[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 21, Volume 5]
[Revised as of April 1, 2002]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 21CFR312.23]

[Page 63-67]
 
                        TITLE 21--FOOD AND DRUGS
 
CHAPTER I--FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN 
                          SERVICES (CONTINUED)
 
PART 312--INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG APPLICATION--Table of Contents
 
          Subpart B--Investigational New Drug Application (IND)
 
Sec. 312.23  IND content and format.

    (a) A sponsor who intends to conduct a clinical investigation 
subject to this part shall submit an ``Investigational New Drug 
Application'' (IND) including, in the following order:
    (1) Cover sheet (Form FDA-1571). A cover sheet for the application 
containing the following:
    (i) The name, address, and telephone number of the sponsor, the date 
of the application, and the name of the investigational new drug.
    (ii) Identification of the phase or phases of the clinical 
investigation to be conducted.
    (iii) A commitment not to begin clinical investigations until an IND 
covering the investigations is in effect.
    (iv) A commitment that an Institutional Review Board (IRB) that 
complies with the requirements set forth in part 56 will be responsible 
for the initial and continuing review and approval of each of the 
studies in the proposed clinical investigation and that the investigator 
will report to the IRB proposed changes in the research activity in 
accordance with the requirements of part 56.
    (v) A commitment to conduct the investigation in accordance with all 
other applicable regulatory requirements.
    (vi) The name and title of the person responsible for monitoring the 
conduct and progress of the clinical investigations.
    (vii) The name(s) and title(s) of the person(s) responsible under 
Sec. 312.32 for review and evaluation of information relevant to the 
safety of the drug.
    (viii) If a sponsor has transferred any obligations for the conduct 
of any clinical study to a contract research organization, a statement 
containing the name and address of the contract research organization, 
identification of the clinical study, and a listing of the obligations 
transferred. If all obligations governing the conduct of the study have 
been transferred, a general statement of this transfer--in lieu of a 
listing of the specific obligations transferred--may be submitted.
    (ix) The signature of the sponsor or the sponsor's authorized 
representative. If the person signing the application does not reside or 
have a place of business within the United States, the IND is required 
to contain the name and address of, and be countersigned by, an 
attorney, agent, or other authorized official who resides or maintains a 
place of business within the United States.
    (2) A table of contents.
    (3) Introductory statement and general investigational plan. (i) A 
brief introductory statement giving the name of the drug and all active 
ingredients, the drug's pharmacological class, the structural formula of 
the drug (if known), the formulation of the dosage form(s) to be used, 
the route of administration, and the broad objectives and planned 
duration of the proposed clinical investigation(s).
    (ii) A brief summary of previous human experience with the drug, 
with reference to other IND's if pertinent, and to investigational or 
marketing experience in other countries that may be relevant to the 
safety of the proposed clinical investigation(s).
    (iii) If the drug has been withdrawn from investigation or marketing 
in any country for any reason related to safety or effectiveness, 
identification of the country(ies) where the drug was withdrawn and the 
reasons for the withdrawal.
    (iv) A brief description of the overall plan for investigating the 
drug product for the following year. The plan should include the 
following: (a) The rationale for the drug or the research study; (b)

