[Federal Register Volume 75, Number 72 (Thursday, April 15, 2010)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 19591-19592]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2010-8698]
[[Page 19591]]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS-R6-ES-2008-0029; MO 92210-0-008]
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Initiation of
Status Review of the North American Wolverine in the Contiguous United
States
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Notice; initiation of status review.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), under the
authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act),
announce the initiation of a status review of the North American
wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) in the contiguous United States. We
conduct status reviews to determine whether the entity should be listed
as endangered or threatened under the Act. Through this notice, we
encourage all interested parties to provide us information regarding
North American wolverines throughout their range and in the contiguous
United States.
DATES: To allow us adequate time to conduct this review, we request
that we receive information on or before May 17, 2010. After this date,
you must submit information directly to the Field Office (See FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section below). Please note that we may not
be able to address or incorporate information that we receive after the
above requested date.
ADDRESSES: You may submit information by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
Search for docket FWS-R6-ES-2008-0029 and then follow the instructions
for submitting comments.
U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public Comments Processing,
Attn: FWS-R6-ES-2008-0029; Division of Policy and Directives
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive,
Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all information on http://www.regulations.gov. This
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide
us (see the Request for Information section below for more
information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mark Wilson, Field Supervisor, Montana
Ecological Services Field Office, 585 Shepard Way, Helena, MT 59601;
telephone (406) 449-5225; facsimile (406) 499-5339. Persons who use a
telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal
Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Request for Information
To ensure that the status review is complete and based on the best
available scientific and commercial information, and to provide an
opportunity to all interested parties to provide information for
consideration during the status review, we are requesting information
concerning North American wolverines rangewide and in the contiguous
United States. We are seeking:
(1) General information concerning the taxonomy, biology, ecology,
genetics, and status of North American wolverines rangewide and in the
contiguous United States.
(2) Specific information relevant to the consideration of a
potential distinct population segment (DPS) of North American
wolverines in the contiguous United States. This consideration will be
guided by our Policy Regarding the Recognition of Distinct Vertebrate
Population Segments Under the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.) (61 FR 4722, February 7, 1996) (known as the DPS Policy), which
specifically considers two elements: (i) The discreteness of the
population segment in relation to the remainder of the species to which
it belongs; and (ii) the significance of the population segment to the
species to which it belongs.
(3) Specific information on the conservation status of North
American wolverines rangewide and in the contiguous United States,
including information on distribution, abundance, and population
trends.
(4) Specific information on threats to North American wolverines
rangewide and in the contiguous United States, including: (i) The
present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its
habitat or range; (ii) overutilization for commercial, recreational,
scientific, or educational purposes; (iii) disease or predation; (iv)
the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and (v) other natural
or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.
(5) Specific information on implemented or planned conservation
actions to improve wolverine habitats or decrease threats to wolverines
in the contiguous United States.
(6) Specific information on the potential effects of climate change
on wolverines, their habitat, and their food sources in the contiguous
United States.
(7) Information on the management of wolverines on both sides of
the international boundary where populations occur and how this
management may differ between Canada and the United states in how it
affects the status of wolverines.
If you submit information, we request you support it with
documentation, such as data, maps, bibliographic references, methods
used to gather and analyze the data, or copies of any pertinent
publications, reports, or letters by knowledgeable sources.
Submissions merely stating support for or opposition to the action
under consideration without providing supporting information, although
noted, will not be considered in making a determination. Section
4(b)(1)(A) of the Act directs that determinations as to whether any
species is an endangered or threatened species must be made ``solely on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.''
You may submit your information concerning this status review by
one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. If you submit
information via http://www.regulations.gov, your entire submission--
including any personal identifying information--will be posted on the
website. We will also post all hardcopy submissions on http://www.regulations.gov. If you include personal identifying information in
your hardcopy submission, you may request at the top of your document
that we withhold this personal identifying information from public
review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so.
Information and supporting documentation that we receive and use in
preparing a finding will be available for you to review by appointment
during normal business hours at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Montana Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT).
Background
The North American wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) is the largest
terrestrial member of the family Mustelidae. Adult males weigh 12 to 18
kilograms (kg) (26 to 40 pounds (lb)), and adult females weigh 8 to 12
kg (17 to 26 lb) (Banci 1994, p. 99). The wolverine resembles a small
bear with a bushy tail. It has a broad, rounded head; short, rounded
ears; and small eyes. Each foot has five toes with curved, semi-
retractile claws used for digging and climbing (Banci 1994, p. 99).
