[Federal Register Volume 75, Number 161 (Friday, August 20, 2010)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 51570-51608]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2010-20298]
[[Page 51569]]
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Part III
Environmental Protection Agency
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40 CFR Part 63
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for
Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines; Final Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 161 / Friday, August 20, 2010 / Rules
and Regulations
[[Page 51570]]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 63
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0708, FRL-9190-3]
RIN 2060-AP36
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for
Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: EPA is promulgating national emission standards for hazardous
air pollutants for existing stationary spark ignition reciprocating
internal combustion engines that either are located at area sources of
hazardous air pollutant emissions or that have a site rating of less
than or equal to 500 brake horsepower and are located at major sources
of hazardous air pollutant emissions.
DATES: This final rule is effective on October 19, 2010.
ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID
No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0708. EPA also relies on materials in Docket ID
Nos. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0059, EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0029, and EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-
0030 and incorporates those dockets into the record for this final
rule. All documents in the docket are listed on the http://www.regulations.gov Web site. Although listed in the index, some
information is not publicly available, e.g., Confidential Business
Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted
by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is
not placed on the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard
copy form. Publicly available docket materials are available either
electronically through http://www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at
the EPA Headquarters Library, Room Number 3334, EPA West Building, 1301
Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC. The EPA/DC Public Reading Room
hours of operation are 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time
(EST), Monday through Friday. The telephone number for the Public
Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the Air
and Radiation Docket and Information Center is (202) 566-1742.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms. Melanie King, Energy Strategies
Group, Sector Policies and Programs Division (D243-01), Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711;
telephone number (919) 541-2469; facsimile number (919) 541-5450; e-
mail address [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background Information Document. On March 5,
2009 (71 FR 9698), EPA proposed national emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for existing stationary reciprocating
internal combustion engines (RICE) that either are located at area
sources of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) emissions or that have a site
rating of less than or equal to 500 brake horsepower (HP) and are
located at major sources of HAP emissions. A summary of the public
comments on the proposal and EPA's responses to the comments, as well
as the Regulatory Impact Analysis Report, are available in Docket ID
No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0708.
Organization of This Document. The following outline is provided to
aid in locating information in the preamble.
I. General Information
A. Does this action apply to me?
B. Where can I get a copy of this document?
C. Judicial Review
II. Background
III. Summary of This Final Rule
A. What is the source category regulated by this final rule?
B. What are the pollutants regulated by this final rule?
C. What are the final requirements?
D. What are the operating limitations?
E. What are the requirements for demonstrating compliance?
F. What are the reporting and recordkeeping requirements?
IV. Summary of Significant Changes Since Proposal
A. Applicability
B. Final Emission Standards
C. Management Practices
D. Startup, Shutdown and Malfunction
E. Method 323
F. Other
V. Summary of Responses to Major Comments
A. Applicability
B. Emission Standards
C. Management Practices
D. Method 323
E. Other
VI. Summary of Environmental, Energy and Economic Impacts
A. What are the air quality impacts?
B. What are the cost impacts?
C. What are the benefits?
D. What are the economic impacts?
E. What are the non-air health, environmental and energy
impacts?
VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With
Indian Tribal Governments
G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From
Environmental Health and Safety Risks
H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income
Populations
K. Congressional Review Act
I. General Information
A. Does this action apply to me?
Regulated Entities. Categories and entities potentially regulated
by this action include:
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Category NAICS \1\ Examples of regulated entities
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Any industry using a stationary internal 2211 Electric power generation, transmission, or distribution.
combustion engine as defined in this final
rule.
622110 Medical and surgical hospitals.
48621 Natural gas transmission.
211111 Crude petroleum and natural gas production.
211112 Natural gas liquids producers.
92811 National security.
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\1\ North American Industry Classification System.
This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a
guide for readers regarding entities likely to be regulated by this
action. To determine whether your engine is regulated by this action,
you should examine the
[[Page 51571]]
applicability criteria of this final rule. If you have any questions
regarding the applicability of this action to a particular entity,
consult the person listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT section.
B. Where can I get a copy of this document?
In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of
this final action will also be available on the Worldwide Web (WWW)
through the Technology Transfer Network (TTN). Following signature, a
copy of this final action will be posted on the TTN's policy and
guidance page for newly proposed or promulgated rules at the following
address: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/. The TTN provides information
and technology exchange in various areas of air pollution control.
C. Judicial Review
Under section 307(b)(1) of the Clean Air Act (CAA), judicial review
of this final rule is available only by filing a petition for review in
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by
October 19, 2010. Under section 307(d)(7)(B) of the CAA, only an
objection to this final rule that was raised with reasonable
specificity during the period for public comment can be raised during
judicial review. Moreover, under section 307(b)(2) of the CAA, the
requirements established by this final rule may not be challenged
separately in any civil or criminal proceedings brought by EPA to
enforce these requirements.
Section 307(d)(7)(B) of the CAA further provides that ``[o]nly an
objection to a rule or procedure which was raised with reasonable
specificity during the period for public comment (including any public
hearing) may be raised during judicial review.'' This section also
provides a mechanism for us to convene a proceeding for
reconsideration, ``[i]f the person raising an objection can demonstrate
to EPA that it was impracticable to raise such objection within [the
period for public comment] or if the grounds for such objection arose
after the period for public comment (but within the time specified for
judicial review) and if such objection is of central relevance to the
outcome of the rule.'' Any person seeking to make such a demonstration
to us should submit a Petition for Reconsideration to the Office of the
Administrator, U.S. EPA, Room 3000, Ariel Rios Building, 1200
Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460, with a copy to both the
person(s) listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT
section, and the Associate General Counsel for the Air and Radiation
Law Office, Office of General Counsel (Mail Code 2344A), U.S. EPA, 1200
Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.
II. Background
This action promulgates NESHAP for existing stationary spark
ignition (SI) RICE with a site rating of less than or equal to 500 HP
located at major sources, and existing stationary SI RICE of any site
rating located at area sources. EPA is finalizing these standards to
meet its statutory obligation to address HAP emissions from these
sources under sections 112(d), 112(c)(3) and 112(k) of the CAA. The
final NESHAP for stationary RICE will be promulgated under 40 CFR part
63, subpart ZZZZ, which already contains standards applicable to new
and reconstructed stationary RICE and some existing stationary RICE.
EPA promulgated NESHAP for existing, new, and reconstructed
stationary RICE greater than 500 HP located at major sources on June
15, 2004 (69 FR 33474). EPA promulgated NESHAP for new and
reconstructed stationary RICE that are located at area sources of HAP
emissions and for new and reconstructed stationary RICE that have a
site rating of less than or equal to 500 HP that are located at major
sources of HAP emissions on January 18, 2008 (73 FR 3568). On March 3,
2010, EPA promulgated NESHAP for existing stationary compression
ignition (CI) RICE with a site rating of less than or equal to 500 HP
located at major sources, existing non-emergency CI engines with a site
rating greater than 500 HP at major sources, and existing stationary CI
RICE of any site rating located at area sources (75 FR 9674).
III. Summary of This Final Rule
A. What is the source category regulated by this final rule?
This final rule addresses emissions from existing stationary SI
engines less than or equal to 500 HP located at major sources and all
existing stationary SI engines located at area sources. A major source
of HAP emissions is generally a stationary source that emits or has the
potential to emit 10 tons per year or more of any single HAP or 25 tons
per year or more of any combination of HAP. An area source of HAP
emissions is a stationary source that is not a major source.
This action revises the regulations at 40 CFR part 63, subpart
ZZZZ. Through this action, we are adding to 40 CFR part 63, subpart
ZZZZ requirements for: existing SI stationary RICE less than or equal
to 500 HP located at major sources of HAP and existing SI stationary
RICE located at area sources of HAP.
1. Existing Stationary SI RICE <= 500 HP at Major Sources of HAP
This action revises 40 CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ, to address HAP
emissions from existing stationary SI RICE less than or equal to 500 HP
located at major sources of HAP. For stationary engines less than or
equal to 500 HP at major sources, EPA must determine what is the
appropriate maximum achievable control technology (MACT) for those
engines under sections 112(d)(2) and (d)(3) of the CAA.
EPA has divided stationary SI RICE less than or equal to 500 HP
located at major sources of HAP into the following subcategories:
Non-emergency 2-stroke lean burn (2SLB) stationary SI RICE
100-500 HP;
Non-emergency 4-stroke lean burn (4SLB) stationary SI RICE
100-500 HP;
Non-emergency 4-stroke rich burn (4SRB) stationary SI RICE
100-500 HP;
Non-emergency landfill and digester gas stationary SI RICE
100-500 HP;
Non-emergency stationary SI RICE < 100 HP; and
Emergency stationary SI RICE.
2. Existing Stationary SI RICE at Area Sources of HAP
This action revises 40 CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ, in order to
address HAP emissions from existing stationary SI RICE located at area
sources of HAP. Section 112(d) of the CAA requires EPA to establish
NESHAP for both major and area sources of HAP that are listed for
regulation under CAA section 112(c). As noted above, an area source is
a stationary source that is not a major source.
Section 112(k)(3)(B) of the CAA calls for EPA to identify at least
30 HAP that, as a result of emissions of area sources, pose the
greatest threat to public health in the largest number of urban areas.
EPA implemented this provision in 1999 in the Integrated Urban Air
Toxics Strategy (64 FR 38715, July 19, 1999). Specifically, in the
Strategy, EPA identified 30 HAP that pose the greatest potential health
threat in urban areas, and these HAP are referred to as the ``30 urban
HAP.'' Section 112(c)(3) of the CAA requires EPA to list sufficient
categories or subcategories of area sources to ensure that area sources
representing 90 percent of the emissions of the 30 urban HAP are
subject to regulation. EPA implemented these requirements through the
Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy (64 FR 38715,
[[Page 51572]]
July 19, 1999). The area source stationary engine source category was
one of the listed categories. A primary goal of the Strategy is to
achieve a 75 percent reduction in cancer incidence attributable to HAP
emitted from stationary sources.
Under CAA section 112(d)(5), EPA may elect to promulgate standards
or requirements for area sources ``which provide for the use of
generally available control technologies or management practices by
such sources to reduce emissions of hazardous air pollutants.''
Additional information on generally available control technologies
(GACT) and management practices is found in the Senate report on the
legislation (Senate report Number 101-228, December 20, 1989), which
describes GACT as:
* * * methods, practices and techniques which are commercially
available and appropriate for application by the sources in the
category considering economic impacts and the technical capabilities
of the firms to operate and maintain the emissions control systems.
Consistent with the legislative history, EPA can consider costs and
economic impacts in determining GACT, which is particularly important
when developing regulations for source categories, like this one, that
have many small businesses.
Determining what constitutes GACT involves considering the control
technologies and management practices that are generally available to
the area sources in the source category. EPA also considers the
standards applicable to major sources in the same industrial sector to
determine if the control technologies and management practices are
transferable and generally available to area sources. In appropriate
circumstances, EPA may also consider technologies and practices at area
and major sources in similar categories to determine whether such
technologies and practices could be considered generally available for
the area source category at issue. Finally, as EPA has already noted,
in determining GACT for a particular area source category, EPA
considers the costs and economic impacts of available control
technologies and management practices on that category.
The urban HAP that must be regulated from stationary SI RICE to
achieve the CAA section 112(c)(3) requirement to regulate categories
accounting for 90 percent of the urban HAP are: 7 polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde.
Similar to existing stationary SI RICE at major sources, EPA has
also divided the existing stationary SI RICE at area sources into
subcategories in order to properly take into account the differences
between these engines. The subcategories for existing stationary SI
RICE at area sources are as follows:
Non-emergency 2SLB stationary SI RICE
Non-emergency 4SLB stationary SI RICE
[cir] <= 500 HP
[cir] > 500 HP that operate more than 24 hours per calendar year
[cir] > 500 HP that operate 24 hours or less per calendar year
Non-emergency 4SRB stationary SI RICE
[cir] <= 500 HP that operate more than 24 hours per calendar year
[cir] > 500 HP that operate 24 hours or less per calendar year
Non-emergency landfill and digester gas stationary SI RICE
Emergency stationary SI RICE.
B. What are the pollutants regulated by this final rule?
This final rule regulates emissions of HAP. Available emissions
data show that several HAP, which are formed during the combustion
process or which are contained within the fuel burned, are emitted from
stationary engines. The HAP which have been measured in emission tests
conducted on SI stationary RICE include: Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde,
acrolein, methanol, benzene, toluene, 1,3-butadiene, 2,2,4-
trimethylpentane, hexane, xylene, naphthalene, PAH, methylene chloride,
and ethylbenzene. EPA described the health effects of these HAP and
other HAP emitted from the operation of stationary RICE in the preamble
to 40 CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ, published on June 15, 2004 (69 FR
33474). More detail on the health effects of these HAP and other HAP
emitted from the operation of stationary RICE can be found in the
Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for this final rule. These HAP
emissions are known to cause, or contribute significantly to air
pollution, which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public
health or welfare.
For the standards being finalized in this action, EPA believes that
previous determinations regarding the appropriateness of using
formaldehyde and carbon monoxide (CO) both in concentration (parts per
million (ppm)) levels as surrogates for HAP for stationary RICE are
still valid. Consequently, EPA is promulgating CO or formaldehyde
standards in order to regulate HAP emissions.
In addition to reducing HAP, the emission control technologies that
will be installed on stationary RICE to reduce HAP will also reduce CO
and VOC, and for rich burn engines will also reduce NOX.
C. What are the final requirements?
1. Existing Stationary SI RICE <= 500 HP at Major Sources of HAP
The numerical emission standards that are being finalized in this
action for existing stationary non-emergency SI RICE less than or equal
to 500 HP located at major sources of HAP are shown in Table 1 of this
preamble. The emission standards are in units of ppm by volume, dry
basis (ppmvd).
Table 1--Emission Standards for Existing Stationary SI RICE <= 500 HP Located at Major Sources of HAP
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Subcategory Except during periods of startup
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2SLB Non-Emergency 100 <= HP <= 500........ 225 ppmvd CO at 15% O2.
4SLB Non-Emergency 100 <= HP <= 500........ 47 ppmvd CO at 15% O2.
4SRB Non-Emergency 100 <= HP <= 500........ 10.3 ppmvd formaldehyde at 15% O2.
Landfill/Digester Gas Non-Emergency 100 <= 177 ppmvd CO at 15% O2.
HP <= 500.
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EPA is finalizing work practice standards for existing emergency
stationary SI RICE less than or equal to 500 HP located at major
sources of HAP and existing non-emergency stationary SI RICE less than
100 HP located at major sources of HAP. Existing stationary emergency
SI RICE less than or equal to 500 HP located at major sources of HAP
are subject to the following work practices:
Change oil and filter every 500 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, except that sources can extend the
period for changing the oil if the oil is part of an oil analysis
program as discussed below and none of the condemning limits are
exceeded;
Inspect spark plugs every 1,000 hours of operation or
annually,
[[Page 51573]]
whichever comes first, and replace as necessary; and
Inspect all hoses and belts every 500 hours of operation
or annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary.
Existing stationary non-emergency SI RICE less than 100 HP located
at major sources of HAP that are not 2SLB stationary RICE are subject
to the following work practices:
Change oil and filter every 1,440 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, except that sources can extend the
period for changing the oil if the oil is part of an oil analysis
program as discussed below and none of the condemning limits are
exceeded;
Inspect spark plugs every 1,440 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary; and
Inspect all hoses and belts every 1,440 hours of operation
or annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary.
Existing 2SLB stationary SI RICE less than 100 HP located at major
sources of HAP are subject to the following work practices:
Change oil and filter every 4,320 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, except that sources can extend the
period for changing the oil if the oil is part of an oil analysis
program as discussed below and none of the condemning limits are
exceeded;
Inspect spark plugs every 4,320 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary; and
Inspect all hoses and belts every 4,320 hours of operation
or annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary.
Sources also have the option to use an oil change analysis program
to extend the oil change frequencies specified above. The analysis
program must at a minimum analyze the following three parameters: Total
Acid Number, viscosity, and percent water content. The analysis must be
conducted at the same frequencies specified for changing the engine
oil. If the condemning limits provided below are not exceeded, the
engine owner or operator is not required to change the oil. If any of
the condemning limits are exceeded, the engine owner or operator must
change the oil within two days of receiving the results of the
analysis; if the engine is not in operation when the results of the
analysis are received, the engine owner or operator must change the oil
within two days or before commencing operation, whichever is later. The
condemning limits are as follows:
Total Acid Number increases by more than 3.0 milligrams
potassium hydroxide per gram from Total Acid Number of the oil when
new; or
Viscosity of the oil changes by more than 20 percent from
the viscosity of the oil when new; or
Percent water content (by volume) is greater than 0.5.
Pursuant to the provisions of 40 CFR 63.6(g), sources can also
request that the Administrator approve alternative work practices.
2. Existing Stationary SI RICE at Area Sources of HAP
The numerical emission standards that EPA is finalizing for non-
emergency 4SLB stationary SI RICE and non-emergency 4SRB stationary SI
RICE located at area sources of HAP are shown in Table 2.
Table 2--Numerical Emission Standards for Existing Non-Emergency 4SLB
Stationary SI RICE > 500 HP Located at Area Sources of HAP and Existing
Non-Emergency 4SRB Stationary SI RICE > 500 HP Located at Area Sources
of HAP
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Except during periods of
Subcategory startup
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4SLB Non-Emergency > 500 HP that 47 ppmvd CO at 15% O2 or 93% CO
operate more than 24 hours per reduction.
calendar year.
4SRB Non-Emergency > 500 HP that 2.7 ppmvd formaldehyde at 15%
operate more than 24 hours per O2 or 76% formaldehyde
calendar year. reduction.
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EPA is finalizing management practices for existing non-emergency
4SLB stationary SI RICE less than or equal to 500 HP located at area
sources of HAP, existing non-emergency 4SLB stationary SI RICE greater
than 500 HP located at area sources of HAP that operate 24 hours or
less per calendar year, existing non-emergency 4SRB stationary SI RICE
less than or equal to 500 HP located at area sources of HAP, existing
non-emergency 4SRB stationary SI RICE greater than 500 HP located at
area sources of HAP that operate 24 hours or less per calendar year,
existing 2SLB non-emergency stationary SI RICE located at area sources
of HAP, existing non-emergency landfill and digester gas stationary
RICE located at area sources of HAP, and existing emergency stationary
SI RICE located at area sources of HAP.
Existing non-emergency 4SLB and 4SRB stationary SI RICE less than
or equal to 500 HP located at area sources of HAP and existing landfill
or digester gas non-emergency stationary SI RICE located at area
sources of HAP are subject to the following management practices:
Change oil and filter every 1,440 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, except that sources can extend the
period for changing the oil if the oil is part of an oil analysis
program as discussed below and none of the condemning limits are
exceeded;
Inspect spark plugs every 1,440 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary; and
Inspect all hoses and belts every 1,440 hours of operation
or annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary.
Existing stationary 2SLB non-emergency engines located at area
sources of HAP are subject to the following management practices:
Change oil and filter every 4,320 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, except that sources can extend the
period for changing the oil if the oil is part of an oil analysis
program as discussed below and none of the condemning limits are
exceeded;
Inspect spark plugs every 4,320 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary; and
Inspect all hoses and belts every 4,320 hours of operation
or annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary.
Existing stationary emergency SI RICE located at area sources of
HAP and existing non-emergency 4SLB and 4SRB stationary SI RICE greater
than 500 HP located at area sources of HAP that operate 24 hours or
less per calendar year are subject to the following management
practices:
[[Page 51574]]
Change oil and filter every 500 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, except that sources can extend the
period for changing the oil if the oil is part of an oil analysis
program as discussed below and none of the condemning limits are
exceeded;
Inspect spark plugs every 1,000 hours of operation or
annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary; and
Inspect all hoses and belts every 500 hours of operation
or annually, whichever comes first, and replace as necessary.
As discussed above for major sources, these sources may utilize an
oil analysis program, as described above, to extend the specified oil
change requirement specified above. Also, sources have the option to
work with State permitting authorities pursuant to EPA's regulations at
40 CFR subpart E (``Approval of State Programs and Delegation of
Federal Authorities'') for approval of alternative management
practices. 40 CFR subpart E implements section 112(l) of the CAA, which
authorizes EPA to approve alternative State/local/tribal HAP standards
or programs when such requirements are demonstrated to be no less
stringent than EPA promulgated standards.
3. Startup Requirements
Existing stationary SI RICE less than or equal to 500 HP located at
major sources of HAP and existing stationary SI RICE located at area
sources of HAP must meet specific operational standards during engine
startup. Engine startup is defined as the time from initial start until
applied load and engine and associated equipment reaches steady state
or normal operation. For stationary engines with catalytic controls,
engine startup means the time from initial start until applied load and
engine and associated equipment reaches steady state, or normal
operation, including the catalyst. Owners and operators must minimize
the engine's time spent at idle and minimize the engine's startup to a
period needed for appropriate and safe loading of the engine, not to
exceed 30 minutes, after which time the engine must meet the otherwise
applicable emission standards. These requirements will limit the HAP
emissions during periods of engine startup. Pursuant to the provisions
of 40 CFR 63.6(g), engines at major sources may petition the
Administrator for an alternative work practice. An owner or operator of
an engine at an area source can work with its State permitting
authority pursuant to EPA's regulations at 40 CFR subpart E for
approval of an alternative management practice. See 40 CFR subpart E
(setting forth requirements for, among other things, equivalency by
permit, rule substitution).
D. What are the operating limitations?
In addition to the standards discussed above, EPA is finalizing
operating limitations for existing stationary non-emergency 4SLB and
4SRB RICE that are greater than 500 HP, located at an area source of
HAP, and operated more than 24 hours per calendar year. Owners and
operators of engines that are equipped with oxidation catalyst or non-
selective catalytic reduction (NSCR) must maintain the catalyst so that
the pressure drop across the catalyst does not change by more than 2
inches of water from the pressure drop across the catalyst that was
measured during the initial performance test. If the engine is equipped
with oxidation catalyst, owners and operators must also maintain the
temperature of the stationary RICE exhaust so that the catalyst inlet
temperature is between 450 and 1,350 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F). If
the engine is equipped with NSCR, owners and operators must maintain
the temperature of the stationary RICE exhaust so that the NSCR inlet
temperature is between 750 and 1,250 [deg]F. Owners and operators may
petition for a different temperature range; the petition must
demonstrate why it is operationally necessary and appropriate to
operate below the temperature range specified in this final rule (see
40 CFR 63.8(f)). Owners and operators of engines that are not using
oxidation catalyst or NSCR must comply with any operating limitations
approved by the Administrator.
E. What are the requirements for demonstrating compliance?
The following sections describe the requirements for demonstrating
compliance under this final rule.