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the indication(s) to be studied; (c) the general approach to be followed 
in evaluating the drug; (d) the kinds of clinical trials to be conducted 
in the first year following the submission (if plans are not developed 
for the entire year, the sponsor should so indicate); (e) the estimated 
number of patients to be given the drug in those studies; and (f) any 
risks of particular severity or seriousness anticipated on the basis of 
the toxicological data in animals or prior studies in humans with the 
drug or related drugs.
    (4) [Reserved]
    (5) Investigator's brochure. If required under Sec. 312.55, a copy 
of the investigator's brochure, containing the following information:
    (i) A brief description of the drug substance and the formulation, 
including the structural formula, if known.
    (ii) A summary of the pharmacological and toxicological effects of 
the drug in animals and, to the extent known, in humans.
    (iii) A summary of the pharmacokinetics and biological disposition 
of the drug in animals and, if known, in humans.
    (iv) A summary of information relating to safety and effectiveness 
in humans obtained from prior clinical studies. (Reprints of published 
articles on such studies may be appended when useful.)
    (v) A description of possible risks and side effects to be 
anticipated on the basis of prior experience with the drug under 
investigation or with related drugs, and of precautions or special 
monitoring to be done as part of the investigational use of the drug.
    (6) Protocols. (i) A protocol for each planned study. (Protocols for 
studies not submitted initially in the IND should be submitted in 
accordance with Sec. 312.30(a).) In general, protocols for Phase 1 
studies may be less detailed and more flexible than protocols for Phase 
2 and 3 studies. Phase 1 protocols should be directed primarily at 
providing an outline of the investigation--an estimate of the number of 
patients to be involved, a description of safety exclusions, and a 
description of the dosing plan including duration, dose, or method to be 
used in determining dose--and should specify in detail only those 
elements of the study that are critical to safety, such as necessary 
monitoring of vital signs and blood chemistries. Modifications of the 
experimental design of Phase 1 studies that do not affect critical 
safety assessments are required to be reported to FDA only in the annual 
report.
    (ii) In Phases 2 and 3, detailed protocols describing all aspects of 
the study should be submitted. A protocol for a Phase 2 or 3 
investigation should be designed in such a way that, if the sponsor 
anticipates that some deviation from the study design may become 
necessary as the investigation progresses, alternatives or contingencies 
to provide for such deviation are built into the protocols at the 
outset. For example, a protocol for a controlled short-term study might 
include a plan for an early crossover of nonresponders to an alternative 
therapy.
    (iii) A protocol is required to contain the following, with the 
specific elements and detail of the protocol reflecting the above 
distinctions depending on the phase of study:
    (a) A statement of the objectives and purpose of the study.
    (b) The name and address and a statement of the qualifications 
(curriculum vitae or other statement of qualifications) of each 
investigator, and the name of each subinvestigator (e.g., research 
fellow, resident) working under the supervision of the investigator; the 
name and address of the research facilities to be used; and the name and 
address of each reviewing Institutional Review Board.
    (c) The criteria for patient selection and for exclusion of patients 
and an estimate of the number of patients to be studied.
    (d) A description of the design of the study, including the kind of 
control group to be used, if any, and a description of methods to be 
used to minimize bias on the part of subjects, investigators, and 
analysts.
    (e) The method for determining the dose(s) to be administered, the 
planned maximum dosage, and the duration of individual patient exposure 
to the drug.
    (f) A description of the observations and measurements to be made to 
fulfill the objectives of the study.

