EIA's 2005 RECS (and previous
versions) and the CEC California Statewide RASS. The CEC survey
contained only aggregated residential data, which limited any analysis
pertaining to the annual operating hours. Its regional scope also
limited the relevance of the data. EIA's 2005 RECS provides extensive
data on individual residences, while providing a more expansive and
representative sample of households. Thus, DOE continued its analysis
using EIA's 2005 RECS.
DOE reviewed data from the EIA's 2005 RECS to determine the annual
usage of room air conditioners. As noted above, RECS is a national
sample survey of housing units that collects statistical information on
the consumption of and expenditures for energy in housing units along
with data on energy-related characteristics of the housing units and
occupants. RECS provides enough information to establish the type
(i.e., product class) of room air conditioner used in each household,
the age of the product, and also provides an estimate of the
household's annual energy consumption attributable to the room air
conditioner. As a result, DOE was able to develop a household sample
for the annual hours of use of a room air conditioner, which was used
to calculate a weighted national average of room air conditioner usage
hours. The data in the 2005 RECS indicates that the estimated room air
conditioner average annual usage is 810 hours. This number of hours is
higher than the current 750 hours of the test procedure, and
significantly higher than the approximately 500 hours suggested by the
previous energy conservation standard rulemaking analysis.
An investigation of the 2005 cooling season covered by RECS
indicates that there were roughly 12-percent more cooling degree days
(CDD) in 2005 than the 30-year 1971 to 2000 average. CDD is a sum of
the difference between ambient temperature in [deg]F and 65 [deg]F for
every hour of the year that the ambient temperature is higher than 65
[deg]F for a given location, divided by 24 to convert from hours to
days; DOE used data on CDD from the National Solar Radiation Database
(NSRDB).\38\ The Annual Energy Outlook projections of CDD for the
future suggest that the higher level of CDD will continue.\39\ Hence,
the year 2005 can be considered representative of future climate, and
the predictions of annual hours based on the 2005 RECS is relevant
within a certain level of uncertainty. However, DOE does not consider
the increase of 60 hours from 750 hours to 810 hours to be significant,
because it does not exceed the uncertainty level associated with the
RECS-based approach for estimation of this value. Hence, DOE is not
proposing a change at this time in the annual operating hours used in
the test procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\38\ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Solar
Radiation Database 1991-2005 Update: User's Manual, 2007. Available
online at: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41364.pdf.
\39\ Energy Information Administration, 2006 State Energy
Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates (SEDS), 2006.
Washington, DC. Available online at: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
e. Room Air Conditioner Part-Load Performance
DOE noted in the October 2007 Framework Document that the current
DOE room air conditioner test procedure measures full-load performance,
and is not able to assess energy savings associated with technologies
which improve part-load performance. AHAM commented that the room air
conditioner test procedure should not include part-load performance or
seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) ratings, stating that these are
not realistic or applicable to room air conditioners. According to
AHAM, room air conditioners are a commodity item with a compressor that
operates only in on/off mode, and that consumers historically have not
been willing to pay for part-load performance options. (AHAM, STD No. 8
at p. 2; AHAM, Public Meeting Transcript, STD No. 4.6 at p. 24.) CEE
commented that peak-load performance is of greater significance for
room air conditioners than part-load performance. CEE recommended a
two-part reporting requirement based on both EER and SEER. CEE stated
that including part-load operation in the test procedure would have
more relevance for milder climates. (CEE, STD No. 10 at p. 2.) NRDC
commented that if just one energy-use metric is used, it should be EER,
since peak-load performance is most important for room air
conditioners, and because it is difficult to develop a SEER test
procedure that accurately reflects real-world performance. However,
NRDC recommended the use of two energy-use metrics--one for peak-load
performance and one for part-load performance. (NRDC, Public Meeting
Transcript, STD No. 4.6 at pp. 25-26.) ACEEE commented that a SEER
rating is not appropriate for room air conditioners due to their impact
on utility peak demand. (ACEEE, Public Meeting Transcript, STD No. 4.6
at p. 25.) Finally, the Joint Comment stated that there is no
compelling reason to change from an EER rating, and that if a SEER
rating is considered, it should be used in addition to EER. (Joint
Comment, STD No. 9 at p. 8.)
DOE has concluded that widespread use of part-load technology in
room air conditioners would probably not be stimulated by the
development of a part-
[[Page 37634]]
load metric, and, hence, the significant effort of development of an
accurate part-load metric is not likely to be warranted by the expected
minimal energy savings. A part-load metric would measure efficiency of
a product when operating at conditions other than maximum capacity and/
or with outdoor or indoor conditions cooler than currently used in the
DOE active mode energy test. In-field use of room air conditioners with
currently available technologies, when enough cooling is provided to
the space, any number of events can occur to prevent over-cooling: the
user may turn off the unit or adjust fan speed; or the controls might
turn off the compressor, turn off both the compressor and the fan, or
reduce fan speed. Delivery of cooling might be done more efficiently
with part-load technologies, such as a compressor that can adjust its
capacity rather than cycling on and off. However, sufficient
information is not available regarding use of room air conditioner
features to assess whether such alternative technologies would be cost
effective. While a part-load metric would be a different measurement,
it still measures the efficiency of the product's delivery of cooling.
The key design changes that improve full-load efficiency also improve
part-load efficiency, so the existing EER metric is already a strong
indication of product efficiency over a wide range of conditions. DOE
concludes that the argument to develop an additional test for part
load, or to change the room air conditioner metric to a part-load test,
is not supported by available information. Also, because any part-load
performance metric would address the same major function (cooling) as
EER, DOE cannot consider a two-part performance metric including a
part-load performance metric (42 U.S.C 6295 (o)(5)). Therefore, DOE
does not plan to consider amendments to its room air conditioner test
procedure to measure part-load performance.
f. Room Air Conditioner Ambient Test Conditions
DOE also considered whether the ambient test conditions in its test
procedure for room air conditioners are representative of typical
installations. The Joint Comment recommended increasing the ambient
temperature of the DOE energy test procedure from 95 [deg]F to 115
[deg]F, stating that room air conditioners are generally operated when
the outdoor temperatures are the highest, and that they are often
located on the south or west side of residences where the sun can shine
on them during operation. (Joint Comment, STD No. 9 at p. 9.) DOE did
not receive further information to support the specification of the
higher temperature, and, therefore, is not considering an amendment to
the ambient test conditions specified in the room air conditioner test
procedure at this time. DOE welcomes comment and data indicating
representative ambient test conditions for room air conditioners, and
how changes to the ambient test conditions would affect the measured
efficiency, in particular on units that minimally comply with current
energy conservation standards.
6. Room Air Conditioner Referenced Test Procedures
The room air conditioner test procedure cites two test standards
that are each at least 25 years old: (1) ANS Z234.1-1972 and (2) ASHRAE
Standard 16-69. Both the ANS (since renamed ANSI) and ASHRAE standards
have been updated since DOE last revised its room air conditioner test
procedure. The current standards are ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008 and ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009), respectively. Because it is likely
that any manufacturer rating it products is using the most recent test
standards, DOE suggested in the October 2007 Framework Document to
consider updating its test procedure to incorporate by reference the
most recent test standards. DOE sought comment on such a test procedure
revision.
AHAM and EEI both commented in response to the October 2007
Framework Document that the room air conditioner test procedure should
be amended to reference the most recent ANSI and ASHRAE test standards.
(AHAM, STD No. 8 at p. 2; EEI, STD No. 5 at p. 2.)
Based on these comments on the October 2007 Framework Document, DOE
reviewed the differences between the test standards currently
referenced by the DOE test procedure and the latest versions of these
standards in order to determine if amendments to reference the latest
ANSI and ASHRAE test standards are appropriate. DOE notes that the
sections that would be referenced in ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008 by the DOE
test procedure do not introduce any new changes in the measurement of
cooling capacity or power input. DOE also notes that the sections that
would be referenced in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) by the
DOE test procedure would introduce changes to the determination of
capacity, four new temperature measurements, and changes to the test
tolerances. DOE further notes that the referenced section numbers from
the old and current test standards are identical. The following
discussion details the differences between the test standards.
ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008 includes references to ``the latest editions
of ASHRAE Standard 16'' and ``ASHRAE Standard 58''\40\ while ANS
Z234.1-1972 cites ASHRAE Standard 16-1969. ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008 also
revised the wording of the ``Nameplate'' and ``Voltages for Standard
Measurement Test'' requirements in section 5 of ANS Z234.1-1972, and
included differences in rounding converted Celsius temperatures in the
tolerances listed in section 4 of ANS Z234.1-1972. However, these
changes do not measurably alter the measured efficiency from the value
that would be obtained using the existing DOE test procedure. ANSI/AHAM
RAC-1-R2008 also specifies different heating capacity test conditions
as compared to ANS Z234.1-1972. It increases the outdoor side
temperature from 45 [deg]F to 47 [deg]F, and specifies a maximum wet-
bulb temperature of 60 [deg]F for the indoor side, whereas ANS Z234.1-
1972 has no such requirement for the maximum wet-bulb temperature. DOE
notes that the changes to the heating capacity test conditions do not
affect the measurement and calculation of cooling capacity and EER.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\40\ ASHRAE Standard 58, ``Method of Testing for Rating Room Air
Conditioner and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Heating Capacity''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) requires reporting of four
additional temperatures that are not explicitly specified in ASHRAE
Standard 16-1969:
1. ``Wet-bulb temperature of air leaving room side of air
conditioner;''
2. ``Dry-bulb [* * *] temperature of air surrounding inner
compartments of balanced ambient calorimeter;''
3. ``Wet-bulb temperature of air surrounding inner compartments
of balanced ambient calorimeter;'' and
4. ``Dry-bulb temperature of air surrounding calibrated room
type calorimeter''
The first additional temperature allows for flexibility in
determining the condensate temperature measurement. The first
additional temperature can be assumed the temperature of the
condensate, since it is difficult to measure the temperature of the
condensed moisture being transferred within the room air conditioner.
This temperature is then used to calculate the ``enthalpy of condensed
moisture leaving the room-side compartment,'' which is an input for the
calculation of the cooling capacity. While ASHRAE Standard 16-1969
mentions that the ``wet-bulb temperature of the air leaving the air
conditioner'' may be used as the
[[Page 37635]]
temperature of the condensate, under the calculation of ``net total
room-cooling effect,'' it does not include this temperature in Table 2,
``Data to be recorded for cooling-capacity tests.'' ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) adds this temperature to Table 2.
The remaining temperatures measure the conditions outside of either
the calibrated room-side calorimeter set-up or the balanced ambient
calorimeter set-up, and assist in calculating the heat leakages in the
capacity calculation. The ``dry-bulb and wet-bulb air temperatures
surrounding [the] balanced ambient calorimeter'' are mentioned in Table
1 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) as part of the rating
conditions for the capacity test, but are not explicitly mentioned in
Table 2. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) adds these temperature
measurements and the ``dry-bulb temperature of air surrounding
calibrated room type calorimeter,'' which is the equivalent temperature
measurement for the calibrated room-type calorimeter introduced in
section 4 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) to Table 2.
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) also adds requirements for
periodic calibration of instruments and chambers to verify the accuracy
of the instruments and the performance of the indoor room-side
compartment. Section 6.1.1 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009)
states that ``the performance of the indoor room-side compartment''
should be verified according to industry standards ``at least every six
months.'' Section 5.7 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) also
adds the requirement to verify the accuracy of all instruments ``at
least annually'' according to recognized standards. These requirements
will add some burden to manufacturers but the low yearly occurrence
will limit the overall burden, while ensuring the accuracy and
repeatability of the test results.
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) also adjusts the tolerances
on the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures measurements used to support
calculation of airflow, to 1 [deg]F from 0.5 [deg]F. These temperature
measurements are used to determine the density of the air for
calculating the room-side calorimeter airflow. The change in required
tolerance for wet-bulb and dry-bulb air temperatures may have a slight
impact due the possible introduction of additional error of about 0.1
percent on the airflow measurements, but other measurement tolerances
have a greater impact on the value of the airflow measurements. In
particular, the differential pressure measurement tolerance of 0.005
inches of water listed in section 5.3.1 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983
(RA 2009) can introduce a larger uncertainty to the airflow
measurement, making the change in temperature tolerance negligible in
comparison. Thus, the effect on the measured airflow due to the change
in tolerances will be negligible.
Section 4.2.1 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) ``provides
a method for determining cooling capacity on the room side only,''
subject to restrictions, whereas ASHRAE Standard 16-1969 determines
cooling capacity using both room-side and outdoor-side calorimetry.
Section 4.2.1 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) also states,
``the outdoor-side capacity, if measured, provides a confirming test of
the cooling and dehumidifying effect.'' The room-side capacity
measurement is made independently of the outdoor-side measurement, and,
due to the additional calibration of the compartments detailed in
Section 6.1.1 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009), provides an
accurate and verifiable representation of the cooling capacity without
the outdoor-side capacity determination.
