[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 10, Volume 3] [Revised as of January 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 10CFR435.110] [Page 583-586] TITLE 10--ENERGY CHAPTER II--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PART 435--ENERGY CONSERVATION VOLUNTARY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR NEW BUILDINGS; MANDATORY FOR FEDERAL BUILDINGS--Table of Contents Subpart A--Voluntary Performance Standards for New Commercial and Multi- Family High Rise Residential Buildings; Mandatory for Federal Buildings Sec. 435.110 Energy management. 10.1 General 10.1.1 This section contains minimum requirements for building energy management systems. It describes the energy measurement, control, testing and documentation that shall be provided to the building owner. The intent is to minimize energy use by providing the building operator with design, construction and equipment data, along with a means of testing the completed facility. 10.1.2 A building shall be considered in compliance with this section if the minimum requirements of Section 10.3 are met. 10.2 Principles of Design 10.2.1 Energy Management Control Systems 10.2.1.1 An energy management control system is critical to the effective management of building energy. Energy management systems require measurements at key points in the building system and must be capable of part-load operation recognition and be equipped with controls to match system capacity to load demands. 10.2.1.2 Controls cannot correct inadequate source equipment, poorly selected components, or mismatched systems. Energy efficiency requires a design that is optimized by realistic loads prediction, careful system selection, and full control provisions. 10.2.2 Building Operating Documentation 10.2.2.1 The building construction drawings and specifications must show system types, sizes, performance criteria, controls, and materials intended for use prior to construction. The system designer shall provide or specify that documentation be provided for the education and guidance of the building operator showing the actual elements that have been installed, how they have been installed, how they performed during testing, and how they operate as a system in the completed facility. Since minimum energy use is the ultimate goal, operating procedures are one of the major factors in controlling energy use in buildings. The activities of building occupants and operators can result in differences as great as two to one in the energy consumption of essentially similar buildings. While neither the designer nor these standards can control the way the building is actually operated, the designer shall contribute to the [[Page 584]] education and guidance of the building operator by including this documentation in the contract specifications. 10.2.2.2 The building operator shall be provided with the following: 10.2.2.2.1 As-built drawings and specifications; 10.2.2.2.2 Operating manuals with a schematic diagram, sequence of operation and system operating criteria for each and all systems installed; 10.2.2.2.3 Where the building systems are complex, a comprehensive balancing and testing program and report to demonstrate the energy performance capabilities of the system; and 10.2.2.2.4 Maintenance manuals with complete information for all major components in the facility. 10.3 Minimum Requirements 10.3.1 Each distinct utility-provided energy service shall be metered. This shall apply to central and individual tenant meters. Such meters shall be located, or arranged, so that the meter can be visually monitored. 10.3.2 Each distinct commercially-provided energy service shall have a system to measure and record the amount of energy being delivered, based on the energy content. 10.3.3 The energy delivery systems shall be arranged to allow individual measurement of occupant lighting and outlet services, production processes, auxiliary systems, service water heating, space heating, space cooling, and HVAC delivery systems. 10.3.4 Provisions shall be made for the measurement of energy inputs and outputs (flow, temperature, pressure, etc.) to determine equipment energy consumption and/or installed performance capabilities and efficiencies of all heating, cooling, and HVAC delivery systems equipment, greater than 20 kVA or 60,000 Btu/h energy input. 10.3.5 Energy Measurement lnstrumentation 10.3.5.1 In buildings or tenant areas with electric service greater than 150 kVA or fuel use greater than 500,000 Btu/h, energy use shall be measured for electrical lighting, miscellaneous power outlets, HVAC systems and equipment, service hot water, and process loads and when the peak use of: 10.3.5.1.1 Production processes, including manufacturing, computers, laundries, kitchens, etc., is greater than 100 kVA or 300,000 Btu/h; 10.3.5.1.2 Auxiliary systems and service water heating is greater than 100 kVA or 300,000 Btu/h; 10.3.5.1.3 Space heating (including reheat) is greater than 100 kVA or 300,000 Btu/h; 10.3.5.1.4 Space cooling is greater than 100 kVA or 300,000 Btu/h; and 10.3.5.1.5 HVAC delivery systems is greater than 100 kVA or 300,000 Btu/h. 10.3.5.1.6 Exception to section 10.3.5.1: (a) When there is an energy service for only 2 of the 6 categories listed, a single measurement may be made for the larger of the two energy services and the second use determined by subtraction from the primary service measurements. 10.3.6 HVAC System Controls 10.3.6.1 The designer shall designate, specify, or otherwise show in the construction documents the type of controls and control systems needed. This shall include a description or sequence of control of the system's operational procedures. 10.3.6.2 Controls may be electric, pneumatic, electronic, or direct digital. Control action may be ``on/off'', or proportional that can use manual, automatic, or remote reset and can have rate of action or derivative action compensation as designated by the designer. Control devices may be provided by the manufacturers of equipment or by the field installers, but all shall be compatible with the design sequence of control. The designer shall designate accuracy and long term requirements for controls. 10.3.6.3 All primary energy conversion equipment such as boilers, heat exchangers, refrigeration units, furnaces and heat pumps shall have a load activated local control loop for each piece of equipment. Controls for multiple equipment shall integrate the individual control units or provide system control for all the units. 