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    (g) A description of clinical procedures, laboratory tests, or other 
measures to be taken to monitor the effects of the drug in human 
subjects and to minimize risk.
    (7) Chemistry, manufacturing, and control information. (i) As 
appropriate for the particular investigations covered by the IND, a 
section describing the composition, manufacture, and control of the drug 
substance and the drug product. Although in each phase of the 
investigation sufficient information is required to be submitted to 
assure the proper identification, quality, purity, and strength of the 
investigational drug, the amount of information needed to make that 
assurance will vary with the phase of the investigation, the proposed 
duration of the investigation, the dosage form, and the amount of 
information otherwise available. FDA recognizes that modifications to 
the method of preparation of the new drug substance and dosage form and 
changes in the dosage form itself are likely as the investigation 
progresses. Therefore, the emphasis in an initial Phase 1 submission 
should generally be placed on the identification and control of the raw 
materials and the new drug substance. Final specifications for the drug 
substance and drug product are not expected until the end of the 
investigational process.
    (ii) It should be emphasized that the amount of information to be 
submitted depends upon the scope of the proposed clinical investigation. 
For example, although stability data are required in all phases of the 
IND to demonstrate that the new drug substance and drug product are 
within acceptable chemical and physical limits for the planned duration 
of the proposed clinical investigation, if very short-term tests are 
proposed, the supporting stability data can be correspondingly limited.
    (iii) As drug development proceeds and as the scale or production is 
changed from the pilot-scale production appropriate for the limited 
initial clinical investigations to the larger-scale production needed 
for expanded clinical trials, the sponsor should submit information 
amendments to supplement the initial information submitted on the 
chemistry, manufacturing, and control processes with information 
appropriate to the expanded scope of the investigation.
    (iv) Reflecting the distinctions described in this paragraph (a)(7), 
and based on the phase(s) to be studied, the submission is required to 
contain the following:
    (a) Drug substance. A description of the drug substance, including 
its physical, chemical, or biological characteristics; the name and 
address of its manufacturer; the general method of preparation of the 
drug substance; the acceptable limits and analytical methods used to 
assure the identity, strength, quality, and purity of the drug 
substance; and information sufficient to support stability of the drug 
substance during the toxicological studies and the planned clinical 
studies. Reference to the current edition of the United States 
Pharmacopeia--National Formulary may satisfy relevant requirements in 
this paragraph.
    (b) Drug product. A list of all components, which may include 
reasonable alternatives for inactive compounds, used in the manufacture 
of the investigational drug product, including both those components 
intended to appear in the drug product and those which may not appear 
but which are used in the manufacturing process, and, where applicable, 
the quantitative composition of the investigational drug product, 
including any reasonable variations that may be expected during the 
investigational stage; the name and address of the drug product 
manufacturer; a brief general description of the manufacturing and 
packaging procedure as appropriate for the product; the acceptable 
limits and analytical methods used to assure the identity, strength, 
quality, and purity of the drug product; and information sufficient to 
assure the product's stability during the planned clinical studies. 
Reference to the current edition of the United States Pharmacopeia--
National Formulary may satisfy certain requirements in this paragraph.
    (c) A brief general description of the composition, manufacture, and 
control of any placebo used in a controlled clinical trial.
    (d) Labeling. A copy of all labels and labeling to be provided to 
each investigator.

[[Page 66]]

    (e) Environmental analysis requirements. A claim for categorical 
exclusion under Sec. 25.30 or 25.31 or an environmental assessment under 
Sec. 25.40.
    (8) Pharmacology and toxicology information. Adequate information 
about pharmacological and toxicological studies of the drug involving 
laboratory animals or in vitro, on the basis of which the sponsor has 
concluded that it is reasonably safe to conduct the proposed clinical 
investigations. The kind, duration, and scope of animal and other tests 
required varies with the duration and nature of the proposed clinical 
investigations. Guidance documents are available from FDA that describe 
ways in which these requirements may be met. Such information is 
required to include the identification and qualifications of the 
individuals who evaluated the results of such studies and concluded that 
it is reasonably safe to begin the proposed investigations and a 
statement of where the investigations were conducted and where the 
records are available for inspection. As drug development proceeds, the 
sponsor is required to submit informational amendments, as appropriate, 
with additional information pertinent to safety.
    (i) Pharmacology and drug disposition. A section describing the 
pharmacological effects and mechanism(s) of action of the drug in 
animals, and information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, 
and excretion of the drug, if known.
    (ii) Toxicology. (a) An integrated summary of the toxicological 
effects of the drug in animals and in vitro. Depending on the nature of 
the drug and the phase of the investigation, the description is to 
include the results of acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity tests; 
tests of the drug's effects on reproduction and the developing fetus; 
any special toxicity test related to the drug's particular mode of 
administration or conditions of use (e.g., inhalation, dermal, or ocular 
toxicology); and any in vitro studies intended to evaluate drug 
toxicity.
    (b) For each toxicology study that is intended primarily to support 
the safety of the proposed clinical investigation, a full tabulation of 
data suitable for detailed review.
    (iii) For each nonclinical laboratory study subject to the good 
laboratory practice regulations under part 58, a statement that the 
study was conducted in compliance with the good laboratory practice 
regulations in part 58, or, if the study was not conducted in compliance 
with those regulations, a brief statement of the reason for the 
noncompliance.
    (9) Previous human experience with the investigational drug. A 
summary of previous human experience known to the applicant, if any, 
with the investigational drug. The information is required to include 
the following:
    (i) If the investigational drug has been investigated or marketed 
previously, either in the United States or other countries, detailed 
information about such experience that is relevant to the safety of the 
proposed investigation or to the investigation's rationale. If the durg 
has been the subject of controlled trials, detailed information on such 
trials that is relevant to an assessment of the drug's effectiveness for 
the proposed investigational use(s) should also be provided. Any 
published material that is relevant to the safety of the proposed 
investigation or to an assessment of the drug's effectiveness for its 
proposed investigational use should be provided in full. Published 
material that is less directly relevant may be supplied by a 
bibliography.
    (ii) If the drug is a combination of drugs previously investigated 
or marketed, the information required under paragraph (a)(9)(i) of this 
section should be provided for each active drug component. However, if 
any component in such combination is subject to an approved marketing 
application or is otherwise lawfully marketed in the United States, the 
sponsor is not required to submit published material concerning that 
active drug component unless such material relates directly to the 
proposed investigational use (including publications relevant to 
component-component interaction).
    (iii) If the drug has been marketed outside the United States, a 
list of the countries in which the drug has been marketed and a list of 
the countries in which the drug has been withdrawn from marketing for 
reasons potentially related to safety or effectiveness.