1. Existing Stationary SI RICE <= 500 at Major Sources of HAP
Owners and operators of existing stationary non-emergency SI RICE
located at major sources that are less than 100 HP and existing
stationary emergency SI RICE located at major sources must operate and
maintain their stationary RICE and aftertreatment control device (if
any) according to the manufacturer's emission-related written
instructions or develop their own maintenance plan. The maintenance
plan must specify how the work practices will be met and provide to the
extent practicable for the maintenance and operation of the engine in a
manner consistent with good air pollution control practices for
minimizing emissions. Owners and operators of existing stationary non-
emergency SI RICE located at major sources that are less than 100 HP
and existing stationary emergency SI RICE located at major sources do
not have to conduct any performance testing because they are not
subject to numerical emission standards.
Owners and operators of existing stationary non-emergency SI RICE
located at major sources that are greater than or equal to 100 HP and
less than or equal to 500 HP must conduct an initial performance test
to demonstrate that they are achieving the required emission standards.
2. Existing Stationary SI RICE at Area Sources of HAP
Owners and operators of existing stationary RICE located at area
sources of HAP that are subject to management practices do not have to
conduct any performance testing; they must develop a maintenance plan
that specifies how the management practices will be met and provides to
the extent practicable for the maintenance and operation of the engine
in a manner consistent with good air pollution control practices for
minimizing emissions. Owners and operators of existing 4SLB and 4SRB
non-emergency stationary SI RICE that are greater than 500 HP, located
at an area source of HAP, and operated more than 24 hours per calendar
year must conduct an initial performance test to demonstrate compliance
with the applicable emission limitations and must conduct subsequent
performance testing every 8,760 hours of operation or 3 years,
whichever comes first. Owners and operators of existing 4SLB and 4SRB
non-emergency stationary SI RICE that are greater than 500 HP, located
at an area source of HAP, and operated more than 24 hours per calendar
year must continuously monitor and record the inlet temperature of the
oxidation catalyst or NSCR and also take monthly measurements of the
pressure drop across the oxidation catalyst or NSCR. If an oxidation
catalyst or NSCR is not being used on the engine, the owner or operator
must continuously monitor and record the operating parameters (if any)
approved by the Administrator. As discussed in the March 3, 2010, final
NESHAP for existing stationary CI RICE (75 FR 9648) and in section
V.E., EPA is finalizing performance specification requirements in 40
CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ for the continuous parametric monitoring
systems used for continuous catalyst inlet temperature monitoring.
[[Page 51575]]
F. What are the reporting and recordkeeping requirements?
The following sections describe the reporting and recordkeeping
requirements that are required under this final rule.
Owners and operators of existing stationary emergency SI RICE that
do not meet the requirements for non-emergency engines are required to
keep records of their hours of operation. Owners and operators of
existing stationary emergency SI RICE must install a non-resettable
hour meter on their engines to record the hours of operation of the
engine.
Owners and operators of existing stationary SI RICE located at
major sources that are subject to work practices and existing
stationary SI RICE located at area sources that are subject to
management practices are required to keep records that show that the
work or management practices that are required are being met. These
records must include, at a minimum: Oil and filter change dates and
corresponding engine hours of operation (determined using hour meter,
fuel consumption data, or other appropriate methods); inspection and
replacement dates for spark plugs, hoses, and belts; and records of
other emission-related repairs and maintenance performed.
In terms of reporting requirements, owners and operators of
existing non-emergency stationary SI RICE greater than or equal to 100
HP and less than or equal to 500 HP located at major sources of HAP and
existing non-emergency 4SLB and 4SRB stationary RICE greater than 500
HP located at area sources of HAP that operate more than 24 hours per
calendar year must submit the notifications required in Table 8 of 40
CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ, which lists the NESHAP General Provisions
applicable to this rule. (40 CFR part 63, subpart A) These
notifications include an initial notification, notification of
performance test, and a notification of compliance for each stationary
RICE which must comply with the specified emission limitations. Owners
and operators of existing stationary non-emergency SI RICE greater than
or equal to 100 HP and less than or equal to 500 HP located at major
sources of HAP and existing stationary 4SLB and 4SRB non-emergency SI
RICE greater than 500 HP located at area sources of HAP that operate
more than 24 hours per calendar year must submit semiannual compliance
reports.
IV. Summary of Significant Changes Since Proposal
A. Applicability
A change from the proposal is that this final rule is not
applicable to existing stationary emergency engines at area sources
that are located at residential, commercial, or institutional
facilities. These engines are not subject to any requirements under
this final rule because they are not part of the regulated source
category. EPA has found that existing stationary emergency engines
located at residential, commercial, and institutional facilities that
are area sources were not included in the original Urban Air Toxics
Strategy inventory and were not included in the listing of urban area
sources. More information on this issue can be found in the memorandum
titled, ``Analysis of the Types of Engines Used to Estimate the CAA
Section 112(k) Area Source Inventory for Stationary Reciprocating
Internal Combustion Engines,'' available from the rulemaking docket. In
the March 3, 2010, final NESHAP for existing stationary CI RICE (75 FR
9648), EPA included a definition for residential/commercial/
institutional emergency stationary RICE. After the final rule was
promulgated, EPA received numerous questions regarding the definition
and whether certain types of facilities would meet the definition. In
this final rule, EPA is separating the definition into individual
definitions for residential emergency stationary RICE, commercial
emergency stationary RICE, and institutional emergency stationary RICE,
and is also providing additional examples of the types of facilities
that would be included under those categories in the definitions. EPA
has also prepared a memorandum to provide further guidance regarding
the types of facilities that would or would not be considered
residential, commercial, or institutional facilities. The memorandum is
titled, ``Guidance Regarding Definition of Residential, Commercial, and
Institutional Emergency Stationary RICE in the NESHAP for Stationary
RICE,'' and is available in the rulemaking docket.
B. Final Emission Standards
1. Existing Stationary SI Engines <= 500 HP Located at Major Sources of
HAP
EPA is revising the emission standards that it proposed for the
subcategories of stationary SI engines less than or equal to 500 HP
located at major sources. As discussed in section V.B., numerous
commenters indicated that EPA's dataset used to establish the proposed
emission limits was insufficient and urged EPA to gather more data to
obtain a more complete representation of emissions from existing
stationary SI engines. Commenters also questioned the emission standard
setting approach that EPA used at proposal and claimed that the
proposed standards did not take into account emissions variability. For
this final rule, EPA has obtained additional test data for existing
stationary SI engines and has included this additional data in the MACT
floor analysis. EPA is also using an approach that better considers
emissions variability, as discussed in V.B. below. EPA is also not
using the Population Database to determine a percentage of engines that
have emission controls installed, as it did at proposal. The Population
Database has not been updated since 2000. It contains information
regarding whether or not an engine has emission controls, but does not
generally contain other types of emission-related information, like
engine-out emissions or operational controls, and it does not include
any emissions concentration data, which is necessary to determine the
MACT floor. EPA determined that it would be more appropriate and more
defensible to base the MACT floor analysis directly on the emissions
data that EPA has for stationary SI engines, including data that was
not used in the proposal. A more detailed discussion of both EPA's MACT
floor and beyond-the-MACT-floor analysis can be found in the memorandum
titled ``MACT Floor and MACT Determination for Existing Stationary SI
RICE <= 500 HP Located at Major Sources''.
For 2SLB non-emergency engines, EPA proposed a limit of 85 ppmvd CO
for engines from 50 to 249 HP and 8 ppmvd CO or 90 percent CO reduction
for engines greater than or equal to 250 HP. EPA is finalizing an
emission limit of 225 ppmvd CO for 2SLB non-emergency engines from 100
to 500 HP. For 4SLB non-emergency engines, EPA proposed a limit of 95
ppmvd CO for engines from 50 to 249 HP and 9 ppmvd CO or 90 percent CO
reduction for engines greater than or equal to 250 HP. EPA is
finalizing an emission limit of 47 ppmvd CO for 4SLB non-emergency
engines from 100 to 500 HP. For 4SRB non-emergency engines from 50 to
500 HP, EPA proposed an emission limit of 200 ppbvd (parts per billion
by volume, dry basis) formaldehyde or 90 percent formaldehyde
reduction. EPA is finalizing an emission limit of 10.3 ppmvd
formaldehyde for 4SRB non-emergency engines from 100 to 500 HP.
[[Page 51576]]
For landfill and digester gas engines, EPA proposed an emission limit
of 177 ppmvd CO; EPA is finalizing an emission limit of 177 ppmvd CO.
For the proposed rule, EPA required existing stationary engines
less than 50 HP that are located at major sources to meet a
formaldehyde emission standard. As discussed in the final rule
published on March 3, 2010, for existing stationary CI RICE (75 FR
9674), EPA is not finalizing a formaldehyde emission standard for
stationary SI engines less than 50 HP, but is instead requiring
compliance with work practices. In addition, in light of several
comments asserting that the level at which EPA subcategorized small
engines at major sources was inappropriate, EPA is finalizing a work
practice standard for engines less than 100 HP. These work practices
are described in section III.C. of this preamble. EPA believes that
work practices are appropriate and justified for this group of
stationary engines because the application of measurement methodology
is not practicable due to technological and economic limitations.
Further information on EPA's decision can be found in the memorandum
titled, ``MACT Floor and MACT Determination for Existing Stationary
Non-Emergency SI RICE < 100 HP and Existing Stationary Emergency SI
RICE Located at Major Sources and GACT for Existing Stationary SI RICE
Located at Area Sources,'' which is available from the rulemaking
docket.
For existing stationary emergency engines located at major sources,
EPA proposed that these engines be subject to a 2 ppmvd formaldehyde
emission standard. In this final rule, existing stationary emergency SI
engines located at major sources of HAP must meet work practices. These
work practices are described in section III.C. of this preamble. EPA
believes that work practices are appropriate and justified for this
group of stationary engines because the application of measurement
methodology is not practicable due to technological and economic
limitations. Further information on EPA's decision can be found in the
memorandum titled, ``MACT Floor and MACT Determination for Existing
Stationary Non-Emergency SI RICE <100 HP and Existing Stationary
Emergency SI RICE Located at Major Sources and GACT for Existing
Stationary SI RICE Located at Area Sources,'' which is available from
the rulemaking docket.
2. Existing Stationary SI Engines Located at Area Sources of HAP
EPA proposed numerical emission standards for the following
stationary SI engines located at area sources of HAP: non-emergency
2SLB and 4SLB greater than or equal to 250 HP, non-emergency 4SRB
greater than or equal to 50 HP, landfill and digester gas fired greater
than 500 HP, and emergency greater than 500 HP. For the remaining
engines at area sources, EPA proposed management practice standards.
In this final rule, EPA is promulgating numerical emission
standards for non-emergency 4SLB and 4SRB stationary SI RICE larger
than 500 HP located at area sources of HAP emissions that operate more
than 24 hours per calendar year. For non-emergency 4SLB engines greater
than 500 HP located at area sources of HAP, EPA proposed an emission
limit of 9 ppmvd CO or 90 percent CO reduction; EPA is finalizing an
emission limit of 47 ppmvd CO or 93 percent CO reduction. For non-
emergency 4SRB engines greater than 500 HP located at area sources of
HAP, EPA proposed an emission limit of 200 ppbvd formaldehyde or 90
percent formaldehyde reduction and is finalizing an emission limit of
2.7 ppmvd formaldehyde or 76 percent formaldehyde reduction. For
stationary SI RICE located at area sources of HAP that are non-
emergency 2SLB stationary SI RICE greater than or equal to 250 HP, non-
emergency 4SLB stationary SI RICE between 250 and 500 HP, non-emergency
4SRB stationary SI RICE between 50 and 500 HP, landfill/digester gas
stationary SI RICE greater than 500 HP, or emergency stationary SI RICE
greater than 500 HP, EPA is finalizing management practices rather than
numeric emission limitations as proposed. EPA is also finalizing
management practices for non-emergency 4SLB and 4SRB stationary SI RICE
that are greater than 500 HP, located at area sources of HAP, and
operated 24 hours or less per calendar year.
C. Management Practices
EPA proposed management practices for several subcategories of
engines located at area sources. EPA explained that the proposed
management practices would be expected to ensure that emission control
systems are working properly and would help minimize HAP emissions from
the engines. EPA proposed specific maintenance practices and asked for
comments on the need and appropriateness for those procedures. Based on
feedback received during the public comment period, which included
information submitted in comment letters and additional information EPA
received following the close of the comment period from different
industry groups, EPA is finalizing management practices for existing
stationary 2SLB non-emergency SI engines located at area sources of
HAP, existing stationary 4SLB and 4SRB non-emergency SI engines less
than or equal to 500 HP located at area sources of HAP; existing
stationary landfill and digester gas non-emergency engines located at
area sources of HAP; and existing emergency stationary SI engines
located at area sources of HAP.
Based on the comments on the proposal and additional information
received from stakeholders, EPA made changes to the intervals for the
management practices from the proposal. EPA is also adding an option
for sources to use an oil change analysis program to extend the oil
change frequencies specified above. The analysis program must at a
minimum analyze the following three parameters: Total Acid Number,
viscosity, and percent water content. If the condemning limits for
these parameters are not exceeded, the engine owner or operator is not
required to change the oil. If any of the limits are exceeded, the
engine owner or operator must change the oil within two days of
receiving the results of the analysis; if the engine is not in
operation when the results of the analysis are received, the engine
owner or operator must change the oil within two days or before
commencing operation, whichever is later. Owners and operators of all
engines subject to management practices also have the option to work
with State permitting authorities pursuant to EPA's regulations at 40
CFR subpart E for alternative management practices to be used instead
of the specific management practices promulgated in this final rule.
The management practices must be at least as stringent as those
specified in this final rule.
D. Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunction
EPA proposed formaldehyde and CO emission standards for existing
stationary engines at major sources to apply during periods of startup
and malfunction. EPA also proposed certain standards for existing
stationary engines at area sources that would apply during startup and
malfunction. EPA did not propose distinct standards for periods of
shutdown. EPA proposed that engines would be subject to the same
standards during shutdown as are applicable during other periods of
operation.
Based on various comments and concerns with the proposed emission
standards for periods of startup, EPA has determined that it is not
feasible to finalize numerical emission standards that would apply
during startup because the application of measurement methodology to
this operation is not
[[Page 51577]]
practicable due to technological and economic limitations. This issue
is discussed in detail in the final rule published on March 3, 2010 (75
FR 9674), and as discussed in the Response to Comments for this rule,
the analysis is the same for the engines regulated in this final rule.
As a result, EPA is extending the operational standards during
startup it promulgated in the March 3, 2010, final rule (75 FR 9674),
which specify that owners and operators must limit the engine startup
time to no more than 30 minutes and must minimize the engine's time
spent at idle during startup, to the engines newly subject to
regulation in this rule.
With respect to malfunctions, EPA proposed two options for
subcategories where the proposed emission standard was based on the use
of catalytic controls. The first proposed option was to have the same
standards apply during normal operation and malfunctions. The second
proposed option was that standards during malfunctions be based on
emissions expected from the best controlled sources prior to the full
warm-up of the catalytic control. For subcategories where the proposed
emission standard was not based on the use of catalytic controls, we
proposed the same emission limitations apply during malfunctions and
periods of normal operations. EPA is finalizing the first option
described above, which is that the same standards apply during normal
operation and malfunctions. In the proposed rule, EPA expressed the
view that there are different modes of operation for any stationary
source, and that these modes generally include startup, normal
operations, shutdown, and malfunctions. However, as discussed in detail
in the final rule published on March 3, 2010 (75 FR 9674), and as
discussed in the Response to Comments for this rule, after considering
the issue of malfunctions more carefully, EPA has determined that
malfunctions should not be viewed as a distinct operating mode and,
therefore, any emissions that occur at such times do not need to be
factored into development of CAA section 112(d) standards, which, once
promulgated, apply at all times. In addition, as discussed in detail in
the final rule published on March 3, 2010 (75 FR 9674), and as
discussed in the Response to Comments for this rule, EPA believes that
malfunctions will not cause stationary engines to violate the standard
that applies during normal operations. Therefore, the standards that
apply during normal operation also apply during malfunction.
E. Method 323
EPA proposed to remove Method 323 as an option for determining
compliance with formaldehyde emission limitations in 40 CFR part 63,
subpart ZZZZ. EPA Method 323 was first proposed as part of the NESHAP
for Stationary Combustion Turbines published January 14, 2003, (68 FR
1888) for measuring formaldehyde emissions from natural gas-fired
sources. However, the method was not included in the final Stationary
Combustion Turbines NESHAP due to reliability concerns and EPA never
promulgated EPA Method 323 as a final standard in 40 CFR part 63,
appendix A. Due to unresolved technical issues with the method
affecting engine test results, EPA found it appropriate to propose to
remove the method from 40 CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ. As discussed in
greater detail in section V.D., after EPA proposed to remove Method 323
as a compliance test Method, the Agency received test data comparing
Method 323 to EPA Method 320. The results of this comparison testing
showed good agreement between the two methods and there was no evidence
of bias in the results from Method 323. Therefore, EPA has determined
that it is appropriate to promulgate Method 323 and to allow it as an
option for measuring formaldehyde in 40 CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ.
F. Other
EPA is making several minor clarifications to this final rule to
address comments that the provisions were confusing and difficult for
affected sources to understand. One clarification is to individually
list out the engines discussed in 40 CFR 63.6590(b)(3) and (c) instead
of having them in a single paragraph. The definition of emergency
stationary RICE and the provisions for emergency stationary RICE in 40
CFR 63.6640(f) have been reorganized in order to provide more clarity
regarding those provisions and to more clearly specify that all
emergency stationary RICE must comply with the requirements specified
in 40 CFR 63.6640(f) in order to be considered emergency stationary
RICE. If the engine does not comply with the requirements specified in
40 CFR 63.6640(f), then it is not considered to be an emergency
stationary RICE. Minor clarifications have also been made to the tables
to provide additional clarification on the applicability of the
requirements in the tables.
V. Summary of Responses to Major Comments
A. Applicability
Comment: Numerous commenters expressed concern over EPA's decision
to not distinguish between rural and urban engines at area sources in
the proposed rule. Several commenters requested that EPA reevaluate its
congressional authority to regulate area HAP sources in rural areas.
The commenters believed that the proposal is inconsistent with 42
U.S.C. 7412(n)(4)(B) [CAA section 112(n)(4)(B)]. Commenters requested
clarification of EPA's rationale to regulate low levels of emissions
from engines at oil and gas production facilities outside metropolitan
areas, contending that EPA has applied this rule more broadly than the
Congressional intent of the CAA, and requested that EPA reevaluate this
issue of whether EPA can regulate rural area sources in light of the 42
U.S.C. 7412(n)(4)(B) language.
Commenters stated that EPA has based this rulemaking for area
sources on sections of the CAA and its Urban Air Toxics Strategy that
are intended to remove threats to public health in urban areas. The
commenters do not believe that the remote RICE at area sources in the
oil and gas industry threaten public health in urban areas. Several
commenters noted that the NESHAP for glycol gas dehydrators (40 CFR
part 63, subpart HH) takes into account the location of area sources
and does not apply the specific requirements of the rule to rural area
sources. The commenters believe that the same approach should be used
for the RICE rule, i.e., engines that are not located in or near
populated areas should be subject to an alternative set of requirements
so as not to force expensive requirements on remote engines that have
no impact on public health.
Response: EPA is finalizing its proposal to regulate existing
stationary SI engines located at area sources on a nationwide basis.
EPA believes that the CAA provides the Agency with the authority to
regulate area sources nationwide. Section 112(k)(1) of the CAA states
that ``It is the purpose of this subsection to achieve a substantial
reduction in emissions of hazardous air pollutants from area sources
and an equivalent reduction in the public health risks associated with
such sources including a reduction of not less than 75 per centum in
the incidence of cancer attributable to emissions from such sources.''
Consistent with this expressed purpose of section 112(k) of
[[Page 51578]]
the CAA to reduce both emissions and risks, CAA section 112(k)(3)(i)
requires that EPA list not less than 30 HAP that, as a result of
emissions from area sources, present the greatest threat to public
health in the largest number of urban areas. Sections 112(c)(3) and
(k)(3)(ii) of the CAA require that EPA list area source categories that
represent not less than 90 percent of the area source emissions of each
of the listed HAP. Section 112(c) of the CAA requires that EPA issue
standards for listed categories under CAA section 112(d). These
relevant statutory provisions authorize EPA to regulate listed area
source engines and not just engines located in urban areas. EPA
believes that sections 112(c) and 112(k) of the CAA do not prohibit
issuing area source rules of national applicability. EPA also disagrees
with the statement that the proposal was inconsistent with section
112(n)(4)(B) of the CAA. The term ``associated equipment'' was defined
for the purposes of 40 CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ in the first RICE MACT
rule not to include stationary RICE. EPA has not revisited that issue
in this final rule and the commenters have not provided sufficient
reason to revisit that issue.
EPA has taken steps in the final rule that reduce the burden on
owners and operators of engines regulated in this final rule. EPA has
established management practice standards for most of the engines
located at area sources of HAP. The only existing stationary SI RICE at
area sources that are required to meet numeric emission limitations are
4SLB and 4SRB non-emergency stationary SI RICE that are greater than
500 HP and operate more than 24 hours per calendar year; these engines
are estimated to be only 7 percent of the population of existing SI
RICE at area sources. EPA believes that requiring management practices
instead of specific emission limitations and/or control efficiency
requirements on the vast majority of existing stationary SI engines at
area sources alleviates concerns regarding costly and burdensome
requirements for rural sources.
EPA has also determined that existing emergency engines located at
residential, institutional, and commercial facilities that are area
sources of HAP emissions were not included in the original Urban Air
Toxics Strategy inventory and therefore are not included in the source
category listing. In this final rule, EPA has specified that those
engines are not subject to 40 CFR part 63, subpart ZZZZ. EPA has
clarified the definitions of these existing emergency engines in this
final rule. As further clarification, EPA notes that existing emergency
engines located at, among other things, industrial facilities, would
not be affected by this determination and are subject to 40 CFR part
63, subpart ZZZZ.
