[Federal Register Volume 75, Number 249 (Wednesday, December 29, 2010)]
[Notices]
[Pages 81972-81976]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2010-32689]
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
RIN 0648-XZ23
Taking of Threatened or Endangered Marine Mammals Incidental to
Commercial Fishing Operations; Issuance of Permit
AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.
ACTION: Notice.
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SUMMARY: In accordance with the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA),
NMFS hereby issues a permit for a period of three years to authorize
the incidental, but not intentional, taking of individuals from six
marine mammal stocks listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) by
participants in several groundfish
[[Page 81973]]
fisheries in the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. This authorization
is based on determinations that mortality and serious injury of
endangered stocks of Central North Pacific (CNP) humpback whales,
Western North Pacific (WNP) stock of humpback whales, Northeast Pacific
(NEP) stock of fin whales, North Pacific stock of sperm whales, and
Western U.S. stock of Steller sea lions; and on the threatened Eastern
U.S. stock of Steller sea lions incidental to commercial fishing will
have a negligible impact on these stocks, that recovery plans have been
developed or are being prepared, that a monitoring program is
established, and that vessels in the fisheries are registered. Take
Reduction Plans (TRPs) are not required for the NEP stock of fin whales
or the Eastern U.S. stock of Steller sea lions because mortality and
serious injury of these stocks incidental to commercial fishing
operations are at insignificant levels approaching a zero mortality and
serious injury rate; TRPs for other species will be deferred as
sufficient funding is not available at this time.
DATES: This permit is effective for a three-year period beginning
January 1, 2011.
ADDRESSES: Reference material for this permit is available on the
Internet at the following address: http://www.alaskafisheries.noaa.gov/index/analyses/analyses.asp. Recovery plans
for these species are available on the Internet at the following
address: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/recovery/plans.htm#mammals.
Copies of the reference materials may also be obtained from the
Protected Resources Division, NMFS, Alaska Region, Protected Resources
Division, P.O. Box 21668, Juneau, AK 99802. Attention--Kaja Brix,
Assistant Regional Administrator.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dana J. Seagars, Alaska Regional
Office, (907) 271-5005, or Tom Eagle, Office of Protected Resources,
(301) 713-2322, ext. 105.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
MMPA section 101(a)(5)(E) requires NMFS to allow the taking of
marine mammals from species or stocks listed as threatened or
endangered under the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) incidental to
commercial fishing operations if NMFS determines that: (1) Incidental
mortality and serious injury will have a negligible impact on the
affected species or stock; (2) a recovery plan has been developed or is
being developed for such species or stock under the ESA; and (3) where
required under section 118 of the MMPA, a monitoring program has been
established, vessels engaged in such fisheries are registered in
accordance with section 118 of the MMPA, and a take reduction plan has
been developed or is being developed for such species or stock.
On November 9, 2010 (75 FR 68767), NMFS proposed to issue a permit
to incidentally take certain ESA listed marine mammal stocks by vessels
registered in the following Federal and State-parallel Category II
groundfish fisheries: The AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands flatfish
trawl, AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Island pollock trawl, AK Bering Sea
sablefish pot, and AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Pacific cod longline
fisheries. NMFS is now issuing a 3-year permit to participants in the
above fisheries under MMPA section 101(a)(5)(E) for the incidental
taking of five marine mammal stocks listed as: Endangered under the
ESA--the CNP stock of humpback whales, the WNP stock of humpback
whales, the NEP stock of fin whales, the North Pacific stock of sperm
whales, and the Western U.S. stock of Steller sea lions, and from one
stock listed as threatened--the Eastern U.S. stock of Steller sea
lions.
Taking of individuals from these threatened or endangered stocks of
marine mammals would be authorized only in the fisheries identified in
Table 1; no other Alaska-based groundfish fisheries are known to take
these or other species or stocks of threatened or endangered marine
mammals. There are no Category I fisheries designated in Alaska.
Participants in the seven Category III fisheries identified in this
notice (Table 1) are not required to obtain such incidental take
permits but are required to report injuries or mortalities of marine
mammals incidental to their operations for the taking to be authorized
after a Negligible Impact Determination (NID) has been made. State-
parallel groundfish fisheries are included in this proposed permit.