Section 6.1.3 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) also
introduces a correction factor based on the test room condition's
deviation from the standard barometric pressure of 29.92 inches (in.)
of mercury (Hg) (101 kilopascal (kPa)). Section 6.1.3 of ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009) states that the cooling capacity may be
increased 0.8 percent for each in. Hg below 29.92 in. Hg (0.24 percent
for each kPa below 101 kPa). This change would not impact the measured
efficiency of units tested at standard testing conditions. The capacity
correction factor provides manufacturers with more flexibility in the
test room conditions while normalizing results to standard conditions.
DOE further believes that additional changes in the methodology of
the test procedure introduced by ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA
2009), such as the ability to use one calibrated calorimeter instead of
two, will not measurably affect the measured EER and will provide
greater flexibility in the measurement of room air conditioner
parameters. Additional calibration of the instruments will have no
effect on the measured efficiency, but will instead ensure accuracy and
repeatability of testing results over time. The change in required
tolerance for wet-bulb and dry-bulb air temperatures may have a slight
impact on measured EER due the possible introduction of additional
error of 0.1 percent on the airflow measurements, but other measurement
tolerances already have a greater impact on the accuracy of the value
of the airflow measurements. Therefore, DOE believes this effect will
be negligible. DOE concludes that the updated test procedure would not
have a measurable impact on the measured efficiency of current room air
conditioners and units that complied with the energy conservation
standards for room air conditioners according to the current test
procedure are expected to be able to comply when tested according to
the proposed test procedure.
In sum, DOE has reviewed the most recent revisions of the
referenced test standards, ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008 and ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009), and has determined that incorporation by
reference of these versions provide more accurate and repeatable
measurements of capacity while providing greater flexibility to
manufacturers in selecting equipment and facilities, and does not add
any significant testing burden. Furthermore, these revisions would not
impact the measurement of EER for this equipment. DOE also believes
that manufacturers may already be using these updated standards in
their testing. Therefore, DOE is proposing in today's SNOPR to amend
the DOE test procedure to reference the relevant sections of ANSI/AHAM
RAC-1-R2008 and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009).
If DOE determines that the proposed amendments to reference the
updated room air conditioner test standards ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008 and
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009), discussed above, are not
appropriate for the DOE room air conditioner test procedure, DOE would
propose to correct the text regarding the referenced room air
conditioner test standards, as proposed in the December 2008 TP NOPR.
The room air conditioner test procedure currently references ASHRAE
Standard 16-69, ``Method of Testing for Rating Room Air Conditioners.''
The text in 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix F, section 1, however,
incorrectly identifies ASHRAE as ``American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning in Engineers.'' The actual name of
the referenced organization is ``American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.'' DOE proposed to correct
this reference in 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix F, section 1
(which is being redesignated as section 2 in the
[[Page 37636]]
proposed amendments) in the December 2008 TP NOPR. 73 FR 74639, 74650.
DOE did not receive any comments opposing this correction. Therefore,
DOE would continue to propose the above text corrections regarding the
referenced room air conditioner test standard if it decides not to
amend the DOE room air conditioner test procedure to reference ANSI/
AHAM RAC-1-R2008 and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009).
7. Clothes Dryer Referenced Test Procedure
The DOE clothes dryer test procedure currently references the
industry test standard AHAM Standard HLD-1-1974, ``AHAM Performance
Evaluation Procedure for Household Tumble Type Clothes Dryers'' (AHAM
Standard HLD-1-1974.) Specifically, the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure requires that the clothes dryer under test be restricted by
adding the AHAM exhaust simulator described in section 3.3.5 of AHAM
Standard HLD-1-1974. The AHAM test standard has been updated since DOE
established its clothes dryer test procedure. The current standard is
designated as AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009. Because it is likely that any
manufacturer rating it products is using the most recent test standard,
DOE considered potential amendments to its clothes dryer test procedure
to reference AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009. DOE notes that section 3.3.5.1
of AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009 regarding exhausting conditions provides
the same requirements for the exhaust simulator as required by AHAM
Standard HLD-1-1974. For this reason, DOE is proposing in today's SNOPR
to amend the DOE test procedure to reference AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009.
Because the requirements for the exhaust simulator would be the same,
DOE believes that the proposed amendments would not affect the EF
rating of residential clothes dryers and would not require revisions of
the existing energy conservation standards for these products.
DOE also recognizes that the newly issued AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009
allows for the optional use of a modified exhaust simulator, which is
included as a more convenient option than the exhaust simulator
originally specified for testing vented clothes dryers. The
requirements for the modified exhaust simulator are presented in
section 3.3.5.2 of AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009. The test standard notes
that only limited testing has been done to compare results using the
two exhaust simulators, and that users are invited to submit results
and comments for both options. Because this modified exhaust simulator
is new and limited data exists to compare the effects of using
different exhaust simulators, DOE will continue to require the standard
exhaust simulator currently referenced by the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure. However, DOE welcomes data from manufacturers comparing the
effects of the two exhaust simulators on the drying efficiency using
the DOE test procedure. DOE also welcomes comment on whether the test
procedure should be amended to allow for the optional modified exhaust
simulator.
Section 1.8 in the ``Definitions'' section of the DOE clothes dryer
test procedure also references an obsolete AHAM clothes dryer test
standard, AHAM Standard HLD-2EC, ``Test Method for Measuring Energy
Consumption of Household Tumble Type Clothes Dryers,'' December 1975.
No provisions of this test standard are currently used in DOE's test
procedure, and, therefore, DOE proposes to remove this reference. DOE
welcomes comment on this proposal.
8. Technical Correction for the Per-Cycle Gas Dryer Continuously
Burning Pilot Light Gas Energy Consumption
The equation provided under section 4.4 (``Per-cycle gas dryer
continuously burning pilot light gas energy consumption'') of the
current DOE clothes dryer test procedure contains a technical error in
the equation for calculation of the per-cycle gas dryer continuously
burning pilot light gas energy consumption, Eup, in Btu's
per cycle. Eup is the product of the following three
factors: (A) The cubic feet of gas consumed by the gas pilot in hour;
(B) the total number of hours per year the pilot is consuming gas while
the dryer is not operating in active mode (8,760 total hours per year
minus 140 hours per year the dryer operates in active mode) divided by
the representative average number of clothes dryer cycles in a year
(416); and (C) the corrected gas heat value. Part (B) of this equation
is currently incorrect, reading (8760--140/416) and missing the
appropriate parentheses. The equation should correctly subtract the
total number of hours per year the pilot is consuming gas while the
dryer is not operating in active mode from the number of hours per year
the dryer operates in active mode, before dividing by the average
number of dryer cycles in a year. The equation should read ((8760--
140)/416) to correctly calculate the per-cycle gas dryer continuously
burning pilot light gas energy consumption. Therefore, DOE proposes in
today's SNOPR to amend the equation, as discussed above, to correctly
calculate the per-cycle gas dryer continuously burning pilot light gas
energy consumption.
9. Clarification of Gas Supply Test Conditions for Gas Clothes Dryers
Section 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.2.2 of the DOE clothes dryer test procedure
specifies maintaining ``the gas supply to the clothes dryer at a normal
inlet test pressure immediately ahead of all controls at'' 7 to 10
inches of water column for natural gas or 11 to 13 inches of water
column for propane gas. DOE believes that the references to ``normal
inlet test pressure'' in sections 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.2.2 of its clothes
dryer test procedure, which are provided to specify natural gas and
propane supply pressure test conditions, respectively, may be confusing
as to what is meant by the term ``normal.'' DOE believes that such
language is not necessary because the gas supply pressure immediately
ahead of all controls is explicitly stated as either 7 to 10 inches
water column for natural gas or 11 to 13 inches of water column for
propane gas. Therefore, DOE proposes to revise the test pressure
conditions in sections 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.2.2 of the DOE clothes dryer
test procedure to specify maintaining ``the gas supply to the clothes
dryer immediately ahead of all controls at a pressure of '' 7 to 10
inches of water column for natural gas and 11 to 13 inches of water
column for propane gas.
DOE also believes that the specifications for a gas pressure
regulator in sections 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.2.2 of its clothes dryer test
procedure should clarify that the outlet pressure for a dryer equipped
with a pressure regulator for which the manufacturer specifies an
outlet pressure, should be approximately that recommended by the
manufacturer. DOE is proposing to make these minor revisions to the
language in these sections to clarify the outlet pressure conditions
for a dryer equipped with a gas pressure regulator.
D. Compliance With Other EPCA Requirements
1. Test Burden
Section 323(b)(3) of EPCA requires that ``[a]ny test procedures
prescribed or amended under this section shall be reasonably designed
to produce test results which measure energy efficiency, energy use * *
* or estimated annual operating cost of a covered product during a
representative average use cycle or period of use * * * and shall not
be unduly burdensome to conduct.'' (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) DOE
tentatively concluded in the December
[[Page 37637]]
2008 TP NOPR that amending the relevant DOE test procedures to
incorporate clauses regarding test conditions and methods found in IEC
Standard 62301 for measuring standby mode and off mode power
consumption, along with the proposed clarifications and text
corrections, would satisfy this requirement. 73 FR 74639, 74650 (Dec.
9, 2008)
For clothes dryers, AHAM supported the development of an empirical
factor, with appropriate energy units, that might be added to the
active energy-use measurements to account for the delay start and cycle
finished features, thereby eliminating the need for separate
measurements in these modes. AHAM added that, while assumptions would
still be involved in development of this type of factor, it would ease
the testing requirements and burden. (AHAM, TP No. 10 at p. 5)
Whirlpool believes that this proposed regulation would not be
burdensome, subject to the changes it suggested for the active,
standby, and off mode definitions (as discussed in section III.B.2) and
changes to the test procedure (as discussed in sections III.B.3 and
III.B.4). (Whirlpool, TP No. 9 at p. 4) For the reasons discussed in
section III.B.2, DOE is not proposing amendments to measure delay start
and cycle finished modes in the clothes dryer test procedure in today's
SNOPR, and is instead proposing simplified methodology in which the
energy use associated with delay start and cycle finished modes,
although determined to not be energy use in a standby mode, would be
approximated by the energy in inactive and off modes. Therefore, DOE
tentatively concludes that the proposed amendments to the clothes dryer
test procedures for measuring standby and off modes adopted in today's
SNOPR are not unduly burdensome.
AHAM commented that DOE's proposed ambient temperature of 74 [deg]F
for determining standby power for room air conditioners would
substantially increase the test burden, both in terms of time and
resources, resulting in higher testing costs. AHAM stated that
laboratories would require another facility to run the standby test
procedure due to the different ambient conditions. AHAM believes that
standby power should be measured at the same temperature conditions
used for determining active energy use of room air conditioners. (AHAM,
TP No. 10 at p. 5) GE also commented that the smaller tolerances for
ambient conditions, which are different from the conditions for cooling
performance testing, represent a testing burden. (GE, Public Meeting
Transcript, TP No. 8 at pp. 99-100) For the reasons noted in section
III.B.3, DOE is proposing to provide manufacturers flexibility in
setting the ambient conditions for standby mode and off mode testing.
The proposed amendments to the room air conditioner test procedure in
today's SNOPR specify maintaining the indoor test conditions at the
temperature required by section 4.2 of IEC Standard 62301. Further, if
the unit is tested in the cooling performance test chamber, the
proposed amendments allow the manufacturer to maintain the outdoor test
conditions either as specified for the DOE cooling test procedure or
according to section 4.2 of IEC Standard 62301. DOE notes that the
indoor temperature range for the cooling performance test falls within
the temperature range allowed by IEC Standard 62301 and, along with the
flexibility to the outdoor test conditions, would not require another
facility to run the standby and off mode tests. In addition, DOE is not
proposing amendments to the room air conditioner test procedure that
would measure energy use in delay start or off-cycle modes as discussed
in section III.B.2. For these reasons, DOE tentatively concludes that
the test conditions proposed in today's SNOPR are not unduly
burdensome, yet still produce representative standby mode and off mode
energy consumption measurements.
The proposed amendments to the DOE test procedure for clothes
dryers to test automatic termination control dryers are based upon an
international testing standard used to determine compliance with energy
conservation standards for clothes dryers in Australia. A number of
manufacturers that sell dryers in the United States also sell clothes
dryers in Australia, and, therefore, likely already test clothes dryers
according to this test standard. DOE believes that the proposed
amendments would not require testing methods and equipment that are
substantially different from the test methods and equipment in the
current DOE test procedures and, therefore, would not require
manufacturers to make a major investment in test facilities and new
equipment.
The proposed amendments to the DOE test procedure for residential
clothes dryers to test vent-less clothes dryers are based on an
international test standard used throughout the EU to determine
compliance with energy conservation standards. A number of
manufacturers that sell dryers in the United States also sell dryers in
the EU, and, therefore, likely already test clothes dryers according to
this test standard, which is very similar to the amended test procedure
proposed in today's SNOPR. DOE believes that the proposed amendments
would not require testing methods and equipment that are substantially
different from the test methods and equipment in the current DOE
clothes dryer test procedure.