For existing stationary 4SLB and 4SRB non-emergency SI engines
greater than 500 HP located at area sources that operate more than 24
hours per calendar year, EPA determined that the appropriate standards
are numerical standards that provide for the use of oxidation catalyst
or NSCR control, respectively, which are generally available control
technologies for those subcategories. The commenters did not provide a
reason that GACT would be different for non-emergency stationary SI
engines located in rural areas. In determining GACT, EPA can consider
factors such as availability and feasibility of control technologies
and management practices, as well as costs and economic impacts. These
factors are not expected to be significantly different for existing
stationary non-emergency SI engines in urban versus rural areas. For
example, the availability of oxidation catalysts would be the same for
urban and rural engines, and if an engine was in a rural location, that
would not preclude an owner from being able to install aftertreatment
controls. For this final rule, EPA estimated the capital cost of
retrofitting an existing stationary 4SLB non-emergency SI engine with
an oxidation catalyst to be around $9,500 for a 500 HP engine. Annual
costs of operating and maintaining the control device are estimated to
be approximately $4,300 per year for the same engine. For a 500 HP 4SRB
engine, EPA estimated the costs for NSCR are a capital cost of $26,000
and an annual cost of $8,000. These costs would not be prohibitive for
any engines in either rural or urban areas and are expected to be the
same no matter the location. Furthermore, the controls that are
expected to be used on these engines will have the co-benefit of
reducing VOC and CO emissions and, for non-emergency 4SRB engines above
500 HP will have the co-benefit of reducing NOX emissions.
This final rule is expected to reduce emissions of NOX from
stationary SI RICE located at area sources by 96,000 tons per year
(tpy) in the year 2013. Reductions of CO and VOC from stationary SI
RICE located at area sources are estimated to be 97,000 and 24,000 tpy,
respectively, in the year 2013. There is also no reason to distinguish
between the rural and urban area source engines that are subject to
management practices. There is nothing limiting owners and operators of
existing stationary SI engines located in rural areas from following
the management practices specified in this final rule, and the
management practices required by this final rule are appropriate for
all engines, whether they are in rural or urban locations.
Consistent with the proposal and for the reasons discussed, EPA is
finalizing national requirements for existing stationary SI engines at
area sources without a distinction between urban and non-urban areas.
B. Emission Standards
Comment: Multiple commenters were concerned with how EPA set the
MACT floor for the proposed rule. The commenters believed that the
emissions data was not adequate to conduct a MACT floor analysis.
Several commenters said that EPA has not considered variability in
setting the MACT floor for the proposed rule. A commenter cited the
recent Brick MACT ruling which indicated that ``floors may legitimately
account for variability [in the best performing sources that are the
MACT floor basis] because ``each [source] must meet the [specified]
standard every day and under all operating conditions.'' The commenters
stated EPA's data set is not sufficient in covering variability. One
commenter noted that the Courts have been critical of EPA's process for
setting minimum allowable emission limits. The commenter stated that
EPA set the emission limits by averaging the best 12 percent of all
performance tests for each subcategory, but did not consider
operational variations of the units. The commenter recommended that EPA
set emission limits at the emissions level that is actually achieved
under the worst reasonably foreseeable circumstances for the best
performing 12 percent of existing sources.
Response: The CAA requires EPA to set MACT standards based on the
test data that is available to the Agency and this is what EPA did at
proposal. EPA recognized that it had limited emissions test data at the
time it was developing the proposed rule. However, EPA had requested
additional test data to supplement the emissions database from
commenters during the development of previous rules for stationary
engines. In addition, EPA requested additional test data during the
comment period for the current engine rulemaking. EPA made an
additional effort post-proposal to reach out to industry and other
sources in order to supplement the existing emission data set. EPA
received data for an additional 619 engines during the post-proposal
period; this data was incorporated into the MACT floor
[[Page 51579]]
analysis for this final rule. EPA also identified additional emissions
data for stationary 4SLB SI RICE that was in the docket for the
original RICE NESHAP rulemaking, docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0059. These
data were inadvertently omitted from the MACT floor analysis for the
proposed rule, but have been incorporated into the analysis for the
final rule, along with the additional emissions data received post-
proposal. EPA placed all additional data into the docket for this rule.
Stakeholders who believe that further review of this information is in
order or necessary can petition for reconsideration of this final rule.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit has recognized that
EPA may consider variability in estimating the degree of emission
reduction achieved by best-performing sources and in setting MACT
floors. See Mossville Envt'l Action Now v. EPA, 370 F.3d 1232, 1241-42
(D.C. Cir 2004). EPA has included a revised approach to variability in
the MACT floor analysis for this final rule. The final emission
standards are based on test data collected from stationary engines
produced by different engine manufacturers, operating at various loads
and other conditions, and located in various types of service and
locations. The engines range in size from 39 HP to 12,000 HP. The data
includes engines operating at loads from 11 to 100 percent. To the
extent commenters believed further data would have been beneficial to
EPA, EPA must make its determinations based on the information
available to us. EPA asked for further data, and EPA did receive
further data following the proposal, which led to changes in the final
regulations. For engines operating at reduced speed or loads resulting
in a reduced exhaust temperature, EPA believes that numerical emission
requirements are still appropriate and there is no justification to
only require work practice standards during these situations. EPA does
not believe that the provisions of section 112(h) of the CAA are met
(except as discussed elsewhere with regard to periods of start-up,
emergency engines, and engines below 100 HP) because testing is not
economically and technologically impractical and the emissions can be
readily routed through a conveyance for purposes of emission testing.
EPA believes that the final emission standards will reflect the
numerous engine models and operating scenarios that can be expected
from stationary engines.
In order to determine the MACT floor for each subcategory, EPA
ranked all of the sources for which it had data based on their
emissions and identified the lowest emitting 12 percent of the sources
based on the lowest test for each engine. EPA used all of the emissions
data for those best performing engines to determine the emission limits
for this final rule, accounting for variability. EPA notes that as a
result of using emissions testing data directly to determine the MACT,
rather than using the Population Database, the final MACT floor for
4SLB engines was calculated using data from engines with emissions
aftertreatment, which were the best performing 12% of engines in the
emissions database.
EPA assessed the variability of the best performers by using a
statistical formula designed to estimate a MACT floor level that is
achieved by the average of the best performing sources if the best
performing sources were able to replicate the compliance tests in our
data set. Specifically, the MACT floor limit is an upper prediction
limit (UPL) calculated with the Student's t-test using the TINV
function in Microsoft Excel. The Student's t-test has also been used in
other EPA rulemakings (e.g., New Source Performance Standards for
Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators, Proposed NESHAP for
Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters)
in accounting for variability. A prediction interval for a future
observation is an interval that will, with a specified degree of
confidence, contain the next (or some other pre-specified) randomly
selected observation from a population. In other words, the prediction
interval estimates what future values will be, based upon present or
past background samples taken. Given this definition, the UPL
represents the value which EPA can expect the mean of 3 future
observations (3-run average) to fall below, based upon the results of
an independent sample from the same population. In other words, if EPA
were to randomly select a future test condition from any of these
sources (i.e., average of 3 runs), EPA can be 99 percent confident that
the reported level will fall at or below the UPL value. To calculate
the UPL, EPA used the average (or sample mean) and sample standard
deviation, which are two statistical measures calculated from the
sample data. The average is the central value of a data set, and the
standard deviation is the common measure of the dispersion of the data
set around the average. This approach reasonably ensures that the
emission limit selected as the MACT floor adequately represents the
level of emissions actually achieved by the average of the units in the
top 12 percent, considering ordinary operational variability of those
units. Both the analysis of the measured emissions from units
representative of the top 12 percent, and the variability analysis, are
reasonably designed to provide a meaningful estimate of the average
performance, or central tendency, of the best controlled 12 percent of
units in a given subcategory.
Comment: Commenters stated that EPA should reevaluate its GACT
determinations for engines located at area sources. Commenters stated
that EPA is not required to consider the MACT floor as a minimum
standard for area sources, but may instead elect to promulgate
standards or requirements for area sources which provide for the use of
GACT or management practices by such sources to reduce emissions of
HAP. The commenters stated that EPA must consider not only the economic
impacts and whether the methods, practices, and techniques are
commercially available and appropriate for application by the sources
in the category, but also the technical capabilities of the firms to
operate and maintain the emissions controls systems. The commenters
pointed out that unlike engines located at major sources, which are
often large industrial facilities, many engines at area sources are
owned and operated by small businesses with little or no experience
dealing with complex regulatory issues and with minimal technical and
financial resources. Commenters said that EPA's GACT determination for
engines located at area sources does not adequately account for the
variation in engines that would be covered under the proposed control
requirements when applied to area sources. The commenters listed
several factors (engine size, cost effectiveness of control devices,
engine usage and duty cycles, engine location) that must be considered
in assessing whether and to what degree existing engines at area
sources should be regulated. Commenters recommended defining a size
based subcategory for area sources for natural gas-fired 4SRB engines
similar to the size threshold used for CI engines. The commenters
recommended that the subcategory or subcategories would require GACT
management practices rather than emission standards based on catalytic
control. At a minimum, the commenters recommended that subcategories be
included in the proposed rule for rural area source natural gas-fired
4SRB engines from 50 HP to 500 HP.
[[Page 51580]]
Response: EPA has reviewed its proposed requirements for existing
SI engines at area sources based on comments received on the proposed
rule. For existing non-emergency 4SRB and 4SLB stationary SI RICE
greater than 500 HP at area sources that operate more than 24 hours per
calendar year, EPA determined for the final rule that it is appropriate
to set numerical emission limits that EPA expects would be met using
emission control technologies. The costs and economic impacts are
reasonable and the control technologies that would be expected to be
used are generally available for these area source engines.
For the remaining existing stationary SI RICE at area sources, the
final rule requires management practices. EPA received comments and
supporting information indicating that EPA had underestimated the cost
of emission controls and overestimated how many engines were already
using these controls. EPA reevaluated the cost impacts associated with
establishing numeric emission limitations for these engines and
determined that the cost impacts would be unreasonable given the
expected emission impacts both with and without the expectation of use
of emission control technologies. For example, for 4SRB engines, the
annual cost per ton of HAP reduced, assuming the engine will have to
install emission controls to meet the emission limit, is estimated to
be $762,000 for a 50 HP engine and $167,000 for a 250 HP engine. For
2SLB and 4SLB engines at 250 HP, the annual cost per ton of HAP reduced
is estimated to be $224,000 and $55,000, respectively, assuming the
engines will have to install emission controls to meet the emission
limit. Engine owners/operators have indicated that most of these
smaller area source engines are not equipped with the control
technologies required to meet these limits. Based on this information,
EPA determined that management practices for these stationary SI RICE
located at area sources of HAP are generally available and cost
effective and is promulgating management practices for these engines in
the final rule. Additional information regarding this determination can
be found in the memorandum titled, ``MACT Floor and MACT Determination
for Existing Stationary Non-Emergency SI RICE <100 HP and Existing
Stationary Emergency SI RICE Located at Major Sources and GACT for
Existing Stationary SI RICE Located at Area Sources,'' which is
available from the rulemaking docket.
C. Management Practices
Comment: Several commenters did not agree with the specific
management practices that EPA proposed in the rule for area sources and
recommended different maintenance practices. According to the
commenters, the maintenance frequency in the proposed rule exceeds
current practices or is not supported in the proposed rule. Several
commenters agreed that management practices are appropriate for the
proper operation of the engines and are a reasonable means to reduce
HAP emissions, however, the commenters did not agree with the specific
maintenance practices proposed by EPA. Numerous commenters recommended
that EPA allow owners/operators to follow engine manufacturers'
recommended practices or the owners/operators own site-specific
maintenance plan.
One commenter pointed out that operators have a direct interest in
maintaining engine oil, hoses, and belts, so the engine runs reliably,
but the appropriate frequency for these maintenance practices are
specific to engine design and are not ``one size fits all.'' Commenters
recommended that EPA revise fixed maintenance (one-size-fits-all)
requirements to maintenance plans. The commenters stated that, while
fixed maintenance intervals work well for new mass produced engines
similar to those in automobiles, they are inappropriate for the wide
variety of existing engines used in the oil and gas, agriculture, and
power generation industries across the nation. The commenters pointed
out that EPA allows the use of operator-defined maintenance plans that
are ``consistent with good air pollution control practice for
minimizing emissions'' to be used in other portions of this same rule,
and asserted that EPA should allow the use of operator-defined
maintenance plans to greatly reduce cost and allow operators to
optimize maintenance for each type of engine.
Commenters said that if EPA keeps the management practices as
proposed, the frequencies associated with conducting engine maintenance
should be revised to be commensurate with today's practices. The
commenters believed the maintenance practices, as proposed, are
significantly burdensome and lack basis. According to the commenters,
EPA should replace the maintenance hour intervals with company
recommended performance-based maintenance practices to be documented in
an operator-defined maintenance plan consistent with requirements in 40
CFR part 60, subpart JJJJ.
One commenter stated that most of the engine manufacturers for the
engines in the oil and gas industry recommend oil changes on a monthly
schedule. The commenter also indicated that it is common practice to
periodically sample and test the engine oil to see if the oil
properties are sufficient to extend this time period between oil
changes. According to the commenter, this testing has shown in many
cases that the oil change interval can be extended without any
detrimental effects on the engine, which allows industry to maximize
efficiencies, minimize oil usage, reduce waste, and streamline
operations with no negative impacts to the engine or emissions.
One commenter expressed that inspection of hoses and belts has no
impact on HAP emissions. The commenter expressed that, generally, it
agreed that performing maintenance on engines will help to reduce HAP
emissions, but that while inspecting belts and hoses is an important
part of general engine maintenance (and most sources likely conduct
regular inspections of their engines), such inspections have no effect
on emissions and should not be included in the final rule.
Response: EPA proposed to require specific management practices for
certain engines, primarily for smaller existing stationary engines at
area sources where EPA determined that add-on controls were not GACT.
EPA indicated at proposal that the management practices specified in
the proposal reflected GACT and that such practices would provide a
reasonable level of control, while at the same time ensuring that the
burden on particularly small businesses and individual owners and
operators would be minimized. EPA asked for comment on the proposed
management practices and received comments on the proposal from
industry.
EPA agrees with the commenters that it is difficult to adopt a set
of management practices that are appropriate for all types of
stationary engines. Regardless, EPA must promulgate emission standards
pursuant to section 112(d)(5) of the CAA for all engines at area
sources covered by this final rule. EPA still believes that management
practices reflect GACT for emergency engines, engines less than or
equal to 500 HP, 2SLB engines, and landfill/digester gas engines at
area sources. These management practices represent what is generally
available among such engines to reduce HAP, and
[[Page 51581]]
the practices will ensure that emissions are minimized and engines are
properly operated. EPA does not agree with the commenters that it would
be appropriate to simply specify that owners and operators follow the
manufacturer's recommended maintenance practices for the engine. EPA
cannot delegate to manufacturers the final decision regarding the
proper management practices required by section 112(d) of the CAA. To
address the comments that there may be special and unique operating
situations where the management practices in this final rule may not be
appropriate, for example engines using a synthetic lubricant, EPA notes
that owners/operators may work with State permitting authorities
pursuant to 40 CFR subpart E (``Approval of State Programs and
Delegation of Federal Authorities'') for approval of alternative
management practices for their engines. 40 CFR subpart E implements
section 112(l) of the CAA, which authorizes EPA to approve alternative
State/local/tribal HAP standards or programs when such requirements are
demonstrated to be no less stringent than EPA promulgated standards.
The management practices EPA proposed for stationary SI engines
greater than 50 HP included changing the oil and filter every 500
hours, replacing the spark plugs every 1,000 hours, and inspecting all
hoses and belts every 500 hours and replacing as necessary. For engines
less than 50 HP, EPA proposed to require that these engines change the
oil and filter every 200 hours, replace spark plugs every 500 hours,
and inspect all hoses and belts every 500 hours and replace as
necessary.
EPA agrees that there is a wide range of recommended maintenance
procedures, but EPA must promulgate specific requirements pursuant to
section 112(d) of the CAA for this source category. Based on the
different suggested maintenance recommendations EPA has reviewed,
maintenance requirements appear to vary depending on whether the engine
is used for standby, intermittent, or continuous operation. Maintenance
is also dependent on the engine application, design, and model.
Taking into consideration the information received from commenters
on the proposed maintenance practices for oil and filter changes and
carefully reviewing engine manufacturer recommended maintenance
procedures, EPA has determined that for stationary non-emergency 4SLB
and 4SRB SI RICE at or below 500 HP and stationary non-emergency
landfill/digester gas SI RICE, GACT will require the management
practices to be performed every 1,440 hours of engine operation or
annually, whichever comes first, which, as indicated in the comments,
reflects the management practices that are generally available. For
stationary non-emergency 2SLB SI RICE, GACT will require the management
practices to be performed every 4,320 hours of engine operation or
annually, whichever comes first. Two stroke lean burn engines have a
longer maintenance interval than 4-stroke engines because they do not
have combustion blow-by gases entering the crankcase due to the engine
configuration and therefore do not have as much oil contamination from
the combustion blow-by gases. The 2SLB engines also operate at lower
speeds and temperatures than 4-stroke engines; consequently the spark
plug does not fire as frequently and fires at lower temperatures than
4-stroke engines. For these reasons, EPA agrees that 2SLB engines
should have longer maintenance practice intervals than 4-stroke
engines. EPA also determined that it would be appropriate to include
the option to use an oil analysis program in this final rule.
EPA does not agree with the comments that EPA's proposed
requirement to inspect belts and hoses has no impact on emissions.
Ensuring that the engine is properly operated and maintained will help
minimize the HAP emissions from the engine. Properly maintained belts
and hoses allow the engine to operate at maximum efficiency. Hoses are
generally used to move coolant through the engine to prevent the engine
from overheating. Overheating of the engine can cause a malfunction in
the combustion process, and may also burn the engine oil in the
combustion chamber. Both of these conditions may increase pollutant
emissions from the engine. Belts are commonly used for electrical
generation and engine timing, and if worn or broken can cause damage to
the engine and increase emissions. Therefore, EPA has required
management practices that reflect GACT and that, in EPA's view, will
ensure the proper operation and maintenance of the engine.
D. Method 323
Comment: Many commenters thought that EPA should reconsider whether
EPA Method 323 could be included in this final rule or if there is
another viable alternative to EPA Method 320. EPA Method 323 was
published in the Federal Register on January 14, 2003, as a proposed
test method to measuring formaldehyde from natural gas stationary
combustion sources, but the method was never finalized. However, the
commenters said that the method has been used on a consistent basis to
measure formaldehyde from gas engines for compliance and other
purposes. EPA Region 8 has test results that indicate potential issues
related to the reliability of EPA Method 323 and the method was
therefore not included in the proposed rule. The commenters said that
they believe that testing errors may have been a factor in the
anomalous results from EPA Region 8. The commenters have reviewed some
of the test reports in question and noted potential calculation or
testing errors. The Fourier Transform Infrared method, which is the
single formaldehyde test method in the proposal, compared to Method 323
is more complex and often more expensive, according to the commenters.
In addition, several commenters have concerns about whether there will
be a sufficient amount of available testing companies to meet the
performance testing demands of this final rule. For these reasons,
several of the commenters said that EPA should look back at Method 323
as a viable method and at the same time consider other alternatives for
measuring formaldehyde.
Response: EPA Method 323 was first proposed as part of the NESHAP
for Stationary Combustion Turbines published January 14, 2003, (68 FR
1888) for measuring formaldehyde emissions from natural gas-fired
sources. However, the method was not included in the final Stationary
Combustion Turbine NESHAP due to reliability concerns and EPA never
promulgated EPA Method 323 as a final standard in 40 CFR part 63,
appendix A. Despite this, many sources chose to use the method for
compliance testing and as EPA reviewed the results from the method two
issues emerged. A few testers seemed to produce results with the method
that were consistently biased low, and occasionally testers were unable
to meet the performance requirement for collecting duplicate samples
whose results agreed within 20 percent. Because EPA was
unable to resolve these technical issues with the method, EPA found it
appropriate to propose to remove the method from 40 CFR part 63,
subpart ZZZZ.
After EPA proposed to remove Method 323 as a compliance test
method, the Agency received test data comparing Method 323 to EPA
Method 320. These comparison tests were run on five different engines
with samples collected concurrently from co-located sampling systems.
The results from the two methods showed good agreement and there was no
evidence of bias in the
[[Page 51582]]
results from Method 323. Also, during the comparison testing, there
were no problems meeting the quality assurance requirement in Method
323 for agreement between duplicate samples. A careful review of the
earlier data where some testers using Method 323 were consistently
producing biased results showed that these testers did not always
perform the method correctly. Based on the results of the comparison
testing, EPA believes that when competent testers perform Method 323
according to all of its requirements, the method will produce accurate
and consistent results and it is appropriate to allow sources the
option to use Method 323 to demonstrate compliance with the
formaldehyde emission limits in 40 CFR part 63 subpart ZZZZ. Therefore,
we are adding Method 323 to Appendix A of Part 63 as part of this
action.
E. Other
Comment: One commenter indicated that they had provided significant
comments in February 2009 on EPA's Continuous Parameter Monitoring
Systems proposal (73 FR 59956, October 9, 2008) and believes that
extensive revisions are needed of Performance Specifications 17 and 4.
The commenter asked that EPA review these procedures to determine their
appropriateness for even larger engines and suggested that EPA remove
the reference to 40 CFR 63.8(a)(2) from Table 8 of the proposed rule,
i.e., change ``Yes'' to ``No'' for this paragraph.
Response: EPA does not agree with the commenter that the reference
to 40 CFR 63.8(a)(2) in Table 8 of the rule should be ``no''. The
commenter did not provide any information to support the claim that the
Performance Specifications and 40 CFR 63.8(a)(2) are not appropriate
for stationary engines. In response to this comment, EPA reviewed the
proposed Performance Specifications and determined that they are
appropriate for stationary engines, including stationary SI engines. In
order to clearly indicate the requirements from the Performance
Specifications that should be followed for the stationary engines
subject to this rulemaking, EPA has included the Performance
Specification requirements in 40 CFR part 63 subpart ZZZZ.
VI. Summary of Environmental, Energy and Economic Impacts
A. What are the air quality impacts?
This final rule is expected to reduce total HAP emissions from
stationary RICE by 6,000 tpy beginning in the year 2013, which is the
first year this final rule will be implemented. EPA estimates that
approximately 330,000 stationary SI engines will be subject to this
final rule. These estimates include stationary engines located at major
and area sources; however, not all stationary engines are subject to
numerical emission standards. Further information regarding the
estimated reductions of this final rule can be found in the memorandum
titled, ``Impacts Associated with NESHAP for Existing Stationary SI
RICE,'' which is available in the docket.
In addition to HAP emissions reductions, this final rule will
reduce other pollutants such as CO, NOX, and VOC. This final
rule is expected to reduce emissions of CO by 109,000 tpy in the year
2013. Reductions of NOX are estimated at 96,000 tpy in the
year 2013. Emissions of VOC are estimated to be reduced by 31,000 tpy
in the year 2013.
B. What are the cost impacts?
The total national capital cost for this final rule for existing
stationary RICE is estimated to be $383 million, with a total national
annual cost of $253 million in year 2013 (the first year this final
rule is implemented). Further information regarding the estimated cost
impacts of this final rule can be found in the memorandum titled,
``Impacts Associated with NESHAP for Existing Stationary SI RICE,''
which is available in the docket.
C. What are the benefits?
We estimate the monetized co-benefits of the final SI RICE NESHAP
for major and area sources to be $510 million to $1.2 billion (2009$, 3
percent discount rate) in the implementation year (2013). The monetized
co-benefits of the regulatory action at a 7 percent discount rate are
$460 million to $1.1 billion (2009$). Using alternate relationships
between PM2.5 and premature mortality supplied by experts,
higher and lower co-benefits estimates are plausible, but most of the
expert-based estimates fall between these two estimates.\1\ A summary
of the monetized co-benefits estimates at discount rates of 3 percent
and 7 percent is presented in Table 3 of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Roman et al., 2008. Expert Judgment Assessment of the
Mortality Impact of Changes in Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in
the U.S. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7, 2268-2274.