NMFS will consider issuing permits at a future date for the taking of
the subject threatened or endangered species by participants in State-
managed fisheries other than the State-parallel groundfish fisheries.
The data for considering these authorizations were reviewed coincident
with the 2011 MMPA List of Fisheries (LOF) (75 FR November 8, 2010),
the draft 2010 marine mammal stock assessment reports (dSAR) (Allen and
Angliss 2010), and other relevant sources.
Prior to issuing a permit to take ESA-listed marine mammals
incidental to commercial fishing, NMFS must determine if the mortality
and serious injury incidental to commercial fisheries will have a
negligible impact on the affected species or stocks of marine mammals.
NMFS satisfied this requirement through completion of an NID. NMFS
issued a draft NID for the proposed action (November 9, 2010: 75 FR
68767), with minor edits, NMFS now issues a final document (http://www.alaskafisheries.noaa.gov/index/analyses/analyses.asp).
Determinations for the Permit
The following determinations and supporting information were
included in notice of the proposed permit (75 FR 68767, November 9,
2010).
Negligible Impact
NMFS previously issued an NID for CNP humpback whales (75 FR 29984,
May 28, 2010) addressing taking in both Alaska and Hawaiian waters; the
conclusions reached in that document remain valid. In addition,
relevant information was reviewed in the NID issued for this permit.
Based on that review NMFS has estimated that mortality and serious
injury of CNP humpback whales incidental to commercial fishing
operations in HI and AK totals 3.8 whales per year, which is 6.2
percent of the stock's Potential Biological Removal (PBR) level. NMFS
concludes that incidental mortality and serious injury at this total
rate will have a negligible impact on CNP humpback whales. Although
humpback whales are taken incidental to fisheries in Hawaiian and
Alaskan waters, this permit is limited to the Alaska-based fisheries
because such taking was previously permitted for the Hawaii-based
fisheries (75 FR 29984, May 28, 2010).
NMFS estimated that mortality and serious injury of WNP humpback
whales incidental to commercial fishing operations in AK at 0.2 whales
per year, which is 10.0 percent of the stock's PBR level. NMFS
concludes that incidental mortality and serious injury at this total
rate will have a negligible impact on WNP humpback whales.
NMFS estimated that mortality and serious injury of NEP fin whales
incidental to commercial fishing operations in AK at 0.23 whales per
year and 0.20 whales per year due to ship strikes. Thus the total
annual human-related mortality of NEP fin whales is 0.43 whales per
year which is less than 10.0 percent of the stock's PBR level. NMFS
concluded that incidental mortality and serious injury at this total
rate will have a negligible impact on NEP fin whales.
While reliable estimates for the abundance and trends of sperm
whales are not currently available, NMFS assessed the impact of the
incidental
[[Page 81974]]
take by first determining the estimated annual mortality of sperm
whales (3.5 whales per year in AK plus 0.2 whales per year in CA/OR/WA
for a total of 3.7 whales per year) in commercial fisheries and then
re-arranging the formula used to calculate PBR to estimate the number
of sperm whales that would be required for 3.7 animals to be 10 percent
of the stock's PBR (taking at or below this would be considered
negligible). Solving for the minimum abundance estimate gives a minimum
abundance of 18,500 sperm whales. Because the best estimate of sperm
whale abundance in the North Pacific (39,200) is far greater than this
calculated threshold minimum abundance, the NMFS concludes that the
current level of human-caused mortality and serious injury is less than
10 percent of a PBR for sperm whales in the eastern North Pacific
Ocean; therefore, such taking will have a negligible impact on the
stock.
Total human related mortality and serious injury of the Western
U.S. stock of Steller sea lions is estimated at 223.8 animals per year,
greater than 10 percent of PBR (set at 254 animals). Following NID
Criterion 3, NMFS has determined that mortality and serious injuries of
Western U.S. stock Steller sea lions incidental to commercial fishing
will have a negligible impact on the stock because population growth is
stable or increasing at a (non-significant) 1.5 percent annual rate and
the fishery-related mortalities and serious injuries (26.2) are less
than PBR (254).