Wolverines exist in alpine and sub-alpine habitats, which in the
contiguous
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48 States occur at high elevations in the Rocky, North Cascade, and
Sierra Nevada mountains (Aubry et al. 2007, p. 2153). Wolverines have
recently been positively documented in the Sierra Nevada range in
California and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado for the first
time since the early 20th century.
Wolverines are opportunistic feeders and consume a variety of foods
depending on availability. They primarily scavenge carrion, but also
prey on small animals and birds, and eat fruits, berries, and insects
(Hornocker and Hash 1981, p. 1290; Hash 1987, p. 579; Banci 1994, pp.
111-113).
Wolverines have delayed onset of reproduction in females and small
litter sizes, and often reproduce only every other year.
Home ranges at the southern terminus of the current range are large
for mammals of the size of wolverines, and may indicate that wolverines
have high energetic requirements and at the same time occupy relatively
unproductive niches (Inman et al. 2007a, p. 11). In addition,
wolverines naturally occur in low densities that average about one
wolverine per 150 km\2\ (58 mi\2\) (Hornocker and Hash 1981, pp. 1292-
1295; Hash 1987, p. 578; Copeland 1996, pp. 31-32; Copeland and Yates
2006, p. 27; Inman et al. 2007a, p. 10; Squires et al. 2007, p. 2218).
Previous Federal Actions
We received a petition dated August 3, 1994, from the Predator
Project (now named the Predator Conservation Alliance) and Biodiversity
Legal Foundation to list the North American wolverine in the contiguous
United States as an endangered or threatened species under the Act and
to designate critical habitat concurrent with listing. On April 19,
1995, we published a finding (60 FR 19567) that the petition did not
present substantial information indicating that listing the North
American wolverine in the contiguous United States may be warranted. We
did not make a determination as to whether the contiguous U.S.
population of the North American wolverine constituted a DPS or other
listable entity.
On July 14, 2000, we received another petition dated July 11, 2000,
submitted by the Biodiversity Legal Foundation, Predator Conservation
Alliance, Defenders of Wildlife, Northwest Ecosystem Alliance, Friends
of the Clearwater, and Superior Wilderness Action Network, to list the
North American wolverine within the contiguous United States as an
endangered or threatened species under the Act and to designate
critical habitat for the species concurrent with the listing.
On October 21, 2003, we published a 90-day finding that the
petition to list the North American wolverine in the contiguous United
States did not present substantial scientific and commercial
information indicating that listing as threatened or endangered may be
warranted (68 FR 60112). We did not determine whether the contiguous
U.S. population of the North American wolverine constituted a DPS (or
other listable entity), because sufficient information was not
available at the time.
On September 29, 2006, as a result of a complaint filed by
Defenders of Wildlife and others alleging we used the wrong standards
to assess the July 2000 wolverine petition, the U.S. District Court,
Montana District, ruled that our 90-day petition finding was in error
and ordered us to make a 12-month finding for the wolverine (Defenders
of Wildlife et al. v. Norton and Hogan (9:05cv99 DWM; D. MT)). On April
6, 2007, the Court approved an unopposed motion to extend the deadline
for this 12-month finding to February 28, 2008, so that we would be
able to use information published in the September 2007 edition of the
Journal of Wildlife Management containing a special section on North
American wolverine biology. On June 5, 2007, we published a notice
initiating a status review for the wolverine (72 FR 31048).
On March 11, 2008, we published a 12-month finding on the wolverine
in the contiguous United States (73 FR 12929). In that finding, we
determined that the wolverine in the contiguous United States did not
constitute a DPS. Therefore, we determined that the wolverine in the
contiguous United States was not a listable entity under the Act. On
September 30, 2008, Defenders of Wildlife et al. filed a complaint
challenging our 12-month finding on the basis of our application of the
DPS Policy and the Act. On March 23, 2009, we settled the lawsuit with
the plaintiffs and agreed to submit a new 12-month finding to the
Federal Register by December 1, 2010.
References Cited
A complete list of all references is available upon request from
the Field Supervisor, Montana Ecological Services Field Office (See FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Author
The primary authors of this document are the staff members of the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Montana Ecological Servies Field
Office.
Authority
The authority for this action is the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
Dated: March 30, 2010.
Daniel M. Ashe,
Deputy Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2010-8698 Filed 4-14-10; 8:45 am]
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