Table 3--Summary of the Monetized Co-Benefits Estimates for the Final RICE SI NESHAP in 2013
[Millions of 2009$] 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated
emission Total monetized co-benefits Total monetized co-benefits
PM2.5 precursors reductions (tons (3% discount rate) (7% discount rate)
per year)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Major Sources:
VOC.......................... 6,730 $8.2 to $20................. $7.4 to $18.
Area Sources:
VOC.......................... 24,177 $29 to $72................. $27 to $65.
NOX.......................... 96,479 $470 to $1,100.............. $420 to $1,000.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total for Area Sources... ................. $500 to $1,200.............. $450 to $1,100.
==============================================================================
Combined Total for Major ................. $510 to $1,200.............. $460 to $1,100.
and Area Sources.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ All estimates are for the implementation year (2013), and are rounded to two significant figures so numbers
may not sum across rows. All fine particles are assumed to have equivalent health effects, but the benefit-per-
ton estimates vary between precursors because each ton of precursor reduced has a different propensity to form
PM2.5. Benefits from reducing CO and HAP are not included. All of the benefits for area sources are
attributable to reductions expected from 4SLB and 4SRB non-emergency engines above 500 HP.
[[Page 51583]]
These co-benefits estimates represent the total monetized human
health benefits for populations exposed to less PM2.5 in
2013 from controls installed to reduce air pollutants in order to meet
these multiple standards. These co-estimates are calculated as the sum
of the monetized value of avoided premature mortality and morbidity
associated with reducing a ton of PM2.5 precursor emissions.
To estimate the human health benefits derived from reducing
PM2.5 precursor emissions, we utilized the general approach
and methodology laid out in Fann, Fulcher, and Hubbell (2009).\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ Fann, N., C.M. Fulcher, B.J. Hubbell. 2009. ``The influence
of location, source, and emissions type in estimates of the human
health benefits of reducing a ton of air pollution.'' Air Qual Atmos
Health (2009) 2:169-176.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
To generate the benefit-per-ton estimates, we used a model to
convert emissions of direct PM2.5 and PM2.5
precursors into changes in ambient PM2.5 levels and another
model to estimate the changes in human health associated with that
change in air quality. Finally, the monetized health co-benefits were
divided by the emissions reductions to create the benefit-per-ton
estimates. These models assume that all fine particles, regardless of
their chemical composition, are equally potent in causing premature
mortality because there is no clear scientific evidence that would
support the development of differential effects estimates by particle
type. NOX and VOCs are the primary PM2.5
precursors affected by this rule. Even though we assume that all fine
particles have equivalent health effects, the benefit-per-ton estimates
vary between precursors because each ton of precursor reduced has a
different propensity to form PM2.5. For example,
NOX has a lower benefit-per-ton estimate than direct
PM2.5 because it does not form as much PM2.5,
thus the exposure would be lower, and the monetized health co-benefits
would be lower.
For context, it is important to note that the magnitude of the PM
co-benefits is largely driven by the concentration response function
for premature mortality. Experts have advised EPA to consider a variety
of assumptions, including estimates based both on empirical
(epidemiological) studies and judgments elicited from scientific
experts, to characterize the uncertainty in the relationship between
PM2.5 concentrations and premature mortality. For this
rulemaking we cite two key empirical studies, one based on the American
Cancer Society cohort study \3\ and the extended Six Cities cohort
study.\4\ In the RIA for this rulemaking, which is available in the
docket, we also include co-benefits estimates derived from expert
judgments and other assumptions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ Pope et al., 2002. ``Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality,
and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution.'' Journal
of the American Medical Association 287:1132-1141.
\4\ Laden et al., 2006. ``Reduction in Fine Particulate Air
Pollution and Mortality.'' American Journal of Respiratory and
Critical Care Medicine. 173: 667-672.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA strives to use the best available science to support our
benefits analyses. We recognize that interpretation of the science
regarding air pollution and health is dynamic and evolving. After
reviewing the scientific literature and recent scientific advice, we
have determined that the no-threshold model is the most appropriate
model for assessing the mortality benefits associated with reducing
PM2.5 exposure. Consistent with this recent advice, we are
replacing the previous threshold sensitivity analysis with a new
``Lowest Measured Level'' (LML) assessment. While an LML assessment
provides some insight into the level of uncertainty in the estimated PM
mortality benefits, EPA does not view the LML as a threshold and
continues to quantify PM-related mortality impacts using a full range
of modeled air quality concentrations.
Most of the estimated PM-related benefits in this rulemaking would
accrue to populations exposed to higher levels of PM2.5.
Using the Pope et al. (2002) study, the 85 percent of the population is
exposed at or above the LML of 7.5 [micro]g/m\3\. Using the Laden et
al. (2006) study, 40 percent of the population is exposed above the LML
of 10 [micro]g/m\3\. It is important to emphasize that we have high
confidence in PM2.5-related effects down to the lowest LML
of the major cohort studies. This fact is important, because as we
estimate PM-related mortality among populations exposed to levels of
PM2.5 that are successively lower, our confidence in the
results diminishes. However, our analysis shows that the great majority
of the impacts occur at higher exposures.
This analysis does not include the type of detailed uncertainty
assessment found in the 2006 PM2.5 National Ambient Air
Quality Standard (NAAQS) RIA because we lack the necessary air quality
input and monitoring data to run the benefits model. However, the 2006
PM2.5 NAAQS benefits analysis \5\ provides an indication of
the sensitivity of our results to various assumptions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. Final Regulatory
Impact Analysis: PM2.5 NAAQS. Prepared by Office of Air
and Radiation. October. Available on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/ria.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
It should be emphasized that the monetized co-benefits estimates
provided above do not include benefits from several important benefit
categories, including reducing other air pollutants, ecosystem effects,
and visibility impairment. The benefits from reducing CO and HAP have
not been monetized in this analysis, including reducing 109,000 tons of
CO and 6,000 tons of HAP each year. Although we do not have sufficient
information or modeling available to provide monetized estimates for
this rulemaking, we include a qualitative assessment of these other
effects in the RIA for this rulemaking, which is available in the
docket.
The combined social costs of this rulemaking are estimated to be
$253 million (2009$) in the implementation year. The combined monetized
co-benefits are $510 million to $1.2 billion (2009$, 3 percent discount
rate) and $460 million to $1.1 billion (2009$, 7 percent discount rate)
for 2013. Thus, net benefits of this rulemaking are estimated at $250
million to $980 million (2009$, 3 percent discount rate) and $210
million to $860 million (2009$, 7 percent discount rate). EPA believes
that the benefits of the rulemaking are likely to exceed the costs even
when taking into account the uncertainties in the cost and benefit
estimates.
D. What are the economic impacts?
The economic impact analysis (EIA) that is included in the RIA
indicates that prices of affected output from the affected industries
will increase as a result of the rule, but the changes will be small.
The largest impacts are on the electric power generating industry
because it bears more costs from the rule than any other affected
industry (slightly more than 50 percent of the total annualized costs).
For all affected industries, annualized compliance costs are 0.5
percent or less, on average, of sales for firms.
Based on the estimated compliance costs associated with this rule
and the predicted changes in prices and output in affected markets, the
estimated social costs are $253 million (2009$), which is the same as
the estimated compliance costs.
For more information on the economic impacts, please refer to the
RIA for this rulemaking, which is available in the docket.
[[Page 51584]]
E. What are the non-air health, environmental and energy impacts?
EPA does not anticipate any significant non-air health,
environmental or energy impacts as a result of this final rule.
VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review
Under section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735,
October 4, 1993), this action is an ``economically significant
regulatory action'' because it is likely to have an annual effect on
the economy of $100 million or more. Accordingly, EPA submitted this
action to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review under
Executive Order 12866 and any changes made in response to OMB
recommendations have been documented in the docket for this action. In
addition, EPA prepared a RIA of the potential costs and benefits
associated with this action.
When estimating the PM2.5-related human health benefits
and compliance costs in Table 4 below, EPA applied methods and
assumptions consistent with the state-of-the-science for human health
impact assessment, economics and air quality analysis. EPA applied its
best professional judgment in performing this analysis and believes
that these estimates provide a reasonable indication of the expected
benefits and costs to the nation of this rulemaking. The RIA available
in the docket describes in detail the empirical basis for EPA's
assumptions and characterizes the various sources of uncertainties
affecting the estimates below.
When characterizing uncertainty in the PM-mortality relationship,
EPA has historically presented a sensitivity analysis applying
alternate assumed thresholds in the PM concentration-response
relationship. In its synthesis of the current state of the PM science,
EPA's 2009 Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter
concluded that a no-threshold log-linear model most adequately portrays
the PM-mortality concentration-response relationship. In the RIA
accompanying this rulemaking, rather than segmenting out impacts
predicted to be associated levels above and below a ``bright line''
threshold, EPA includes a ``LML'' that illustrates the increasing
uncertainty that characterizes exposure attributed to levels of
PM2.5 below the LML for each study. Figures provided in the
RIA show the distribution of baseline exposure to PM2.5, as
well as the lowest air quality levels measured in each of the
epidemiology cohort studies. This information provides a context for
considering the likely portion of PM-related mortality benefits
occurring above or below the LML of each study; in general, our
confidence in the size of the estimated reduction PM2.5-
related premature mortality diminishes as baseline concentrations of
PM2.5 are lowered. Using the Pope et al. (2002) study, the
85 percent of the population is exposed to annual mean PM2.5
levels at or above the LML of 7.5 [micro]g/m\3\. Using the Laden et al.
(2006) study, 40 percent of the population is exposed above the LML of
10 [micro]g/m\3\. While the LML analysis provides some insight into the
level of uncertainty in the estimated PM mortality benefits, EPA does
not view the LML as a threshold and continues to quantify PM-related
mortality impacts using a full range of modeled air quality
concentrations.
A summary of the monetized benefits, social costs, and net benefits
for the option, as well as a less stringent option, at discount rates
of 3 percent and 7 percent is in Table 4 of this preamble.
Table 4--Summary of the Monetized Benefits, Social Costs, and Net Benefits for the Final SI RICE NESHAP in 2013
[Millions of 2009$] \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3% Discount rate
7% Discount rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final NESHAP: Major
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Monetized Benefits \2\.................. $8.2 to $20 $7.4 to $18
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Social Costs \3\........................ $88
$88
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Benefits.................................. -$80 to -$68 -$81 to -$70
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12,500 tons of CO
1,300 tons of HAP
Non-monetized Benefits........................ Ecosystem effects
Visibility impairment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative 2: Major
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Monetized Benefits \2\.................. $48 to $120 $43 to $110
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Social Costs \3\........................ $95
$95
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Benefits.................................. -$47 to $22 -$52 to $11
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17,800 tons of CO
1,400 tons of HAP
Non-monetized Benefits........................ Health effects from NO2 and ozone exposure
Ecosystem effects
Visibility impairment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final NESHAP: Area \4\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Monetized Benefits \2\.................. $500 to $1,200 $450 to $1,100
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Social Costs \3\........................ $166
$166
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 51585]]
3% Discount rate
7% Discount rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Benefits.................................. $330 to $1,100 $290 to $930
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
97,000 tons of CO
4,700 tons of HAP
Non-monetized Benefits........................ Health effects from NO2 and ozone exposure
Ecosystem effects
Visibility impairment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Major and Area Source NESHAP
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Monetized Benefits \2\.................. $510 to $1,200 $460 to $1,100
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Social Costs \3\........................ $253
$253
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Benefits.................................. $250 to $980 $210 to $860
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
109,000 tons of CO
6,000 tons of HAP
Non-monetized Benefits........................ Health effects from NO2 and ozone exposure
Ecosystem effects
Visibility impairment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ All estimates are for the implementation year (2013), and are rounded to two significant figures.
\2\ The total monetized benefits reflect the human health benefits associated with reducing exposure to PM2.5
through reductions of PM2.5 precursors such as NOX and VOC. It is important to note that the monetized
benefits include many but not all health effects associated with PM2.5 exposure. Benefits are shown as a range
from Pope et al. (2002) to Laden et al. (2006). These models assume that all fine particles, regardless of
their chemical composition, are equally potent in causing premature mortality because there is no clear
scientific evidence that would support the development of differential effects estimates by particle type.
\3\ The annual compliance costs serve as a proxy for the annual social costs of this rulemaking given the lack
of difference between the two.
\4\ All of the benefits for area sources are attributable to reductions expected from 4SLB and 4SRB non-
emergency engines above 500 HP.
For more information on the benefits analysis, please refer to the
RIA for this rulemaking, which is available in the docket.
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
The information collection requirements in this final rule have
been submitted for approval to OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act,
44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. The information collection requirements are not
enforceable until OMB approves them.
The information collection activities in this final rule include
performance testing for non-emergency stationary SI RICE from 100 to
500 HP located at major sources of HAP and for non-emergency 4SLB and
4SRB stationary SI RICE larger than 500 HP located at area sources of
HAP. The information collection activities also include one-time
notifications and periodic reports, recording information, monitoring
and the maintenance of records. The information generated by these
activities will be used by EPA to ensure that affected facilities
comply with the emission limits and other requirements. Records and
reports are necessary to enable EPA or States to identify affected
facilities that may not be in compliance with the requirements. Based
on reported information, EPA will decide which units and what records
or processes should be inspected. These amendments do not require any
notifications or reports beyond those required by the General
Provisions. The recordkeeping requirements require only the specific
information needed to determine compliance. These recordkeeping and
reporting requirements are specifically authorized by CAA section 114
(42 U.S.C. 7414). All information submitted to EPA for which a claim of
confidentiality is made will be safeguarded according to EPA policies
in 40 CFR part 2, subpart B, Confidentiality of Business Information.
The annual monitoring, reporting, and recordkeeping burden for this
collection (averaged over the first 3 years after sources must comply)
is estimated to be 967,246 labor hours per year at a total annual cost
of $86 million. This estimate includes notifications of compliance and
performance tests, engine performance testing, semiannual compliance
reports, continuous monitoring, and recordkeeping. The total capital
costs associated with the requirements over the 3-year period of the
information collection request (ICR) is estimated to be $13.8 million
per year. There are no additional operation and maintenance costs for
the requirements over the 3-year period of the ICR. Burden is defined
at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
An Agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required
to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's
regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. When this ICR is
approved by OMB, the Agency will publish a technical amendment to 40
CFR part 9 in the Federal Register to display the OMB control number
for the approved information collection requirements contained in this
final rule.
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act generally requires an agency to
prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice
and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure
Act or any other statute unless the agency certifies that the rule will
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities. Small entities include small businesses, small organizations,
and small governmental jurisdictions.
For purposes of assessing the impacts of this final rule on small
entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A small business as defined
by the Small Business Administration's (SBA) regulations at 13 CFR
121.201; (2) a small governmental
[[Page 51586]]
jurisdiction that is a government of a city, county, town, school
district or special district with a population of less than 50,000; and
(3) a small organization that is any not-for-profit enterprise which is
independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. The
companies owning facilities with affected RICE can be grouped into
small and large categories using SBA general size standard definitions.
Size standards are based on industry classification codes (i.e., North
American Industrial Classification System, or NAICS) that each company
uses to identify the industry or industries in which they operate in.
The SBA defines a small business in terms of the maximum employment,
annual sales, or annual energy-generating capacity (for electricity
generating units) of the owning entity. These thresholds vary by
industry and are evaluated based on the primary industry classification
of the affected companies. In cases where companies are classified by
multiple NAICS codes, the most conservative SBA definition (i.e., the
NAICS code with the highest employee or revenue size standard) was
used.
As mentioned earlier in this preamble, facilities across several
industries use affected SI RICE; therefore, a number of size standards
are utilized in this analysis. For the 15 industries identified at the
6-digit NAICS codes represented in this analysis, the employment size
standard (where it applies) varies from 500 to 1,000 employees. The
annual sales standard (where it applies) is as low as $0.75 million and
as high as $33.5 million. In addition, for the electric power
generation industry, the small business size standard is an ultimate
parent entity defined as having a total electric output of 4 million
megawatt-hours in the previous fiscal year. The specific SBA size
standard is identified for each affected industry within the industry
profile to support this economic analysis.
After considering the economic impacts of this final rule on small
entities, I certify that this action will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities (SISNOSE).
This certification is based on the economic impact of this final action
to all affected small entities across all industries affected. We
estimate that all small entities will have annualized costs of less
than 1 percent of their sales in all industries except NAICS 2211
(electric power generation, transmission, and distribution) and NAICS
111 (Crop and Animal Production). The number of small entities in NAICS
2211 having annualized costs of greater than 1 percent of their sales
is less than 5 percent, and the number of small entities in NAICS 111
and 112 having annualized costs of greater than 1 percent of their
sales (but less than 2 percent of sales) is 30 percent. We conclude
that there is no SISNOSE for this final rule.
For more information on the small entity impacts associated with
this final rule, please refer to the Economic Impact and Small Business
Analyses in the public docket. These analyses can be found in the RIA
for this final rule.
Although this final rule would not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small entities, EPA nonetheless tried
to reduce the impact of this final rule on small entities. When
developing the standards, EPA took special steps to ensure that the
burdens imposed on small entities were minimal. EPA conducted several
meetings with industry trade associations to discuss regulatory options
and the corresponding burden on industry, such as recordkeeping and
reporting. In this final rule, we are applying the minimum level of
control (i.e., the MACT floor) to engines located at major HAP sources
and the minimum level of testing, monitoring, recordkeeping, and
reporting to affected RICE sources, both major and area, allowed by the
CAA. Other alternatives considered that provided more than the minimum
level of control were deemed as not technically feasible or cost-
effective for EPA to implement as explained earlier in the preamble.
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), 2
U.S.C. 1531-1538, requires Federal agencies, unless otherwise
prohibited by law, to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on
State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. This final
rule contains a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $100
million or more for State, local, and tribal governments, in the
aggregate, or the private sector in any 1 year. Accordingly, EPA has
prepared under section 202 of the UMRA a written statement which is
summarized below.
As discussed previously in this preamble, the statutory authority
for this final rule is section 112 of the CAA. Section 112(b) lists the
189 chemicals, compounds, or groups of chemicals deemed by Congress to
be HAP. These toxic air pollutants are to be regulated by NESHAP.
Section 112(d) of the CAA directs us to develop NESHAP based on MACT,
which require existing and new major sources to control emissions of
HAP. EPA is required to address HAP emissions from stationary RICE
located at area sources under section 112(k) of the CAA, based on
criteria set forth by EPA in the Urban Air Toxics Strategy previously
discussed in this preamble.
In compliance with section 205(a), we identified and considered a
reasonable number of regulatory alternatives. EPA carefully examined
the regulatory alternatives, and selected the lowest cost/least
burdensome alternative that EPA deems adequate to achieve the statutory
requirements of CAA section 112 and effectively reduce emissions of
HAP.
1. Social Costs and Benefits
The RIA prepared for this final rule, including the Agency's
assessment of costs and benefits, is detailed in the ``Regulatory
Impact Analysis for the Final SI RICE NESHAP'' in the docket. Based on
estimated compliance costs on all sources associated with this final
rule and the predicted change in prices and production in the affected
industries assuming passthrough of costs to affected consumers, the
estimated social costs of this final rule are $253 million (2009$). It
is estimated that by 2013, HAP will be reduced by 6,000 tpy due to
reductions in formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, methanol and
benzene from existing stationary SI RICE. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
have been classified as ``probable human carcinogens.'' Acrolein and
methanol are not considered carcinogenic, but produce several other
toxic effects. Benzene is classified as a known carcinogen (Group A).
This final rule is expected to reduce emissions of CO by about 109,000
tpy in the year 2013. Reductions of NOX are estimated at
96,000 tpy in the year 2013. Emissions of VOC are estimated to be
reduced by 31,000 tpy in the year 2013. Exposure to CO can affect the
cardiovascular system and the central nervous system.
The total monetized benefits of this final rule in 2013 range from
$510 million to $1.2 billion (2009$, 3% discount rate).
2. Future and Disproportionate Costs
The UMRA requires that we estimate, where accurate estimation is
reasonably feasible, future compliance costs imposed by this final rule
and any disproportionate budgetary effects. Our estimates of the future
compliance costs of this final rule are discussed previously in this
preamble. We do not believe that there will be any
[[Page 51587]]
disproportionate budgetary effects of this final rule on any particular
areas of the country, State or local governments, types of communities
(e.g., urban, rural), or particular industry segments.
3. Effects on the National Economy
The UMRA requires that we estimate the effect of this final rule on
the national economy. To the extent feasible, we must estimate the
effect on productivity, economic growth, full employment, creation of
productive jobs, and international competitiveness of the U.S. goods
and services if we determine that accurate estimates are reasonably
feasible and that such effect is relevant and material. The nationwide
economic impact of this final rule is presented in the ``Regulatory
Impact Analysis for the SI RICE NESHAP'' in the docket. This analysis
provides estimates of the effect of this final rule on most of the
categories mentioned above. The results of the economic impact analysis
were summarized previously in this preamble. In addition, we have
determined that this final rule contains no regulatory requirements
that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments.
Therefore, this rule is not subject to the requirements of section 203
of the UMRA.
E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
This final rule does not have federalism implications. It will not
have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship
between the national government and the States, or on the distribution
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government,
as specified in Executive Order 13132. This final rule primarily
affects private industry, and does not impose significant economic
costs on State or local governments. Thus, Executive Order 13132 does
not apply to this final rule.
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian
Tribal Governments
This action does not have tribal implications, as specified in
Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). It will not have
substantial direct effects on tribal governments, on the relationship
between the Federal government and Indian tribes, or on the
distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal
government and Indian tribes, as specified in Executive Order 13175.
Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this final rule.
G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental
Health and Safety Risks
EPA interprets Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997)
as applying to those regulatory actions that concern health or safety
risks, such that the analysis required under section 5-501 of the Order
has the potential to influence the regulation. This action is not
subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is based solely on
technology performance.
H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
This final rule is not a ``significant energy action'' as defined
in Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001) because it is not
likely to have a significant adverse impact on the supply,
distribution, or use of energy. EPA has prepared an analysis of energy
impacts that explains this conclusion as follows below.
With respect to energy supply and prices, our analysis suggests
that at the industry level, the annualized costs represent a very small
fraction of revenue (generally less than 0.5 percent). As a result, we
can conclude supply and price impacts on affected energy producers and
consumers should be small.
