[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 6]
[Revised as of July 1, 2003]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1910.1051]
[Page 397-425]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR
PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (CONTINUED)--Table of Contents
Subpart Z--Toxic and Hazardous Substances
Sec. 1910.1051 1,3-Butadiene.
(a) Scope and application. (1) This section applies to all
occupational exposures to 1,3-Butadiene (BD), Chemical Abstracts Service
Registry No. 106-99-0, except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this
section.
(2)(i) Except for the recordkeeping provisions in paragraph (m)(1)
of this section, this section does not apply to the processing, use, or
handling of products containing BD or to other work operations and
streams in which BD is present where objective data are reasonably
relied upon that demonstrate the work operation or the product or the
group of products or operations to which it belongs may not reasonably
be foreseen to release BD in airborne concentrations at or above the
action level or in excess of the STEL under the expected conditions of
processing, use, or handling that will cause the greatest possible
release or in any plausible accident.
(ii) This section also does not apply to work operations, products
or streams where the only exposure to BD is from liquid mixtures
containing 0.1% or less of BD by volume or the vapors released from such
liquids, unless objective data become available that
[[Page 398]]
show that airborne concentrations generated by such mixtures can exceed
the action level or STEL under reasonably predictable conditions of
processing, use or handling that will cause the greatest possible
release.
(iii) Except for labeling requirements and requirements for
emergency response, this section does not apply to the storage,
transportation, distribution or sale of BD or liquid mixtures in intact
containers or in transportation pipelines sealed in such a manner as to
fully contain BD vapors or liquid.
(3) Where products or processes containing BD are exempted under
paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the employer shall maintain records of
the objective data supporting that exemption and the basis for the
employer's reliance on the data, as provided in paragraph (m)(1) of this
section.
(b) Definitions: For the purpose of this section, the following
definitions shall apply:
Action level means a concentration of airborne BD of 0.5 ppm
calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average.
Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for
Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or designee.
Authorized person means any person specifically designated by the
employer, whose duties require entrance into a regulated area, or a
person entering such an area as a designated representative of employees
to exercise the right to observe monitoring and measuring procedures
under paragraph (d)(8) of this section, or a person designated under the
Act or regulations issued under the Act to enter a regulated area.
1,3-Butadiene means an organic compound with chemical formula
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 that has a molecular weight of
approximately 54.15 gm/mole.
Business day means any Monday through Friday, except those days
designated as federal, state, local or company specific holidays.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) means laboratory tests performed on whole
blood specimens and includes the following: White blood cell count
(WBC), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb),
differential count of white blood cells, red blood cell morphology, red
blood cell indices, and platelet count.
Day means any part of a calendar day.
Director means the Director of the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, or designee.
Emergency situation means any occurrence such as, but not limited
to, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control
equipment that may or does result in an uncontrolled significant release
of BD.
Employee exposure means exposure of a worker to airborne
concentrations of BD which would occur if the employee were not using
respiratory protective equipment.
Objective data means monitoring data, or mathematical modelling or
calculations based on composition, chemical and physical properties of a
material, stream or product.
Permissible Exposure Limits, PELs means either the 8 hour Time
Weighted Average (8-hr TWA) exposure or the Short-Term Exposure Limit
(STEL).
Physician or other licensed health care professional is an
individual whose legally permitted scope of practice (i.e., license,
registration, or certification) allows him or her to independently
provide or be delegated the responsibility to provide one or more of the
specific health care services required by paragraph (k) of this section.
Regulated area means any area where airborne concentrations of BD
exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the 8-hour time weighted
average (8-hr TWA) exposure of 1 ppm or the short-term exposure limit
(STEL) of 5 ppm for 15 minutes.
This section means this 1,3-butadiene standard.
(c) Permissible exposure limits (PELs)--(1) Time-weighted average
(TWA) limit. The employer shall ensure that no employee is exposed to an
airborne concentration of BD in excess of one (1) part BD per million
parts of air (ppm) measured as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average.
(2) Short-term exposure limit (STEL). The employer shall ensure that
no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of BD in excess of
five parts
[[Page 399]]
of BD per million parts of air (5 ppm) as determined over a sampling
period of fifteen (15) minutes.
(d) Exposure monitoring--(1) General. (i) Determinations of employee
exposure shall be made from breathing zone air samples that are
representative of the 8-hour TWA and 15-minute short-term exposures of
each employee.
(ii) Representative 8-hour TWA employee exposure shall be determined
on the basis of one or more samples representing full-shift exposure for
each shift and for each job classification in each work area.
(iii) Representative 15-minute short-term employee exposures shall
be determined on the basis of one or more samples representing 15-minute
exposures associated with operations that are most likely to produce
exposures above the STEL for each shift and for each job classification
in each work area.
(iv) Except for the initial monitoring required under paragraph
(d)(2) of this section, where the employer can document that exposure
levels are equivalent for similar operations on different work shifts,
the employer need only determine representative employee exposure for
that operation from the shift during which the highest exposure is
expected.
(2) Initial monitoring. (i) Each employer who has a workplace or
work operation covered by this section, shall perform initial monitoring
to determine accurately the airborne concentrations of BD to which
employees may be exposed, or shall rely on objective data pursuant to
paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section to fulfill this requirement.
(ii) Where the employer has monitored within two years prior to the
effective date of this section and the monitoring satisfies all other
requirements of this section, the employer may rely on such earlier
monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of
this section, provided that the conditions under which the initial
monitoring was conducted have not changed in a manner that may result in
new or additional exposures.
(3) Periodic monitoring and its frequency. (i) If the initial
monitoring required by paragraph (d)(2) of this section reveals employee
exposure to be at or above the action level but at or below both the 8-
hour TWA limit and the STEL, the employer shall repeat the
representative monitoring required by paragraph (d)(1) of this section
every twelve months.
(ii) If the initial monitoring required by paragraph (d)(2) of this
section reveals employee exposure to be above the 8-hour TWA limit, the
employer shall repeat the representative monitoring required by
paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section at least every three months until
the employer has collected two samples per quarter (each at least 7 days
apart) within a two-year period, after which such monitoring must occur
at least every six months.
(iii) If the initial monitoring required by paragraph (d)(2) of this
section reveals employee exposure to be above the STEL, the employer
shall repeat the representative monitoring required by paragraph
(d)(1)(iii) of this section at least every three months until the
employer has collected two samples per quarter (each at least 7 days
apart) within a two-year period, after which such monitoring must occur
at least every six months.
(iv) The employer may alter the monitoring schedule from every six
months to annually for any required representative monitoring for which
two consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart indicate that
employee exposure has decreased to or below the 8-hour TWA, but is at or
above the action level.
(4) Termination of monitoring. (i) If the initial monitoring
required by paragraph (d)(2) of this section reveals employee exposure
to be below the action level and at or below the STEL, the employer may
discontinue the monitoring for employees whose exposures are represented
by the initial monitoring.
(ii) If the periodic monitoring required by paragraph (d)(3) of this
section reveals that employee exposures, as indicated by at least two
consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart, are below the
action level and at or below the STEL, the employer may discontinue the
monitoring
[[Page 400]]
for those employees who are represented by such monitoring.
(5) Additional monitoring. (i) The employer shall institute the
exposure monitoring required under paragraph (d) of this section
whenever there has been a change in the production, process, control
equipment, personnel or work practices that may result in new or
additional exposures to BD or when the employer has any reason to
suspect that a change may result in new or additional exposures.
(ii) Whenever spills, leaks, ruptures or other breakdowns occur that
may lead to employee exposure above the 8-hr TWA limit or above the
STEL, the employer shall monitor [using leak source, such as direct
reading instruments, area or personal monitoring], after the cleanup of
the spill or repair of the leak, rupture or other breakdown, to ensure
that exposures have returned to the level that existed prior to the
incident.
(6) Accuracy of monitoring. Monitoring shall be accurate, at a
confidence level of 95 percent, to within plus or minus 25 percent for
airborne concentrations of BD at or above the 1 ppm TWA limit and to
within plus or minus 35 percent for airborne concentrations of BD at or
above the action level of 0.5 ppm and below the 1 ppm TWA limit.
(7) Employee notification of monitoring results. (i) The employer
shall, within 5 business days after the receipt of the results of any
monitoring performed under this section, notify the affected employees
of these results in writing either individually or by posting of results
in an appropriate location that is accessible to affected employees.