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    (10) Additional information. In certain applications, as described 
below, information on special topics may be needed. Such information 
shall be submitted in this section as follows:
    (i) Drug dependence and abuse potential. If the drug is a 
psychotropic substance or otherwise has abuse potential, a section 
describing relevant clinical studies and experience and studies in test 
animals.
    (ii) Radioactive drugs. If the drug is a radioactive drug, 
sufficient data from animal or human studies to allow a reasonable 
calculation of radiation-absorbed dose to the whole body and critical 
organs upon administration to a human subject. Phase 1 studies of 
radioactive drugs must include studies which will obtain sufficient data 
for dosimetry calculations.
    (iii) Pediatric studies. Plans for assessing pediatric safety and 
effectiveness.
    (iv) Other information. A brief statement of any other information 
that would aid evaluation of the proposed clinical investigations with 
respect to their safety or their design and potential as controlled 
clinical trials to support marketing of the drug.
    (11) Relevant information. If requested by FDA, any other relevant 
information needed for review of the application.
    (b) Information previously submitted. The sponsor ordinarily is not 
required to resubmit information previously submitted, but may 
incorporate the information by reference. A reference to information 
submitted previously must identify the file by name, reference number, 
volume, and page number where the information can be found. A reference 
to information submitted to the agency by a person other than the 
sponsor is required to contain a written statement that authorizes the 
reference and that is signed by the person who submitted the 
information.
    (c) Material in a foreign language. The sponsor shall submit an 
accurate and complete English translation of each part of the IND that 
is not in English. The sponsor shall also submit a copy of each original 
literature publication for which an English translation is submitted.
    (d) Number of copies. The sponsor shall submit an original and two 
copies of all submissions to the IND file, including the original 
submission and all amendments and reports.
    (e) Numbering of IND submissions. Each submission relating to an IND 
is required to be numbered serially using a single, three-digit serial 
number. The initial IND is required to be numbered 000; each subsequent 
submission (e.g., amendment, report, or correspondence) is required to 
be numbered chronologically in sequence.
    (f) Identification of exception from informed consent. If the 
investigation involves an exception from informed consent under 
Sec. 50.24 of this chapter, the sponsor shall prominently identify on 
the cover sheet that the investigation is subject to the requirements in 
Sec. 50.24 of this chapter.

[52 FR 8831, Mar. 19, 1987, as amended at 52 FR 23031, June 17, 1987; 53 
FR 1918, Jan. 25, 1988; 61 FR 51529, Oct. 2, 1996; 62 FR 40599, July 29, 
1997; 63 FR 66669, Dec. 2, 1998; 65 FR 56479, Sept. 19, 2000; 67 FR 
9585, Mar. 4, 2002]