To enhance understanding regarding the regulation's influence on
energy consumption, we examined publicly available data describing
energy consumption for the electric power sector. The electric power
sector is expected to incur about half of the $253 million in
compliance costs associated with this final rule, and is the industry
expected to incur the greatest share of the costs relative to other
affected industries. The Annual Energy Outlook 2010 (EIA, 2009)
provides energy consumption data. Since this final rule primarily
affects natural gas and gasoline-fired RICE, our analysis focuses on
impacts of consumption of these fuels. As shown in Table 5 of this
preamble, the electric power sector accounts for less than 5.1 percent
of U.S. natural gas consumption. As a result, any energy consumption
changes attributable to this final rule should not significantly
influence the supply, distribution, or use of energy nationwide.
Table 5--U.S. Electric Power \a\ Sector Energy Consumption
[(Quadrillion BTUs): 2013]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Share of
total
Quantity energy use
(percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distillate fuel oil........................... 0.12 0.1
Residual fuel oil............................. 0.34 0.3
Liquid fuels subtotal......................... 0.45 0.5
Natural gas................................... 5.17 5.1
Steam coal.................................... 20.69 20.6
Nuclear power................................. 8.59 8.5
Renewable energy \b\.......................... 6.06 6.0
Electricity Imports........................... 0.09 0.1
-------------------------
Total Electric Power Energy Consumption 41.18 40.9
\c\......................................
-------------------------
Delivered Energy Use...................... 72.41 72.0
Total Energy Use.......................... 100.59 100.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Includes consumption of energy by electricity-only and combined heat
and power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or
electricity and heat, to the public. Includes small power producers
and exempt wholesale generators.
\b\ Includes conventional hydroelectric, geothermal, wood and wood
waste, biogenic municipal solid waste, other biomass, petroleum coke,
wind, photovoltaic and solar thermal sources. Excludes net electricity
imports.
\c\ Includes non-biogenic municipal waste not included above.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2009. Supplemental
Tables to the Annual Energy Outlook 2010.
[[Page 51588]]
I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act (NTTAA) of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-113, Section 12(d), 15 U.S.C. 272
note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards (VCS) in its
regulatory activities, unless to do so would be inconsistent with
applicable law or otherwise impractical. The VCS are technical
standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling
procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by
VCS bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB,
explanations when the Agency does not use available and applicable VCS.
EPA cites technical standard EPA Method 323 of 40 CFR part 63,
appendix A, in this final rule. Consistent with the NTTAA, EPA
conducted searches to identify VCS in addition to this EPA method. No
applicable VCS were identified for EPA Method 323. The search and
review results have been documented and are placed in the docket for
this final rule.
Under Sec. 63.7(f) and Sec. 63.8(f) of subpart A of the General
Provisions, a source may apply to EPA for permission to use alternative
test methods or alternative monitoring requirements in place of any
required or referenced testing methods, performance specifications, or
procedures.
J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629 (Feb. 16, 1994)) establishes
Federal executive policy on environmental justice. Its main provision
directs Federal agencies, to the greatest extent practicable and
permitted by law, to make environmental justice part of their mission
by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high
and adverse human health or environmental effects of their programs,
policies, and activities on minority populations and low-income
populations in the United States.
EPA has determined that this final rule will not have
disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental
effects on minority or low-income populations because it increases the
level of environmental protection for all affected populations without
having any disproportionately high and adverse human health or
environmental effects on any population, including any minority or low-
income population. This rule is a nationwide standard that reduces air
toxics emissions from existing stationary SI engines, thus decreasing
the amount of such emissions to which all affected populations are
exposed.
K. Congressional Review Act
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating
the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule,
to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the
United States. EPA will submit a report containing this final rule and
other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of
Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior
to publication of this final rule in the Federal Register. A major rule
cannot take effect until 60 days after it is published in the Federal
Register. This action is a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C.
804(2). This final rule will be effective on October 19, 2010.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 63
Administrative practice and procedure, Air pollution control,
Hazardous substances, Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental
relations, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: August 10, 2010.
Lisa P. Jackson,
Administrator.
0
For the reasons stated in the preamble, title 40, chapter I, part 63 of
the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows:
PART 63--[AMENDED]
0
1. The authority citation for part 63 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq.
Subpart ZZZZ--[Amended]
0
2. Section 63.6590 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(2), (b)(3),
and (c) to read as follows:
Sec. 63.6590 What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(2) A new or reconstructed stationary RICE with a site rating of
more than 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions which
combusts landfill or digester gas equivalent to 10 percent or more of
the gross heat input on an annual basis must meet the initial
notification requirements of Sec. 63.6645(f) and the requirements of
Sec. Sec. 63.6625(c), 63.6650(g), and 63.6655(c). These stationary
RICE do not have to meet the emission limitations and operating
limitations of this subpart.
(3) The following stationary RICE do not have to meet the
requirements of this subpart and of subpart A of this part, including
initial notification requirements:
(i) Existing spark ignition 2 stroke lean burn (2SLB) stationary
RICE with a site rating of more than 500 brake HP located at a major
source of HAP emissions;
(ii) Existing spark ignition 4 stroke lean burn (4SLB) stationary
RICE with a site rating of more than 500 brake HP located at a major
source of HAP emissions;
(iii) Existing emergency stationary RICE with a site rating of more
than 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions;
(iv) Existing limited use stationary RICE with a site rating of
more than 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions;
(v) Existing stationary RICE with a site rating of more than 500
brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions that combusts
landfill gas or digester gas equivalent to 10 percent or more of the
gross heat input on an annual basis;
(vi) Existing residential emergency stationary RICE located at an
area source of HAP emissions;
(vii) Existing commercial emergency stationary RICE located at an
area source of HAP emissions; or
(viii) Existing institutional emergency stationary RICE located at
an area source of HAP emissions.
(c) Stationary RICE subject to Regulations under 40 CFR Part 60. An
affected source that meets any of the criteria in paragraphs (c)(1)
through (7) of this section must meet the requirements of this part by
meeting the requirements of 40 CFR part 60 subpart IIII, for
compression ignition engines or 40 CFR part 60 subpart JJJJ, for spark
ignition engines. No further requirements apply for such engines under
this part.
(1) A new or reconstructed stationary RICE located at an area
source;
(2) A new or reconstructed 2SLB stationary RICE with a site rating
of less than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP
emissions;
(3) A new or reconstructed 4SLB stationary RICE with a site rating
of less than 250 brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions;
(4) A new or reconstructed spark ignition 4 stroke rich burn (4SRB)
stationary RICE with a site rating of less
[[Page 51589]]
than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP
emissions;
(5) A new or reconstructed stationary RICE with a site rating of
less than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP
emissions which combusts landfill or digester gas equivalent to 10
percent or more of the gross heat input on an annual basis;
(6) A new or reconstructed emergency or limited use stationary RICE
with a site rating of less than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a
major source of HAP emissions;
(7) A new or reconstructed compression ignition (CI) stationary
RICE with a site rating of less than or equal to 500 brake HP located
at a major source of HAP emissions.
0
3. Section 63.6595 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(1) to read as
follows:
Sec. 63.6595 When do I have to comply with this subpart?
(a) * * *
(1) If you have an existing stationary RICE, excluding existing
non-emergency CI stationary RICE, with a site rating of more than 500
brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions, you must comply
with the applicable emission limitations and operating limitations no
later than June 15, 2007. If you have an existing non-emergency CI
stationary RICE with a site rating of more than 500 brake HP located at
a major source of HAP emissions, an existing stationary CI RICE with a
site rating of less than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a major
source of HAP emissions, or an existing stationary CI RICE located at
an area source of HAP emissions, you must comply with the applicable
emission limitations and operating limitations no later than May 3,
2013. If you have an existing stationary SI RICE with a site rating of
less than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP
emissions, or an existing stationary SI RICE located at an area source
of HAP emissions, you must comply with the applicable emission
limitations and operating limitations no later than October 19, 2013.
* * * * *
0
4. Section 63.6601 is amended by revising the section heading to read
as follows:
Sec. 63.6601 What emission limitations must I meet if I own or
operate a new or reconstructed 4SLB stationary RICE with a site rating
of greater than or equal to 250 brake HP and less than or equal to 500
brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions?
* * * * *
0
5. Section 63.6602 is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 63.6602 What emission limitations must I meet if I own or
operate an existing stationary RICE with a site rating of equal to or
less than 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions?
If you own or operate an existing stationary RICE with a site
rating of equal to or less than 500 brake HP located at a major source
of HAP emissions, you must comply with the emission limitations in
Table 2c to this subpart which apply to you. Compliance with the
numerical emission limitations established in this subpart is based on
the results of testing the average of three 1-hour runs using the
testing requirements and procedures in Sec. 63.6620 and Table 4 to
this subpart.
0
6. Section 63.6603 is amended by revising the section heading and
paragraph (a) to read as follows:
Sec. 63.6603 What emission limitations and operating limitations must
I meet if I own or operate an existing stationary RICE located at an
area source of HAP emissions?
* * * * *
(a) If you own or operate an existing stationary RICE located at an
area source of HAP emissions, you must comply with the requirements in
Table 2d to this subpart and the operating limitations in Table 2b to
this subpart which apply to you.
* * * * *
0
7. Section 63.6604 is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 63.6604 What fuel requirements must I meet if I own or operate
an existing stationary CI RICE?
If you own or operate an existing non-emergency, non-black start CI
stationary RICE with a site rating of more than 300 brake HP with a
displacement of less than 30 liters per cylinder that uses diesel fuel,
you must use diesel fuel that meets the requirements in 40 CFR
80.510(b) for nonroad diesel fuel. Existing non-emergency CI stationary
RICE located in Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands, or at area sources in areas of Alaska not accessible
by the FAHS are exempt from the requirements of this section.
0
8. Section 63.6611 is amended by revising the section heading to read
as follows:
Sec. 63.6611 By what date must I conduct the initial performance
tests or other initial compliance demonstrations if I own or operate a
new or reconstructed 4SLB SI stationary RICE with a site rating of
greater than or equal to 250 and less than or equal to 500 brake HP
located at a major source of HAP emissions?
* * * * *
0
9. Section 63.6612 is amended by revising the introductory text to read
as follows:
Sec. 63.6612 By what date must I conduct the initial performance
tests or other initial compliance demonstrations if I own or operate an
existing stationary RICE with a site rating of less than or equal to
500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions or an existing
stationary RICE located at an area source of HAP emissions?
If you own or operate an existing stationary RICE with a site
rating of less than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a major source
of HAP emissions or an existing stationary RICE located at an area
source of HAP emissions you are subject to the requirements of this
section.
* * * * *
0
10. Section 63.6625 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (b);
0
b. Revising paragraph (e);
0
c. Revising paragraph (g) introductory text;
0
d. Revising paragraph (h);
0
e. Revising paragraph (i); and
0
f. Adding paragraphs (j) and (k) to read as follows:
Sec. 63.6625 What are my monitoring, installation, collection,
operation, and maintenance requirements?
* * * * *
(b) If you are required to install a continuous parameter
monitoring system (CPMS) as specified in Table 5 of this subpart, you
must install, operate, and maintain each CPMS according to the
requirements in paragraphs (b)(1) through (8) of this section.
(1) The CPMS must complete a minimum of one cycle of operation for
each successive 15-minute period. You must have a minimum of four
successive cycles of operation to have a valid hour of data.
(2) Except for monitoring malfunctions, associated repairs, and
required quality assurance or control activities (including, as
applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments),
you must conduct all monitoring in continuous operation at all times
that the unit is operating. A monitoring malfunction is any sudden,
infrequent, not reasonably preventable failure of the monitoring to
[[Page 51590]]
provide valid data. Monitoring failures that are caused in part by poor
maintenance or careless operation are not malfunctions.
(3) For purposes of calculating data averages, you must not use
data recorded during monitoring malfunctions, associated repairs, out
of control periods, or required quality assurance or control
activities. You must use all the data collected during all other
periods in assessing compliance. Any 15-minute period for which the
monitoring system is out-of-control and data are not available for
required calculations constitutes a deviation from the monitoring
requirements.
(4) Determine the 3-hour block average of all recorded readings,
except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(5) Record the results of each inspection, calibration, and
validation check.
(6) You must develop a site-specific monitoring plan that addresses
paragraphs (b)(6)(i) through (vi) of this section.
(i) Installation of the CPMS sampling probe or other interface at
the appropriate location to obtain representative measurements;
(ii) Performance and equipment specifications for the sample
interface, parametric signal analyzer, and the data collection and
reduction systems;
(iii) Performance evaluation procedures and acceptance criteria
(e.g., calibrations);
(iv) Ongoing operation and maintenance procedures in accordance
with the general requirements of Sec. 63.8(c)(1), (c)(3), and
(c)(4)(ii);
(v) Ongoing data quality assurance procedures in accordance with
the general requirements of Sec. 63.8(d); and
(vi) Ongoing recordkeeping and reporting procedures in accordance
with the general requirements of Sec. 63.10(c), (e)(1), and (e)(2)(i).
(7) You must conduct a performance evaluation of each CPMS in
accordance with your site-specific monitoring plan.
(8) You must operate and maintain the CPMS in continuous operation
according to the site-specific monitoring plan.
* * * * *
(e) If you own or operate any of the following stationary RICE, you
must operate and maintain the stationary RICE and after-treatment
control device (if any) according to the manufacturer's emission-
related written instructions or develop your own maintenance plan which
must provide to the extent practicable for the maintenance and
operation of the engine in a manner consistent with good air pollution
control practice for minimizing emissions:
(1) An existing stationary RICE with a site rating of less than 100
HP located at a major source of HAP emissions;
(2) An existing emergency or black start stationary RICE with a
site rating of less than or equal to 500 HP located at a major source
of HAP emissions;
(3) An existing emergency or black start stationary RICE located at
an area source of HAP emissions;
(4) An existing non-emergency, non-black start stationary CI RICE
with a site rating less than or equal to 300 HP located at an area
source of HAP emissions;
(5) An existing non-emergency, non-black start 2SLB stationary RICE
located at an area source of HAP emissions;
(6) An existing non-emergency, non-black start landfill or digester
gas stationary RICE located at an area source of HAP emissions;
(7) An existing non-emergency, non-black start 4SLB stationary RICE
with a site rating less than or equal to 500 HP located at an area
source of HAP emissions;
(8) An existing non-emergency, non-black start 4SRB stationary RICE
with a site rating less than or equal to 500 HP located at an area
source of HAP emissions;
(9) An existing, non-emergency, non-black start 4SLB stationary
RICE with a site rating greater than 500 HP located at an area source
of HAP emissions that is operated 24 hours or less per calendar year;
and
(10) An existing, non-emergency, non-black start 4SRB stationary
RICE with a site rating greater than 500 HP located at an area source
of HAP emissions that is operated 24 hours or less per calendar year.
* * * * *
(g) If you own or operate an existing non-emergency, non-black
start CI engine greater than or equal to 300 HP that is not equipped
with a closed crankcase ventilation system, you must comply with either
paragraph (g)(1) or paragraph (g)(2) of this section. Owners and
operators must follow the manufacturer's specified maintenance
requirements for operating and maintaining the open or closed crankcase
ventilation systems and replacing the crankcase filters, or can request
the Administrator to approve different maintenance requirements that
are as protective as manufacturer requirements. Existing CI engines
located at area sources in areas of Alaska not accessible by the FAHS
do not have to meet the requirements of paragraph (g) of this section.
* * * * *
(h) If you operate a new, reconstructed, or existing stationary
engine, you must minimize the engine's time spent at idle during
startup and minimize the engine's startup time to a period needed for
appropriate and safe loading of the engine, not to exceed 30 minutes,
after which time the emission standards applicable to all times other
than startup in Tables 1a, 2a, 2c, and 2d to this subpart apply.
(i) If you own or operate a stationary CI engine that is subject to
the work, operation or management practices in items 1 or 2 of Table 2c
to this subpart or in items 1 or 4 of Table 2d to this subpart, you
have the option of utilizing an oil analysis program in order to extend
the specified oil change requirement in Tables 2c and 2d to this
subpart. The oil analysis must be performed at the same frequency
specified for changing the oil in Table 2c or 2d to this subpart. The
analysis program must at a minimum analyze the following three
parameters: Total Base Number, viscosity, and percent water content.
The condemning limits for these parameters are as follows: Total Base
Number is less than 30 percent of the Total Base Number of the oil when
new; viscosity of the oil has changed by more than 20 percent from the
viscosity of the oil when new; or percent water content (by volume) is
greater than 0.5. If all of these condemning limits are not exceeded,
the engine owner or operator is not required to change the oil. If any
of the limits are exceeded, the engine owner or operator must change
the oil within 2 days of receiving the results of the analysis; if the
engine is not in operation when the results of the analysis are
received, the engine owner or operator must change the oil within 2
days or before commencing operation, whichever is later. The owner or
operator must keep records of the parameters that are analyzed as part
of the program, the results of the analysis, and the oil changes for
the engine. The analysis program must be part of the maintenance plan
for the engine.
(j) If you own or operate a stationary SI engine that is subject to
the work, operation or management practices in items 6, 7, or 8 of
Table 2c to this subpart or in items 5, 6, 7, 9, or 11 of Table 2d to
this subpart, you have the option of utilizing an oil analysis program
in order to extend the specified oil change requirement in Tables 2c
and 2d to this subpart. The oil analysis must be performed at the same
frequency specified for changing the oil in Table
[[Page 51591]]
2c or 2d to this subpart. The analysis program must at a minimum
analyze the following three parameters: Total Acid Number, viscosity,
and percent water content. The condemning limits for these parameters
are as follows: Total Acid Number increases by more than 3.0 milligrams
of potassium hydroxide (KOH) per gram from Total Acid Number of the oil
when new; viscosity of the oil has changed by more than 20 percent from
the viscosity of the oil when new; or percent water content (by volume)
is greater than 0.5. If all of these condemning limits are not
exceeded, the engine owner or operator is not required to change the
oil. If any of the limits are exceeded, the engine owner or operator
must change the oil within 2 days of receiving the results of the
analysis; if the engine is not in operation when the results of the
analysis are received, the engine owner or operator must change the oil
within 2 days or before commencing operation, whichever is later. The
owner or operator must keep records of the parameters that are analyzed
as part of the program, the results of the analysis, and the oil
changes for the engine. The analysis program must be part of the
maintenance plan for the engine.
(k) If you have an operating limitation that requires the use of a
temperature measurement device, you must meet the requirements in
paragraphs (k)(1) through (4) of this section.
(1) Locate the temperature sensor and other necessary equipment in
a position that provides a representative temperature.
(2) Use a temperature sensor with a minimum tolerance of 2.8
degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit), or 1.0 percent of the
temperature value, whichever is larger, for a noncryogenic temperature
range.
(3) Use a temperature sensor with a minimum tolerance of 2.8
degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit), or 2.5 percent of the
temperature value, whichever is larger, for a cryogenic temperature
range.
(4) Conduct a temperature measurement device calibration check at
least every 3 months.
0
11. Section 63.6640 is amended by revising paragraph (f) to read as
follows:
Sec. 63.6640 How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the
emission limitations and operating limitations?
* * * * *
(f) Requirements for emergency stationary RICE. (1) If you own or
operate an existing emergency stationary RICE with a site rating of
less than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP
emissions, a new or reconstructed emergency stationary RICE with a site
rating of more than 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP
emissions that was installed on or after June 12, 2006, or an existing
emergency stationary RICE located at an area source of HAP emissions,
you must operate the emergency stationary RICE according to the
requirements in paragraphs (f)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section. Any
operation other than emergency operation, maintenance and testing, and
operation in non-emergency situations for 50 hours per year, as
described in paragraphs (f)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section, is
prohibited. If you do not operate the engine according to the
requirements in paragraphs (f)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section, the
engine will not be considered an emergency engine under this subpart
and will need to meet all requirements for non-emergency engines.
(i) There is no time limit on the use of emergency stationary RICE
in emergency situations.
(ii) You may operate your emergency stationary RICE for the purpose
of maintenance checks and readiness testing, provided that the tests
are recommended by Federal, State or local government, the
manufacturer, the vendor, or the insurance company associated with the
engine. Maintenance checks and readiness testing of such units is
limited to 100 hours per year. The owner or operator may petition the
Administrator for approval of additional hours to be used for
maintenance checks and readiness testing, but a petition is not
required if the owner or operator maintains records indicating that
Federal, State, or local standards require maintenance and testing of
emergency RICE beyond 100 hours per year.
(iii) You may operate your emergency stationary RICE up to 50 hours
per year in non-emergency situations, but those 50 hours are counted
towards the 100 hours per year provided for maintenance and testing.
The 50 hours per year for non-emergency situations cannot be used for
peak shaving or to generate income for a facility to supply power to an
electric grid or otherwise supply power as part of a financial
arrangement with another entity; except that owners and operators may
operate the emergency engine for a maximum of 15 hours per year as part
of a demand response program if the regional transmission organization
or equivalent balancing authority and transmission operator has
determined there are emergency conditions that could lead to a
potential electrical blackout, such as unusually low frequency,
equipment overload, capacity or energy deficiency, or unacceptable
voltage level. The engine may not be operated for more than 30 minutes
prior to the time when the emergency condition is expected to occur,
and the engine operation must be terminated immediately after the
facility is notified that the emergency condition is no longer
imminent. The 15 hours per year of demand response operation are
counted as part of the 50 hours of operation per year provided for non-
emergency situations. The supply of emergency power to another entity
or entities pursuant to financial arrangement is not limited by this
paragraph (f)(1)(iii), as long as the power provided by the financial
arrangement is limited to emergency power.
(2) If you own or operate an emergency stationary RICE with a site
rating of more than 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP
emissions that was installed prior to June 12, 2006, you must operate
the engine according to the conditions described in paragraphs
(f)(2)(i) through (iii) of this section. If you do not operate the
engine according to the requirements in paragraphs (f)(2)(i) through
(iii) of this section, the engine will not be considered an emergency
engine under this subpart and will need to meet all requirements for
non-emergency engines.
(i) There is no time limit on the use of emergency stationary RICE
in emergency situations.
(ii) You may operate your emergency stationary RICE for the purpose
of maintenance checks and readiness testing, provided that the tests
are recommended by the manufacturer, the vendor, or the insurance
company associated with the engine. Required testing of such units
should be minimized, but there is no time limit on the use of emergency
stationary RICE in emergency situations and for routine testing and
maintenance.
(iii) You may operate your emergency stationary RICE for an
additional 50 hours per year in non-emergency situations. The 50 hours
per year for non-emergency situations cannot be used for peak shaving
or to generate income for a facility to supply power to an electric
grid or otherwise supply power as part of a financial arrangement with
another entity.
0
12. Section 63.6645 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1), (a)(2),
and (a)(5) to read as follows:
Sec. 63.6645 What notifications must I submit and when?
(a) * * *
(1) An existing stationary RICE with a site rating of less than or
equal to 500
[[Page 51592]]
brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions.
(2) An existing stationary RICE located at an area source of HAP
emissions.
* * * * *
(5) This requirement does not apply if you own or operate an
existing stationary RICE less than 100 HP, an existing stationary
emergency RICE, or an existing stationary RICE that is not subject to
any numerical emission standards.