DOE's proposed amendments to the clothes dryer test procedure, to
reflect current usage patterns and capabilities, do not substantially
change the testing procedures and methods such that they would become
burdensome to conduct. DOE's proposed amendments to change the number
of annual use cycles affects only the calculations of the per-cycle
continuously burning pilot light gas energy consumption and the
estimated annual operating cost for gas clothes dryers with such
pilots. The number of annual use cycles does not impact the testing
procedures themselves. The proposed amendments to change the initial
RMC from 70 percent to 47 percent are intended to reflect current
clothes loads after a wash cycle. DOE believes that such a change would
likely only require a moderately longer spin time during test load
preparation to achieve the proper lower moisture content, and that it
would not be unduly burdensome to conduct. Finally, the proposed
amendment to change the test load size for standard-size clothes dryers
from 7.00 lb .07 lb to 8.45 lb .085 lb,
respectively, would not impact the testing procedures themselves, and
would not require manufacturers to make any significant new investment
in test facilities and equipment. DOE believes that these proposed
amendments to the DOE clothes dryer test procedure would produce test
results that measure energy use of clothes dryers during a
representative average use cycle.
The proposed amendments to update the references to external
standards in the DOE room air conditioner test procedure are based on
the availability of revised standards representing current industry
practices and methods. The proposed amendments to reference ANSI/AHAM
RAC-1-R2008 do not introduce any new changes in the measurement of
cooling capacity or power input, while the proposed amendments to
reference ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-69 would introduce four new
temperature measurements, provide increased test tolerances, and allow
additional flexibility in the methodology for measuring capacity. These
proposed amendments would not require manufacturers to make any
significant new investment in test facilities and equipment, nor
require significant changes in the testing methodology.
[[Page 37638]]
For the reasons noted above, DOE has tentatively concluded that the
amendments to the active mode test procedures would produce
representative test results for both residential clothes dryers and
room air conditioners, and that testing under the test procedures would
not be unduly burdensome to conduct. Therefore, as discussed in section
III.C.6, DOE is proposing in today's SNOPR to amend the DOE test
procedure to reference the relevant sections of ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008
and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009).\41\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\41\ The DOE test procedure amendments reference ANSI/AHAM RAC-
1-R2008 sections 4, 5, 6.1, and 6.5, and state that these provisions
should be conducted in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 16-1983
(RA 2009).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Potential Incorporation of IEC Standard 62087
Section 325(gg)(2)(A) of the EISA 2007 amendments to EPCA directs
DOE to consider IEC Standard 62087 when amending test procedures to
include standby mode and off mode power measurements. (42 U.S.C.
6295(gg)(2)(A)) As discussed in section III.B.1 of this notice, DOE
reviewed IEC Standard 62087 ``Methods of measurement for the power
consumption of audio, video, and related equipment'' (Second Edition
2008-09) and determined that it would not be applicable to measuring
power consumption of electrical appliances such as clothes dryers and
room air conditioners. Therefore, DOE has determined that referencing
IEC Standard 62087 is not necessary for the proposed amendments to the
test procedures that are the subject of this rulemaking.
3. Integration of Standby Mode and Off Mode Energy Consumption Into the
Efficiency Metrics
Section 325(gg)(2)(A) requires that standby mode and off mode
energy consumption be ``integrated into the overall energy efficiency,
energy consumption, or other energy descriptor for each covered
product'' unless the current test procedures already fully account for
the standby mode and off mode energy consumption or if such an
integrated test procedure is technically infeasible. (42 U.S.C.
6295(gg)(2)(A)) For clothes dryers, today's SNOPR does not affect DOE's
proposal in the December 2008 TP NOPR to incorporate the standby and
off mode energy consumption into a ``per-cycle combined total energy
consumption expressed in kilowatt-hours'' and into an CEF, as discussed
in section III.B.5 of this notice. For room air conditioners, today's
SNOPR does not affect DOE's proposal in the December 2008 TP NOPR to
incorporate the standby and off mode energy consumption into a metric
for ``combined annual energy consumption'' and into an CEER, as
discussed in section III.B.5.
IV. Effects of Test Procedure Revisions on Compliance With Standards
As noted in section I, DOE must determine to what extent, if any,
the proposed test procedures would alter the measured energy efficiency
of covered products as determined under the existing test procedures.
If DOE determines that an amended test procedure would alter the
measured efficiency of a covered product, DOE must amend the applicable
energy conservation standard during the rulemaking carried out with
respect to such test procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e))
As noted above in section II, EPCA provides that amendments to the
test procedures to include standby mode and off mode energy consumption
will not determine compliance with previously established standards.
(U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(C)) Because the proposed amended test procedures
for standby mode and off mode energy consumption would not alter
existing measures of energy consumption or efficiency, these proposed
amendments would not affect a manufacturer's ability to demonstrate
compliance with previously established standards.
Based on DOE's review of the proposed amendments to the DOE clothes
dryer active mode test procedure in today's SNOPR, DOE believes that
only the revisions to the initial RMC, described in section III.C.5.b,
and the changes to the standard-size dryer test load sizes, described
in section III.C.5.c, would affect the measured EF as compared to the
existing test procedure. Based upon DOE testing and analysis of
minimally compliant clothes dryers and review of available research,
DOE believes that the proposed amendments to the initial RMC would
increase the measured EF of minimally compliant clothes dryers by 41
percent, while the proposed amendments to the test load size for
standard-size clothes dryers would increase the measured EF by 3.8
percent. Because of the proposed amendments in today's SNOPR, the
measured EF of minimally compliant clothes dryers would increase by
about 41 percent for compact-size clothes dryers and about 46 percent
for standard-size clothes dryers. Table 0.1 shows how the current
energy conservation standards would be affected by the proposed
amendments to the DOE clothes dryer test procedure. DOE will consider
such changes in the concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking
for clothes dryers and room air conditioners.
Table 0.1--Energy Factor of a Minimally Compliant Clothes Dryer With the
Current and Proposed Amended Test Procedure
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Energy factor (lb/kWh)
-------------------------------------
Product class Current test Proposed amended
procedure test procedure
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Electric, Standard (4.4 ft\3\ 3.01 4.39
or greater capacity).............
2. Electric, Compact (120 v) (less 3.13 4.41
than 4.4 ft\3\ capacity).........
3. Electric, Compact (240 v) (less 2.90 4.09
than 4.4 ft\3\ capacity).........
4. Gas............................ 2.67 3.90
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Because the proposed clothes dryer test procedure amendments for
active mode would substantially change the existing EF metric, DOE has
tentatively decided to create a new appendix D1 in 10 CFR 430 subpart B
for informational purposes only. Such an appendix would contain a
clothes dryer test procedure that manufacturers would be required to
use on the mandatory compliance date of amended clothes dryer energy
conservation standards. The final rule for the clothes dryer energy
conservation standards rulemaking is due to be delivered to the Federal
Register on June 30, 2011, and will have a compliance date 3 years
later. Manufacturers must continue to use
[[Page 37639]]
appendix D to subpart B of part 430 for clothes dryers until the energy
conservation standards at 10 CFR 430.32(h) are amended to require
mandatory compliance using appendix D1.
Because DOE's review of the proposed room air conditioner test
procedure amendments tentatively concluded that the measured EER would
not be affected, manufacturers must continue to use appendix F to
measure room air conditioner active mode energy use. Manufacturers
would not be required to use the proposed provisions for standby mode
and off mode energy use (specifically, sections 2.2, 3.2, 4.2, and 5.3)
until the mandatory compliance date of amended room air conditioner
energy conservation standards.
All representations related to standby mode and off mode energy
consumption of both clothes dryers and room air conditioners made 180
days after the date of publication of the test procedures final rule in
the Federal Register and before the compliance date of amended energy
conservation standards must be based upon the standby mode and off mode
requirements of the amended test procedures (for clothes dryers,
appendix D1 and for room air conditioners, amended appendix F.)
V. Procedural Requirements
A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
Today's proposed regulatory action is not a ``significant
regulatory action'' under section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866,
Regulatory Planning and Review, 58 FR 51735 (Oct. 4, 1993).
Accordingly, this proposed action was not subject to review under the
Executive Order by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
(OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires
preparation of an initial regulatory flexibility analysis for any rule
that by law must be proposed for public comment, unless the agency
certifies that the proposed rule, if promulgated, will not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
As required by Executive Order 13272, ``Proper Consideration of Small
Entities in Agency Rulemaking,'' 67 FR 53461 (Aug. 16, 2002), DOE
published procedures and policies on February 19, 2003, to ensure that
the potential impacts of its rules on small entities are properly
considered during the rulemaking process. 68 FR 7990. DOE's procedures
and policies may be viewed on the Office of the General Counsel's Web
site (http://www.gc.doe.gov).
DOE reviewed today's SNOPR under the provisions of the Regulatory
Flexibility Act and the procedures and policies published on February
19, 2003. This SNOPR prescribes amendments to test procedures that
would be used to test compliance with energy conservation standards for
the products that are the subject of this rulemaking; these amendments
are described in detail elsewhere in the preamble. DOE tentatively
certifies that this SNOPR would not have a significant impact on a
substantial number of small entities. The factual basis for this
certification is as follows.
The Small Business Administration (SBA) considers an entity to be a
small business if, together with its affiliates, it employs less than a
threshold number of workers specified in 13 CFR part 121. The
thresholds set forth in these regulations are based on size standards
and codes established by the North American Industry Classification
System (NAICS).\42\ The threshold number for NAICS classification for
335224, which applies to household laundry equipment manufacturers and
includes clothes dryer manufacturers, is 1,000 employees. Additionally,
the threshold number for NAICS classification for 335224, which applies
to air conditioning and warm air heating equipment and commercial and
industrial refrigeration equipment, is 750 employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\42\ For more information visit: http://www.sba.gov/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Most of the manufacturers supplying clothes dryers and room air
conditioners are large multinational corporations. As part of the
energy conservation standards rulemaking for residential clothes dryers
and room air conditioners, DOE requested comment on whether there are
any manufacturer subgroups, including potential small businesses, that
it should consider for its analyses. However, DOE did not receive any
comments regarding whether there are any residential clothes dryer or
room air conditioner manufacturers that would be considered small
businesses. Searches of the SBA Web site \43\ to identify manufacturers
within NAICS code 335224 that produce clothes dryers revealed only one
potential small business that could be affected by these proposed test
procedure amendments. DOE also investigated manufacturers registered as
small businesses under NAICS codes 333415 for room air conditioners,
and only one small business was identified that could be affected by
these proposed test procedure amendments, out of approximately 10
manufacturers supplying room air conditioners in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\43\ A searchable database of certified small businesses is
available online at: http://dsbs.sba.gov/dsbs/search/dsp_dsbs.cfm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The amendments set forth in today's SNOPR for standby and off mode
energy use to adopt definitions of modes based on the relevant
provisions from IEC Standard 62301 CDV do not impose additional impacts
beyond those discussed in the December 2008 TP NOPR to amend DOE's test
procedures by incorporating testing provisions to address standby mode
and off mode energy consumption. DOE tentatively concluded in the
December 2008 TP NOPR that the proposed measures would not have a
significant impact on either small or large manufacturers under the
provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act for the reasons set forth
below.
The tests to measure standby and off mode can be conducted in the
same facilities used for the current energy testing of these products,
so there would be no additional facilities costs required by the
proposed rule. The power meter required for these tests might require
greater accuracy than the power meter used for current energy testing,
but the investment required for a possible instrumentation upgrade
would likely be relatively modest--on the order of two thousand dollars
per power meter--for small manufacturers with lower market share that
may require as few as one power meter because they have fewer units to
test. This cost is small compared to the overall financial investment
needed to undertake the business enterprise of testing consumer
products which involves facilities, qualified staff, and specialized
equipment.
The duration of the standby and off mode testing is not expected to
exceed the time required to conduct current energy testing. The
proposed standby and off mode test could begin immediately following
the active mode efficiency test and therefore, would not require
additional set up, instrumentation, or waiting period. The testing
official could run simultaneous tests on other units and simply record
the results of the test at the end of the standby period. For these
reasons, DOE believes that these requirements for equipment and time to
conduct the additional tests would not be expected to impose a
significant economic impact on affected small businesses.
Accordingly, DOE stated that it did not believe that the proposed
rule
[[Page 37640]]
would have a significant economic impact on entities subject to the
applicable testing requirements. 73 FR 74639, 74651-52 (Dec. 9, 2008).
DOE received no comments on this issue. Because DOE believes that the
proposed amendments to address standby mode and off mode energy
consumption in today's SNOPR would not impose additional impacts beyond
those that would be imposed by the amendments proposed in the December
2008 TP NOPR, DOE believes that the amendments in today's SNOPR
regarding standby mode and off mode would not have a significant
economic impact on the small entities subject to the applicable testing
requirements.
The proposed rule in today's SNOPR would also amend DOE's active
mode test procedures for clothes dryers and room air conditioners by:
(1) Providing a clothes dryer testing procedure to properly account for
automatic cycle termination; (2) providing a clothes dryer testing
procedure for vent-less clothes dryers; (3) revising the clothes dryer
and room air conditioner test procedures to reflect current usage
patterns and capabilities; and (4) incorporating references to current
external test standards for room air conditioners and clothes dryers.