(ii) The employer shall, within 15 business days after receipt of
any monitoring performed under this section indicating the 8-hour TWA or
STEL has been exceeded, provide the affected employees, in writing, with
information on the corrective action being taken by the employer to
reduce employee exposure to or below the 8-hour TWA or STEL and the
schedule for completion of this action.
(8) Observation of monitoring--(i) Employee observation. The
employer shall provide affected employees or their designated
representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee
exposure to BD conducted in accordance with paragraph (d) of this
section.
(ii) Observation procedures. When observation of the monitoring of
employee exposure to BD requires entry into an area where the use of
protective clothing or equipment is required, the employer shall provide
the observer at no cost with protective clothing and equipment, and
shall ensure that the observer uses this equipment and complies with all
other applicable safety and health procedures.
(e) Regulated areas. (1) The employer shall establish a regulated
area wherever occupational exposures to airborne concentrations of BD
exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the permissible exposure
limits, either the 8-hr TWA or the STEL.
(2) Access to regulated areas shall be limited to authorized
persons.
(3) Regulated areas shall be demarcated from the rest of the
workplace in any manner that minimizes the number of employees exposed
to BD within the regulated area.
(4) An employer at a multi-employer worksite who establishes a
regulated area shall communicate the access restrictions and locations
of these areas to other employers with work operations at that worksite
whose employees may have access to these areas.
(f) Methods of compliance--(1) Engineering controls and work
practices. (i) The employer shall institute engineering controls and
work practices to reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below the
PELs, except to the extent that the employer can establish that these
controls are not feasible or where paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section
applies.
(ii) Wherever the feasible engineering controls and work practices
which can be instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure
to or below the 8-hour TWA or STEL, the employer shall use them to
reduce employee exposure to the lowest levels achievable by these
controls and shall supplement them by the use of respiratory protection
that complies with the requirements of paragraph (h) of this section.
(2) Compliance plan. (i) Where any exposures are over the PELs, the
employer shall establish and implement a
[[Page 401]]
written plan to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs primarily
by means of engineering and work practice controls, as required by
paragraph (f)(1) of this section, and by the use of respiratory
protection where required or permitted under this section. No compliance
plan is required if all exposures are under the PELs.
(ii) The written compliance plan shall include a schedule for the
development and implementation of the engineering controls and work
practice controls including periodic leak detection surveys.
(iii) Copies of the compliance plan required in paragraph (f)(2) of
this section shall be furnished upon request for examination and copying
to the Assistant Secretary, the Director, affected employees and
designated employee representatives. Such plans shall be reviewed at
least every 12 months, and shall be updated as necessary to reflect
significant changes in the status of the employer's compliance program.
(iv) The employer shall not implement a schedule of employee
rotation as a means of compliance with the PELs.
(g) Exposure Goal Program. (1) For those operations and job
classifications where employee exposures are greater than the action
level, in addition to compliance with the PELs, the employer shall have
an exposure goal program that is intended to limit employee exposures to
below the action level during normal operations.
(2) Written plans for the exposure goal program shall be furnished
upon request for examination and copying to the Assistant Secretary, the
Director, affected employees and designated employee representatives.
(3) Such plans shall be updated as necessary to reflect significant
changes in the status of the exposure goal program.
(4) Respirator use is not required in the exposure goal program.
(5) The exposure goal program shall include the following items
unless the employer can demonstrate that the item is not feasible, will
have no significant effect in reducing employee exposures, or is not
necessary to achieve exposures below the action level:
(i) A leak prevention, detection, and repair program.
(ii) A program for maintaining the effectiveness of local exhaust
ventilation systems.
(iii) The use of pump exposure control technology such as, but not
limited to, mechanical double-sealed or seal-less pumps.
(iv) Gauging devices designed to limit employee exposure, such as
magnetic gauges on rail cars.
(v) Unloading devices designed to limit employee exposure, such as a
vapor return system.
(vi) A program to maintain BD concentration below the action level
in control rooms by use of engineering controls.
(h) Respiratory protection--(1) General. For employees who use
respirators required by this section, the employer must provide
respirators that comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used during:
(i) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering
and work-practice controls.
(ii) Non-routine work operations that are performed infrequently and
for which employee exposures are limited in duration.
(iii) Work operations for which feasible engineering and work-
practice controls are not yet sufficient to reduce employee exposures to
or below the PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.
(2) Respirator program. (i) The employer must implement a
respiratory protection program in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134 (b)
through (d) (except (d)(1)(iii), (d)(3)(iii)(B)(1), and (2)), and (f)
through (m).
(ii) If air-purifying respirators are used, the employer must
replace the air-purifying filter elements according to the replacement
schedule set for the class of respirators listed in Table 1 of this
section, and at the beginning of each work shift.
(iii) Instead of using the replacement schedule listed in Table 1 of
this section, the employer may replace cartridges or canisters at 90% of
their expiration service life, provided the employer:
[[Page 402]]
(A) Demonstrates that employees will be adequately protected by this
procedure.
(B) Uses BD breakthrough data for this purpose that have been
derived from tests conducted under worst-case conditions of humidity,
temperature, and air-flow rate through the filter element, and the
employer also describes the data supporting the cartridge-or canister-
change schedule, as well as the basis for using the data in the
employer's respirator program.
(iv) A label must be attached to each filter element to indicate the
date and time it is first installed on the respirator.
(v) If NIOSH approves an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) for an
air-purifying filter element, the element may be used until the ESLI
shows no further useful service life or until the element is replaced at
the beginning of the next work shift, whichever occurs first.
(vi) Regardless of the air-purifying element used, if an employee
detects the odor of BD, the employer must replace the air-purifying
element immediately.
(3) Respirator selection. (i) The employer must select appropriate
respirators from Table 1 of this section.
Table 1--Minimum Requirements for Respiratory Protection for Airborne BD
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Concentration of airborne BD
(ppm) or condition of use Minimum required respirator
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than or equal to 5 ppm (a) Air-purifying half mask or full
(5 times PEL). facepiece respirator equipped with
approved BD or organic vapor cartridges
or canisters. Cartridges or canisters
shall be replaced every 4 hours.
Less than or equal to 10 ppm (a) Air-purifying half mask or full
(10 times PEL). facepiece respirator equipped with
approved BD or organic vapor cartridges
or canisters. Cartridges or canisters
shall be replaced every 3 hours.
Less than or equal to 25 ppm (a) Air-purifying full facepiece
(25 times PEL). respirator equipped with approved BD or
organic vapor cartridges or canisters.
Cartridges or canisters shall be
replaced every 2 hours.
(b) Any powered air-purifying respirator
equipped with approved BD or organic
vapor cartridges. PAPR cartridges shall
be replaced every 2 hours.
(c) Continuous flow supplied air
respirator equipped with a hood or
helmet.
Less than or equal to 50 ppm (a) Air-purifying full facepiece
(50 times PEL). respirator equipped with approved BD or
organic vapor cartridges or canisters.
Cartridges or canisters shall be
replaced every (1) hour.
(b) Powered air-purifying respirator
equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece
and an approved BD or organic vapor
cartridges. PAPR cartridges shall be
replaced every (1) hour.
Less than or equal to 1,000 (a) Supplied air respirator equipped with
ppm (1,000 times PEL). a half mask of full facepiece and
operated in a pressure demand or other
positive pressure mode.
Greater than 1000 ppm unknown (a) Self-contained breathing apparatus
concentration, or equipped with a full facepiece and
firefighting. operated in a pressure demand or other
positive pressure mode.
(b) Any supplied air respirator equipped
with a full facepiece and operated in a
pressure demand or other positive
pressure mode in combination with an
auxiliary self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in a pressure demand
or other positive pressure mode.
Escape from IDLH conditions.. (a) Any positive pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus with an appropriate
service life.
(b) A air-purifying full facepiece
respirator equipped with a front or back
mounted BD or organic vapor canister.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Respirators approved for use in higher concentrations are
permitted to be used in lower concentrations. Full facepiece is
required when eye irritation is anticipated.
(ii) Air-purifying respirators must have filter elements approved by
NIOSH for organic vapors or BD.
(iii) When an employee whose job requires the use of a respirator
cannot use a negative-pressure respirator, the employer must provide the
employee with a respirator that has less breathing resistance than the
negative-pressure respirator, such as a powered air-purifying respirator
or supplied-air respirator, when the employee is able to use it and if
it provides the employee adequate protection.