* * * * *
0
13. Section 63.6655 is amended by revising paragraphs (e)(1) through
(e)(3) and (f)(1) and (f)(2) to read as follows:
Sec. 63.6655 What records must I keep?
* * * * *
(e) * * *
(1) An existing stationary RICE with a site rating of less than 100
brake HP located at a major source of HAP emissions.
(2) An existing stationary emergency RICE.
(3) An existing stationary RICE located at an area source of HAP
emissions subject to management practices as shown in Table 2d to this
subpart.
(f) * * *
(1) An existing emergency stationary RICE with a site rating of
less than or equal to 500 brake HP located at a major source of HAP
emissions that does not meet the standards applicable to non-emergency
engines.
(2) An existing emergency stationary RICE located at an area source
of HAP emissions that does not meet the standards applicable to non-
emergency engines.
0
14. Section 63.6675 is amended by:
0
a. Adding in alphabetical order the definition of Commercial emergency
stationary RICE;
0
b. Revising the definition of Emergency stationary RICE;
0
c. Adding in alphabetical order the definition of Institutional
emergency stationary RICE;
0
d. Adding in alphabetical order the definition of Residential emergency
stationary RICE; and
0
e. Removing the definition of Residential/commercial/institutional
emergency stationary RICE to read as follows:
Sec. 63.6675 What definitions apply to this subpart?
* * * * *
Commercial emergency stationary RICE means an emergency stationary
RICE used in commercial establishments such as office buildings,
hotels, stores, telecommunications facilities, restaurants, financial
institutions such as banks, doctor's offices, and sports and performing
arts facilities.
* * * * *
Emergency stationary RICE means any stationary internal combustion
engine whose operation is limited to emergency situations and required
testing and maintenance. Examples include stationary RICE used to
produce power for critical networks or equipment (including power
supplied to portions of a facility) when electric power from the local
utility (or the normal power source, if the facility runs on its own
power production) is interrupted, or stationary RICE used to pump water
in the case of fire or flood, etc. Stationary RICE used for peak
shaving are not considered emergency stationary RICE. Stationary RICE
used to supply power to an electric grid or that supply non-emergency
power as part of a financial arrangement with another entity are not
considered to be emergency engines, except as permitted under Sec.
63.6640(f). All emergency stationary RICE must comply with the
requirements specified in Sec. 63.6640(f) in order to be considered
emergency stationary RICE. If the engine does not comply with the
requirements specified in Sec. 63.6640(f), then it is not considered
to be an emergency stationary RICE under this subpart.
* * * * *
Institutional emergency stationary RICE means an emergency
stationary RICE used in institutional establishments such as medical
centers, nursing homes, research centers, institutions of higher
education, correctional facilities, elementary and secondary schools,
libraries, religious establishments, police stations, and fire
stations.
* * * * *
Residential emergency stationary RICE means an emergency stationary
RICE used in residential establishments such as homes or apartment
buildings.
* * * * *
0
15. Table 1a to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 heading and introductory text
is revised to read as follows:
Table 1a to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Emission Limitations for Existing,
New, and Reconstructed Spark Ignition, 4SRB Stationary RICE > 500 HP
Located at a Major Source of HAP Emissions
As stated in Sec. Sec. 63.6600 and 63.6640, you must comply with
the following emission limitations at 100 percent load plus or minus 10
percent for existing, new and reconstructed 4SRB stationary RICE >500
HP located at a major source of HAP emissions:
* * * * *
0
16. Table 1b to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 1b to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Operating Limitations for
Existing, New, and Reconstructed Spark Ignition 4SRB Stationary RICE >
500 HP Located at a Major Source of HAP Emissions and Existing Spark
Ignition 4SRB Stationary RICE > 500 HP Located at an Area Source of HAP
Emissions
As stated in Sec. Sec. 63.6600, 63.6630 and 63.6640, you must
comply with the following operating limitations for existing, new and
reconstructed 4SRB stationary RICE > 500 HP located at a major source
of HAP emissions and existing 4SRB stationary RICE > 500 HP located at
an area source of HAP emissions that operate more than 24 hours per
calendar year:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
You must meet the following
For each . . . operating limitation . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. 4SRB stationary RICE complying with the a. maintain your catalyst so
requirement to reduce formaldehyde that the pressure drop
emissions by 76 percent or more (or by 75 across the catalyst does
percent or more, if applicable) and using not change by more than 2
NSCR; or inches of water at 100
percent load plus or minus;
10 percent from the
pressure drop across the
catalyst measured during
the initial performance
test and
4SRB stationary RICE complying with the b. maintain the termperature
requirement to limit the concentration of of your stationary RICE
formaldehyde in the stationary RICE exhaust so the catalyst
exhaust to 350 ppbvd or less at 15 inlet temperature is
percent O2 and using NSCR; or greater than or equal to
750 [deg]F and less than or
equal to 1250 [deg]F.
4SRB stationary RICE complying with the
requirement to limit the concentration of
formaldehyde in the stationary RICE
exhaust to 2.7 ppmvd or less at 15
percent O2 and using NSCR.
[[Page 51593]]
2. 4SRB stationary RICE complying with the Comply with any operating
requirement to reduce formaldehyde limitations approved by the
emissions by 76 percent or more (or by 75 Administrator.
percent or more, if applicable) and not
using NSCR; or
4SRB stationary RICE complying with the
requirement to limit the concentration of
formaldehyde in the stationary RICE
exhaust to 350 ppbvd or less at 15
percent O2 and not using NSCR; or
4SRB stationary RICE complying with the
requirement to limit the concentration of
formaldehyde in the stationary RICE
exhaust to 2.7 ppmvd or less at 15
percent O2 and using NSCR.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
17. Table 2b to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 2b to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Operating Limitations for New and
Reconstructed 2SLB and Compression Ignition Stationary RICE > 500 HP
Located at a Major Source of HAP Emissions, New and Reconstructed 4SLB
Stationary RICE >= 250 HP Located at a Major Source of HAP Emissions,
Existing Compression Ignition Stationary RICE > 500 HP, and Existing
4SLB Stationary RICE > 500 HP Located at an Area Source of HAP
Emissions
As stated in Sec. Sec. 63.6600, 63.6601, 63.6630, and 63.6640, you
must comply with the following operating limitations for new and
reconstructed 2SLB and compression ignition stationary RICE located at
a major source of HAP emissions; new and reconstructed 4SLB stationary
RICE >= 250 HP located at a major source of HAP emissions; existing
compression ignition stationary RICE > 500 HP; and existing 4SLB
stationary RICE > 500 HP located at an area source of HAP emissions
that operate more than 24 hours per calendar year:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
You must meet the following
For each . . . operating limitation . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. 2SLB and 4SLB stationary RICE and CI a. maintain your catalyst so
stationary RICE complying with the that the pressure drop across
requirement to reduce CO emissions and the catalyst does not change
using an oxidation catalyst; or 2SLB by more than 2 inches of water
and 4SLB stationary RICE and CI at 100 percent load plus or
stationary RICE complying with the minus 10 percent from the
requirement to limit the concentration pressure drop across the
of formaldehyde in the stationary RICE catalyst that was measured
exhaust and using an oxidation during the initial performance
catalyst; or 4SLB stationary RICE and test; and
CI stationary RICE complying with the b. maintain the temperature of
requirement to limit the concentration your stationary RICE exhaust
of CO in the stationary RICE exhaust so that the catalyst inlet
and using an oxidation catalyst. temperature is greater than or
equal to 450 [deg]F and less
than or equal to 1350
[deg]F.\1\
2. 2SLB and 4SLB stationary RICE and CI Comply with any operating
stationary RICE complying with the limitations approved by the
requirement to reduce CO emissions and Administrator.
not using an oxidation catalyst; or
2SLB and 4SLB stationary RICE and CI
stationary RICE complying with the
requirement to limit the concentration
of formaldehyde in the stationary RICE
exhaust and not using an oxidation
catalyst; or 4SLB stationary RICE and
CI stationary RICE complying with the
requirement to limit the concentration
of CO in the stationary RICE exhaust
and not using an oxidation catalyst.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Sources can petition the Administrator pursuant to the requirements
of 40 CFR 63.8(g) for a different temperature range.
0
18. Table 2c to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 2c to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Requirements for Existing
Compression Ignition Stationary RICE Located at a Major Source of HAP
Emissions and Existing Spark Ignition Stationary RICE <= 500 HP Located
at a Major Source of HAP Emissions
As stated in Sec. Sec. 63.6600, 63.6602, and 63.6640, you must
comply with the following requirements for existing compression
ignition stationary RICE located at a major source of HAP emissions and
existing spark ignition stationary RICE <= 500 HP located at a major
source of HAP emissions:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
You must meet the
following During periods of
For each . . . requirement, except startup you must . .
during periods of .
startup . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Emergency stationary CI a. Change oil and Minimize the
RICE and black start filter every 500 engine's time spent
stationary CI RICE. \1\ hours of operation at idle and
or annually, minimize the
whichever comes engine's startup
first; \2\ time at startup to
b. Inspect air a period needed for
cleaner every 1,000 appropriate and
hours of operation safe loading of the
or annually, engine, not to
whichever comes exceed 30 minutes,
first;. after which time
c. Inspect all hoses the non-startup
and belts every 500 emission
hours of operation limitations
or annually, apply.\3\
whichever comes
first, and replace
as necessary.\3\.
[[Page 51594]]
2. Non-Emergency, non-black a. Change oil and
start stationary CI RICE < filter every 1,000
100 HP. hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; \2\
b. Inspect air
cleaner every 1,000
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first;
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every 500
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first, and replace
as necessary.\3\
3. Non-Emergency, non-black Limit concentration
start CI stationary RICE of CO in the
100 <= HP <= 300 HP. stationary RICE
exhaust to 230
ppmvd or less at 15
percent O2.
4. Non-Emergency, non-black a. Limit
start CI stationary RICE concentration of CO
300 < HP <= 500. in the stationary
RICE exhaust to 49
ppmvd or less at 15
percent O2; or
b. Reduce CO
emissions by 70
percent or more.
5. Non-Emergency, non-black a. Limit
start stationary CI RICE concentration of CO
>500 HP. in the stationary
RICE exhaust to 23
ppmvd or less at 15
percent O2; or
b. Reduce CO
emissions by 70
percent or more.
6. Emergency stationary SI a. Change oil and
RICE and black start filter every 500
stationary SI RICE.\1\ hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; \2\
b. Inspect spark
plugs every 1,000
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first;
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every 500
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first, and replace
as necessary.\3\
7. Non-Emergency, non-black a. Change oil and
start stationary SI RICE < filter every 1,440
100 HP that are not 2SLB hours of operation
stationary RICE. or annually,
whichever comes
first; \2\
b. Inspect spark
plugs every 1,440
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first;
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every
1,440 hours of
operation or
annually, whichever
comes first, and
replace as
necessary.\3\
8. Non-Emergency, non-black a. Change oil and
start 2SLB stationary SI filter every 4,320
RICE < 100 HP. hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; \2\
b. Inspect spark
plugs every 4,320
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first;
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every
4,320 hours of
operation or
annually, whichever
comes first, and
replace as
necessary.\3\
9. Non-emergency, non-black Limit concentration
start 2SLB stationary RICE of CO in the
100 <= HP <= 500. stationary RICE
exhaust to 225
ppmvd or less at 15
percent O2.
10. Non-emergency, non-black Limit concentration
start 4SLB stationary RICE of CO in the
100 <= HP <= 500. stationary RICE
exhaust to 47 ppmvd
or less at 15
percent O2.
11. Non-emergency, non-black Limit concentration
start 4SRB stationary RICE of formaldehyde in
100 <= HP <= 500. the stationary RICE
exhaust to 10.3
ppmvd or less at 15
percent O2.
12. Non-emergency, non-black Limit concentration
start landfill or digester of CO in the
gas-fired stationary RICE stationary RICE
100 <= HP <= 500. exhaust to 177
ppmvd or less at 15
percent O2.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ If an emergency engine is operating during an emergency and it is
not possible to shut down the engine in order to perform the work
practice requirements on the schedule required in Table 2c of this
subpart, or if performing the work practice on the required schedule
would otherwise pose an unacceptable risk under Federal, State, or
local law, the work practice can be delayed until the emergency is
over or the unacceptable risk under Federal, State, or local law has
abated. The work practice should be performed as soon as practicable
after the emergency has ended or the unacceptable risk under Federal,
State, or local law has abated. Sources must report any failure to
perform the work practice on the schedule required and the Federal,
State or local law under which the risk was deemed unacceptable.
\2\ Sources have the option to utilize an oil analysis program as
described in Sec. 63.6625(i) in order to extend the specified oil
change requirement in Table 2c of this subpart.
\3\ Sources can petition the Administrator pursuant to the requirements
of 40 CFR 63.6(g) for alternative work practices.
[[Page 51595]]
0
19. Table 2d to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 2d to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Requirements for Existing
Stationary RICE Located at Area Sources of HAP Emissions
As stated in Sec. Sec. 63.6603 and 63.6640, you must comply with
the following requirements for existing stationary RICE located at area
sources of HAP emissions:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
You must meet the
following During periods of
For each . . . requirement, except startup you must . .
during periods of .
startup . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Non-Emergency, non-black a. Change oil and Minimize the
start CI stationary RICE <= filter every 1,000 engine's time spent
300 HP. hours of operation at idle and
or annually, minimize the
whichever comes engine's startup
first; \1\ time at startup to
a period needed for
appropriate and
safe loading of the
engine, not to
exceed 30 minutes,
after which time
the non-startup
emission
limitations apply.
b. Inspect air
cleaner every 1,000
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first;
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every 500
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first, and replace
as necessary..
2. Non-Emergency, non-black a. Limit
start CI stationary RICE concentration of CO
300 concentration of CO
500 HP. in the stationary
RICE exhaust to 23
ppmvd at 15 percent
O2; or
b. Reduce CO
emissions by 70
percent or more.
4. Emergency stationary CI a. Change oil and
RICE and black start filter every 500
stationary CI RICE.\2\ hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; \1\
b. Inspect air
cleaner every 1,000
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; and
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every 500
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first, and replace
as necessary.
5. Emergency stationary SI a. Change oil and
RICE; black start filter every 500
stationary SI RICE; non- hours of operation
emergency, non-black start or annually,
4SLB stationary RICE > 500 whichever comes
HP that operate 24 hours or first; \1\
less per calendar year; non- b. Inspect spark
emergency, non-black start plugs every 1,000
4SRB stationary RICE > 500 hours of operation
HP that operate 24 hours or or annually,
less per calendar year.\2\ whichever comes
first; and.
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every 500
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first, and replace
as necessary..
6. Non-emergency, non-black a. Change oil and
start 2SLB stationary RICE. filter every 4,320
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; \1\
b. Inspect spark
plugs every 4,320
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; and
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every
4,320 hours of
operation or
annually, whichever
comes first, and
replace as
necessary.
7. Non-emergency, non-black a. Change oil and
start 4SLB stationary RICE filter every 1,440
<= 500 HP. hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; \1\
b. Inspect spark
plugs every 1,440
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; and
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every
1,440 hours of
operation or
annually, whichever
comes first, and
replace as
necessary.
8. Non-emergency, non-black a. Limit
start 4SLB stationary RICE concentration of CO
> 500 HP. in the stationary
RICE exhaust to 47
ppmvd at 15 percent
O2; or
b. Reduce CO
emissions by 93
percent or more.
9. Non-emergency, non-black a. Change oil and
start 4SRB stationary RICE filter every 1,440
<= 500 HP. hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; \1\
[[Page 51596]]
b. Inspect spark
plugs every 1,440
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; and
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every
1,440 hours of
operation or
annually, whichever
comes first, and
replace as
necessary.
10. Non-emergency, non-black a. Limit
start 4SRB stationary RICE concentration of
> 500 HP. formaldehyde in the
stationary RICE
exhaust to 2.7
ppmvd at 15 percent
O2; or
b. Reduce
formaldehyde
emissions by 76
percent or more.
11. Non-emergency, non-black a. Change oil and
start landfill or digester filter every 1,440
gas-fired stationary RICE. hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; \1\
b. Inspect spark
plugs every 1,440
hours of operation
or annually,
whichever comes
first; and
c. Inspect all hoses
and belts every
1,440 hours of
operation or
annually, whichever
comes first, and
replace as
necessary.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Sources have the option to utilize an oil analysis program as
described in Sec. 63.6625(i) in order to extend the specified oil
change requirement in Table 2d of this subpart.
\2\ If an emergency engine is operating during an emergency and it is
not possible to shut down the engine in order to perform the
management practice requirements on the schedule required in Table 2d
of this subpart, or if performing the management practice on the
required schedule would otherwise pose an unacceptable risk under
Federal, State, or local law, the management practice can be delayed
until the emergency is over or the unacceptable risk under Federal,
State, or local law has abated. The management practice should be
performed as soon as practicable after the emergency has ended or the
unacceptable risk under Federal, State, or local law has abated.
Sources must report any failure to perform the management practice on
the schedule required and the Federal, State or local law under which
the risk was deemed unacceptable.
0
20. Table 3 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 3 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Subsequent Performance Tests
As stated in Sec. Sec. 63.6615 and 63.6620, you must comply with
the following subsequent performance test requirements:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Complying with the
For each . . . requirement to . . You must . . .
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. New or reconstructed 2SLB Reduce CO Conduct subsequent
stationary RICE with a brake emissions and not performance tests
horsepower > 500 located at using a CEMS. semiannually.\1\
major sources; new or
reconstructed 4SLB stationary
RICE with a brake horsepower >=
250 located at major sources;
and new or reconstructed CI
stationary RICE with a brake
horsepower > 500 located at
major sources.
2. 4SRB stationary RICE with a Reduce Conduct subsequent
brake horsepower >= 5,000 formaldehyde performance tests
located at major sources. emissions. semiannually.\1\
3. Stationary RICE with a brake Limit the Conduct subsequent
horsepower > 500 located at concentration of performance tests
major sources and new or formaldehyde in semiannually.\1\
reconstructed 4SLB stationary the stationary
RICE with a brake horsepower RICE exhaust.
250 <= HP <= 500 located at
major sources.
4. Existing non-emergency, non- Limit or reduce CO Conduct subsequent
black start CI stationary RICE or formaldehyde performance tests
with a brake horsepower > 500 emissions. every 8,760 hrs.
that are not limited use or 3 years,
stationary RICE; existing non- whichever comes
emergency, non-black start 4SLB first.
and 4SRB stationary RICE
located at an area source of
HAP emissions with a brake
horsepower > 500 that are
operated more than 24 hours per
calendar year that are not
limited use stationary RICE.
[[Page 51597]]
5. Existing non-emergency, non- Limit or reduce CO Conduct subsequent
black start CI stationary RICE or formaldehyde performance tests
with a brake horsepower > 500 emissions. every 8,760 hrs.
that are limited use stationary or 5 years,
RICE; existing non-emergency, whichever comes
non-black start 4SLB and 4SRB first.
stationary RICE located at an
area source of HAP emissions
with a brake horsepower > 500
that are operated more than 24
hours per calendar year and are
limited use stationary RICE.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ After you have demonstrated compliance for two consecutive tests,
you may reduce the frequency of subsequent performance tests to
annually. If the results of any subsequent annual performance test
indicate the stationary RICE is not in compliance with the CO or
formaldehyde emission limitation, or you deviate from any of your
operating limitations, you must resume semiannual performance tests.
0
21. Table 4 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 4 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63--Requirements for Performance Tests
As stated in Sec. Sec. 63.6610, 63.6611, 63.6612, 63.6620, and
63.6640, you must comply with the following requirements for
performance tests for stationary RICE:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Complying with the According to the
For each . . . requirement to . You must . . . Using . . . following
. . requirements . . .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. 2SLB, 4SLB, and CI stationary a. Reduce CO i. Measure the O2 (1) Portable CO (a) Using ASTM
RICE. emissions. at the inlet and and O2 analyzer. D6522-00 (2005)
outlet of the \a\ (incorporated
control device; by reference, see
and Sec. 63.14).
Measurements to
determine O2 must
be made at the
same time as the
measurements for
CO concentration.
ii. Measure the CO (1) Portable CO (a) Using ASTM
at the inlet and and O2 analyzer. D6522-00 (2005) a
the outlet of the b (incorporated
control device. by reference, see
Sec. 63.14) or
Method 10 of 40
CFR appendix A.
The CO
concentration
must be at 15
percent O2, dry
basis.
2. 4SRB stationary RICE......... a. Reduce i. Select the (1) Method 1 or 1A (a) Sampling sites
formaldehyde sampling port of 40 CFR part must be located
emissions. location and the 60, appendix A at the inlet and
number of Sec. outlet of the
traverse points; 63.7(d)(1)(i). control device.
and
ii. Measure O2 at (1) Method 3 or 3A (a) Measurements
the inlet and or 3B of 40 CFR to determine O2
outlet of the part 60, appendix concentration
control device; A, or ASTM Method must be made at
and D6522-00m (2005). the same time as
the measurements
for formaldehyde
concentration.
iii. Measure (1) Method 4 of 40 (a) Measurements
moisture content CFR part 60, to determine
at the inlet and appendix A, or moisture content
outlet of the Test Method 320 must be made at
control device; of 40 CFR part the same time and
and 63, appendix A, location as the
or ASTM D 6348-03. measurements for
formaldehyde
concentration.
iv. Measure (1) Method 320 or (a) Formaldehyde
formaldehyde at 323 of 40 CFR concentration
the inlet and the part 63, appendix must be at 15
outlet of the A; or ASTM D6348- percent O2, dry
control device. 03,\c\ provided basis. Results of
in ASTM D6348-03 this test consist
Annex A5 (Analyte of the average of
Spiking the three 1-hour
Technique), the or longer runs.
percent R must be
greater than or
equal to 70 and
less than or
equal to 130.
3. Stationary RICE.............. a. Limit the i. Select the (1) Method 1 or 1A (a) If using a
concentration of sampling port of 40 CFR part control device,
formaldehyde or location and the 60, appendix A the sampling site
CO in the number of Sec. must be located
stationary RICE traverse points; 63.7(d)(1)(i). at the outlet of
exhaust. and the control
device.