The minimum estimated mortality and serious injury rate incidental
to commercial fisheries (both U.S. and Canadian) is 25.6 Eastern U.S.
stock Steller sea lions per year. With 15.1 animals estimated taken due
to other human related sources, the total human related mortality is
less than 10 percent of this stock's PBR (2,378 animals). Therefore,
NMFS has determined that the annual mortality and serious injury
incidental to commercial fisheries will have a negligible impact on the
Eastern U.S. stock of Steller sea lions.
Recovery Plans
Recovery Plans for both stocks of humpback whales and Steller sea
lions have been completed. Recovery plans for fin and sperm whales have
been drafted and are being completed. These draft and final recovery
plans are available on the Internet (see ADDRESSES). Accordingly, the
requirement to have recovery plans in place or being developed is
satisfied.
Monitoring Program
MMPA section 118(c)(5)(A) provides that registration of vessels in
fisheries should, after appropriate consultations, be integrated and
coordinated to the maximum extent feasible with existing fisher
licenses, registrations, and related programs. Participants in the
Alaska groundfish fisheries are required to hold a permit under 50 CFR
665.21. The MMPA registration program has been integrated in this
permitting system for the Alaska-based groundfish fisheries.
Accordingly, vessels in the fisheries are registered in accordance with
MMPA section 118 and a monitoring program is in place.
Take Reduction Plans
Subject to available funding, MMPA section 118 requires a TRP in
cases where a strategic stock interacts with a Category I or II
fishery. The stocks considered for this permit are designated as
strategic stocks under the MMPA because they are listed as threatened
or endangered under the ESA. These strategic stocks interact with the
Category II fisheries described above, and no TRPs have been developed
for them. The short-term goal of a TRP is to reduce mortality and
serious injury of marine mammals incidental to commercial fishing to
levels below PBR. The short-term goal for TRPs has been realized for
each of these stocks of marine mammals. The long-term goal of a TRP is
to reduce incidental mortality and serious injury to insignificant
levels approaching a zero mortality and serious injury rate, taking
into account the economics of the fishery, the availability of existing
technology, and existing State or regional fishery management plans.
Development and implementation of TRPs are subject to the availability
of funding. MMPA section 118(f)(3) (16 U.S.C. 1387(f)(3)) contains
specific priorities for developing and implementing TRPs.
NMFS has insufficient funding available to simultaneously develop
and implement TRPs for all stocks that interact with Category I or
Category II fisheries. Most recently in March 2009, NMFS considered
multiple quantitative and qualitative factors to identify its
priorities for establishing take reduction teams (TRTs) and collecting
data. As provided in MMPA sections 118(f)(6)(A) and (f)(7), NMFS used
the most recent SARs and LOF as the basis to determine its priorities
for establishing TRTs and developing TRPs. Through this process, NMFS
evaluated the WNP and CNP stocks of humpback whale, the North Pacific
stock of sperm whales, and the Western U.S. stock of Steller sea lions
as ``low'' priorities for establishing TRTs, based on population trends
of each stock and mortality and serious injury levels incidental to
commercial fisheries that are below the stocks' PBRs. Accordingly,
given these factors and NMFS' prioritization process, TRPs will be
deferred under section 118 as other stocks have a higher priority for
any available funding for establishing new TRPs.
Mortality and serious injury of Steller sea lions, Eastern U.S.
stock, and NEP fin whales incidental to commercial fisheries are at an
insignificant levels, approaching a zero mortality and serious injury
rate (Allen and Angliss, 2010). MMPA section 118(b)(2) states that
fisheries maintaining such mortality and serious injury levels are not
required to further reduce their mortality and serious injury rates.