These proposed amendments to the test procedures can be conducted in
the same facilities used for the current energy testing of these
products, and because all manufacturers of vent-less clothes dryers
which DOE identified also produce vented clothes dryers, no new
investments would be required for the proposed addition of vent-less
clothes dryers as covered products. In addition, the test time and
equipment required for the proposed testing of automatic cycle
termination are comparable to those for the existing clothes dryer test
procedure. Further, the proposed adjustments to load size and initial
RMC would require relatively minor changes in test materials and
extraction time, respectively, and other proposed amendments to reflect
current usage patterns and capabilities are reflected in changes to the
calculations, which do not have a time impact. The proposed amendments
to reference the current external clothes dryer test standard would
reference the same procedures and equipment as the test standard
referenced by the existing DOE clothes dryer test procedure. Finally,
DOE recognizes that the proposed amendments to reference the current
external room air conditioner test standards would add requirements for
additional calibration of test instruments (at least once every six
months). DOE estimates that such calibration would cost on the order of
1,000 to 1,500 dollars per year. Thus, such requirements for equipment
and time to conduct the additional tests would not be expected to
impose a significant economic impact. Accordingly, DOE does not believe
that the proposed rule would have a significant economic impact on
entities subject to the applicable testing requirements.
For these reasons, DOE tentatively concludes and certifies that
today's SNOPR would not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. Accordingly, DOE has not prepared
a regulatory flexibility analysis for this rulemaking. DOE will
transmit the certification and supporting statement of factual basis to
the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA for review under 5 U.S.C.
605(b).
C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
This rule contains a collection-of-information requirement subject
to the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) which has been approved by OMB
under control number 1910-1400. Public reporting burden for compliance
reporting for energy conservation standards is estimated to average 30
hours per response, including the time for reviewing instructions,
searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data
needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information.
Send comments regarding this burden estimate, or any other aspect of
this data collection, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to
DOE (see ADDRESSES) and by e-mail to [email protected].
Notwithstanding any other provision of the law, no person is
required to respond to, nor shall any person be subject to a penalty
for failure to comply with, a collection of information subject to the
requirements of the PRA, unless that collection of information displays
a currently valid OMB Control Number.
D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
In this notice, DOE is proposing test procedure amendments that it
expects would be used to develop and implement future energy
conservation standards for clothes dryers and room air conditioners.
DOE has determined that this rule falls into a class of actions that
are categorically excluded from review under the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and DOE's implementing
regulations at 10 CFR part 1021. Specifically, this rule amends an
existing rule without changing its environmental effect, and,
therefore, is covered by the Categorical Exclusion in 10 CFR part 1021,
subpart D, paragraph A5, which applies because this rule would
establish revisions to existing test procedures that would not affect
the amount, quality, or distribution of energy usage, and, therefore,
would not result in any environmental impacts. Accordingly, neither an
environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement is
required.
E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism,'' imposes certain requirements
on agencies formulating and implementing policies or regulations that
preempt State law or that have Federalism implications. 64 FR 43255
(Aug. 10, 1999). The Executive Order requires agencies to examine the
constitutional and statutory authority supporting any action that would
limit the policymaking discretion of the States, and to carefully
assess the necessity for such actions. The Executive Order also
requires agencies to have an accountable process to ensure meaningful
and timely input by State and local officials in the development of
regulatory policies that have Federalism implications. On March 14,
2000, DOE published a statement of policy describing the
intergovernmental consultation process that it will follow in
developing such regulations. 65 FR 13735. DOE examined this proposed
rule and determined that it would not preempt State law and would not
have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the relationship
between the national government and the States, or on the distribution
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.
EPCA governs and prescribes Federal preemption of State regulations as
to energy conservation for the products that are the subject of today's
proposed rule. States can petition DOE for exemption from such
preemption to the extent, and based on criteria, set forth in EPCA. (42
U.S.C. 6297(d)) Therefore, Executive Order 13132 requires no further
action.
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
Regarding the review of existing regulations and the promulgation
of new regulations, section 3(a) of Executive Order 12988, ``Civil
Justice Reform,'' 61 FR 4729 (Feb. 7, 1996), imposes on Federal
agencies the general duty to adhere to the following requirements: (1)
Eliminate drafting errors and ambiguity; (2) write
[[Page 37641]]
regulations to minimize litigation; (3) provide a clear legal standard
for affected conduct rather than a general standard; and (4) promote
simplification and burden reduction. Section 3(b) of Executive Order
12988 specifically requires that Executive agencies make every
reasonable effort to ensure that the regulation specifies the
following: (1) The preemptive effect, if any; (2) any effect on
existing Federal law or regulation; (3) a clear legal standard for
affected conduct while promoting simplification and burden reduction;
(4) the retroactive effect, if any; (5) definitions of key terms; and
(6) other important issues affecting clarity and general draftsmanship
under any guidelines issued by the Attorney General. Section 3(c) of
Executive Order 12988 requires Executive agencies to review regulations
in light of applicable standards in sections 3(a) and 3(b) to determine
whether they are met or whether it is unreasonable to meet one or more
of them. DOE has completed the required review and determined that, to
the extent permitted by law, this proposed rule meets the relevant
standards of Executive Order 12988.
G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (Pub.
L. 104-4; 2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) requires each Federal agency to assess
the effects of Federal regulatory actions on State, local, and Tribal
governments and the private sector. For a proposed regulatory action
likely to result in a rule that may cause the expenditure by State,
local, and Tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private
sector of $100 million or more in any one year (adjusted annually for
inflation), section 202 of UMRA requires a Federal agency to publish
estimates of the resulting costs, benefits, and other effects on the
national economy. (2 U.S.C. 1532(a), (b)) UMRA also requires a Federal
agency to develop an effective process to permit timely input by
elected officers of State, local, and Tribal governments on a proposed
``significant intergovernmental mandate,'' and requires an agency plan
for giving notice and opportunity for timely input to potentially
affected small governments before establishing any requirements that
might significantly or uniquely affect such governments. On March 18,
1997, DOE published a statement of policy on its process for
intergovernmental consultation under UMRA. 62 FR 12820. (The policy is
also available at http://www.gc.doe.gov). Today's proposed rule
contains neither an intergovernmental mandate nor a mandate that may
result in an expenditure of $100 million or more in any year, so these
requirements do not apply.
H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act,
1999
Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a Family
Policymaking Assessment for any rule that may affect family well-being.
Today's proposed rule would not have any impact on the autonomy or
integrity of the family as an institution. Accordingly, DOE has
concluded that it is not necessary to prepare a Family Policymaking
Assessment.
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
DOE has determined, under Executive Order 12630, ``Governmental
Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property
Rights,'' 53 FR 8859 (March 18, 1988), that this proposed regulation
would not result in any takings that might require compensation under
the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
J. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act,
2001
Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations
Act, 2001 (44 U.S.C. 3516 note) provides for agencies to review most
disseminations of information to the public under guidelines
established by each agency pursuant to general guidelines issued by
OMB. OMB's guidelines were published at 67 FR 8452 (Feb. 22, 2002), and
DOE's guidelines were published at 67 FR 62446 (Oct. 7, 2002). DOE has
reviewed today's notice under OMB and DOE guidelines and has concluded
that it is consistent with applicable policies in those guidelines.
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use,'' 66 FR 28355
(May 22, 2001), requires Federal agencies to prepare and submit to OIRA
a Statement of Energy Effects for any proposed significant energy
action. A ``significant energy action'' is defined as any action by an
agency that promulgates or is expected to lead to promulgation of a
final rule, and that: (1) Is a significant regulatory action under
Executive Order 12866, or any successor order; and (2) is likely to
have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use
of energy; or (3) is designated by the Administrator of OIRA as a
significant energy action. For any proposed significant energy action,
the agency must give a detailed statement of any adverse effects on
energy supply, distribution, or use if the proposal is implemented, and
of reasonable alternatives to the action and their expected benefits on
energy supply, distribution, and use. Today's proposed regulatory
action is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order
12866. It has likewise not been designated as a significant energy
action by the Administrator of OIRA. Moreover, it would not have a
significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of
energy. Therefore, it is not a significant energy action, and,
accordingly, DOE has not prepared a Statement of Energy Effects.
L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act of
1974
Under section 301 of the DOE Organization Act (Pub. L. 95-91; 42
U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), DOE must comply with section 32 of the Federal
Energy Administration Act of 1974, as amended by the Federal Energy
Administration Authorization Act of 1977 (FEAA). (15 U.S.C. 788)
Section 32 essentially provides in part that, where a proposed rule
authorizes or requires use of commercial standards, the rulemaking must
inform the public of the use and background of such standards. In
addition, section 32(c) requires DOE to consult with the Attorney
General and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
concerning the impact of the commercial or industry standards on
competition.
The proposed modifications to the test procedures addressed by this
proposed action incorporate testing methods contained in the commercial
standard, IEC Standard 62301. Specifically DOE is proposing to
incorporate from section 4, (``General conditions for measurements''),
paragraph 4.2, ``Test room,'' paragraph 4.3, ``Power supply.''
paragraph 4.4, ``Supply voltage waveform,'' and paragraph 4.5, ``Power
measurement accuracy,'' and from section 5 (``Measurements''),
paragraph 5.1, ``General'' and paragraph 5.3, ``Procedure'' of IEC
Standard 62301. DOE has evaluated this standard and is unable to
conclude whether it fully complies with the requirements of section
32(b) of the FEAA (i.e., whether it was developed in a manner that
fully provides for public participation, comment, and review.) DOE will
consult with the Attorney General and
[[Page 37642]]
the Chairman of the FTC about the impact on competition of using the
methods contained in this standard, before prescribing a final rule.
VI. Public Participation
A. Attendance at the Public Meeting
The time, date, and location of the public meeting are listed in
the DATES and ADDRESSES sections at the beginning of this SNOPR. To
attend the public meeting, please notify Ms. Brenda Edwards at (202)
586-2945. As explained in the ADDRESSES section, foreign nationals
visiting DOE Headquarters are subject to advance security screening
procedures.
B. Procedure for Submitting Requests to Speak
Any person who has an interest in today's notice, or who is a
representative of a group or class of persons that has an interest in
these issues, may request an opportunity to make an oral presentation
at the public meeting. Such persons may hand-deliver requests to speak
to the address shown in the ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this
notice between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal
holidays. Requests may also be sent by mail or e-mail to: Ms. Brenda
Edwards, U.S. Department of Energy, Building Technologies Program,
Mailstop EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585-
0121, or [email protected]. Persons who wish to speak should
include in their request a computer diskette or CD in WordPerfect,
Microsoft Word, PDF, or text (ASCII) file format that briefly describes
the nature of their interest in this rulemaking and the topics they
wish to discuss. Such persons should also provide a daytime telephone
number where they can be reached.
DOE requests persons scheduled to make an oral presentation to
submit an advance copy of their statements at least one week before the
public meeting. DOE may permit persons who cannot supply an advance
copy of their statement to participate, if those persons have made
advance alternative arrangements with the Building Technologies
Program. Requests to give an oral presentation should ask for such
alternative arrangements.
C. Conduct of Public Meeting
DOE will designate a DOE official to preside at the public meeting
and may use a professional facilitator to aid discussion. The meeting
will not be a judicial or evidentiary-type public hearing, but DOE will
conduct it in accordance with section 336 of EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6306). A
court reporter will be present to record the proceedings and prepare a
transcript. DOE reserves the right to schedule the order of
presentations and to establish the procedures governing the conduct of
the public meeting. After the public meeting, interested parties may
submit further comments on the proceedings as well as on any aspect of
the rulemaking until the end of the comment period.
The public meeting will be conducted in an informal, conference
style. DOE will present summaries of comments received before the
public meeting, allow time for presentations by participants, and
encourage all interested parties to share their views on issues
affecting this rulemaking. Each participant will be allowed to make a
prepared general statement (within time limits determined by DOE),
before the discussion of specific topics. DOE will permit other
participants to comment briefly on any general statements. At the end
of all prepared statements on each specific topic, DOE will permit
participants to clarify their statements briefly and to comment on
statements made by others.
Participants should be prepared to answer DOE's and other
participants' questions. DOE representatives may also ask participants
about other matters relevant to this rulemaking. The official
conducting the public meeting will accept additional comments or
questions from those attending, as time permits. The presiding official
will announce any further procedural rules or modification of the above
procedures that may be needed for the proper conduct of the public
meeting.
DOE will make the entire record of this proposed rulemaking,
including the transcript from the public meeting, available for
inspection at the U.S. Department of Energy, 6th Floor, 950 L'Enfant
Plaza, SW., Washington, DC 20024, (202) 586-2945, between 9 a.m. and 4
p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Copies of the
transcript are available for purchase from the transcribing reporter.
D. Submission of Comments
DOE will accept comments, data, and information regarding the
proposed rule before or after the public meeting, but no later than the
date provided at the beginning of this notice. Comments, data, and
information submitted to DOE's e-mail address for this rulemaking
should be provided in WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, PDF, or text (ASCII)
file format. Interested parties should avoid the use of special
characters or any form of encryption, and wherever possible, comments
should include the electronic signature of the author. Comments, data,
and information submitted to DOE via mail or hand delivery/courier
should include one signed original paper copy. No telefacsimiles
(faxes) will be accepted.