(i) Protective clothing and equipment. Where appropriate to prevent
eye contact and limit dermal exposure to BD, the employer shall provide
protective clothing and equipment at no cost to the employee and shall
ensure its use.
[[Page 403]]
Eye and face protection shall meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.133.
(j) Emergency situations. Written plan. A written plan for emergency
situations shall be developed, or an existing plan shall be modified, to
contain the applicable elements specified in 29 CFR 1910.38 and 29 CFR
1910.39, ``Emergency action plans'' and ``Fire prevention plans,''
respectively, and in 29 CFR 1910.120, ``Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response,'' for each workplace where there is the possibility
of an emergency.
(k) Medical screening and surveillance--(1) Employees covered. The
employer shall institute a medical screening and surveillance program as
specified in this paragraph for:
(i) Each employee with exposure to BD at concentrations at or above
the action level on 30 or more days or for employees who have or may
have exposure to BD at or above the PELs on 10 or more days a year;
(ii) Employers (including successor owners) shall continue to
provide medical screening and surveillance for employees, even after
transfer to a non-BD exposed job and regardless of when the employee is
transferred, whose work histories suggest exposure to BD:
(A) At or above the PELs on 30 or more days a year for 10 or more
years;
(B) At or above the action level on 60 or more days a year for 10 or
more years; or
(C) Above 10 ppm on 30 or more days in any past year; and
(iii) Each employee exposed to BD following an emergency situation.
(2) Program administration. (i) The employer shall ensure that the
health questionnaire, physical examination and medical procedures are
provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay, and at a
reasonable time and place.
(ii) Physical examinations, health questionnaires, and medical
procedures shall be performed or administered by a physician or other
licensed health care professional.
(iii) Laboratory tests shall be conducted by an accredited
laboratory.
(3) Frequency of medical screening activities. The employer shall
make medical screening available on the following schedule:
(i) For each employee covered under paragraphs (j)(1) (i)-(ii) of
this section, a health questionnaire and complete blood count with
differential and platelet count (CBC) every year, and a physical
examination as specified below:
(A) An initial physical examination that meets the requirements of
this rule, if twelve months or more have elapsed since the last physical
examination conducted as part of a medical screening program for BD
exposure;
(B) Before assumption of duties by the employee in a job with BD
exposure;
(C) Every 3 years after the initial physical examination;
(D) At the discretion of the physician or other licensed health care
professional reviewing the annual health questionnaire and CBC;
(E) At the time of employee reassignment to an area where exposure
to BD is below the action level, if the employee's past exposure history
does not meet the criteria of paragraph (j)(1)(ii) of this section for
continued coverage in the screening and surveillance program, and if
twelve months or more have elapsed since the last physical examination;
and
(F) At termination of employment if twelve months or more have
elapsed since the last physical examination.
(ii) Following an emergency situation, medical screening shall be
conducted as quickly as possible, but not later than 48 hours after the
exposure.
(iii) For each employee who must wear a respirator, physical ability
to perform the work and use the respirator must be determined as
required by 29 CFR 1910.134.
(4) Content of medical screening. (i) Medical screening for
employees covered by paragraphs (j)(1) (i)-(ii) of this section shall
include:
(A) A baseline health questionnaire that includes a comprehensive
occupational and health history and is updated annually. Particular
emphasis shall be placed on the hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial
systems, including exposure to chemicals, in addition to BD, that may
have an adverse effect on these systems, the presence of signs and
symptoms that might be related to disorders of these systems, and any
other information determined by
[[Page 404]]
the examining physician or other licensed health care professional to be
necessary to evaluate whether the employee is at increased risk of
material impairment of health from BD exposure. Health questionnaires
shall consist of the sample forms in Appendix C to this section, or be
equivalent to those samples;
(B) A complete physical examination, with special emphasis on the
liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin;
(C) A CBC; and
(D) Any other test which the examining physician or other licensed
health care professional deems necessary to evaluate whether the
employee may be at increased risk from exposure to BD.
(ii) Medical screening for employees exposed to BD in an emergency
situation shall focus on the acute effects of BD exposure and at a
minimum include: A CBC within 48 hours of the exposure and then monthly
for three months; and a physical examination if the employee reports
irritation of the eyes, nose throat, lungs, or skin, blurred vision,
coughing, drowsiness, nausea, or headache. Continued employee
participation in the medical screening and surveillance program, beyond
these minimum requirements, shall be at the discretion of the physician
or other licensed health care professional.
(5) Additional medical evaluations and referrals. (i) Where the
results of medical screening indicate abnormalities of the hematopoietic
or reticuloendothelial systems, for which a non-occupational cause is
not readily apparent, the examining physician or other licensed health
care professional shall refer the employee to an appropriate specialist
for further evaluation and shall make available to the specialist the
results of the medical screening.
(ii) The specialist to whom the employee is referred under this
paragraph shall determine the appropriate content for the medical
evaluation, e.g., examinations, diagnostic tests and procedures, etc.
(6) Information provided to the physician or other licensed health
care professional. The employer shall provide the following information
to the examining physician or other licensed health care professional
involved in the evaluation:
(i) A copy of this section including its appendices;
(ii) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate
to the employee's BD exposure;
(iii) The employee's actual or representative BD exposure level
during employment tenure, including exposure incurred in an emergency
situation;
(iv) A description of pertinent personal protective equipment used
or to be used; and
(v) Information, when available, from previous employment-related
medical evaluations of the affected employee which is not otherwise
available to the physician or other licensed health care professional or
the specialist.
(7) The written medical opinion. (i) For each medical evaluation
required by this section, the employer shall ensure that the physician
or other licensed health care professional produces a written opinion
and provides a copy to the employer and the employee within 15 business
days of the evaluation. The written opinion shall be limited to the
following information:
(A) The occupationally pertinent results of the medical evaluation;
(B) A medical opinion concerning whether the employee has any
detected medical conditions which would place the employee's health at
increased risk of material impairment from exposure to BD;
(C) Any recommended limitations upon the employee's exposure to BD;
and
(D) A statement that the employee has been informed of the results
of the medical evaluation and any medical conditions resulting from BD
exposure that require further explanation or treatment.
(ii) The written medical opinion provided to the employer shall not
reveal specific records, findings, and diagnoses that have no bearing on
the employee's ability to work with BD.
Note: However, this provision does not negate the ethical obligation
of the physician or other licensed health care professional to transmit
any other adverse findings directly to the employee.
[[Page 405]]
(8) Medical surveillance. (i) The employer shall ensure that
information obtained from the medical screening program activities is
aggregated (with all personal identifiers removed) and periodically
reviewed, to ascertain whether the health of the employee population of
that employer is adversely affected by exposure to BD.
(ii) Information learned from medical surveillance activities must
be disseminated to covered employees, as defined in paragraph (k)(1) of
this section, in a manner that ensures the confidentiality of individual
medical information.
(l) Communication of BD hazards to employees--(1) Hazard
communication. The employer shall communicate the hazards associated
with BD exposure in accordance with the requirements of the Hazard
Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, and 29 CFR
1926.59.
(2) Employee information and training. (i) The employer shall
provide all employees exposed to BD with information and training in
accordance with the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard,
29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1915.1200, and 29 CFR 1926.59.
(ii) The employer shall institute a training program for all
employees who are potentially exposed to BD at or above the action level
or the STEL, ensure employee participation in the program and maintain a
record of the contents of such program.
(iii) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial
assignment to a job potentially involving exposure to BD at or above the
action level or STEL and at least annually thereafter.
(iv) The training program shall be conducted in a manner that the
employee is able to understand. The employee shall ensure that each
employee exposed to BD over the action level or STEL is informed of the
following:
(A) The health hazards associated with BD exposure, and the purpose
and a description of the medical screening and surveillance program
required by this section;
(B) The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of
BD and the specific operations that could result in exposure to BD,
especially exposures above the PEL or STEL;
(C) The engineering controls and work practices associated with the
employee's job assignment, and emergency procedures and personal
protective equipment;
(D) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from
exposure to BD.
(E) The contents of this standard and its appendices, and
(F) The right of each employee exposed to BD at or above the action
level or STEL to obtain:
(1) medical examinations as required by paragraph (j) of this
section at no cost to the employee;
(2) the employee's medical records required to be maintained by
paragraph (m)(4) of this section; and
(3) all air monitoring results representing the employee's exposure
to BD and required to be kept by paragraph (m)(2) of this section.