10.3.6.4 All energy delivery systems shall have a local control loop for each system. 10.3.6.5 Energy consuming systems or components with a peak use greater [[Page 585]] than 1 kW or 3,500 Btu/h shall be provided with a means of shut-off when occupancy or weather conditions do not require its operation. 10.3.6.6 The control equipment provided for local control loops except for ``on/off'' and self-contained sensor devices shall be arranged so that sensing, control action, and control setting variables can be read or tested at the device. 10.3.6.7 Control loops for terminal unit zones with less than 24 hours per day or 7 days per week occupancy shall have separate control points for day and night heating and cooling. The devices shall be capable of local resetting, and have provisions for remote management system selection of the occupied or unoccupied heating or cooling mode of operation. 10.3.7 Central Monitoring and Control Systems 10.3.7.1 A central monitoring and control system shall be provided in any building or submetered tenant space exceeding 40,000 ft\2\ in gross floor area. 10.3.7.2 The minimum energy management requirements for such a system shall be to: 10.3.7.2.1 Read and retain daily totals for all energy measurement instruments; 10.3.7.2.2 Total all energy values weekly and record and retain values placed on a summary report; 10.3.7.2.3 Record and plot hourly outdoor and indoor temperatures against real time and summarize and report for each year in a format compatible with degree-days or bin temperature; 10.3.7.2.4 Based on time schedules, turn on or off any HVAC or service water heating system or equipment; 10.3.7.2.5 Based on time schedules, turn on or off major building lighting and occupancy power circuits; 10.3.7.2.6 Reset local loop control systems for HVAC equipment; 10.3.7.2.7 Monitor and verify operation of heating, cooling and energy delivery systems; 10.3.7.2.8 Monitor and verify operation of lighting and occupant power, auxiliary and service hot water systems; 10.3.7.2.9 Provide readily accessible override controls so that time-based HVAC and lighting controls may be temporarily overridden during off hours; and 10.3.7.2.10 Provide optimum start/stop for HVAC systems. 10.3.8 Completion Requirements 10.3.8.1 The building construction documents shall describe the requirements for placing all energy management systems in operation. This includes check-out procedures and all controls and metering equipment operational information. 10.3.8.2 The building construction documents shall describe the requirements for balancing and check-out procedures for all HVAC systems and equipment. All HVAC system balancing shall be required to be accomplished in a manner to minimize throttling losses. In air systems, fan speeds shall be required to be adjusted to meet design conditions. Water systems shall be required to be proportionally adjusted to minimize throttling losses and then corrected to design flow conditions by trimming the pump impeller or changing pump speed. The design specifications shall state that a pump shall not be brought to final flow conditions by valving. 10.3.8.3 The building construction documents shall describe the requirements for control system testing to assure that control elements are calibrated, ranges adjusted, set points ascertained, and full travel of moveable elements assured. All elements in the control system shall be tested with the system in operation. 10.3.9 Energy Performance Testing 10.3.9.1 The building construction documents shall describe the requirements for determining building energy performance in the completed, operational building. 10.3.9.2 The building energy performance testing shall be performed in winter for heating and in summer for cooling. These tests shall ascertain the in-site capabilities of all HVAC systems and equipment. Internal building loads shall be accounted for in assessing cooling performance. Heating performance shall be determined during [[Page 586]] unoccupied night time periods during winter weather. If any internal load, such as lighting, contributes to building heating, such loads shall be accounted for in assessing heating performance. 10.3.9.3 Energy use measurements shall be made for the overall building system while HVAC system performance is being tested. Each energy management and control system shall be used to determine energy use for: 10.3.9.3.1 Utility energy; 10.3.9.3.2 Commercial service energy: 10.3.9.3.3 Occupant lighting and receptacle power; 10.3.9.3.4 Production process energy; 10.3.9.3.5 Auxiliary systems and service water heating energy; 10.3.9.3.6 Space heating energy; 10.3.9.3.7 Space cooling energy; and 10.3.9.3.8 HVAC delivery system energy. 10.3.9.3.9 Test periods shall be at least six (6) hours in duration. Hourly outdoor and indoor temperatures, solar intensity during a day test, and wind speed during a night test shall be recorded. 10.3.9.4 The building energy performance test data shall, at minimum, measure energy use and outdoor temperatures hourly for each test period. 10.3.10 Documentation Data Requirements 10.3.10.1 As-built information shall be provided for all the following energy-related features of the building: 10.3.10.1.1 Thermal and solar/optical transmission characteristics of the building envelope, including infiltration; 10.3.10.1.2 The operating characteristics of the HVAC, lighting, and service water heating equipment and systems; 10.3.10.1.3 Internal heat gain contributed by equipment and processes; and 10.3.10.1.4 The operating characteristics of controls. 10.3.10.2 A summary report shall be provided outlining the design basis data for the building envelope, the internal heat gains, the weather extremes, major heating/cooling equipment sizes and sequence of operation. 10.3.10.3 The construction documents shall require that shop drawings, schematic diagrams, control sequence, maintenance manuals, and operating instructions, with data on all HVAC, auxiliary equipment and service water heating systems be provided to the owner. 10.3.10.4 A system balancing report shall be provided that follows National Environmental Balancing Bureau or the Association of Air Balancing Council formats with an extra section summarizing the energy- related values gathered during balancing. 10.3.10.5 An energy performance test report shall be provided showing all the data gathered during the energy performance tests. The results shall be presented in a format that provides convenient comparison with design values.