Pursuant to 10 CFR 1004.11, any person submitting information that
he or she believes to be confidential and exempt by law from public
disclosure should submit two copies: One copy of the document that
includes all of the information believed to be confidential, and one
copy of the document with that information deleted. DOE will determine
the confidential status of the information and treat it accordingly.
Factors of interest to DOE when evaluating requests to treat
submitted information as confidential include: (1) A description of the
items; (2) whether and why such items are customarily treated as
confidential within the industry; (3) whether the information is
generally known by or available from other sources; (4) whether the
information was previously made available to others without obligation
concerning its confidentiality; (5) an explanation of the competitive
injury to the submitting person that would result from public
disclosure; (6) when such information might lose its confidential
character due to the passage of time; and (7) why disclosure of the
information would be contrary to the public interest.
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment
DOE is particularly interested in receiving comments and views of
interested parties on the following issues:
1. Incorporation of IEC Standard 62301. DOE invites comment on
the adequacy of IEC Standard 62301 to measure standby power for
clothes dryers and room air conditioners in general, and on the
suitability of incorporating into DOE regulations the following
specific provisions from IEC Standard 62301: Section 4 (``General
conditions for measurements''), paragraph 4.2, ``Test room,'',
paragraph 4.3 ``Power supply'' (for room air conditioners only),
paragraph 4.4, ``Supply voltage waveform,'' and paragraph 4.5,
``Power measurement accuracy,'' and section 5 (``Measurements''),
paragraph 5.1, ``General'' and paragraph 5.3, ``Procedure.'' (See
section III.B.1.)
2. ``Standby mode'' definitions. DOE invites comment on the
proposed definition of ``standby mode,'' which is based on the
definition provided in IEC Standard 62301 CDV. (See section
III.B.2.)
3. Clothes dryer standby modes. DOE invites comment on the
establishment of inactive mode as the only standby mode for clothes
dryers and the determination that delay start mode and cycle
finished mode would not be considered standby modes. DOE further
invites comment on the
[[Page 37643]]
proposed mode definitions and on the question of whether there are
any modes consistent with the ``active mode,'' ``standby mode,'' or
``off mode'' definitions under the proposed definitions that have
not been identified and that can represent significant energy use.
(See section III.B.2.)
4. Room air conditioner standby modes. DOE invites comment on
the establishment of inactive mode as the only standby mode for room
air conditioners and the determination that delay start mode and
off-cycle mode would not be considered standby modes. DOE further
invites comment on the proposed mode definitions and on the question
of whether there are any modes consistent with the ``active mode,''
``standby mode,'' or ``off mode'' definitions under the proposed
definitions that have not been identified and that can represent
significant energy use. (See section III.B.2.)
5. Network mode. DOE welcomes comment on whether clothes dryers
and room air conditioners are currently available that incorporate a
networking function and whether definitions and testing procedures
for a network mode should be incorporated into the DOE test
procedure. DOE also requests comment on appropriate methodologies
for measuring energy consumption in a network mode, and data on the
results and repeatability of such testing methodology. (See section
III.B.2.)
6. Test room conditions. DOE requests comment on the proposed
room ambient temperature range for standby mode and off mode power
measurements for room air conditioners and clothes dryers. (See
section III.B.3.)
7. Energy-use calculation for standby mode and off mode for
clothes dryers. DOE invites comment on the approach for determining
total energy use for standby mode and off mode for clothes dryers,
including its accuracy and test burden. DOE also invites comment and
requests data on the estimates for annual hours associated with each
mode, including the 140 hours specified by the current test
procedure for active mode (drying). (See section III.B.4.a.)
8. Energy-use calculation for standby mode and off mode for room
air conditioners. DOE invites comment on the approach for
determining total energy use for standby mode and off mode for room
air conditioners, including its accuracy and test burden. DOE also
invites comment and requests data on the estimates for annual hours
associated with each mode, including the estimate of ``unplugged''
time. (See section III.B.4.b.)
9. Clothes dryer testing procedures to account for automatic
cycle termination. DOE invites comment on the adequacy of AS/NZS
Standard 2442, along with proposed definitions and clarifications,
to measure energy consumption for timer and automatic termination
control clothes dryers to account for over-drying energy
consumption. DOE further invites comments on whether the proposed FU
factor credits for timer and automatic termination control dryers,
along with the revised calculations for per-cycle energy
consumption, are appropriate. In addition, DOE welcomes comment on
whether a final RMC of 5 percent is appropriate, and, if not, what a
representative final RMC would be. DOE also welcomes data from
dryers tested according to the proposed test procedure, in
particular for units which minimally comply with current energy
conservation standards, as well as data showing whether one sensor
technology is more accurate, and reduces over-drying, than another.
(See section III.C.2.)
10. Water temperature for clothes dryer test load preparation.
DOE invites comment on whether the existing water temperature of
100[deg] 5 [deg]F for test load preparation in the
existing test procedure is representative of consumer usage habits,
and, if not, what would be a representative value. DOE also requests
data quantifying how changes to the water temperature for clothes
dryer test load preparation would affect the measured efficiency as
compared to the existing DOE test procedure, in particular for those
units that are minimally compliant with current energy conservation
standards.
11. Cycles and settings for timer dryer and automatic
termination control dryer testing. DOE invites comment on whether
using the maximum temperature setting for timer dryers is
representative of current consumer usage habits. DOE also invites
comment on whether the proposed cycles and settings for the
automatic termination control dryer tests are representative of
current consumer usage habits. DOE requests comment on whether
multiple cycles and settings should be tested and how the results
from those multiple tests should be evaluated, and if so, how
testing multiple cycles and settings would affect the measured
efficiency as compared to the existing DOE clothes dryer test
procedure. (See section III.C.2.)
12. Cool-down period for automatic termination control dryer
testing. DOE welcomes comment on whether the cool-down period should
be included as part of the active mode test cycle for automatic
termination control dryers. In addition, DOE also welcomes data
quantifying how including the cool-down period in the test cycle
would affect the measured efficiency of clothes dryers as compared
to the existing DOE test procedure, in particular for those units
that are minimally compliant with current energy conservation
standards. (See section III.C.2.)
13. Incorporation of testing procedures for vent-less clothes
dryers. DOE invites comment on the adequacy of proposed definitions
and installation conditions for vent-less clothes dryers, which are
based upon the alternate test procedure adopted in the LG Petition
for Waiver. DOE further invites comment on the proposed additional
clarifications to the installation conditions, condensation boxes,
dryer preconditioning, and testing conditions based on EN Standard
61121 and Whirlpool's proposed amendments. Finally, DOE requests
comment and data on the water consumption of vent-less clothes
dryers and if measurement of water consumption should be included in
the DOE clothes dryer test procedure. (See section III.C.3.)
14. Number of valid clothes dryer test cycles. DOE invites
comment and data suggesting that test-to-test variation is
sufficient to warrant a requirement for more than one clothes dryer
test cycle. (See section III.C.3)
15. Detergent specifications for test cloth preconditioning. DOE
invites comment on the proposed revisions to the detergent
formulation and dosage specifications, requiring 60.8 g of AHAM
standard test detergent Formula 3 for clothes dryer test cloth
preconditioning. DOE also welcomes data showing the effects of
changing the detergent specifications for test cloth preconditioning
on the measured EF for clothes dryers. (See section III.C.4)
16. Clothes dryer number of annual use cycles. DOE seeks comment
on the proposed amendment to change the number of clothes dryer
annual use cycles to 283 cycles for all product classes of clothes
dryers based upon data from the 2005 RECS. (See section III.C.5.a.)
17. Clothes dryer initial remaining moisture content. DOE seeks
comment on the proposed amendments to the DOE clothes dryer test
procedure to change the initial RMC to 47 percent 3.5
percent to reflect current consumer usage habits, based on the
trends of the shipment-weighted average RMC of clothes washers shown
in data submitted by AHAM. DOE further welcomes comment and data
indicating an appropriate initial RMC and how that initial RMC would
affect the measured EF of clothes dryers, in particular units that
are minimally compliant with current energy conservation standards.
(See section III.C.5.b.)
18. Clothes Dryer Test Load Weight. DOE seeks comment on the
proposed amendments to the DOE clothes dryer test procedure to
change the clothes dryer test load size to 8.45 lb .085
lb for standard-size dryers. DOE also welcomes data on clothes
washer and clothes dryer test load sizes representative of current
consumer usage habits for both compact-size and standard-size units.
DOE further requests data on how any changes in test load size would
affect the measured EF of clothes dryers, in particular units that
are minimally compliant with current energy conservation standards.
(See section III.C.5.c.)
19. Room air conditioner annual operating hours. DOE seeks
comment on the determination that the 750 annual operating hours
specified by the current DOE test procedure for room air
conditioners is still representative based upon data from the 2005
RECS. (See section III.C.5.d.)
20. Room air conditioner ambient test conditions. DOE invites
comment and data indicating representative ambient test conditions
for the DOE room air conditioner test procedure. DOE further
requests data showing how any changes to the ambient conditions
would affect the measured EER of room air conditioners, in
particular units that are minimally compliant with current energy
conservation standards. (See section III.C.5.f.)
21. Room air conditioner referenced test procedures. DOE invites
comment on the proposed amendments to update the references in the
DOE room air conditioner test procedure to reference the latest ANSI
and ASHRAE test standards, ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008 and ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 16-1983 (RA 2009). (See section III.C.6.)
22. Clothes dryer referenced test procedure. DOE invites comment
on the proposed amendments to update the reference in the DOE
clothes dryer test procedure to reference
[[Page 37644]]
the latest AHAM clothes dryer test standard, AHAM Standard HLD-1-
2009, and to eliminate the reference to obsolete AHAM Standard HLD-
2EC. DOE also invites comment on whether the optional modified
exhaust simulator in AHAM Standard HLD-1-2009 is appropriate for
incorporation into the DOE clothes dryer test procedure. DOE seeks
data comparing the effects of the two exhaust simulators in AHAM
Standard HLD-1-2009 on the measured EF, in particular for units that
minimally comply with current energy conservation standards. (See
section III.C.7.)
23. Technical correction for the per-cycle gas dryer
continuously burning pilot light gas energy consumption. DOE seeks
comment on its proposed correction to the calculation of the per-
cycle gas dryer continuously burning pilot light gas energy
consumption. (See section III.C.8.)
24. Clarification of gas supply test conditions for gas clothes
dryers. DOE seeks comment on its proposed clarifying language for
specifying the natural gas and propane supply pressure conditions
for testing gas clothes dryers.
25. Effects of test procedure revisions on compliance with
energy conservation standards. DOE invites comment on how the
proposed amendments to the DOE test procedures for clothes dryers
and room air conditioners will affect the measured efficiency of
products. In particular, DOE seeks data showing how certain proposed
amendments affect the EF or EER of minimally compliant clothes
dryers or room air conditioners, respectively. (See section IV.)
VII. Approval of the Office of the Secretary
The Secretary of Energy has approved publication of this notice of
proposed rulemaking.
List of Subjects in 10 CFR Part 430
Administrative practice and procedure, Confidential business
information, Energy conservation, Household appliances, Imports,
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Small
businesses.
Issued in Washington, DC, on June 11, 2010.
Cathy Zoi,
Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
For the reasons stated in the preamble, DOE proposes to amend part
430 of chapter II of title 10, of the Code of Federal Regulations, to
read as set forth below:
PART 430--ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS
1. The authority citation for part 430 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6309; 28 U.S.C. 2461 note.
2. Section 430.3 is amended by:
a. Redesignating paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(9) as (e)(2) through
(e)(10).
b. Adding a new paragraph (e)(1).
c. Adding a new paragraph (g)(2).
d. Adding a new paragraph (g)(3).
e. Adding a new paragraph (l)(3).
The additions read as follows:
Sec. 430.3 Materials incorporated by reference.
* * * * *
(e) * * *
(1) ANSI/ASHRAE 16-1983 (``ANSI/ASHRAE 16'') (Reaffirmed 2009),
Method of Testing for Rating Room Air Conditioners and Packaged
Terminal Air Conditioners, approved December 1, 1983, IBR approved for
Appendix F to Subpart B.
* * * * *
(g) * * *
(2) AHAM HLD-1-2009 (``AHAM HLD-1''), Household Tumble Type Clothes
Dryers, approved October 2, 2009, IBR approved for Appendix D1 to
Subpart B.
(3) ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-R2008 (``ANSI/AHAM RAC-1''), Room Air
Conditioners, ANSI approved July 7, 2008, IBR approved for Appendix F
to Subpart B.
* * * * *
(l) * * *
(3) IEC 62301-2005-06 (``IEC 62301''), Household electrical
appliances--Measurement of standby power (First Edition 2005-06),
approved June 13, 2005, IBR approved for Appendix D1 and Appendix F to
Subpart B.
* * * * *
3. Section 430.23 is amended by revising paragraphs (d) and (f) to
read as follows:
Sec. 430.23 Test procedures for the measurement of energy and water
consumption.