Because the goals of TRPs are to reduce mortality and serious injury of
marine mammals incidental to commercial fishing operations, no TRPs are
required for either of these stocks.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires Federal
agencies to evaluate the impacts of alternatives for their actions on
the human environment. Operations of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands,
Gulf of Alaska, and Alaska State Parallel groundfish fisheries have
been analyzed previously under NEPA for Federal actions authorizing the
operations of the fisheries. The most recent analysis of the impacts of
authorizing these fisheries on the human environment was contained in
an Environmental Assessment (``Revisions to the Steller Sea Lion
Protection Measures for the Aleutian Islands Atka Mackerel and Pacific
Cod Fisheries,'' completed in November 2010). This EA, which included a
finding of no significant impact on the human environment, followed a
Programmatic Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement on Alaska
groundfish fisheries in 2004, and an Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS) on specifications for Alaska groundfish fisheries in 2007.
Issuing this permit to authorize the taking of threatened or endangered
species does not modify the operation of the affected fisheries nor
does it alter the impact of these fisheries on the human environment.
Because the effects of the fisheries have already been analyzed as
noted above, no additional analyses under NEPA are required.
Section 7 of the ESA requires NMFS to consult with itself when
agency actions may affect threatened or endangered marine species,
including marine mammals. NMFS has evaluated the direct and indirect
effects of the Alaska-based groundfish fishery in a recently issued
(November 24, 2010) BiOp. NMFS reviewed this BiOp and
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information related to issuing the permit and have concluded that
issuing the permit would not modify the activities of the fishery nor
the effects of these fishing activities on the subject ESA-listed
species in a manner that would cause adverse effects not previously
evaluated and that there has been no new listing of species or
designation of critical habitat that could be affected by the action.
Accordingly, no additional analyses under the ESA are required at this
time.
Current Permit
NMFS has made determinations under MMPA section 101(a)(5)(E) that
(1) mortality and serious injury of CNP and WNP humpback whales, NEP
fin whales, North Pacific sperm whales, Western U.S. Steller sea lions,
and Eastern U.S. Steller sea lions incidental to commercial fishing
will have a negligible impact on these stocks, (2) recovery plans for
all affected species or stocks have been completed or are currently in
process, (3) as required by MMPA section 118, a monitoring program has
been established for the Alaska groundfish fisheries, and vessels in
the fishery are registered, and (4) NMFS has insufficient funds to
complete TRPs for the two stocks of humpback whales, for the North
Pacific stock of sperm whales, and for the Western U.S. stock of
Steller sea lions. Take Reduction Plans (TRPs) are not required for the
NEP stock of fin whales or the Eastern U.S. stock of Steller sea lions
because mortality and serious injury of these stocks incidental to
commercial fishing operations are at insignificant levels approaching a
zero mortality and serious injury rate.
Therefore, NMFS has determined that all the requirements have been
met for issuing a permit to participants in the following Federally-
authorized and State-parallel Category II groundfish fisheries: The AK
Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands flatfish trawl, AK Bering Sea/Aleutian
Island pollock trawl, AK Bering Sea sablefish pot, and AK Bering Sea/
Aleutian Islands Pacific cod longline fisheries. Accordingly, NMFS
issues a permit to participants in these Category II fisheries for the
taking of CNP humpback whales, WNP humpback whales, NEP fin whales,
North Pacific sperm whales, and Steller sea lions (Western U.S. stock
and Eastern U.S. stock) incidental to the fisheries' operations. As
noted under MMPA section 101(a)(5)(E)(ii), no permit is required for
vessels in Category III fishery. For incidental taking of marine
mammals to be authorized in Category III fisheries, any injuries or
mortalities must be reported to NMFS. If NMFS determines at a later
date that incidental mortality and serious injury from commercial
fishing is having more than a negligible impact on these six stocks of
listed marine mammals, NMFS may use its emergency authority under MMPA
section 118 to protect the stock and may modify the permit issued
herein.
MMPA section 101(a)(5)(E) requires NMFS to publish in the Federal
Register a list of fisheries that have been authorized to take
threatened or endangered marine mammals. A list of such fisheries was
published May 28, 2010 (75 FR 29984), which authorized the taking of
threatened or endangered marine mammals incidental to commercial
fishing in Hawaii. With issuance of the current permit, NMFS adds 4
category II fisheries (AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands flatfish trawl,
AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Island pollock trawl, AK Bering Sea sablefish
pot, and AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Pacific cod longline fisheries)
and seven category III Alaska fisheries to this list (Table 1).