(3) Access to information and training materials. (i) The employer
shall make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available
without cost to all affected employees and their designated
representatives and shall provide a copy if requested.
(ii) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary or the
Director, or the designated employee representatives, upon request, all
materials relating to the employee information and the training program.
(m) Recordkeeping--(1) Objective data for exemption from initial
monitoring. (i) Where the processing, use, or handling of products or
streams made from or containing BD are exempted from other requirements
of this section under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, or where
objective data have been relied on in lieu of initial monitoring under
paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, the employer shall establish and
maintain a record of the objective data reasonably relied upon in
support of the exemption.
(ii) This record shall include at least the following information:
(A) The product or activity qualifying for exemption;
(B) The source of the objective data;
(C) The testing protocol, results of testing, and analysis of the
material for the release of BD;
[[Page 406]]
(D) A description of the operation exempted and how the data support
the exemption; and
(E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or
employee exposures covered by the exemption.
(iii) The employer shall maintain this record for the duration of
the employer's reliance upon such objective data.
(2) Exposure measurements. (i) The employer shall establish and
maintain an accurate record of all measurements taken to monitor
employee exposure to BD as prescribed in paragraph (d) of this section.
(ii) The record shall include at least the following information:
(A) The date of measurement;
(B) The operation involving exposure to BD which is being monitored;
(C) Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their
accuracy;
(D) Number, duration, and results of samples taken;
(E) Type of protective devices worn, if any; and
(F) Name, social security number and exposure of the employees whose
exposures are represented.
(G) The written corrective action and the schedule for completion of
this action required by paragraph (d)(7)(ii) of this section.
(iii) The employer shall maintain this record for at least 30 years
in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
(3) Respirator Fit-test. (i) The employer shall establish a record
of the fit tests administered to an employee including:
(A) The name of the employee,
(B) Type of respirator,
(C) Brand and size of respirator,
(D) Date of test, and
(E) Where QNFT is used, the fit factor, strip chart recording or
other recording of the results of the test.
(ii) Fit test records shall be maintained for respirator users until
the next fit test is administered.
(4) Medical screening and surveillance. (i) The employer shall
establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee subject to
medical screening and surveillance under this section.
(ii) The record shall include at least the following information:
(A) The name and social security number of the employee;
(B) Physician's or other licensed health care professional's written
opinions as described in paragraph (k)(7) of this section;
(C) A copy of the information provided to the physician or other
licensed health care professional as required by paragraphs (k)(7)(ii)-
(iv) of this section.
(iii) Medical screening and surveillance records shall be maintained
for each employee for the duration of employment plus 30 years, in
accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
(5) Availability. (i) The employer, upon written request, shall make
all records required to be maintained by this section available for
examination and copying to the Assistant Secretary and the Director.
(ii) Access to records required to be maintained by paragraphs
(l)(1)-(3) of this section shall be granted in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.20(e).
(6) Transfer of records. (i) Whenever the employer ceases to do
business, the employer shall transfer records required by this section
to the successor employer. The successor employer shall receive and
maintain these records. If there is no successor employer, the employer
shall notify the Director, at least three (3) months prior to disposal,
and transmit them to the Director if requested by the Director within
that period.
(ii) The employer shall transfer medical and exposure records as set
forth in 29 CFR 1910.20(h).
(n) Dates--(1) Effective date. This section shall become effective
ninety (90) days after the date of publication in the Federal Register.
(2) Start-up dates. (i) The initial monitoring required under
paragraph (d)(2) of this section shall be completed within sixty (60)
days of the effective date of this standard or the introduction of BD
into the workplace.
(ii) The requirements of paragraphs (c) through (m) of this section,
including feasible work practice controls but not including engineering
controls specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, shall be
complied with within one-hundred and eighty (180) days after the
effective date of this section.
[[Page 407]]
(iii) Engineering controls specified by paragraph (f)(1) of this
section shall be implemented within two (2) years after the effective
date of this section, and the exposure goal program specified in
paragraph (g) of this section shall be implemented within three (3)
years after the effective date of this section.
(o) Appendices. (1) Appendix E to this section is mandatory.
(2) Appendices A, B, C, D, and F to this section are informational
and are not intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise
imposed or to detract from any existing obligations.
Appendix A to Sec. 1910.1051--Substance Safety Data Sheet For 1,3-
Butadiene (Non-Mandatory)
I. Substance Identification
A. Substance: 1,3-Butadiene (CH2=CH-CH=CH2).
B. Synonyms: 1,3-Butadiene (BD); butadiene; biethylene; bi-vinyl;
divinyl; butadiene-1,3; buta-1,3-diene; erythrene; NCI-C50602; CAS-106-
99-0.
C. BD can be found as a gas or liquid.
D. BD is used in production of styrene-butadiene rubber and
polybutadiene rubber for the tire industry. Other uses include copolymer
latexes for carpet backing and paper coating, as well as resins and
polymers for pipes and automobile and appliance parts. It is also used
as an intermediate in the production of such chemicals as fungicides.
E. Appearance and odor: BD is a colorless, non-corrosive, flammable
gas with a mild aromatic odor at standard ambient temperature and
pressure.
F. Permissible exposure: Exposure may not exceed 1 part BD per
million parts of air averaged over the 8-hour workday, nor may short-
term exposure exceed 5 parts of BD per million parts of air averaged
over any 15-minute period in the 8-hour workday.
II. Health Hazard Data
A. BD can affect the body if the gas is inhaled or if the liquid
form, which is very cold (cryogenic), comes in contact with the eyes or
skin.
B. Effects of overexposure: Breathing very high levels of BD for a
short time can cause central nervous system effects, blurred vision,
nausea, fatigue, headache, decreased blood pressure and pulse rate, and
unconsciousness. There are no recorded cases of accidental exposures at
high levels that have caused death in humans, but this could occur.
Breathing lower levels of BD may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and
throat. Skin contact with liquefied BD can cause irritation and
frostbite.
C. Long-term (chronic) exposure: BD has been found to be a potent
carcinogen in rodents, inducing neoplastic lesions at multiple target
sites in mice and rats. A recent study of BD-exposed workers showed that
exposed workers have an increased risk of developing leukemia. The risk
of leukemia increases with increased exposure to BD. OSHA has concluded
that there is strong evidence that workplace exposure to BD poses an
increased risk of death from cancers of the lymphohematopoietic system.
D. Reporting signs and symptoms: You should inform your supervisor
if you develop any of these signs or symptoms and suspect that they are
caused by exposure to BD.
III. Emergency First Aid Procedures
In the event of an emergency, follow the emergency plan and
procedures designated for your work area. If you have been trained in
first aid procedures, provide the necessary first aid measures. If
necessary, call for additional assistance from co-workers and emergency
medical personnel.
A. Eye and Skin Exposures: If there is a potential that liquefied BD
can come in contact with eye or skin, face shields and skin protective
equipment must be provided and used. If liquefied BD comes in contact
with the eye, immediately flush the eyes with large amounts of water,
occasionally lifting the lower and the upper lids. Flush repeatedly. Get
medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when
working with this chemical. In the event of skin contact, which can
cause frostbite, remove any contaminated clothing and flush the affected
area repeatedly with large amounts of tepid water.
B. Breathing: If a person breathes in large amounts of BD, move the
exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, begin
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if you have been trained in this
procedure. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical
attention immediately.
C. Rescue: Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure. If
the exposed person has been overcome, call for help and begin emergency
rescue procedures. Use extreme caution so that you do not become a
casualty. Understand the plant's emergency rescue procedures and know
the locations of rescue equipment before the need arises.
IV. Respirators and Protective Clothing
A. Respirators: Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that
engineering and work practice controls be used to reduce environmental
concentrations to the permissible exposure level. However, there are
some exceptions where respirators may be used to control exposure.
Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls
[[Page 408]]
are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of
being installed, or when these controls fail and need to be supplemented
or during brief, non-routine, intermittent exposure. Respirators may
also be used in situations involving non-routine work operations which
are performed infrequently and in which exposures are limited in
duration, and in emergency situations. In some instances cartridge
respirator use is allowed, but only with strict time constraints. For
example, at exposure below 5 ppm BD, a cartridge (or canister)
respirator, either full or half face, may be used, but the cartridge
must be replaced at least every 4 hours, and it must be replaced every 3
hours when the exposure is between 5 and 10 ppm. If the use of
respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that
have been approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH). In addition to respirator selection, a complete
respiratory protection program must be instituted which includes regular
training, maintenance, fit testing, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation
of respirators. If you can smell BD while wearing a respirator, proceed
immediately to fresh air, and change cartridge (or canister) before re-
entering an area where there is BD exposure. If you experience
difficulty in breathing while wearing a respirator, tell your
supervisor.