[[Page 51598]]
ii. Determine the (1) Method 3 or 3A (a) Measurements
O2 concentration or 3B of 40 CFR to determine O2
of the stationary part 60, appendix concentration
RICE exhaust at A, or ASTM Method must be made at
the sampling port D6522-00 (2005). the same time and
location; and location as the
measurements for
formaldehyde
concentration.
iii. Measure (1) Method 4 of 40 (a) Measurements
moisture content CFR part 60, to determine
of the stationary appendix A, or moisture content
RICE exhaust at Test Method 320 must be made at
the sampling port of 40 CFR part the same time and
location; and 63, appendix A, location as the
or ASTM D 6348-03. measurements for
formaldehyde
concentration.
iv. Measure (1) Method 320 or (a) Formaldehyde
formaldehyde at 323 of 40 CFR concentration
the exhaust of part 63, appendix must be at 15
the stationary A; or ASTM D6348- percent O2, dry
RICE; or 03,\c\ provided basis. Results of
in ASTM D6348-03 this test consist
Annex A5 (Analyte of the average of
Spiking the three 1-hour
Technique), the or longer runs.
percent R must be
greater than or
equal to 70 and
less than or
equal to 130.
v. Measure CO at (1) Method 10 of (a) CO
the exhaust of 40 CFR part 60, Concentration
the stationary appendix A, ASTM must be at 15
RICE. Method D6522-00 percent O2, dry
(2005),\a\ Method basis. Results of
320 of 40 CFR this test consist
part 63, appendix of the average of
A, or ASTM D6348- the three 1-hour
03. longer runs.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ You may also use Methods 3A and 10 as options to ASTM-D6522-00 (2005). You may obtain a copy of ASTM-D6522-
00 (2005) from at least one of the following addresses: American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, or University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road,
Ann Arbor, MI 48106. ASTM-D6522-00 (2005) may be used to test both CI and SI stationary RICE.
\b\ You may also use Method 320 of 40 CFR part 63, appendix A, or ASTM D6348-03.
\c\ You may obtain a copy of ASTM-D6348-03 from at least one of the following addresses: American Society for
Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, or University Microfilms
International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
0
22. Table 5 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 5 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Initial Compliance With Emission
Limitations and Operating Limitations
As stated in Sec. Sec. 63.6612, 63.6625 and 63.6630, you must
initially comply with the emission and operating limitations as
required by the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
You have
Complying with the demonstrated
For each . . . requirement to . . initial compliance
. if . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. New or reconstructed non- a. Reduce CO i. The average
emergency 2SLB stationary RICE emissions and reduction of
> 500 HP located at a major using oxidation emissions of CO
source of HAP, new or catalyst, and determined from
reconstructed non-emergency using a CPMS. the initial
4SLB stationary RICE >= 250 HP performance test
located at a major source of achieves the
HAP, non-emergency stationary required CO
CI RICE > 500 HP located at a percent
major source of HAP, existing reduction; and
non-emergency stationary CI ii. You have
RICE > 500 HP located at an installed a CPMS
area source of HAP, and to continuously
existing non-emergency 4SLB monitor catalyst
stationary RICE > 500 HP inlet temperature
located at an area source of according to the
HAP that are operated more than requirements in
24 hours per calendar year. Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. You have
recorded the
catalyst pressure
drop and catalyst
inlet temperature
during the
initial
performance test.
[[Page 51599]]
2. New or reconstructed non- a. Reduce CO i. The average
emergency 2SLB stationary RICE emissions and not reduction of
> 500 HP located at a major using oxidation emissions of CO
source of HAP, new or catalyst. determined from
reconstructed non-emergency the initial
4SLB stationary RICE >= 250 HP performance test
located at a major source of achieves the
HAP, non-emergency stationary required CO
CI RICE > 500 HP located at a percent
major source of HAP, existing reduction; and
non-emergency stationary CI ii. You have
RICE > 500 HP located at an installed a CPMS
area source of HAP, and to continuously
existing non-emergency 4SLB monitor operating
stationary RICE > 500 HP parameters
located at an area source of approved by the
HAP that are operated more than Administrator (if
24 hours per calendar year. any) according to
the requirements
in Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. You have
recorded the
approved
operating
parameters (if
any) during the
initial
performance test.
3. New or reconstructed non- a. Reduce CO i. You have
emergency 2SLB stationary RICE emissions, and installed a CEMS
> 500 HP located at a major using a CEMS. to continuously
source of HAP, new or monitor CO and
reconstructed non-emergency either O2 or CO2
4SLB stationary RICE >= 250 HP at both the inlet
located at a major source of and outlet of the
HAP, non-emergency stationary oxidation
CI RICE > 500 HP located at a catalyst
major source of HAP, existing according to the
non-emergency stationary CI requirements in
RICE > 500 HP located at an Sec.
area source of HAP, and 63.6625(a); and
existing non-emergency 4SLB ii. You have
stationary RICE > 500 HP conducted a
located at an area source of performance
HAP that are operated more than evaluation of
24 hours per calendar year. your CEMS using
PS 3 and 4A of 40
CFR part 60,
appendix B; and
iii. The average
reduction of CO
calculated using
Sec. 63.6620
equals or exceeds
the required
percent
reduction. The
initial test
comprises the
first 4-hour
period after
successful
validation of the
CEMS. Compliance
is based on the
average percent
reduction
achieved during
the 4-hour
period.
4. Non-emergency 4SRB stationary a. Reduce i. The average
RICE > 500 HP located at a formaldehyde reduction of
major source of HAP, and emissions and emissions of
existing non-emergency 4SRB using NSCR. formaldehyde
stationary RICE > 500 HP determined from
located at an area source of the initial
HAP that are operated more than performance test
24 hours per calendar year. is equal to or
greater than the
required
formaldehyde
percent
reduction; and
ii. You have
installed a CPMS
to continuously
monitor catalyst
inlet temperature
according to the
requirements in
Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. You have
recorded the
catalyst pressure
drop and catalyst
inlet temperature
during the
initial
performance test.
5. Non-emergency 4SRB stationary a. Reduce i. The average
RICE > 500 HP located at a formaldehyde reduction of
major source of HAP, and emissions and not emissions of
existing non-emergency 4SRB using NSCR. formaldehyde
stationary RICE > 500 HP determined from
located at an area source of the initial
HAP that are operated more than performance test
24 hours per calendar year. is equal to or
greater than the
required
formaldehyde
percent
reduction; and
ii. You have
installed a CPMS
to continuously
monitor operating
parameters
approved by the
Administrator (if
any) according to
the requirements
in Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. You have
recorded the
approved
operating
parameters (if
any) during the
initial
performance test.
6. New or reconstructed non- a. Limit the i. The average
emergency stationary RICE > 500 concentration of formaldehyde
HP located at a major source of formaldehyde in concentration,
HAP, new or reconstructed non- the stationary corrected to 15
emergency 4SLB stationary RICE RICE exhaust and percent O2, dry
250 <= HP <=500 located at a using oxidation basis, from the
major source of HAP, and catalyst or NSCR. three test runs
existing non-emergency 4SRB is less than or
stationary RICE > 500 HP. equal to the
formaldehyde
emission
limitation; and
ii. You have
installed a CPMS
to continuously
monitor catalyst
inlet temperature
according to the
requirements in
Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. You have
recorded the
catalyst pressure
drop and catalyst
inlet temperature
during the
initial
performance test.
7. New or reconstructed non- a. Limit the i. The average
emergency stationary RICE > 500 concentration of formaldehyde
HP located at a major source of formaldehyde in concentration,
HAP, new or reconstructed non- the stationary corrected to 15
emergency 4SLB stationary RICE RICE exhaust and percent O2, dry
250 <= HP <=500 located at a not using basis, from the
major source of HAP, and oxidation three test runs
existing non-emergency 4SRB catalyst or NSCR. is less than or
stationary RICE > 500 HP. equal to the
formaldehyde
emission
limitation; and
ii. You have
installed a CPMS
to continuously
monitor operating
parameters
approved by the
Administrator (if
any) according to
the requirements
in Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. You have
recorded the
approved
operating
parameters (if
any) during the
initial
performance test.
[[Page 51600]]
8. Existing non-emergency a. Reduce CO or i. The average
stationary RICE 100 <= HP <= formaldehyde reduction of
500 located at a major source emissions. emissions of CO
of HAP, and existing non- or formaldehyde,
emergency stationary CI RICE as applicable
300 < HP <= 500 located at an determined from
area source of HAP. the initial
performance test
is equal to or
greater than the
required CO or
formaldehyde, as
applicable,
percent
reduction.
9. Existing non-emergency a. Limit the i. The average
stationary RICE 100 <= HP <= concentration of formaldehyde or
500 located at a major source formaldehyde or CO concentration,
of HAP, and existing non- CO in the as applicable,
emergency stationary CI RICE stationary RICE corrected to 15
300 < HP <= 500 located at an exhaust. percent O2, dry
area source of HAP. basis, from the
three test runs
is less than or
equal to the
formaldehyde or
CO emission
limitation, as
applicable.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
23. Table 6 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 6 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Continuous Compliance With Emission
Limitations, Operating Limitations, Work Practices, and Management
Practices
As stated in Sec. 63.6640, you must continuously comply with the
emissions and operating limitations and work or management practices as
required by the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
You must
Complying with the demonstrate
For each . . . requirement to . . continuous
. compliance by . .
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. New or reconstructed non- a. Reduce CO i. Conducting
emergency 2SLB stationary RICE emissions and semiannual
> 500 HP located at a major using an performance tests
source of HAP, new or oxidation for CO to
reconstructed non-emergency catalyst, and demonstrate that
4SLB stationary RICE >= 250 HP using a CPMS. the required CO
located at a major source of percent reduction
HAP, and new or reconstructed is achieved; \a\
non-emergency CI stationary and
RICE > 500 HP located at a ii. Collecting the
major source of HAP. catalyst inlet
temperature data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. Reducing
these data to 4-
hour rolling
averages; and
iv. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the catalyst
inlet
temperature; and
v. Measuring the
pressure drop
across the
catalyst once per
month and
demonstrating
that the pressure
drop across the
catalyst is
within the
operating
limitation
established
during the
performance test.
2. New or reconstructed non- a. Reduce CO i. Conducting
emergency 2SLB stationary RICE emissions and not semiannual
> 500 HP located at a major using an performance tests
source of HAP, new or oxidation for CO to
reconstructed non-emergency catalyst, and demonstrate that
4SLB stationary RICE >= 250 HP using a CPMS. the required CO
located at a major source of percent reduction
HAP, and new or reconstructed is achieved;\a\
non-emergency CI stationary and
RICE > 500 HP located at a ii. Collecting the
major source of HAP. approved
operating
parameter (if
any) data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. Reducing
these data to 4-
hour rolling
averages; and
iv. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the operating
parameters
established
during the
performance test.
3. New or reconstructed non- a. Reduce CO i. Collecting the
emergency 2SLB stationary RICE emissions and monitoring data
> 500 HP located at a major using a CEMS. according to Sec.
source of HAP, new or 63.6625(a),
reconstructed non-emergency reducing the
4SLB stationary RICE >= 250 HP measurements to 1-
located at a major source of hour averages,
HAP, new or reconstructed non- calculating the
emergency stationary CI RICE > percent reduction
500 HP located at a major of CO emissions
source of HAP, existing non- according to Sec.
emergency stationary CI RICE > 63.6620; and
500 HP, existing non-emergency ii. Demonstrating
4SLB stationary RICE > 500 HP that the catalyst
located at an area source of achieves the
HAP that are operated more than required percent
24 hours per calendar year. reduction of CO
emissions over
the 4-hour
averaging period;
and
iii. Conducting an
annual RATA of
your CEMS using
PS 3 and 4A of 40
CFR part 60,
appendix B, as
well as daily and
periodic data
quality checks in
accordance with
40 CFR part 60,
appendix F,
procedure 1.
4. Non-emergency 4SRB stationary a. Reduce i. Collecting the
RICE > 500 HP located at a formaldehyde catalyst inlet
major source of HAP. emissions and temperature data
using NSCR. according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
ii. Reducing these
data to 4-hour
rolling averages;
and
iii. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the catalyst
inlet
temperature; and
[[Page 51601]]
iv. Measuring the
pressure drop
across the
catalyst once per
month and
demonstrating
that the pressure
drop across the
catalyst is
within the
operating
limitation
established
during the
performance test.
5. Non-emergency 4SRB stationary a. Reduce i. Collecting the
RICE > 500 HP located at a formaldehyde approved
major source of HAP. emissions and not operating
using NSCR. parameter (if
any) data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
ii. Reducing these
data to 4-hour
rolling averages;
and
iii. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the operating
parameters
established
during the
performance test.
6. Non-emergency 4SRB stationary a. Reduce Conducting
RICE with a brake HP >= 5,000 formaldehyde semiannual
located at a major source of emissions. performance tests
HAP. for formaldehyde
to demonstrate
that the required
formaldehyde
percent reduction
is achieved.\a\
7. New or reconstructed non- a. Limit the i. Conducting
emergency stationary RICE > 500 concentration of semiannual
HP located at a major source of formaldehyde in performance tests
HAP and new or reconstructed the stationary for formaldehyde
non-emergency 4SLB stationary RICE exhaust and to demonstrate
RICE 250 <= HP <= 500 located using oxidation that your
at a major source of HAP. catalyst or NSCR. emissions remain
at or below the
formaldehyde
concentration
limit;\a\ and
ii. Collecting the
catalyst inlet
temperature data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. Reducing
these data to 4-
hour rolling
averages; and
iv. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the catalyst
inlet
temperature; and
v. Measuring the
pressure drop
across the
catalyst once per
month and
demonstrating
that the pressure
drop across the
catalyst is
within the
operating
limitation
established
during the
performance test.
8. New or reconstructed non- a. Limit the i. Conducting
emergency stationary RICE > 500 concentration of semiannual
HP located at a major source of formaldehyde in performance tests
HAP and new or reconstructed the stationary for formaldehyde
non-emergency 4SLB stationary RICE exhaust and to demonstrate
RICE 250 <= HP <= 500 located not using that your
at a major source of HAP. oxidation emissions remain
catalyst or NSCR. at or below the
formaldehyde
concentration
limit;\a\ and
ii. Collecting the
approved
operating
parameter (if
any) data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. Reducing
these data to 4-
hour rolling
averages; and
iv. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the operating
parameters
established
during the
performance test.
9. Existing emergency and black a. Work or i. Operating and
start stationary RICE <= 500 HP Management maintaining the
located at a major source of practices. stationary RICE
HAP, existing non-emergency according to the
stationary RICE < 100 HP manufacturer's
located at a major source of emission-related
HAP, existing emergency and operation and
black start stationary RICE maintenance
located at an area source of instructions; or
HAP, existing non-emergency ii. Develop and
stationary CI RICE <= 300 HP follow your own
located at an area source of maintenance plan
HAP, existing non-emergency which must
2SLB stationary RICE located at provide to the
an area source of HAP, existing extent
non-emergency landfill or practicable for
digester gas stationary SI RICE the maintenance
located at an area source of and operation of
HAP, existing non-emergency the engine in a
4SLB and 4SRB stationary RICE manner consistent
<= 500 HP located at an area with good air
source of HAP, existing non- pollution control
emergency 4SLB and 4SRB practice for
stationary RICE > 500 HP minimizing
located at an area source of emissions.
HAP that operate 24 hours or
less per calendar year.
[[Page 51602]]
10. Existing stationary CI RICE a. Reduce CO or i. Conducting
> 500 HP that are not limited formaldehyde performance tests
use stationary RICE, and emissions, or every 8,760 hours
existing 4SLB and 4SRB limit the or 3 years,
stationary RICE > 500 HP concentration of whichever comes
located at an area source of formaldehyde or first, for CO or
HAP that operate more than 24 CO in the formaldehyde, as
hours per calendar year and are stationary RICE appropriate, to
not limited use stationary RICE. exhaust, and demonstrate that
using oxidation the required CO
catalyst or NSCR. or formaldehyde,
as appropriate,
percent reduction
is achieved or
that your
emissions remain
at or below the
CO or
formaldehyde
concentration
limit; and
ii. Collecting the
catalyst inlet
temperature data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. Reducing
these data to 4-
hour rolling
averages; and
iv. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the catalyst
inlet
temperature; and
v. Measuring the
pressure drop
across the
catalyst once per
month and
demonstrating
that the pressure
drop across the
catalyst is
within the
operating
limitation
established
during the
performance test.
11. Existing stationary CI RICE a. Reduce CO or i. Conducting
> 500 HP that are not limited formaldehyde performance tests
use stationary RICE, and emissions, or every 8,760 hours
existing 4SLB and 4SRB limit the or 3 years,
stationary RICE > 500 HP concentration of whichever comes
located at an area source of formaldehyde or first, for CO or
HAP that operate more than 24 CO in the formaldehyde, as
hours per calendar year and are stationary RICE appropriate, to
not limited use stationary RICE. exhaust, and not demonstrate that
using oxidation the required CO
catalyst or NSCR. or formaldehyde,
as appropriate,
percent reduction
is achieved or
that your
emissions remain
at or below the
CO or
formaldehyde
concentration
limit; and
ii. Collecting the
approved
operating
parameter (if
any) data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. Reducing
these data to 4-
hour rolling
averages; and
iv. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the operating
parameters
established
during the
performance test.
12. Existing limited use CI a. Reduce CO or i. Conducting
stationary RICE > 500 HP and formaldehyde performance tests
existing limited use 4SLB and emissions or every 8,760 hours
4SRB stationary RICE > 500 HP limit the or 5 years,
located at an area source of concentration of whichever comes
HAP that operate more than 24 formaldehyde or first, for CO or
hours per calendar year. CO in the formaldehyde, as
stationary RICE appropriate, to
exhaust, and demonstrate that
using an the required CO
oxidation or formaldehyde,
catalyst or NSCR. as appropriate,
percent reduction
is achieved or
that your
emissions remain
at or below the
CO or
formaldehyde
concentration
limit; and
ii. Collecting the
catalyst inlet
temperature data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. Reducing
these data to 4-
hour rolling
averages; and
iv. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the catalyst
inlet
temperature; and
v. Measuring the
pressure drop
across the
catalyst once per
month and
demonstrating
that the pressure
drop across the
catalyst is
within the
operating
limitation
established
during the
performance test.
13. Existing limited use CI a. Reduce CO or i. Conducting
stationary RICE > 500 HP and formaldehyde performance tests
existing limited use 4SLB and emissions or every 8,760 hours
4SRB stationary RICE > 500 HP limit the or 5 years,
located at an area source of concentration of whichever comes
HAP that operate more than 24 formaldehyde or first, for CO or
hours per calendar year. CO in the formaldehyde, as
stationary RICE appropriate, to
exhaust, and demonstrate that
using an the required CO
oxidation or formaldehyde,
catalyst or NSCR. as appropriate,
percent reduction
is achieved or
that your
emissions remain
at or below the
CO or
formaldehyde
concentration
limit; and
ii. Collecting the
approved
operating
parameter (if
any) data
according to Sec.
63.6625(b); and
iii. Reducing
these data to 4-
hour rolling
averages; and
[[Page 51603]]
iv. Maintaining
the 4-hour
rolling averages
within the
operating
limitations for
the operating
parameters
established
during the
performance test.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ After you have demonstrated compliance for two consecutive tests,
you may reduce the frequency of subsequent performance tests to
annually. If the results of any subsequent annual performance test
indicate the stationary RICE is not in compliance with the CO or
formaldehyde emission limitation, or you deviate from any of your
operating limitations, you must resume semiannual performance tests.
0
24. Table 7 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
Table 7 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63. Requirements for Reports
As stated in Sec. 63.6650, you must comply with the following
requirements for reports:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You must submit a You must submit
For each ... ... The report must contain ... the report ...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Existing non-emergency, non- Compliance report.. a. If there are no deviations from i. Semiannually
black start stationary RICE 100 any emission limitations or according to the
<= HP <= 500 located at a major operating limitations that apply to requirements in
source of HAP; existing non- you, a statement that there were no Sec.
emergency, non-black start deviations from the emission 63.6650(b)(1)-(5)
stationary CI RICE > 500 HP limitations or operating limitations for engines that
located at a major source of during the reporting period. If are not limited
HAP; existing non-emergency there were no periods during which use stationary
4SRB stationary RICE > 500 HP the CMS, including CEMS and CPMS, RICE subject to
located at a major source of was out-of-control, as specified in numerical
HAP; existing non-emergency, Sec. 63.8(c)(7), a statement that emission
non-black start stationary CI there were not periods during which limitations; and
RICE > 300 HP located at an the CMS was out-of-control during ii. Annually
area source of HAP; existing the reporting period; or according to the
non-emergency, non-black start b. If you had a deviation from any requirements in
4SLB and 4SRB stationary RICE > emission limitation or operating Sec.
500 HP located at an area limitation during the reporting 63.6650(b)(6)-(9)
source of HAP and operated more period, the information in Sec. for engines that
than 24 hours per calendar 63.6650(d). If there were periods are limited use
year; new or reconstructed non- during which the CMS, including CEMS stationary RICE
emergency stationary RICE > 500 and CPMS, was out-of-control, as subject to
HP located at a major source of specified in Sec. 63.8(c)(7), the numerical
HAP; and new or reconstructed information in Sec. 63.6650(e); or emission
non-emergency 4SLB stationary c. If you had a malfunction during limitations.
RICE 250 <= HP <= 500 located the reporting period, the i. Semiannually
at a major source of HAP. information in Sec. 63.6650(c)(4) according to the
requirements in
Sec.
63.6650(b).
i. Semiannually
according to the
requirements in
Sec.
63.6650(b).
2. New or reconstructed non- Report............. a. The fuel flow rate of each fuel i. Annually,
emergency stationary RICE that and the heating values that were according to the
combusts landfill gas or used in your calculations, and you requirements in
digester gas equivalent to 10 must demonstrate that the percentage Sec. 63.6650.
percent or more of the gross of heat input provided by landfill
heat input on an annual basis. gas or digester gas, is equivalent
to 10 percent or more of the gross
heat input on an annual basis; and
b. The operating limits provided in i. See item 2.a.i.
your federally enforceable permit,
and any deviations from these
limits; and
c. Any problems or errors suspected i. See item 2.a.i.
with the meters.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
25. Appendix A to Part 63 is amended by adding, in numerical order,
Method 323 to read as follows:
Appendix A to Part 63--Test Methods
* * * * *
Method 323--Measurement of Formaldehyde Emissions From Natural Gas-
Fired Stationary Sources--Acetyl Acetone Derivitization Method
1.0 Introduction. This method describes the sampling and
analysis procedures of the acetyl acetone colorimetric method for
measuring formaldehyde emissions in the exhaust of natural gas-
fired, stationary combustion sources. This method, which was
prepared by the Gas Research Institute (GRI), is based on the
Chilled Impinger Train Method for Methanol, Acetone, Acetaldehyde,
Methyl Ethyl Ketone, and Formaldehyde (Technical Bulletin No. 684)
developed and published by the National Council of the Paper
Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI). However, this
method has been prepared specifically for formaldehyde and does not
include specifications (e.g., equipment and supplies) and procedures
(e.g., sampling and analytical) for methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde,
and methyl ethyl ketone. To obtain reliable results, persons using
this method should have a thorough knowledge of at least Methods 1
and 2 of 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A-1; Method 3 of 40 CFR Part 60,
Appendix A-2; and Method 4 of 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A-3.
1.1 Scope and Application
1.1.1 Analytes. The only analyte measured by this method is
formaldehyde (CAS Number 50-00-0).
1.1.2 Applicability. This method is for analyzing formaldehyde
emissions from uncontrolled and controlled natural gas-fired,
stationary combustion sources.