Table 1--List of Fisheries Authorized to Take Threatened and Endangered
Marine Mammals Incidental to Fishing Operations
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Fishery Category Marine mammal stock
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HI deep-set (tuna target) I.............. Humpback whale, CNP
longline/set line. stock.
Hi shallow-set (swordfish II............. Humpback whale, CNP
target) longline/set line. stock.
AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands II............. Steller sea lion,
flatfish trawl. Western stock.
AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Island II............. Fin whale, NEP stock.
pollock trawl. Steller sea lion,
Western stock.
AK Bering Sea sablefish pot.... II............. Humpback whale, WNP
stock.
Humpback whale, CNP
stock.
AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands II............. Steller sea lion,
Pacific cod longline fisheries. Western stock.
AK miscellaneous finfish set III............ Steller sea lion,
gillnet. Western stock.
AK Gulf of Alaska sablefish III............ Sperm whale, NP.
longline. Steller sea lion,
Eastern stock.
AK halibut longline/set line III............ Steller sea lion,
(State and Federal waters). Western stock.
AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands III............ Steller sea lion,
Atka mackerel trawl. Western stock.
AK Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands III............ Steller sea lion,
Pacific cod trawl. Western stock.
AK Gulf of Alaska Pacific cod III............ Steller sea lion,
trawl. Western stock.
AK Gulf of Alaska pollock trawl III............ Fin whale, NEP stock.
Steller sea lion,
Western stock.
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Comments and Responses
In response to the notice of proposed permit issuance (75 FR 68767,
November 9, 2010), NMFS received letters containing comments from two
organizations, the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission (Commission) and the
Marine Conservation Alliance (MCA). Each letter contained multiple
comments.
Comment 1: The Commission and the MCA briefly summarized NMFS'
findings for the proposed permit and recommended that NMFS comply with
MMPA section 101(a)(5)(E) by issuing the permit to authorize the
incidental take of endangered stocks of CNP and WNP humpback whales,
ENP fin whales, NP sperm whales, Western U.S. stock of Steller sea
lions, and the threatened Eastern U.S. stock of Steller sea lions.
Response: NMFS agrees and is issuing the permit as required by the
MMPA.
Comment 2: The Commission recommended that NMFS emphasize research
and monitoring programs to address uncertainties related to
reproduction and survival of the far-western sub-populations of the
Western U.S. stock of Steller sea lions and re-evaluate the negligible
impact determination as new information becomes available.
Response: NMFS agrees additional research and monitoring programs
[[Page 81976]]
would clarify uncertainties and to re-evaluate the findings in this
notice as new information becomes available. In particular, NMFS will
incorporate an annual review of any reports of incidental mortality of
the subject listed species in the fisheries addressed by this permit.
Particular attention will be paid to instances of incidental take of
Western stock Steller sea lions in those sub-regions experiencing
continued population declines (NMFS Fishery Statistical Areas 541, 542,
and 543) to ensure the level of taking remains negligible on a local
scale.
Comment 3: The Commission recommended NMFS work with state and
tribal fisheries managers and participants in those fisheries to expand
observer coverage in fisheries that may take marine mammals and, as
observers provide better data, re-evaluate the negligible impact
determination.
Response: In the NID, NMFS recognized that certain fisheries may
have not been observed, have been only observed for a limited number of
seasons, or were covered over a decade or longer ago. NMFS agrees that
there is a pressing need for new and sound data, in particular for
certain fisheries known to have taken marine mammals at some previous
point (e.g., Prince William Sound salmon drift gillnet fishery) and
will undertake new monitoring programs as budgetary constraints and
priorities allow. NMFS has also recently taken steps to expand observer
coverage in previously unmonitored groundfish fisheries in nearshore
areas and in smaller boat fisheries (e.g., < 60 foot vessels). However,
the implementation date for such an expanded program and the initial
proportion of coverage are uncertain at this time. As any new data from
observer programs become available, NMFS will re-evaluate the NID for
all species, as appropriate.