B. Protective Clothing: Employees should be provided with and
required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch
minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent
the skin from becoming frozen by contact with liquefied BD (or a vessel
containing liquid BD).
Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof
safety goggles where liquefied BD may contact the eyes.
V. Precautions for Safe Use, Handling, and Storage
A. Fire and Explosion Hazards: BD is a flammable gas and can easily
form explosive mixtures in air. It has a lower explosive limit of 2%,
and an upper explosive limit of 11.5%. It has an autoignition
temperature of 420 deg.C (788 deg.F). Its vapor is heavier than air
(vapor density, 1.9) and may travel a considerable distance to a source
of ignition and flash back. Usually it contains inhibitors to prevent
self-polymerization (which is accompanied by evolution of heat) and to
prevent formation of explosive peroxides. At elevated temperatures, such
as in fire conditions, polymerization may take place. If the
polymerization takes place in a container, there is a possibility of
violent rupture of the container.
B. Hazard: Slightly toxic. Slight respiratory irritant. Direct
contact of liquefied BD on skin may cause freeze burns and frostbite.
C. Storage: Protect against physical damage to BD containers.
Outside or detached storage of BD containers is preferred. Inside
storage should be in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, noncombustible
location, away from all possible sources of ignition. Store cylinders
vertically and do not stack. Do not store with oxidizing material.
D. Usual Shipping Containers: Liquefied BD is contained in steel
pressure apparatus.
E. Electrical Equipment: Electrical installations in Class I
hazardous locations, as defined in Article 500 of the National
Electrical Code, should be in accordance with Article 501 of the Code.
If explosion-proof electrical equipment is necessary, it shall be
suitable for use in Group B. Group D equipment may be used if such
equipment is isolated in accordance with Section 501-5(a) by sealing all
conduit \1/2\- inch size or larger. See Venting of Deflagrations (NFPA
No. 68, 1994), National Electrical Code (NFPA No. 70, 1996 ), Static
Electricity (NFPA No. 77, 1993), Lightning Protection Systems (NFPA No.
780, 1995), and Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and
Volatile Solids (NFPA No. 325, 1994).
F. Fire Fighting: Stop flow of gas. Use water to keep fire-exposed
containers cool. Fire extinguishers and quick drenching facilities must
be readily available, and you should know where they are and how to
operate them.
G. Spill and Leak: Persons not wearing protective equipment and
clothing should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks until clean-
up has been completed. If BD is spilled or leaked, the following steps
should be taken:
1. Eliminate all ignition sources.
2. Ventilate area of spill or leak.
3. If in liquid form, for small quantities, allow to evaporate in a
safe manner.
4. Stop or control the leak if this can be done without risk. If
source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place,
remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place and repair the leak or allow
the cylinder to empty.
H. Disposal: This substance, when discarded or disposed of, is a
hazardous waste according to Federal regulations (40 CFR part 261). It
is listed as hazardous waste number D001 due to its ignitability. The
transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of this waste material
must be conducted in compliance with 40 CFR parts 262, 263, 264, 268 and
270. Disposal can occur only in properly permitted facilities. Check
state and local regulation of any additional requirements as these may
be more restrictive than federal laws and regulation.
I. You should not keep food, beverages, or smoking materials in
areas where there is BD exposure, nor should you eat or drink in such
areas.
[[Page 409]]
J. Ask your supervisor where BD is used in your work area and ask
for any additional plant safety and health rules.
VI. Medical Requirements
Your employer is required to offer you the opportunity to
participate in a medical screening and surveillance program if you are
exposed to BD at concentrations exceeding the action level (0.5 ppm BD
as an 8-hour TWA) on 30 days or more a year, or at or above the 8 hr TWA
(1 ppm) or STEL (5 ppm for 15 minutes) on 10 days or more a year.
Exposure for any part of a day counts. If you have had exposure to BD in
the past, but have been transferred to another job, you may still be
eligible to participate in the medical screening and surveillance
program. The OSHA rule specifies the past exposures that would qualify
you for participation in the program. These past exposure are work
histories that suggest the following: (1) That you have been exposed at
or above the PELs on 30 days a year for 10 or more years; (2) that you
have been exposed at or above the action level on 60 days a year for 10
or more years; or (3) that you have been exposed above 10 ppm on 30 days
in any past year. Additionally, if you are exposed to BD in an emergency
situation, you are eligible for a medical examination within 48 hours.
The basic medical screening program includes a health questionnaire,
physical examination, and blood test. These medical evaluations must be
offered to you at a reasonable time and place, and without cost or loss
of pay.
VII. Observation of Monitoring
Your employer is required to perform measurements that are
representative of your exposure to BD and you or your designated
representative are entitled to observe the monitoring procedure. You are
entitled to observe the steps taken in the measurement procedure, and to
record the results obtained. When the monitoring procedure is taking
place in an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and
equipment are required to be worn, you or your representative must also
be provided with, and must wear, the protective clothing and equipment.
VIII. Access to Information
A. Each year, your employer is required to inform you of the
information contained in this appendix. In addition, your employer must
instruct you in the proper work practices for using BD, emergency
procedures, and the correct use of protective equipment.
B. Your employer is required to determine whether you are being
exposed to BD. You or your representative has the right to observe
employee measurements and to record the results obtained. Your employer
is required to inform you of your exposure. If your employer determines
that you are being overexposed, he or she is required to inform you of
the actions which are being taken to reduce your exposure to within
permissible exposure limits and of the schedule to implement these
actions.
C. Your employer is required to keep records of your exposures and
medical examinations. These records must be kept by the employer for at
least thirty (30) years.
D. Your employer is required to release your exposure and medical
records to you or your representative upon your request.
Appendix B to Sec. 1910.1051--Substance Technical Guidelines for 1,3-
Butadiene (Non-Mandatory)
I. Physical and Chemical Data
A. Substance identification:
1. Synonyms: 1,3-Butadiene (BD); butadiene; biethylene; bivinyl;
divinyl; butadiene-1,3; buta-1,3-diene; erythrene; NCI-C50620; CAS-106-
99-0.
2. Formula: CH2=CH-CH=CH2.
3. Molecular weight: 54.1.
B. Physical data:
1. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): -4.7 deg.C (23.5 deg.F).
2. Specific gravity (water=1): 0.62 at 20 deg.C (68 deg.F).
3. Vapor density (air=1 at boiling point of BD): 1.87.
4. Vapor pressure at 20 deg.C (68 deg.F): 910 mm Hg.
5. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 deg.C (68 deg.F):
0.05.
6. Appearance and odor: Colorless, flammable gas with a mildly
aromatic odor. Liquefied BD is a colorless liquid with a mildly aromatic
odor.
II. Fire, Explosion, and Reactivity Hazard Data
A. Fire:
1. Flash point: -76 deg.C (-105 deg.F) for take out; liquefied BD;
Not applicable to BD gas.
2. Stability: A stabilizer is added to the monomer to inhibit
formation of polymer during storage. Forms explosive peroxides in air in
absence of inhibitor.
3. Flammable limits in air, percent by volume: Lower: 2.0; Upper:
11.5.
4. Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide for small fires, polymer or
alcohol foams for large fires.
5. Special fire fighting procedures: Fight fire from protected
location or maximum possible distance. Stop flow of gas before
extinguishing fire. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed cylinders cool.
6. Unusual fire and explosion hazards: BD vapors are heavier than
air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Closed
containers may rupture violently when heated.
[[Page 410]]
7. For purposes of compliance with the requirements of 29 CFR
1910.106, BD is classified as a flammable gas. For example, 7,500 ppm,
approximately one-fourth of the lower flammable limit, would be
considered to pose a potential fire and explosion hazard.
8. For purposes of compliance with 29 CFR 1910.155, BD is classified
as a Class B fire hazard.
9. For purposes of compliance with 29 CFR 1910.307, locations
classified as hazardous due to the presence of BD shall be Class I.
B. Reactivity:
1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat. Peroxides are
formed when inhibitor concentration is not maintained at proper level.