[[Page 51604]]
1.1.3 Data Quality Objectives. If you adhere to the quality
control and quality assurance requirements of this method, then you
and future users of your data will be able to assess the quality of
the data you obtain and estimate the uncertainty in the
measurements.
2.0 Summary of Method. An emission sample from the combustion
exhaust is drawn through a midget impinger train containing chilled
reagent water to absorb formaldehyde. The formaldehyde concentration
in the impinger is determined by reaction with acetyl acetone to
form a colored derivative which is measured colorimetrically.
3.0 Definitions
[Reserved].
4.0 Interferences. The presence of acetaldehyde, amines,
polymers of formaldehyde, periodate, and sulfites can cause
interferences with the acetyl acetone procedure which is used to
determine the formaldehyde concentration. However, based on
experience gained from extensive testing of natural gas-fired
combustion sources using FTIR to measure a variety of compounds, GRI
expects only acetaldehyde to be potentially present when combusting
natural gas. Acetaldehyde has been reported to be a significant
interference only when present at concentrations above 50 ppmv.
However, GRI reports that the concentration of acetaldehyde from
gas-fired sources is very low (typically below the FTIR detection
limit of around 0.5 ppmv); therefore, the potential positive bias
due to acetaldehyde interference is expected to be negligible.
5.0 Safety
5.1 Prior to applying the method in the field, a site-specific
Health and Safety Plan should be prepared. General safety
precautions include the use of steel-toed boots, safety glasses,
hard hats, and work gloves. In certain cases, facility policy may
require the use of fire-resistant clothing while on-site. Since the
method involves testing at high-temperature sampling locations,
precautions must be taken to limit the potential for exposure to
high-temperature gases and surfaces while inserting or removing the
sample probe. In warm locations, precautions must also be taken to
avoid dehydration.
5.2 Potential chemical hazards associated with sampling include
formaldehyde, nitrogen oxides (NOX), and carbon monoxide
(CO). Formalin solution, used for field spiking, is an aqueous
solution containing formaldehyde and methanol. Formaldehyde is a
skin, eye, and respiratory irritant and a carcinogen, and should be
handled accordingly. Eye and skin contact and inhalation of
formaldehyde vapors should be avoided. Natural gas-fired combustion
sources can potentially emit CO at toxic concentrations. Care should
be taken to minimize exposure to the sample gas while inserting or
removing the sample probe. If the work area is enclosed, personal CO
monitors should be used to insure that the concentration of CO in
the work area is maintained at safe levels.
5.3 Potential chemical hazards associated with the analytical
procedures include acetyl acetone and glacial acetic acid. Acetyl
acetone is an irritant to the skin and respiratory system, as well
as being moderately toxic. Glacial acetic acid is highly corrosive
and is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Eye
and skin contact and inhalation of vapors should be avoided. Acetyl
acetone and glacial acetic acid have flash points of 41 [deg]C
(105.8 [deg]F) and 43 [deg]C (109.4 [deg]F), respectively. Exposure
to heat or flame should be avoided.
6.0 Equipment and Supplies
6.1 Sampling Probe. Quartz glass probe with stainless steel
sheath or stainless steel probe.
6.2 Teflon Tubing. Teflon tubing to connect the sample probe to
the impinger train. A heated sample line is not needed since the
sample transfer system is rinsed to recover condensed formaldehyde
and the rinsate combined with the impinger contents prior to sample
analysis.
6.3 Midget Impingers. Three midget impingers are required for
sample collection. The first impinger serves as a moisture knockout,
the second impinger contains 20 mL of reagent water, and the third
impinger contains silica gel to remove residual moisture from the
sample prior to the dry gas meter.
6.4 Vacuum Pump. Vacuum pump capable of delivering a controlled
extraction flow rate between 0.2 and 0.4 L/min.
6.5 Flow Measurement Device. A rotameter or other flow
measurement device is required to indicate consistent sample flow.
6.6 Dry Gas Meter. A dry gas meter is used to measure the total
sample volume collected. The dry gas meter must be sufficiently
accurate to measure the sample volume to within 2 percent,
calibrated at the selected flow rate and conditions actually
encountered during sampling, and equipped with a temperature sensor
(dial thermometer, or equivalent) capable of measuring temperature
accurately to within 3 [deg]C (5.4 [deg]F).
6.7 Spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is required for
formaldehyde analysis, and must be capable of measuring absorbance
at 412 nm.
7.0 Reagents and Standards
7.1 Sampling Reagents
7.1.1 Reagent water. Deionized, distilled, organic-free water.
This water is used as the capture solution, for rinsing the sample
probe, sample line, and impingers at the completion of the sampling
run, in reagent dilutions, and in blanks.
7.1.2 Ice. Ice is necessary to pack around the impingers during
sampling in order to keep the impingers cold. Ice is also needed for
sample transport and storage.
7.2 Analysis
7.2.1 Acetyl acetone Reagent. Prepare the acetyl acetone reagent
by dissolving 15.4 g of ammonium acetate in 50 mL of reagent water
in a 100-mL volumetric flask. To this solution, add 0.20 mL of
acetyl acetone and 0.30 mL of glacial acetic acid. Mix the solution
thoroughly, then dilute to 100 mL with reagent water. The solution
can be stored in a brown glass bottle in the refrigerator, and is
stable for at least two weeks.
7.2.2 Formaldehyde. Reagent grade.
7.2.3 Ammonium Acetate
7.2.4 Glacial Acetic Acid
8.0 Sample Collection, Preservation, Storage, and Transport
8.1 Pre-test
8.1.1 Collect information about the site characteristics such as
exhaust pipe diameter, gas flow rates, port location, access to
ports, and safety requirements during a pre-test site survey. You
should then decide the sample collection period per run and the
target sample flow rate based on your best estimate of the
formaldehyde concentration likely to be present. You want to assure
that sufficient formaldehyde is captured in the impinger solution so
that it can be measured precisely by the spectrophotometer. You may
use Equation 323-1 to design your test program. As a guideline for
optimum performance, if you can, design your test so that the liquid
concentration (Cl) is approximately 10 times the assumed
spectrophotometer detection limit of 0.2 [mu]g/mL. However, since
actual detection limits are instrument specific, we also suggest
that you confirm that the laboratory equipment can meet or exceed
this detection limit.
8.1.2 Prepare and then weigh the midget impingers prior to
configuring the sampling train. The first impinger is initially dry.
The second impinger contains 20 mL of reagent water, and the third
impinger contains silica gel that is added before weighing the
impinger. Each prepared impinger is weighed and the pre-sampling
weight is recorded to the nearest 0.5 gm.
8.1.3 Assemble the sampling train (see Figure 1). Ice is packed
around the impingers in order to keep them cold during sample
collection. A small amount of water may be added to the ice to
improve thermal transfer.
8.1.4 Perform a sampling system leak check (from the probe tip
to the pump outlet) as follows: Connect a rotameter to the outlet of
the pump. Close off the inlet to the probe and observe the leak
rate. The leak rate must be less than 2 percent of the planned
sampling rate of 0.2 or 0.4 L/min.
8.1.5 Source gas temperature and static pressure should also be
considered prior to field sampling to ensure adequate safety
precautions during sampling.
8.2 Sample Collection
8.2.1 Set the sample flow rate between 0.2-0.4 L/min, depending
upon the anticipated concentration of formaldehyde in the engine
exhaust. (You may have to refer to published data for anticipated
concentration levels--see References 5 and 6.) If no information is
available for the anticipated levels of formaldehyde, use the higher
sampling rate of 0.4 L/min.
8.2.2 Record the sampling flow rate every 5 to 10 minutes during
the sample collection period. NOTE: It is critical that you do not
sample at a flow rate higher than 0.4 L/min. Sampling at higher flow
rates may reduce formaldehyde collection efficiency resulting in
measured formaldehyde concentrations that are less than the actual
concentrations.
[[Page 51605]]
8.2.3 Monitor the amount of ice surrounding the impingers and
add ice as necessary to maintain the proper impinger temperature.
Remove excess water as needed to maintain an adequate amount of ice.
8.2.4 Record measured leak rate, beginning and ending times and
dry gas meter readings for each sampling run, impinger weights
before and after sampling, and sampling flow rates and dry gas meter
exhaust temperature every 5 to 10 minutes during the run, in a
signed and dated notebook.
8.2.5 If possible, monitor and record the fuel flow rate to the
engine and the exhaust oxygen concentration during the sampling
period. This data can be used to estimate the engine exhaust flow
rate based on the Method 19 approach. This approach, if accurate
fuel flow rates can be determined, is preferred for reciprocating IC
engine exhaust flow rate estimation due to the pulsating nature of
the engine exhaust. The F-Factor procedures described in Method 19
may be used based on measurement of fuel flow rate and exhaust
oxygen concentration. One example equation is Equation 323-2.
8.3 Post-test. Perform a sampling system leak-check (from the
probe tip to pump outlet). Connect a rotameter to the outlet of the
pump. Close off the inlet to the probe and observe the leak rate.
The leak rate must be less than 2 percent of the sampling rate.
Weigh and record each impinger immediately after sampling to
determine the moisture weight gain. The impinger weights are
measured before transferring the impinger contents, and before
rinsing the sample probe and sample line. The moisture content of
the exhaust gas is determined by measuring the weight gain of the
impinger solutions and volume of gas sampled as described in Method
4. Rinse the sample probe and sample line with reagent water.
Transfer the impinger catch to an amber 40-mL VOA bottle with a
Teflon-lined cap. If there is a small amount of liquid in the
dropout impinger (< 10 mL), the impinger catches can be combined in
one 40 mL VOA bottle. If there is a larger amount of liquid in the
dropout impinger, use a larger VOA bottle to combine the impinger
catches. Rinse the impingers and combine the rinsings from the
sample probe, sample line, and impingers with the impinger catch. In
general, combined rinse volumes should not exceed 10 mL. However, in
cases where a long, flexible extension line must be used to connect
the sample probe to the sample box, sufficient water must be used to
rinse the connecting line to insure that any sample that may have
collected there is recovered. The volume of the rinses during sample
recovery should not be excessive as this may result in your having
to use a larger VOA bottle. This in turn would raise the detection
limit of the method since after combining the rinses with the
impinger catches in the VOA bottle, the bottle should be filled with
reagent water to eliminate the headspace in the sample vial. Keep
the sample bottles over ice until analyzed on-site or received at
the laboratory. Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible to
minimize possible sample degradation. Based on a limited number of
previous analyses, samples held in refrigerated conditions showed
some sample degradation over time.
8.4 Quality Control Samples
8.4.1 Field Duplicates. During at least one run, a pair of
samples should be collected concurrently and analyzed as separate
samples. Results of the field duplicate samples should be identified
and reported with the sample results. The percent difference in
exhaust (stack) concentration indicated by field duplicates should
be within 20 percent of their mean concentration. Data are to be
flagged as suspect if the duplicates do not meet the acceptance
criteria.
8.4.2 Spiked Samples. An aliquot of one sample from each source
sample set should be spiked at 2 to 3 times the formaldehyde level
found in the unspiked sample. It is also recommended that a second
aliquot of the same sample be spiked at around half the level of the
first spike; however, the second spike is not mandatory. The results
are acceptable if the measured spike recovery is 80 to 120 percent.
Use Equation 323-4. Data are to be flagged as suspect if the spike
recovery do not meet the acceptance criteria.
8.4.3 Field Blank. A field blank consisting of reagent water
placed in a clean impinger train, taken to the test site but not
sampled, then recovered and analyzed in the same manner as the other
samples, should be collected with each set of source samples. The
field blank results should be less than 50 percent of the lowest
calibration standard used in the sample analysis. If this criteria
is not met, the data should be flagged as suspect.
9.0 Quality Control
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QA/QC Acceptance Frequency Corrective action
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leak-check--Sections 8.1.4, 8.3...... < 2% of Sampling rate Pre- and Post-sampling. Pre-sampling: Repair
leak and recheck
Post-sampling: Flag
data and repeat run if
for regulatory
compliance.
Sample flow rate..................... Between 0.2 and 0.4 L/ Throughout sampling.... Adjust.
min
VOA vial headspace................... No headspace........... After sample recovery.. Flag data.
Sample preservation.................. Maintain on ice........ After sample recovery.. Flag data.
Sample hold time..................... 14 day maximum......... After sample recovery.. Flag data.
Field Duplicates--Section 8.4.1...... Within 20% of mean of One duplicate per Flag data.
original and duplicate source sample set.
sample.
Spiked Sample--Section 8.4.2......... Recovery between 80 and One spike per source Flag data.
120%. sample set.
Field Blank--Section 8.4.3........... < 50% of the lowest One blank per source Flag data.
calibration standard. sample set.
Calibration Linearity--Section 10.1.. Correlation coefficient Per source sample set.. Repeat calibration
of 0.99 or higher. procedures.
Calibration Check Standard--Section Within 10% of One calibration check Repeat check, remake
10.3. theoretical value. per source sample set. standard and repeat,
repeat calibration.
Lab Duplicates--Section 11.2.1....... Within 10% of mean of One duplicate per 10 Flag data.
original and duplicate samples.
sample analysis.
Analytical Blanks--Section 11.2.2.... < 50% of the lowest One blank per source Clean glassware/
calibration standard. sample set. analytical equipment
and repeat.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.0 Calibration and Standardization
10.1 Spectrophotometer Calibration. Prepare a stock solution of
10 [mu]g/mL formaldehyde. Prepare a series of calibration standards
from the stock solution by adding 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, and 1.5 mL
of stock solution (corresponding to 0, 1.0, 3.0, 7.0, 10.0, and 15.0
[mu]g formaldehyde, respectively) to screw-capped vials. Adjust each
vial's volume to 2.0 mL with reagent water. At this point the
concentration of formaldehyde in the standards is 0.0, 0.5, 1.5,
3.5, 5.0, and 7.5 [mu]g/mL, respectively. Add 2.0 mL of acetyl
acetone reagent, thoroughly mix the solution, and place the vials in
a water bath (or heating block) at 60 [deg]C for 10 minutes. Remove
the vials and allow to cool to room temperature. Transfer each
solution to a cuvette and measure the absorbance at 412 nm using the
spectrophotometer. Develop a calibration curve from the analytical
results of these standards. The acceptance criteria for the
spectrophotometer calibration is a correlation coefficient of 0.99
or higher. If this criteria is not met, the calibration procedures
should be repeated.
[[Page 51606]]
10.2 Spectrophotometer Zero. The spectrophotometer should be
zeroed with reagent water when analyzing each set of samples.
10.3 Calibration Checks. Calibration checks consisting of
analyzing a standard separate from the calibration standards must be
performed with each set of samples. The calibration check standard
should not be prepared from the calibration stock solution. The
result of the check standard must be within 10 percent of the
theoretical value to be acceptable. If the acceptance criteria are
not met, the standard must be reanalyzed. If still unacceptable, a
new calibration curve must be prepared using freshly prepared
standards.
11.0 Analytical Procedure
11.1 Sample Analysis. A 2.0-mL aliquot of the impinger catch/
rinsate is transferred to a screw-capped vial. Two mL of the acetyl
acetone reagent are added and the solution is thoroughly mixed. Once
mixed, the vial is placed in a water bath (or heating block) at 60
[deg]C for 10 minutes. Remove the vial and allow to cool to room
temperature. Transfer the solution to a cuvette and measure the
absorbance using the spectrophotometer at 412 nm. The quantity of
formaldehyde present is determined by comparing the sample response
to the calibration curve. Use Equation 323-5. If the sample response
is out of the calibration range, the sample must be diluted and
reanalyzed. Such dilutions must be performed on another aliquot of
the original sample before the addition of the acetyl acetone
reagent. The full procedure is repeated with the diluted sample.
11.2 Analytical Quality Control
11.2.1 Laboratory Duplicates. Two aliquots of one sample from
each source sample set should be prepared and analyzed (with a
minimum of one pair of aliquots for every 10 samples). The percent
difference between aliquot analysis should be within 10 percent of
their mean. Use Equation 323-3. Data are flagged if the laboratory
duplicates do not meet this criteria.
11.2.2 Analytical blanks. Blank samples (reagent water) should
be incorporated into each sample set to evaluate the possible
presence of any cross-contamination. The acceptance criteria for the
analytical blank is less than 50 percent of the lowest calibration
standard. If the analytical blank does not meet this criteria, the
glassware/analytical equipment should be cleaned and the analytical
blank repeated.
12.0 Calculations and Data Analysis
12.1 Nomenclature
A = measured absorbance of 2 mL aliquot
B = estimated sampling rate, Lpm
Cl = target concentration in liquid, [mu]g/mL
D = estimated stack formaldehyde concentration (ppmv)
E = estimated liquid volume, normally 40 mL (the size of the VOA
used)
cform = formaldehyde concentration in gas stream, ppmvd
cform @15%02 = formaldehyde concentration in
gas stream corrected to 15% oxygen, ppmvd
Csm = measured concentration of formaldehyde in the
spiked aliquot
Cu = measured concentration of formaldehyde in the
unspiked aliquot of the same sample
Cs = calculated concentration of formaldehyde spiking
solution added to the spiked aliquot
F = dilution factor, 1 unless dilution of the sample was needed to
reduce the absorbance into the calibration range
Fd = dry basis F-factor from Method 19, dscf per million
btu GCVg = Gross calorific value (or higher heating
value), btu per scf
Kc = spectrophotometer calibration factor, slope of the
least square regression line, [mu]g/absorbance (Note: Most
spreadsheets are capable of calculating a least squares line.)
K1 = 0.3855 [deg]K/mm Hg for metric units, (17.65 [deg]R/
in.Hg for English units.)
MW = molecular weight, 30 g/g-mole, for formaldehyde 24.05 = mole
specific volume constant, liters per g-mole
m = mass of formaldehyde in liquid sample, mg
Pstd = Standard pressure, 760 mm Hg (29.92 in.Hg)
Pbar = Barometric pressure, mm Hg (in.Hg)
PD = Percent Difference
Qe = exhaust flow rate, dscf per minute
Qg = natural gas fuel flow rate, scf per minute
Tm = Average DGM absolute temperature, [deg]K ([deg]R).
Tstd = Standard absolute temperature, 293 [deg]K (528
[deg]R).
t = sample time (minutes)
Vm = Dry gas volume as measured by the DGM, dcm (dcf).
Vm(std) = Dry gas volume measured by the DGM, corrected
to standard conditions of 1 atmosphere and 20 [deg]C, dscm (dscf).
Vt = actual total volume of impinger catch/rinsate, mL
Va = volume (2.0) of aliquot analyzed, mL
X1 = first value
X2 = second value
O2d = oxygen concentration measured, percent by volume,
dry basis
%R = percent recovery of spike
Zu = volume fraction of unspiked (native) sample
contained in the final spiked aliquot [e.g., Vu/(Vu + Vs), where Vu
+ Vs should = 2.0 mL]
Zs = volume fraction of spike solution contained in the
final spiked aliquot [e.g., Vs/(Vu + Vs)]
R = 0.02405 dscm per g-mole, for metric units at standard conditions
of 1 atmosphere and 20 [deg]C
Y = Dry Gas Meter calibration factor
12.2 Pretest Design
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR20AU10.005
12.3 Exhaust Flow Rate
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR20AU10.006
12.4 Percent Difference--(Applicable to Field and Lab
Duplicates)
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12.5 Percent Recovery of Spike
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12.6 Mass of Formaldehyde in Liquid Sample
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12.7 Dry Gas Sample Volume Corrected to Standard Conditions
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12.8 Formaldehyde Concentration in gas Stream
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12.9 Formaldehyde Concentration Corrected to 15% Oxygen
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13.0 Method Performance
13.1 Precision. Based on a Method 301 validation using quad
train arrangement with post sampling spiking study of the method at
a natural gas-fired IC engine, the relative standard deviation of
six pairs of unspiked samples was 11.2 percent at a mean stack gas
concentration of 16.7 ppmvd.
13.2 Bias. No bias correction is allowed. The single Method 301
validation study of the method at a natural gas-fired IC engine,
indicated a bias correction factor of 0.91 for that set of data. An
earlier spiking study got similar average percent spike recovery
when spiking into a blank sample. This data set is too limited to
justify using a bias correction factor for future tests at other
sources.
13.3 Range. The range of this method for formaldehyde is 0.2 to
7.5 [mu]g/mL in the liquid phase. (This corresponds to a range of
0.27 to 10 ppmv in the engine exhaust if sampling at a rate of 0.4
Lpm for 60 minutes and using a 40-mL VOA bottle.) If the liquid
sample concentration is above this range, perform the appropriate
dilution for accurate measurement. Any dilutions must be taken from
new aliquots of the original sample before reanalysis.
13.4 Sample Stability. Based on a sample stability study
conducted in conjunction with the method validation, sample
degradation for 7- and 14-day hold times does not exceed 2.3 and 4.6
percent, respectively, based on a 95 percent level of confidence.
Therefore, the recommended maximum sample holding time for the
underivatized impinger catch/rinsings is 14 days, where projected
sample degradation is below 5 percent.
14.0 Pollution Prevention
Sample gas from the combustion source exhaust is vented to the
atmosphere after passing through the chilled impinger sampling
train. Reagent solutions and samples should be collected for
disposal as aqueous waste.
15.0 Waste Management
Standards of formaldehyde and the analytical reagents should be
handled according to the Material Safety Data Sheets.
16.0 References
1. National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement, Inc. ``Volatile Organic Emissions from Pulp and Paper
Mill Sources, Part X--Test Methods, Quality Assurance/Quality
Control Procedures, and Data Analysis Protocols.'' Technical
Bulletin No. 684, December 1994.
2. National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement, Inc., ``Field Validation of a Source Sampling Method
for Formaldehyde, Methanol, and Phenol at Wood Products Mills.''
1997 TAPPI International Environmental Conference.
3. Roy F. Weston, Inc. ``Formaldehyde Sampling Method Field
Evaluation and Emission Test Report for Georgia-Pacific Resins,
Inc., Russellville, South Carolina.'' August 1996.
4. Hoechst Celanese Method CL 8-4. ``Standard Test Method for
Free Formaldehyde in Air Using Acetyl Acetone.'' Revision 0,
September 1986.
5. Shareef, G.S., et al. ``Measurement of Air Toxic Emissions
from Natural Gas-Fired Internal Combustion Engines at Natural Gas
Transmission and Storage Facilities.'' Report No. GRI-96/0009.1, Gas
Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, February 1996.
6. Gundappa, M., et al. ``Characteristics of Formaldehyde
Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Reciprocating Internal Combustion
Engines in Gas Transmission. Volume I: Phase I Predictive Model for
Estimating Formaldehyde Emissions from 2-Stroke Engines.'' Report
No. GRI-97/0376.1, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois,
September 1997.
17.0 Tables, Diagrams, Flowcharts, and Validation Data
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[FR Doc. 2010-20298 Filed 8-19-10; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P