Comment 4: The Commission recommended NMFS identify information
gaps related to endangered and threatened species that may be affected
by the issuance of this permit and elevate the priority given to
addressing those gaps, in particular to the possible affect of this
action on critically endangered marine mammals such as the North
Pacific right whale.
Response: NMFS will continue to evaluate available data such as
that obtained through the existing Groundfish Fishery Observer Program
that may provide information relevant to a relationship among this
action, ongoing Alaska groundfish fishing activities, and critically
endangered marine mammal species and stocks. Research and management
programs for listed species will continue to be a high priority for
NMFS and will be expanded to the extent that future budgets allow.
Comment 5: In their review of the draft NID, MCA called attention
to information discussed in the NID concerning possible changes in, or
``blurring at the edges,'' of the geographic boundary (144[deg]W)
between the Western U.S. and Eastern U.S. stocks of Steller sea lions
and referred to their additional comments on that topic submitted as
part of NMFS's ongoing five-year status review of the Eastern U.S.
stock.
Response: There is adequate information to continue to manage these
stocks as defined based on extensive prior scientific review as well as
new information (e.g., Phillips, C.D., J.W. Bickham, J.C. Patton, and
T.S. Gelatt. 2009. Systematics of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias
jubatus): Subspecies recognition based on concordance of genetics and
morphometrics. Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ. 283:1-15). Additional
information and a response to those comments will be forthcoming
through the public review process appropriate to the five year status
review.
Comment 6: The MCA opined the Draft NID did not incorporate the
most up-to-date Western U.S. Steller sea lion population assessment
data nor called attention to the relationship between current
population trends and various Recovery Plan criteria, alleging the
population is ``on track'' towards downlisting from endangered to
threatened.
Response: NMFS has used the best available scientific information
which is complete at this time for preparing and issuing the NID. Data
analysis and final report preparation for population surveys of Steller
sea lions conducted in 2009 and 2010 remain in process. NMFS staff
conferred and reached a preliminary conclusion that these data are not
likely to result in any substantial alteration of the conclusions
reached in the NID. The criteria for recovery and ultimate
``downlisting'' of the Western U.S. stock are clearly stated in the
Recovery Plan (NMFS 2008) and are based on (among a variety of factors)
maintaining a statistically significant consistent but slow (e.g., 1.5
percent) increasing trend of population growth for 15 years on average.
Clearly, given the lack of any long-term statistical certainty in
available population assessment data as well as the disparate trends
within the various sub-regions as defined in the Recovery Plan, it is
premature to make a statement as to whether the population is or is not
``on track'' with respect to recovery and delisting; furthermore, such
a determination is not relevant to the NID process. The NID uses the
appropriate criteria and utilized the best available population
information to determine that the effect of authorizing the incidental
take of commercial groundfish fishing will have a negligible impact on
the Western U.S. population stock of Steller sea lions. In addition,
whether or not the status of any of these species may change under the
ESA is not relevant to the NID under the MMPA. If such a change in
status occurs, NMFS would evaluate whether or not additional analyses
for this permit are necessary.
Comment 7: The MCA inquired about how not convening a TRP might
potentially affect recovery of the Western U.S. stock and whether or
not funding is likely to be included in the FY2012/13 budgets.
Response: As discussed in the notice of the proposed permit, the
current levels of incidental mortality and serious injury (without a
TRP) are expected to delay recovery of the Western U.S. stock of
Steller sea lions by no more than 10 percent of the time to recovery if
such mortality and serious injury did not occur. However, NMFS plans,
through both monitoring of this permit, and actions required through
the section 7 process of the ESA--the Reasonable and Prudent
Alternatives issued with the Final BiOp for the subject groundfish
fisheries--to assess the level of taking and to work with industry, the
North Pacific Fisheries Management Council, and other groups to ensure
that any such taking remains at negligible levels. NMFS will continue
to assess the need for any TRPs and associated budgetary needs within
the priorities of the agency.
Dated: December 21, 2010.
P. Michael Payne,
Acting Director, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine
Fisheries Service.
[FR Doc. 2010-32689 Filed 12-28-10; 8:45 am]
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