At elevated temperatures, such as in fire conditions, polymerization may
take place.
2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizing agents may cause
fires and explosions. The contacting of crude BD (not BD monomer) with
copper and copper alloys may cause formations of explosive copper
compounds.
3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases (such as carbon
monoxide) may be released in a fire involving BD.
4. Special precautions: BD will attack some forms of plastics,
rubber, and coatings. BD in storage should be checked for proper
inhibitor content, for self-polymerization, and for formation of
peroxides when in contact with air and iron. Piping carrying BD may
become plugged by formation of rubbery polymer.
C. Warning Properties:
1. Odor Threshold: An odor threshold of 0.45 ppm has been reported
in The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Report, Odor
Thresholds for Chemicals with Established Occupational Health Standards.
(Ex. 32-28C)
2. Eye Irritation Level: Workers exposed to vapors of BD
(concentration or purity unspecified) have complained of irritation of
eyes, nasal passages, throat, and lungs. Dogs and rabbits exposed
experimentally to as much as 6700 ppm for 7\1/2\ hours a day for 8
months have developed no histologically demonstrable abnormality of the
eyes.
3. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Since the mean odor threshold
is about half of the 1 ppm PEL, and more than 10-fold below the 5 ppm
STEL, most wearers of air purifying respirators should still be able to
detect breakthrough before a significant overexposure to BD occurs.
III. Spill, Leak, and Disposal Procedures
A. Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be
restricted from areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has been
completed. If BD is spilled or leaked, the following steps should be
taken:
1. Eliminate all ignition sources.
2. Ventilate areas of spill or leak.
3. If in liquid form, for small quantities, allow to evaporate in a
safe manner.
4. Stop or control the leak if this can be done without risk. If
source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place,
remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place and repair the leak or allow
the cylinder to empty.
B. Disposal: This substance, when discarded or disposed of, is a
hazardous waste according to Federal regulations (40 CFR part 261). It
is listed by the EPA as hazardous waste number D001 due to its
ignitability. The transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of
this waste material must be conducted in compliance with 40 CFR parts
262, 263, 264, 268 and 270. Disposal can occur only in properly
permitted facilities. Check state and local regulations for any
additional requirements because these may be more restrictive than
federal laws and regulations.
IV. Monitoring and Measurement Procedures
A. Exposure above the Permissible Exposure Limit (8-hr TWA) or
Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL):
1. 8-hr TWA exposure evaluation: Measurements taken for the purpose
of determining employee exposure under this standard are best taken with
consecutive samples covering the full shift. Air samples must be taken
in the employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent
that inhaled by the employee).
2. STEL exposure evaluation: Measurements must represent 15 minute
exposures associated with operations most likely to exceed the STEL in
each job and on each shift.
3. Monitoring frequencies: Table 1 gives various exposure scenarios
and their required monitoring frequencies, as required by the final
standard for occupational exposure to butadiene.
Table 1--Five Exposure Scenarios and Their Associated Monitoring
Frequencies
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Action 8-hr
level TWA STEL Required monitoring activity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-[ast] - - No 8-hr TWA or STEL monitoring required.
+[ast] - - No STEL monitoring required. Monitor 8-hr TWA
annually.
+ + - No STEL monitoring required. Periodic
monitoring 8-hr TWA, in accordance with
(d)(3)(ii).[ast][ast]
+ + + Periodic monitoring 8-hr TWA, in accordance
with (d)(3)(ii)[ast][ast]. Periodic
monitoring STEL, in accordance with
(d)(3)(iii).
+ - + Periodic monitoring STEL, in accordance with
(d)(3)(iii). Monitor 8-hr TWA, annually.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ast] Exposure Scenario, Limit Exceeded: + = Yes, -= No.
[[Page 411]]
[ast][ast] The employer may decrease the frequency of exposure
monitoring to annually when at least 2 consecutive measurements taken
at least 7 days apart show exposures to be below the 8 hr TWA, but at
or above the action level.
4. Monitoring techniques: Appendix D describes the validated method
of sampling and analysis which has been tested by OSHA for use with BD.
The employer has the obligation of selecting a monitoring method which
meets the accuracy and precision requirements of the standard under his
or her unique field conditions. The standard requires that the method of
monitoring must be accurate, to a 95 percent confidence level, to plus
or minus 25 percent for concentrations of BD at or above 1 ppm, and to
plus or minus 35 percent for concentrations below 1 ppm.
V. Personal Protective Equipment
A. Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious
clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other
appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent the skin from
becoming frozen from contact with liquid BD.
B. Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid BD should be removed
immediately and not re-worn until the butadiene has evaporated.
C. Employees should be provided with and required to use splash
proof safety goggles where liquid BD may contact the eyes.
VI. Housekeeping and Hygiene Facilities
For purposes of complying with 29 CFR 1910.141, the following items
should be emphasized:
A. The workplace should be kept clean, orderly, and in a sanitary
condition.
B. Adequate washing facilities with hot and cold water are to be
provided and maintained in a sanitary condition.
VII. Additional Precautions
A. Store BD in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated
area and take all necessary precautions to avoid any explosion hazard.
B. Non-sparking tools must be used to open and close metal
containers. These containers must be effectively grounded.
C. Do not incinerate BD cartridges, tanks or other containers.
D. Employers must advise employees of all areas and operations where
exposure to BD might occur.
Appendix C to Sec. 1910.1051--Medical Screening and Surveillance for
1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory)
I. Basis for Medical Screening and Surveillance Requirements
A. Route of Entry Inhalation
B. Toxicology
Inhalation of BD has been linked to an increased risk of cancer,
damage to the reproductive organs, and fetotoxicity. Butadiene can be
converted via oxidation to epoxybutene and diepoxybutane, two genotoxic
metabolites that may play a role in the expression of BD's toxic
effects.
BD has been tested for carcinogenicity in mice and rats. Both
species responded to BD exposure by developing cancer at multiple
primary organ sites. Early deaths in mice were caused by malignant
lymphomas, primarily lymphocytic type, originating in the thymus.
Mice exposed to BD have developed ovarian or testicular atrophy.
Sperm head morphology tests also revealed abnormal sperm in mice exposed
to BD; lethal mutations were found in a dominant lethal test. In light
of these results in animals, the possibility that BD may adversely
affect the reproductive systems of male and female workers must be
considered.
Additionally, anemia has been observed in animals exposed to
butadiene. In some cases, this anemia appeared to be a primary response
to exposure; in other cases, it may have been secondary to a neoplastic
response.
C. Epidemiology
Epidemiologic evidence demonstrates that BD exposure poses an
increased risk of leukemia. Mild alterations of hematologic parameters
have also been observed in synthetic rubber workers exposed to BD.
II. Potential Adverse Health Effects
A. Acute
Skin contact with liquid BD causes characteristic burns or
frostbite. BD is gaseous form can irritate the eyes, nasal passages,
throat, and lungs. Blurred vision, coughing, and drowsiness may also
occur. Effects are mild at 2,000 ppm and pronounced at 8,000 ppm for
exposures occurring over the full workshift.
At very high concentrations in air, BD is an anesthetic, causing
narcosis, respiratory paralysis, unconsciousness, and death. Such
[[Page 412]]
concentrations are unlikely, however, except in an extreme emergency
because BD poses an explosion hazard at these levels.
B. Chronic
The principal adverse health effects of concern are BD-induced
lymphoma, leukemia and potential reproductive toxicity. Anemia and other
changes in the peripheral blood cells may be indicators of excessive
exposure to BD.
C. Reproductive
Workers may be concerned about the possibility that their BD
exposure may be affecting their ability to procreate a healthy child.
For workers with high exposures to BD, especially those who have
experienced difficulties in conceiving, miscarriages, or stillbirths,
appropriate medical and laboratory evaluation of fertility may be
necessary to determine if BD is having any adverse effect on the
reproductive system or on the health of the fetus.
III. Medical Screening Components At-A-Glance
A. Health Questionnaire
The most important goal of the health questionnaire is to elicit
information from the worker regarding potential signs or symptoms
generally related to leukemia or other blood abnormalities. Therefore,
physicians or other licensed health care professionals should be aware
of the presenting symptoms and signs of lymphohematopoietic disorders
and cancers, as well as the procedures necessary to confirm or exclude
such diagnoses. Additionally, the health questionnaire will assist with
the identification of workers at greatest risk of developing leukemia or
adverse reproductive effects from their exposures to BD.