* * * * *
(d) Clothes dryers. (1) The estimated annual operating cost for
clothes dryers shall be-
(i) For an electric clothes dryer, the product of the following
three factors:
(A) The representative average-use cycle of 283 cycles per year,
(B) The total per-cycle electric dryer energy consumption in
kilowatt-hours per-cycle, determined according to 4.1 of appendix D to
this subpart before the date that appendix D1 becomes mandatory and 4.2
of appendix D1 upon the date that appendix D1 to this subpart becomes
mandatory (see the note at the beginning of appendix D1), and
(C) The representative average unit cost in dollars per kilowatt-
hour as provided by the Secretary, the resulting product then being
rounded off to the nearest dollar per year, and
(ii) For a gas clothes dryer, the product of the representative
average-use cycle of 283 cycles per year times the sum of:
(A) The product of the per-cycle gas dryer electric energy
consumption in kilowatt-hours per cycle, determined according to 4.2 of
appendix D to this subpart before the date that appendix D1 becomes
mandatory and 4.4 of appendix D1 upon the date that appendix D1 to this
subpart becomes mandatory, times the representative average unit cost
in dollars per kilowatt-hour as provided by the Secretary plus,
(B) The product of the total gas dryer gas energy consumption per
cycle, in Btu's per cycle, determined according to 4.5 of appendix D of
this subpart before the date that appendix D1 becomes mandatory and 4.8
of appendix D1 upon the date that appendix D1 to this subpart becomes
mandatory, times the representative average unit cost in dollars per
Btu as provided by the Secretary, the resulting product then being
rounded off to the nearest dollar per year.
(2) The energy factor, expressed in pounds of clothes per kilowatt-
hour, for clothes dryers shall be either the quotient of a 3-pound
bone-dry test load for compact dryers, as defined by 2.7.1 of appendix
D to this subpart before the date that appendix D1 becomes mandatory or
by 2.7.1 of appendix D1 upon the date that appendix D1 to this subpart
becomes mandatory, or the quotient of a 7-pound bone-dry test load for
standard dryers, as defined by 2.7.2 of appendix D to this subpart
before the date that appendix D1 becomes mandatory or an 8.45-pound
bone-dry test load for standard dryers, as defined by 2.7.2 of appendix
D1 upon the date that appendix D1 to this subpart becomes mandatory, as
applicable, divided by the clothes dryer energy consumption per cycle,
as determined according to 4.1 for electric clothes dryers and 4.6 for
gas clothes dryers of appendix D to this subpart before the date that
appendix D1 becomes mandatory and 4.2 for electric clothes dryers and
4.9 for gas clothes dryers of appendix D1 upon the date that appendix
D1 to this subpart becomes mandatory, the resulting quotient then being
rounded off to the nearest hundredth (.01).
(3) The combined energy factor, expressed in pounds of clothes per
kilowatt-hour, for clothes dryers shall be either the quotient of a 3-
pound bone-dry test load for compact dryers, as defined by 2.7.1 of
appendix D1 to this subpart, or the quotient of a 8.45-pound
[[Page 37645]]
bone-dry test load for standard dryers, as defined by 2.7.2 of appendix
D1 to this subpart, as applicable, divided by the clothes dryer
combined energy consumption per cycle, as determined according to 4.11
of appendix D1 to this subpart, the resulting quotient then being
rounded off to the nearest hundredth (.01).
(4) Other useful measures of energy consumption for clothes dryers
shall be those measures of energy consumption for clothes dryers which
the Secretary determines are likely to assist consumers in making
purchasing decisions and which are derived from the application of
appendix D to this subpart before the date that appendix D1 becomes
mandatory and appendix D1 upon the date that appendix D1 to this
subpart becomes mandatory.
* * * * *
(f) Room air conditioners. (1) The estimated annual operating cost
for room air conditioners, expressed in dollars per year, shall be
determined by multiplying the following three factors:
(i) Electrical input power in kilowatts as determined in accordance
with 5.2 of appendix F to this subpart,
(ii) The representative average-use cycle of 750 hours of
compressor operation per year, and
(iii) A representative average unit cost of electrical energy in
dollars per kilowatt-hour as provided by the Secretary, the resulting
product then being rounded off to the nearest dollar per year.
(2) The energy efficiency ratio for room air conditioners,
expressed in Btu's per watt-hour, shall be the quotient of:
(i) The cooling capacity in Btu's per hour as determined in
accordance with 5.1 of appendix F to this subpart divided by:
(ii) The electrical input power in watts as determined in
accordance with 5.2 of appendix F to this subpart, the resulting
quotient then being rounded off to the nearest 0.1 Btu per watt-hour.
(3) The average annual energy consumption for room air
conditioners, expressed in kilowatt-hours per year, shall be determined
by multiplying together the following two factors:
(i) Electrical input power in kilowatts as determined in accordance
with 5.2 of appendix F to this subpart, and
(ii) The representative average-use cycle of 750 hours of
compressor operation per year, the resulting product then being rounded
off to the nearest kilowatt-hour per year.
(4) The combined annual energy consumption for room air
conditioners, expressed in kilowatt-hours per year, shall be the sum
of:
(i) The average annual energy consumption as determined in
accordance with paragraph (f)(3) of this section, and
(ii) The standby mode and off mode energy consumption, as
determined in accordance with 5.3 of appendix F to this subpart, the
resulting sum then being rounded off to the nearest kilowatt-hour per
year.
(5) The combined energy efficiency ratio for room air conditioners,
expressed in Btu's per watt-hour, shall be the quotient of:
(i) The cooling capacity in Btu's per hour as determined in
accordance with 5.1 of appendix F to this subpart multiplied by the
representative average-use cycle of 750 hours of compressor operation
per year, divided by
(ii) The combined annual energy consumption as determined in
accordance with section (4) multiplied by a conversion factor of 1,000
to convert kilowatt-hours to watt-hours, the resulting quotient then
being rounded off to the nearest 0.1 Btu per watt-hour.
* * * * *
4. Appendix D to subpart B of part 430 is amended by adding a Note
after the heading to read as follows:
Appendix D to Subpart B of Part 430-Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Clothes Dryers
Note: Manufacturers must continue to use appendix D to subpart B
of part 430 until the energy conservation standards for clothes
dryers at 10 CFR 430.32(h) are amended to require mandatory
compliance using appendix D1.
* * * * *
5. Appendix D1 is added to subpart B of part 430 to read as
follows:
Appendix D1 to Subpart B of Part 430-Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Clothes Dryers
Note: Appendix D1 to subpart B of part 430 is informational
only. Manufacturers must continue to use appendix D to subpart B of
part 430 until the energy conservation standards for clothes dryers
at 10 CFR 430.32(h) are amended to require mandatory compliance
using appendix D1.
1. Definitions
1.1 ``Active mode'' means a mode in which the clothes dryer is
connected to a main power source, has been activated and is
performing the main function of tumbling the clothing with or
without heated or unheated forced air circulation to remove moisture
from and/or remove or prevent wrinkling of the clothing.
1.2 ``AHAM'' means the Association of Home Appliance
Manufacturers.
1.3 ``Automatic termination control'' means a dryer control
system with a sensor which monitors either the dryer load
temperature or its moisture content and with a controller which
automatically terminates the drying process. A mark or detent which
indicates a preferred automatic termination control setting must be
present if the dryer is to be classified as having an ``automatic
termination control.'' A mark is a visible single control setting on
one or more dryer controls.
1.4 ``Automatic termination control dryer'' means a clothes
dryer which can be preset to carry out at least one sequence of
operations to be terminated by means of a system assessing, directly
or indirectly, the moisture content of the load. An automatic
termination control dryer with supplementary timer shall be tested
as an automatic termination control dryer.
1.5 ``Bone dry'' means a condition of a load of test clothes
which has been dried in a dryer at maximum temperature for a minimum
of 10 minutes, removed, and weighed before cool down, and then dried
again for 10-minute periods until the final weight change of the
load is 1 percent or less.
1.6 ``Compact'' or ``compact size'' means a clothes dryer with a
drum capacity of less than 4.4 cubic feet.
1.7 ``Conventional clothes dryer'' means a clothes dryer that
exhausts the evaporated moisture from the cabinet.
1.8 ``Cool down'' means that portion of the clothes drying cycle
when the added gas or electric heat is terminated and the clothes
continue to tumble and dry within the drum.
1.9 ``Cycle'' means a sequence of operation of a clothes dryer
which performs a clothes drying operation, and may include
variations or combinations of the functions of heating, tumbling and
drying.
1.10 ``Drum capacity'' means the volume of the drying drum in
cubic feet.
1.11 ``HLD-1'' means the test standard published by the
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, titled ``Household
Tumble Type Clothes Dryers'', October 2009, AHAM HLD-1-2009
(incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3).
1.12 ``IEC 62301'' means the test standard published by the
International Electrotechnical Commission, titled ``Household
electrical appliances-Measurement of standby power,'' Publication
62301 (First Edition, 2005-06), IEC 62301-2005-06 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3).
1.13 ``Inactive mode'' means a standby mode that facilitates the
activation of active mode by remote switch (including remote
control), internal sensor, or timer, or that provides continuous
status display.
1.14 ``Moisture content'' means the ratio of the weight of water
contained by the test load to the bone-dry weight of the test load,
expressed as a percent.
1.15 ``Moisture sensing control'' means a system which utilizes
a moisture sensing element within the dryer drum that monitors the
amount of moisture in the clothes and automatically terminates the
dryer cycle.
1.16 ``Off mode'' means a mode in which the clothes dryer is
connected to a main power source and is not providing any active
[[Page 37646]]
or standby mode function, and where the mode may persist for an
indefinite time. An indicator that only shows the user that the
product is in the off position is included within the clasification
of an off mode.
1.17 ``Standard size'' means a clothes dryer with a drum
capacity of 4.4 cubic feet or greater.
1.18 ``Standby mode'' means any product modes where the energy
using product is connected to a mains power source and offers one or
more of the following user oriented or protective functions which
may persist for an indefinite time:
(a) To facilitate the activation of other modes (including
activation or deactivation of active mode) by remote switch
(including remote control), internal sensor, or timer.
(b) Continuous functions, including information or status
displays (including clocks) or sensor-based functions. A timer is a
continuous clock function (which may or may not be associated with a
display) that provides regular scheduled tasks (e.g., switching) and
that operates on a continuous basis.
1.19 ``Temperature sensing control'' means a system which
monitors dryer exhaust air temperature and automatically terminates
the dryer cycle.
1.20 ``Timer dryer'' means a clothes dryer that can be preset to
carry out at least one sequence of operations to be terminated by a
timer, but may also be manually controlled.
1.21 ``Vent-less clothes dryer'' means a clothes dryer that uses
a closed-loop system with an internal condenser to remove the
evaporated moisture from the heated air. The moist air is not
discharged from the cabinet.
2. Testing Conditions
2.1 Installation. Install the clothes dryer in accordance with
manufacturer's instructions. For conventional clothes dryers, as
defined in 1.7, the dryer exhaust shall be restricted by adding the
AHAM exhaust simulator described in 3.3.5.1 of HLD-1 (incorporated
by reference; see Sec. 430.3). For vent-less clothes dryers, as
defined in 1.21, the dryer shall be tested without the AHAM exhaust
simulator. Where the manufacturer gives the option to use the dryer
both with and without a duct, the dryer shall be tested without the
exhaust simulator. All external joints should be taped to avoid air
leakage. If the manufacturer gives the option to use a vent-less
clothes dryer, as defined in 1.21, with or without a condensation
box, the dryer shall be tested with the condensation box installed.
For vent-less clothes dryers, the condenser unit of dryer must
remain in place and not be taken out of the dryer for any reason
between tests. For drying testing, disconnect all console lights or
other lighting systems on the clothes dryer which do not consume
more than 10 watts during the clothes dryer test cycle. For standby
and off mode testing, do not disconnect console lights or other
lighting systems.
2.2 Ambient temperature and humidity.
2.2.1 For drying testing, maintain the room ambient air
temperature at 75 3 [deg]F and the room relative
humidity at 50 10 percent relative humidity.
2.2.2 For standby and off mode testing, maintain room ambient
air temperature conditions as specified in section 4, paragraph 4.2
of IEC 62301 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3).
2.3 Energy supply.
2.3.1 Electrical supply. Maintain the electrical supply at the
clothes dryer terminal block within 1 percent of 120/240 or 120/208Y
or 120 volts as applicable to the particular terminal block wiring
system and within 1 percent of the nameplate frequency as specified
by the manufacturer. If the dryer has a dual voltage conversion
capability, conduct test at the highest voltage specified by the
manufacturer.
2.3.1.1 Supply voltage waveform. For the clothes dryer standby
mode and off mode testing, maintain the electrical supply voltage
waveform indicated in section 4, paragraph 4.4 of IEC 62301
(incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3).
2.3.2 Gas supply.
2.3.2.1 Natural gas. Maintain the gas supply to the clothes
dryer immediately ahead of all controls at a pressure of 7 to 10
inches of water column. If the clothes dryer is equipped with a gas
appliance pressure regulator for which the manufacturer specifies an
outlet pressure, the regulator outlet pressure shall be
approximately that recommended by the manufacturer. The hourly Btu
rating of the burner shall be maintained within 5
percent of the rating specified by the manufacturer. The natural gas
supplied should have a heating value of approximately 1,025 Btus per
standard cubic foot. The actual heating value, Hn2, in
Btus per standard cubic foot, for the natural gas to be used in the
test shall be obtained either from measurements made by the
manufacturer conducting the test using a standard continuous flow
calorimeter as described in 2.4.6 or by the purchase of bottled
natural gas whose Btu rating is certified to be at least as accurate
a rating as could be obtained from measurements with a standard
continuous flow calorimeter as described in 2.4.6.