Workers with a history of reproductive difficulties or a personal or
family history of immune deficiency syndromes, blood dyscrasias,
lymphoma, or leukemia, and those who are or have been exposed to
medicinal drugs or chemicals known to affect the hematopoietic or
lymphatic systems may be at higher risk from their exposure to BD. After
the initial administration, the health questionnaire must be updated
annually.
B. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
The medical screening and surveillance program requires an annual
CBC, with differential and platelet count, to be provided for each
employee with BD exposure. This test is to be performed on a blood
sample obtained by phlebotomy of the venous system or, if technically
feasible, from a fingerstick sample of capillary blood. The sample is to
be analyzed by an accredited laboratory.
Abnormalities in a CBC may be due to a number of different
etiologies. The concern for workers exposed to BD includes, but is not
limited to, timely identification of lymphohematopoietic cancers, such
as leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Abnormalities of portions of the
CBC are identified by comparing an individual's results to those of an
established range of normal values for males and females. A substantial
change in any individual employee's CBC may also be viewed as
``abnormal'' for that individual even if all measurements fall within
the population-based range of normal values. It is suggested that a
flowsheet for laboratory values be included in each employee's medical
record so that comparisons and trends in annual CBCs can be easily made.
A determination of the clinical significance of an abnormal CBC
shall be the responsibility of the examining physician, other licensed
health care professional, or medical specialist to whom the employee is
referred. Ideally, an abnormal CBC should be compared to previous CBC
measurements for the same employee, when available. Clinical common
sense may dictate that a CBC value that is very slightly outside the
normal range does not warrant medical concern. A CBC abnormality may
also be the result of a temporary physical stressor, such as a transient
viral illness, blood donation, or menorrhagia, or laboratory error. In
these cases, the CBC should be repeated in a timely fashion, i.e.,
within 6 weeks, to verify that return to the normal range has occurred.
A clinically significant abnormal CBC should result in removal of the
employee from further exposure to BD. Transfer of the employee to other
work duties in a BD-free environment would be the preferred
recommendation.
C. Physical Examination
The medical screening and surveillance program requires an initial
physical examination for workers exposed to BD; this examination is
repeated once every three years. The initial physical examination should
assess each worker's baseline general health and rule out clinical signs
of medical conditions that may be caused by or aggravated by
occupational BD exposure. The physical examination should be directed at
identification of signs of lymphohematopoietic disorders, including
lymph node enlargement, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly.
Repeated physical examinations should update objective clinical
findings that could be indicative of interim development of a
lymphohematopoietic disorder, such as lymphoma, leukemia, or other blood
abnormality. Physical examinations may also be provided on an as needed
basis in order to follow up on a positive answer on the health
questionnaire, or in response to an abnormal CBC. Physical examination
of workers who
[[Page 413]]
will no longer be working in jobs with BD exposure are intended to rule
out lymphohematopoietic disorders.
The need for physical examinations for workers concerned about
adverse reproductive effects from their exposure to BD should be
identified by the physician or other licensed health care professional
and provided accordingly. For these workers, such consultations and
examinations may relate to developmental toxicity and reproductive
capacity.
Physical examination of workers acutely exposed to significant
levels of BD should be especially directed at the respiratory system,
eyes, sinuses, skin, nervous system, and any region associated with
particular complaints. If the worker has received a severe acute
exposure, hospitalization may be required to assure proper medical
management. Since this type of exposure may place workers at greater
risk of blood abnormalities, a CBC must be obtained within 48 hours and
repeated at one, two, and three months.
Appendix D to Sec. 1910.1051--Sampling and Analytical Method for 1,3-
Butadiene (Non-Mandatory)
OSHA Method No.: 56.
Matrix: Air.
Target concentration: 1 ppm (2.21 mg/m\3\)
Procedure: Air samples are collected by drawing known volumes of air
through sampling tubes containing charcoal adsorbent which has been
coated with 4-tert-butylcatechol. The samples are desorbed with carbon
disulfide and then analyzed by gas chromatography using a flame
ionization detector.
Recommended sampling rate and air volume: 0.05 L/min and 3 L.
Detection limit of the overall procedure: 90 ppb (200 ug/m \3\)
(based on 3 L air volume).
Reliable quantitation limit: 155 ppb (343 ug/m \3\) (based on 3 L
air volume).
Standard error of estimate at the target concentration: 6.5%.
Special requirements: The sampling tubes must be coated with 4-tert-
butylcatechol. Collected samples should be stored in a freezer.
Status of method: A sampling and analytical method has been
subjected to the established evaluation procedures of the Organic
Methods Evaluation Branch, OSHA Analytical Laboratory, Salt Lake City,
Utah 84165.
1. Background
This work was undertaken to develop a sampling and analytical
procedure for BD at 1 ppm. The current method recommended by OSHA for
collecting BD uses activated coconut shell charcoal as the sampling
medium (Ref. 5.2). This method was found to be inadequate for use at low
BD levels because of sample instability.
The stability of samples has been significantly improved through the
use of a specially cleaned charcoal which is coated with 4-tert-
butylcatechol (TBC). TBC is a polymerization inhibitor for BD (Ref.
5.3).
1.1.1 Toxic effects
Symptoms of human exposure to BD include irritation of the eyes,
nose and throat. It can also cause coughing, drowsiness and fatigue.
Dermatitis and frostbite can result from skin exposure to liquid BD.
(Ref. 5.1)
NIOSH recommends that BD be handled in the workplace as a potential
occupational carcinogen. This recommendation is based on two inhalation
studies that resulted in cancers at multiple sites in rats and in mice.
BD has also demonstrated mutagenic activity in the presence of a liver
microsomal activating system. It has also been reported to have adverse
reproductive effects. (Ref. 5.1)
1.1.2. Potential workplace exposure
About 90% of the annual production of BD is used to manufacture
styrene-butadiene rubber and Polybutadiene rubber. Other uses include:
Polychloroprene rubber, acrylonitrile butadiene-stryene resins, nylon
intermediates, styrene-butadiene latexes, butadiene polymers,
thermoplastic elastomers, nitrile resins, methyl methacrylate-butadiene
styrene resins and chemical intermediates. (Ref. 5.1)
1.1.3. Physical properties (Ref. 5.1)
CAS No.: 106-99-0
Molecular weight: 54.1
Appearance: Colorless gas
Boiling point: -4.41 deg.C (760 mm Hg)
Freezing point: -108.9 deg.C
Vapor pressure: 2 atm @ 15.3 deg.C; 5 atm @ 47 deg.C
Explosive limits: 2 to 11.5% (by volume in air)
Odor threshold: 0.45 ppm
Structural formula: H2 C:CHCH:CH2
Synonyms: BD; biethylene; bivinyl; butadiene; divinyl; buta-1,3-
diene; alpha-gamma-butadiene; erythrene; NCI-C50602; pyrrolylene;
vinylethylene.
1.2. Limit defining parameters
The analyte air concentrations listed throughout this method are
based on an air volume of 3 L and a desorption volume of 1 mL. Air
concentrations listed in ppm are referenced to 25 deg.C and 760 mm Hg.
1.2.1. Detection limit of the analytical procedure
The detection limit of the analytical procedure was 304 pg per
injection. This was the amount of BD which gave a response relative to
the interferences present in a standard.
[[Page 414]]
1.2.2. Detection limit of the overall procedure
The detection limit of the overall procedure was 0.60 [mu]g per
sample (90 ppb or 200 [mu]g/m3). This amount was determined
graphically. It was the amount of analyte which, when spiked on the
sampling device, would allow recovery approximately equal to the
detection limit of the analytical procedure.
1.2.3. Reliable quantitation limit
The reliable quantitation limit was 1.03 [mu]g per sample (155 ppb
or 343 [mu]g/m3). This was the smallest amount of analyte
which could be quantitated within the limits of a recovery of at least
75% and a precision (1.96 SD) of 25% or better.
1.2.4. Sensitivity 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The reliable quantitation limit and detection limits reported in
the method are based upon optimization of the instrument for the
smallest possible amount of analyte. When the target concentration of an
analyte is exceptionally higher than these limits, they may not be
attainable at the routine operation parameters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The sensitivity of the analytical procedure over a concentration
range representing 0.6 to 2 times the target concentration, based on the
recommended air volume, was 387 area units per [mu]g/mL. This value was
determined from the slope of the calibration curve. The sensitivity may
vary with the particular instrument used in the analysis.