2.3.2.2 Propane gas. Maintain the gas supply to the clothes
dryer immediately ahead of all controls at a pressure of 11 to 13
inches of water column. If the clothes dryer is equipped with a gas
appliance pressure regulator for which the manufacturer specifies an
outlet pressure, the regulator outlet pressure shall be
approximately that recommended by the manufacturer. The hourly Btu
rating of the burner shall be maintained within 5
percent of the rating specified by the manufacturer. The propane gas
supplied should have a heating value of approximately 2,500 Btus per
standard cubic foot. The actual heating value, Hp, in
Btus per standard cubic foot, for the propane gas to be used in the
test shall be obtained either from measurements made by the
manufacturer conducting the test using a standard continuous flow
calorimeter as described in 2.4.6 or by the purchase of bottled gas
whose Btu rating is certified to be at least as accurate a rating as
could be obtained from measurement with a standard continuous
calorimeter as described in 2.4.6.
2.4 Instrumentation. Perform all test measurements using the
following instruments as appropriate.
2.4.1 Weighing scale for test cloth. The scale shall have a
range of 0 to a maximum of 30 pounds with a resolution of at least
0.2 ounces and a maximum error no greater than 0.3 percent of any
measured value within the range of 3 to 15 pounds.
2.4.1.2 Weighing scale for drum capacity measurements. The scale
should have a range of 0 to a maximum of 500 pounds with resolution
of 0.50 pounds and a maximum error no greater than 0.5 percent of
the measured value.
2.4.2 Kilowatt-hour meter. The kilowatt-hour meter shall have a
resolution of 0.001 kilowatt-hours and a maximum error no greater
than 0.5 percent of the measured value.
2.4.3 Gas meter. The gas meter shall have a resolution of 0.001
cubic feet and a maximum error no greater than 0.5 percent of the
measured value.
2.4.4 Dry and wet bulb psychrometer. The dry and wet bulb
psychrometer shall have an error no greater than 1
[deg]F.
2.4.5 Temperature. The temperature sensor shall have an error no
greater than 1 [deg]F.
2.4.6 Standard Continuous Flow Calorimeter. The Calorimeter
shall have an operating range of 750 to 3,500 Btu per cubic feet.
The maximum error of the basic calorimeter shall be no greater than
0.2 percent of the actual heating value of the gas used in the test.
The indicator readout shall have a maximum error no greater than 0.5
percent of the measured value within the operating range and a
resolution of 0.2 percent of the full-scale reading of the indicator
instrument.
2.4.7 Standby mode and off mode watt meter. The watt meter used
to measure standby mode and off mode power consumption of the
clothes dryer shall have the resolution specified in section 4,
paragraph 4.5 of IEC 62301(incorporated by reference; see Sec.
430.3). The watt meter shall also be able to record a ``true''
average power as specified in section 5, paragraph 5.3.2(a) of IEC
62301.
2.5 Lint trap. Clean the lint trap thoroughly before each test
run.
2.6 Test Clothes.
2.6.1 Energy test cloth. The energy test cloth shall be clean
and consist of the following:
(a) Pure finished bleached cloth, made with a momie or granite
weave, which is a blended fabric of 50-percent cotton and 50-percent
polyester and weighs within +10 percent of 5.75 ounces per square
yard after test cloth preconditioning, and has 65 ends on the warp
and 57 picks on the fill. The individual warp and fill yarns are a
blend of 50-percent cotton and 50-percent polyester fibers.
(b) Cloth material that is 24 inches by 36 inches and has been
hemmed to 22 inches by 34 inches before washing. The maximum
shrinkage after five washes shall not be more than 4 percent on the
length and width.
(c) The number of test runs on the same energy test cloth shall
not exceed 25 runs.
2.6.2 Energy stuffer cloths. The energy stuffer cloths shall be
made from energy test cloth material, and shall consist of pieces of
material that are 12 inches by 12 inches and have been hemmed to 10
inches by 10 inches before washing. The maximum shrinkage
[[Page 37647]]
after five washes shall not be more than 4 percent on the length and
width. The number of test runs on the same energy stuffer cloth
shall not exceed 25 runs after test cloth preconditioning.
2.6.3 Test Cloth Preconditioning.
A new test cloth load and energy stuffer cloths shall be treated
as follows:
(1) Bone dry the load to a weight change of 1
percent, or less, as prescribed in section 1.5.
(2) Place test cloth load in a standard clothes washer set at
the maximum water fill level. Wash the load for 10 minutes in soft
water (17 parts per million hardness or less), using 60.8 grams of
AHAM standard test detergent Formula 3. Wash water temperature is to
be controlled at 140 [deg] 5 [deg]F (60 [deg] 2.7 [deg]C). Rinse water temperature is to be controlled at
100 [deg] 5 [deg]F (37.7 2.7 [deg]C).
(3) Rinse the load again at the same water temperature.
(4) Bone dry the load as prescribed in Section 1.5 and weigh the
load.
(5) This procedure is repeated until there is a weight change of
1 percent or less.
(6) A final cycle is to be a hot water wash with no detergent,
followed by two warm water rinses.
2.7 Test loads.
2.7.1 Compact size dryer load. Prepare a bone-dry test load of
energy cloths which weighs 3.00 pounds .03 pounds.
Adjustments to the test load to achieve the proper weight can be
made by the use of energy stuffer cloths, with no more than five
stuffer cloths per load. Dampen the load by agitating it in water
whose temperature is 100 [deg]F 5 [deg]F and consists
of 0 to 17 parts per million hardness for approximately two minutes
in order to saturate the fabric. Then, extract water from the wet
test load by spinning the load until the moisture content of the
load is between 42-47 percent of the bone-dry weight of the test
load. Make a final mass adjustment, such that the moisture content
is 47 percent 0.33 percent by adding water uniformly to
the load in a very fine spray.
2.7.2 Standard size dryer load. Prepare a bone-dry test load of
energy cloths which weighs 8.45 pounds .085 pounds.
Adjustments to the test load to achieve the proper weight can be
made by the use of energy stuffer cloths, with no more than five
stuffer cloths per load. Dampen the load by agitating it in water
whose temperature is 100 [deg]F 5 [deg]F and consists
of 0 to 17 parts per million hardness for approximately two minutes
in order to saturate the fabric. Then, extract water from the wet
test load by spinning the load until the moisture content of the
load is between 42-47 percent of the bone-dry weight of the test
load. Make a final mass adjustment, such that the moisture content
is 47 percent 0.33 percent by adding water uniformly to
the load in a very fine spray.
2.7.3 Method of loading. Load the energy test cloths by grasping
them in the center, shaking them to hang loosely, and then dropping
them in the dryer at random.
2.8 Clothes dryer preconditioning.
2.8.1 Conventional clothes dryers. For conventional clothes
dryers, before any test cycle, operate the dryer without a test load
in the non-heat mode for 15 minutes or until the discharge air
temperature is varying less than 1 [deg]F for 10 minutes--whichever
is longer--in the test installation location with the ambient
conditions within the specified test condition tolerances of 2.2.
2.8.2 Vent-less clothes dryers. For vent-less clothes dryers,
before any test cycle, the steady-state temperature must be equal to
ambient room temperature described in 2.2.1. This can be done by
leaving the machine at ambient room conditions for at least 12 hours
but not more than 36 hours between tests.
3. Test Procedures and Measurements
3.1 Drum Capacity. Measure the drum capacity by sealing all
openings in the drum except the loading port with a plastic bag, and
ensure that all corners and depressions are filled and that there
are no extrusions of the plastic bag through the opening in the
drum. Support the dryer's rear drum surface on a platform scale to
prevent deflection of the dryer, and record the weight of the empty
dryer. Fill the drum with water to a level determined by the
intersection of the door plane and the loading port. Record the
temperature of the water and then the weight of the dryer with the
added water and then determine the mass of the water in pounds. Add
or subtract the appropriate volume depending on whether or not the
plastic bag protrudes into the drum interior. The drum capacity is
calculated as follows:
C=w/d
C= capacity in cubic feet.
w= weight of water in pounds.
d= density of water at the measured temperature in pounds per cubic
feet.
3.2 Dryer Loading. Load the dryer as specified in 2.7.
3.3 Test cycle
3.3.1 Timer dryers. For timer dryers, as defined in 1.20,
operate the clothes dryer at the maximum temperature setting and, if
equipped with a timer, at the maximum time setting and dry the load
until the moisture content of the test load is between 5 and 6
percent of the bone-dry weight of the test load, but do not permit
the dryer to advance into cool down. If required, reset the timer.
Record the data specified by section 3.4. Repeat the procedure to
dry the load until the moisture content of the test load is between
4 and 5 percent of the bone-dry weight of the test load. If the
dryer automatically stops during a cycle and the reason is that the
condensation box is full of water, the test is stopped, and the test
run is invalid. The first test cycle after a period of non-operation
longer than 36 hours for vent-less dryers, as defined in 1.21, shall
not be used for evaluation. For vent-less dryers, during the time
between two cycles, the door of the dryer shall be closed except for
loading (and unloading).
3.3.2 Automatic termination control dryers. For automatic
termination control dryers, as defined in 1.4, a ``normal'' program
shall be selected for the test cycle. Where the drying temperature
can be chosen independently of the program, it shall be set to the
maximum. Operate the clothes dryer and monitor the dryer as it
progresses through the program. When the heater switches off for the
final time, immediately before the cool-down period begins, stop the
dryer. Record the data specified by 3.4. If the final moisture
content is greater than 5 percent, the test shall be invalid and a
new run shall be conducted using the highest dryness level setting.
If the dryer automatically stops during a cycle and the reason is
that the condensation box is full of water, the test is stopped, and
the test run is invalid. The first test cycle after a period of non-
operation longer than 36 hours for vent-less dryers, as defined in
1.21, shall not be used for evaluation. For vent-less dryers, during
the time between two cycles, the door of the dryer shall be closed
except for loading (and unloading).
3.4 Data recording. Record for each test cycle:
3.4.1 Bone-dry weight of the test load described in 2.7.
3.4.2 Moisture content of the wet test load before the test, as
described in 2.7.
3.4.3 Moisture content of the dry test load obtained after the
test described in 3.3.
3.4.4 Test room conditions, temperature, and percent relative
humidity described in 2.2.1.
3.4.5 For electric dryers--the total kilowatt-hours of electric
energy, Et, consumed during the test described in 3.3.
3.4.6 For gas dryers:
3.4.6.1 Total kilowatt-hours of electrical energy,
Ete, consumed during the test described in 3.3.
3.4.6.2 Cubic feet of gas per cycle, Etg, consumed
during the test described in 3.3.
3.4.6.3 On gas dryers using a continuously burning pilot light--
the cubic feet of gas, Epg, consumed by the gas pilot
light in one hour.
3.4.6.4 Correct the gas heating value, GEF, as measured in
2.3.2.1 and 2.3.2.2, to standard pressure and temperature conditions
in accordance with U.S. Bureau of Standards, circular C417, 1938.
3.4.7 The cycle settings selected for the automatic termination
control dryer test in 3.3.2.
3.5 Test for automatic termination field use factor credits.
Credit for automatic termination can be claimed for those dryers
which meet the requirements for either temperature-sensing control,
1.19, or moisture-sensing control, 1.15, and having present the
appropriate mark or detent feed defined in 1.3.
3.6 Standby mode and off mode power. Establish the testing
conditions set forth in Section 2, ``Testing Conditions,'' of this
appendix, omitting the requirement to disconnect all console light
or other lighting systems on the clothes dryer that do not consume
more than 10 watts during the clothes dryer test cycle in section
2.1. Prior to the initiation of the test measurements, the clothes
dryer should be configured in the settings that produce the highest
power consumption level, consistent with the particular mode
definition under test. If the clothes dryer waits in a higher power
state at the start of standby mode or off mode before dropping to a
lower power state, as discussed in section 5, paragraph 5.1, note 1
of IEC 62301 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3),wait until
the clothes dryer passes
[[Page 37648]]
into the lower power state before starting the measurement. Follow
the test procedure specified in section 5, paragraph 5.3 of IEC
62301 for testing in each possible mode as described in 3.6.1 and
3.6.2, except allowing the product to stabilize for 30 to 40 minutes
and using an energy use measurement period of 10 minutes. For units
in which power varies over a cycle, as described in section 5,
paragraph 5.3.2 of IEC 62301, use the average power approach
described in paragraph 5.3.2(a) of IEC 62301, except allowing the
product to stabilize for 30 to 40 minutes and using an energy use
measurement period not less than 10 minutes.
3.6.1 If a clothes dryer has an inactive mode, as defined in
1.13, measure and record the average inactive mode power of the
clothes dryer, PIA, in watts.
3.6.2 If a clothes dryer has an off mode, as defined in 1.16,
measure and record the average off mode power of the clothes dryer,
POFF, in watts.
4. Calculation of Derived Results From Test Measurements
4.1 Per-cycle electric timer dryer energy consumption for 5-
percent final moisture content. Calculate the electric timer dryer
energy consumption per cycle, Et, expressed in kilowatt-
hours per cycle and defined as:
Et = Et1 + [(RMC1-RMC3) x
(Et2-Et1)/(RMC1-
RMC2)],Where
Et1 = the energy recorded in 3.4.5 for the test described
in 3.3 for timer dryers for a final moisture content between 5 and 6
percent.
Et2 = the energy recorded in 3.4.5 for the test described
in 3.3 for timer dryers for a final moisture content between 4 and 5
percent.
RMC1 = the moisture content in 3.4.3 for the test
described in 3.3 for timer dryers for a final moisture content
between 5 and 6 percent.
RMC2 = the moisture content in 3.4.3 for the test
described in 3.3 for timer dryers for a final moisture content
between 4 and 5 percent.
RMC3 = 5 percent.
4.2 Total per-cycle electric dryer energy consumption. Calculate
the total electric dryer energy consumption per cycle, Ece,
expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle and defined as:
Ece = Et x FU,
Where
Et = the energy calculated in 4.1 for timer dryers or
recorded in 3.4.5 for automatic termination control dryers
FU = Field use factor
=1.18 for timer dryers, as defined in 1.20.
=1.0 for automatic termination control dryers, as defined in 1.4.
4.3 Per-cycle gas timer dryer electrical energy consumption for 5-
percent final moisture content. Calculate the gas timer dryer
electrical energy consumption per cycle, Ete, expressed in
kilowatt-hours per cycle and defined as:
Ete = Ete1 + [(RMC1-RMC3) x
(Ete2-Ete1)/(RMC1-RMC2)],
Where
Ete1 = the energy recorded in 3.4.6.1 for the test
described in 3.3 for timer dryers for a final moisture content
between 5 and 6 percent.
Ete2 = the energy recorded in 3.4.6.1 for the test
described in 3.3 for timer dryers for a final moisture content
between 4 and 5 percent.
RMC1, RMC2, RMC3 as defined in
4.1.
4.4 Total per-cycle gas dryer electrical energy consumption.
Calculate the gas dryer electrical energy consumption per cycle,
Ege, expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle and defined as:
Ege = Ete x FU,
Where
Ete = the energy calculated in 4.3 for timer dryers or
recorded in 3.4.6.1 for automatic termination control dryers.
FU = as defined in 4.2.
4.5 Per-cycle gas timer dryer gas energy consumption for 5-percent
final moisture content. Calculate the gas timer dryer energy
consumption per cycle, Etg, expressed in Btu's per cycle and
defined as:
Etg = Etg1 + [(RMC1-RMC3) x
(Etg2-Etg1)/(RMC1-RMC2),
Where
Etg1 = the energy recorded in 3.4.6.2 for the test
described in 3.3 for timer dryers for a final moisture content
between 5 and 6 percent.
Etg2 = the energy recorded in 3.4.6.2 for the test
described in 3.3 for timer dryers for a final moisture content
between 4 and 5 percent.
RMC1, RMC2, RMC3 as defined in
4.1.
4.6 Total per-cycle gas dryer gas energy consumption. Calculate the
gas dryer gas energy consumption per cycle, Egg, expressed
in Btu's per cycle and defined as:
Egg = Etg x FU x GEF,
Where
Etg = the energy calculated in 4.5 for timer dryers or
recorded in 3.4.6.2 for automatic termination control dryers.
FU = as defined in 4.2.
GEF = corrected gas heat value (Btu per cubic feet) as defined in
3.4.6.4.
4.7 Per-cycle gas dryer continuously burning pilot light gas energy
consumption. Calculate the gas dryer continuously burning pilot light
gas energy consumption per cycle, Eup, expressed in Btu's
per cycle and defined as:
Eup = Epg x ((8760 - 140)/283) x GEF,
Epg = the energy recorded in 3.4.6.3
8760 = number of hours in a year
283 = representative average number of clothes dryer cycles in a year
140 = estimated number of hours that the continuously burning pilot
light is on during the operation of the clothes dryer for the
representative average use cycle for clothes dryers (283 cycles per
year)
GEF as defined in 4.6
4.8 Total per-cycle gas dryer gas energy consumption expressed in
Btu's. Calculate the total gas dryer energy consumption per cycle,
Eg, expressed in Btu's per cycle and defined as:
Eg = Egg + Eup
Egg as defined in 4.6
Eup as defined in 4.7
4.9 Total per-cycle gas dryer energy consumption expressed in
kilowatt-hours. Calculate the total gas dryer energy consumption per
cycle, Ecg, expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle and
defined as:
Ecg = Ege + (Eg/3412 Btu/kWh)
Ege as defined in 4.4
Eg as defined in 4.8
4.10 Per-cycle standby mode and off mode energy consumption.
Calculate the dryer inactive mode and off mode energy consumption per
cycle, ETSO, expressed in kWh per cycle and defined as:
ETSO = [(PIA x SIA) + (POFF
x SOFF)] x K/283
Where:
PIA= dryer inactive mode power, in watts, as measured in
section 3.6.1;
POFF = dryer off mode power, in watts, as measured in
section 3.6.2.
If the clothes dryer has both inactive mode and off mode,
SIA and SOFF both equal 8,620 / 2 = 4,310, where
8,620 is the total inactive and off mode annual hours;
If the clothes dryer has an inactive mode but no off mode, the
inactive mode annual hours, SIA, is equal to 8,620 and the
off mode annual hours, SOFF, is equal to 0;
If the clothes dryer has an off mode but no inactive mode,
SIA is equal to 0 and SOFF is equal to 8,156
Where
K = 0.001 kWh/Wh conversion factor for watt-hours to kilowatt-hours;
and
283 = representative average number of clothes dryer cycles in a
year.
4.11 Per-cycle combined total energy consumption expressed in
kilowatt-hours. Calculate the per-cycle combined total energy
consumption, ECC, expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle and
defined for an electric clothes dryer as:
ECC = Ece + ETSO
Where:
Ece = the energy recorded in 4.2, and
ETSO = the energy recorded in 4.10,
and defined for a gas clothes dryer as:
ECC = Ecg + ETSO
[[Page 37649]]
Where:
Ecg = the energy recorded in 4.9, and
ETSO = the energy recorded in 4.10.
6. Appendix F to subpart B of part 430 is revised to read as
follows:
Appendix F to Subpart B of Part 430--Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Room Air Conditioners
Note: Manufacturers are not required to use the test procedures
and calculations that refer to standby mode and off mode energy
consumption, (specifically, sections 2.2, 3.2, 4.2, and 5.3 of this
appendix F) until the mandatory compliance date of amended energy
conservation standards for room air conditioners at 10 CFR
430.32(b).
1. Definitions
1.1 ``Active mode'' means a mode in which the room air
conditioner is connected to a mains power source, has been activated
and is performing the main function of cooling or heating the
conditioned space, or circulating air through activation of its fan
or blower, with or without energizing active air-cleaning components
or devices such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, electrostatic
filters, ozone generators, or other air-cleaning devices.
1.2 ``ANSI/AHAM RAC-1'' means the test standard published by
jointly by the American National Standards Institute and the
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, titled ``Room Air
Conditioners,'' Standard RAC-1-2008 (incorporated by reference; see
Sec. 430.3).
1.3 ``ANSI/ASHRAE 16'' means the test standard published by
jointly by the American National Standards Institute and the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, titled ``Method of Testing for Rating Room Air
Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners,'' Standard 16-
1983 (reaffirmed 2009) (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3).
1.4 ``IEC 62301'' means the test standard published by the
International Electrotechnical Commission, titled ``Household
electrical appliances--Measurement of standby power,'' Publication
62301 (First Edition 2005-06), IEC 62301-2005-6 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3).
1.5 ``Inactive mode'' means a standby mode that facilitates the
activation of active mode by remote switch (including remote
control) or internal sensor or which provides continuous status
display.
1.6 ``Off mode'' means a mode in which a room air conditioner is
connected to a mains power source and is not providing any active or
standby mode function and where the mode may persist for an
indefinite time. An indicator that only shows the user that the
product is in the off position is included within the clasification
of an off mode.
1.7 ``Standby mode'' means any product modes where the where the
energy using product is connected to a mains power source and offers
one or more of the following user oriented or protective functions
which may persist for an indefinite time:
(a) To facilitate the activation of other modes (including
activation or deactivation of active mode) by remote switch
(including remote control), internal sensor, or timer.
(b) Continuous functions, including information or status
displays (including clocks) or sensor-based functions. A timer is a
continuous clock function (which may or may not be associated with a
display) that provides regular scheduled tasks (e.g., switching) and
that operates on a continuous basis.
2. Test Methods
2.1 Cooling. The test method for testing room air conditioners
in cooling mode shall consist of application of the methods and
conditions in ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 sections 4, 5, 6.1, and 6.5
(incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3), and in ANSI/ASHRAE 16
(incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3).
2.2 Standby and off modes. The method for testing room air
conditioners in standby and off modes shall consist of application
of the methods and conditions in IEC 62301 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3), as modified by the requirements of this
standard. The testing may be conducted in test facilities used for
testing cooling performance. If testing is not conducted in such a
facility, the test facility shall comply with IEC 62301 section 4.2.
3. Test Conditions
3.1 Cooling mode. Establish the test conditions described in
sections 4 and 5 of ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 (incorporated by reference; see
Sec. 430.3) and in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 16 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3).
3.2 Standby and off modes.
3.2.1 Test room conditions. Maintain the indoor test conditions
as required by section 4.2 of IEC 62301 (incorporated by reference;
see Sec. 430.3). If the standby and off mode testing is conducted
in a facility that is also used for testing cooling performance,
maintain the outdoor test conditions either as required by section
4.2 of IEC 62301or as described in section 3.1. If the unit is
equipped with an outdoor air ventilation damper, close this damper
during testing.
3.2.2 Power supply. Maintain power supply conditions specified
in section 4.3 of IEC 62301 (incorporated by reference; see Sec.
430.3). Use room air conditioner nameplate voltage and frequency as
the basis for power supply conditions. Maintain power supply voltage
waveform according to the requirements of section 4.4 of IEC 62301.
3.2.3 Watt meter. The watt meter used to measure standby mode
and off mode power consumption of the room air conditioner shall
have the resolution specified in section 4, paragraph 4.5 of IEC
62301 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3). The watt meter
shall also be able to record a ``true'' average power specified in
section 5, paragraph 5.3.2(a) of IEC 62301.
4. Measurements
4.1 Cooling mode. Measure the quantities delineated in section 5
of ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3).
4.2 Standby and off modes. Establish the testing conditions set
forth in section 3.2. Prior to the initiation of the test
measurements, the room air conditioner should be configured in the
settings that produce the highest power consumption level,
consistent with the particular mode definition under test. For room
air conditioners that drop from a higher power state to a lower
power state as discussed in section 5, paragraph 5.1, note 1 of IEC
62301 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3), allow sufficient
time for the room air conditioner to reach the lower power state
before proceeding with the test measurement. Follow the test
procedure specified in section 5, paragraph 5.3 of IEC 62301 for
testing in each possible mode as described in 4.2.1 and 4.2.2,
except allowing the product to stabilize for 5 to 10 minutes and
using an energy use measurement period of 5 minutes. For units in
which power varies over a cycle, as described in section 5,
paragraph 5.3.2 of IEC 62301, use the average power approach in
paragraph 5.3.2(a).
4.2.1 If a room air conditioner has an inactive mode, as defined
in 1.5, measure and record the average inactive mode power of the
room air conditioner, PIA, in watts.
4.2.2 If a room air conditioner has an off mode, as defined in
1.6, measure and record the average off mode power of the room air
conditioner, POFF, in watts.
5. Calculations
5.1 Calculate the cooling capacity (expressed in Btu/hr) as
required in section 6.1 of ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3) and in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 16
(incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3).
5.2 Determine the electrical power input (expressed in watts) as
required by section 6.5 of ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3) and in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 16
(incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3).
5.3 Standby mode and off mode annual energy consumption.
Calculate the standby mode and off mode annual energy consumption
for room air conditioners, ETSO, expressed in kilowatt-
hours per year, according to the following:
ETSO = [(PIA x SIA) + (POFF
x SOFF)] x K
[[Page 37650]]
Where:
PIA= room air conditioner inactive mode power, in watts,
as measured in section 4.2.1
POFF = room air conditioner off mode power, in watts, as
measured in section 4.2.2.
If the room air conditioner has both inactive mode and off mode,
SIA and SOFF both equal 5,115 / 2 = 2,557.5,
where 5,115 is the total inactive and off mode annual hours;
If the room air conditioner has an inactive mode but no off mode,
the inactive mode annual hours, SIA, is equal to 5,115
and the off mode annual hours, SOFF, is equal to 0;
If the room air conditioner has an off mode but no inactive mode,
SIA is equal to 0 and
SOFF is equal to STOT;
K = 0.001 kWh/Wh conversion factor for watt-hours to kilowatt-hours.
[FR Doc. 2010-15025 Filed 7-22-10; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P