1.2.5. Recovery
The recovery of BD from samples used in storage tests remained above
77% when the samples were stored at ambient temperature and above 94%
when the samples were stored at refrigerated temperature. These values
were determined from regression lines which were calculated from the
storage data. The recovery of the analyte from the collection device
must be at least 75% following storage.
1.2.6. Precision (analytical method only)
The pooled coefficient of variation obtained from replicate
determinations of analytical standards over the range of 0.6 to 2 times
the target concentration was 0.011.
1.2.7. Precision (overall procedure)
The precision at the 95% confidence level for the refrigerated
temperature storage test was 12.7%. This value includes an
additional 5% for sampling error. The overall procedure must
provide results at the target concentrations that are 25% at
the 95% confidence level.
1.2.8. Reproducibility
Samples collected from a controlled test atmosphere and a draft copy
of this procedure were given to a chemist unassociated with this
evaluation. The average recovery was 97.2% and the standard deviation
was 6.2%.
2. Sampling procedure
2.1. Apparatus
2.1.1. Samples are collected by use of a personal sampling pump
that can be calibrated to within 5% of the recommended 0.05
L/min sampling rate with the sampling tube in line.
2.1.2. Samples are collected with laboratory prepared sampling
tubes. The sampling tube is constructed of silane-treated glass and is
about 5-cm long. The ID is 4 mm and the OD is 6 mm. One end of the tube
is tapered so that a glass wool end plug will hold the contents of the
tube in place during sampling. The opening in the tapered end of the
sampling tube is at least one-half the ID of the tube (2 mm). The other
end of the sampling tube is open to its full 4-mm ID to facilitate
packing of the tube. Both ends of the tube are fire-polished for safety.
The tube is packed with 2 sections of pretreated charcoal which has been
coated with TBC. The tube is packed with a 50-mg backup section, located
nearest the tapered end, and with a 100-mg sampling section of charcoal.
The two sections of coated adsorbent are separated and retained with
small plugs of silanized glass wool. Following packing, the sampling
tubes are sealed with two \7/32\ inch OD plastic end caps. Instructions
for the pretreatment and coating of the charcoal are presented in
Section 4.1 of this method.
2.2. Reagents
None required.
2.3. Technique
2.3.1. Properly label the sampling tube before sampling and then
remove the plastic end caps.
2.3.2. Attach the sampling tube to the pump using a section of
flexible plastic tubing such that the larger front section of the
sampling tube is exposed directly to the atmosphere. Do not place any
tubing ahead of the sampling tube. The sampling tube should be attached
in the worker's breathing zone in a vertical manner such that it does
not impede work performance.
2.3.3. After sampling for the appropriate time, remove the sampling
tube from the pump and then seal the tube with plastic end caps. Wrap
the tube lengthwise.
2.3.4. Include at least one blank for each sampling set. The blank
should be handled in the same manner as the samples with the exception
that air is not drawn through it.
[[Page 415]]
2.3.5. List any potential interferences on the sample data sheet.
2.3.6. The samples require no special shipping precautions under
normal conditions. The samples should be refrigerated if they are to be
exposed to higher than normal ambient temperatures. If the samples are
to be stored before they are shipped to the laboratory, they should be
kept in a freezer. The samples should be placed in a freezer upon
receipt at the laboratory.
2.4. Breakthrough
(Breakthrough was defined as the relative amount of analyte found on
the backup section of the tube in relation to the total amount of
analyte collected on the sampling tube. Five-percent breakthrough
occurred after sampling a test atmosphere containing 2.0 ppm BD for 90
min at 0.05 L/min. At the end of this time 4.5 L of air had been sampled
and 20.1 [mu]g of the analyte was collected. The relative humidity of
the sampled air was 80% at 23 deg.C.)
Breakthrough studies have shown that the recommended sampling
procedure can be used at air concentrations higher than the target
concentration. The sampling time, however, should be reduced to 45 min
if both the expected BD level and the relative humidity of the sampled
air are high.
2.5. Desorption efficiency
The average desorption efficiency for BD from TBC coated charcoal
over the range from 0.6 to 2 times the target concentration was 96.4%.
The efficiency was essentially constant over the range studied.
2.6. Recommended air volume and sampling rate
2.6.1. The recommended air volume is 3L.
2.6.2. The recommended sampling rate is 0.05 L/min for 1 hour.
2.7. Interferences
There are no known interferences to the sampling method.
2.8. Safety precautions
2.8.1. Attach the sampling equipment to the worker in such a
manner that it will not interfere with work performance or safety.
2.8.2. Follow all safety practices that apply to the work area
being sampled.
3. Analytical procedure
3.1. Apparatus
3.1.1. A gas chromatograph (GC), equipped with a flame ionization
detector (FID).2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ A Hewlett-Packard Model 5840A GC was used for this evaluation.
Injections were performed using a Hewlett-Packard Model 7671A automatic
sampler.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1.2. A GC column capable of resolving the analytes from any
interference.3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ A 20-ft x \1/8\-inch OD stainless steel GC column containing 20%
FFAP on 80/100 mesh Chromabsorb W-AW-DMCS was used for this evaluation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1.3. Vials, glass 2-mL with Teflon-lined caps.
3.1.4. Disposable Pasteur-type pipets, volumetric flasks, pipets
and syringes for preparing samples and standards, making dilutions and
performing injections.
3.2. Reagents
3.2.1. Carbon disulfide.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ Fisher Scientific Company A.C.S. Reagent Grade solvent was used
in this evaluation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The benzene contaminant that was present in the carbon disulfide was
used as an internal standard (ISTD) in this evaluation.
3.2.2. Nitrogen, hydrogen and air, GC grade.
3.2.3. BD of known high purity.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ Matheson Gas Products, CP Grade 1,3-butadiene was used in this
study.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3. Standard preparation
3.3.1. Prepare standards by diluting known volumes of BD gas with
carbon disulfide. This can be accomplished by injecting the appropriate
volume of BD into the headspace above the 1-mL of carbon disulfide
contained in sealed 2-mL vial. Shake the vial after the needle is
removed from the septum.6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\ A standard containing 7.71 [mu]g/mL (at ambient temperature and
pressure) was prepared by diluting 4 [mu]L of the gas with 1-mL of
carbon disulfide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3.2. The mass of BD gas used to prepare standards can be
determined by use of the following equations:
MV = (760/BP)(273+t)/(273)(22.41)
Where:
MV = ambient molar volume
BP = ambient barometric pressure
T = ambient temperature
[mu]g/[mu]L = 54.09/MV
[mu]g/standard = ([mu]g/[mu]L)([mu]L) BD used to prepare the standard
3.4. Sample preparation
3.4.1. Transfer the 100-mg section of the sampling tube to a 2-mL
vial. Place the 50-mg section in a separate vial. If the glass wool
plugs contain a significant amount of charcoal, place them with the
appropriate sampling tube section.
3.4.2. Add 1-mL of carbon disulfide to each vial.
[[Page 416]]
3.4.3. Seal the vials with Teflon-lined caps and then allow them
to desorb for one hour. Shake the vials by hand vigorously several times
during the desorption period.
3.4.4. If it is not possible to analyze the samples within 4
hours, separate the carbon disulfide from the charcoal, using a
disposable Pasteur-type pipet, following the one hour. This separation
will improve the stability of desorbed samples.
3.4.5. Save the used sampling tubes to be cleaned and repacked
with fresh adsorbent.
3.5. Analysis
3.5.1. GC Conditions
Column temperature: 95 deg.C
Injector temperature: 180 deg.C
Detector temperature: 275 deg.C
Carrier gas flow rate: 30 mL/min
Injection volume: 0.80 [mu]L
GC column: 20-ft x \1/8\-in OD stainless steel GC column containing
20%
FFAP on 80/100 Chromabsorb W-AW-DMCS.
3.5.2. Chromatogram. See Section 4.2.
3.5.3. Use a suitable method, such as electronic or peak heights,
to measure detector response.
3.5.4. Prepare a calibration curve using several standard
solutions of different concentrations. Prepare the calibration curve
daily. Program the integrator to report the results in [mu]g/mL.
3.5.5. Bracket sample concentrations with standards.
3.6. Interferences (analytical)
3.6.1. Any compound with the same general retention time as the
analyte and which also gives a detector response is a potential
interference. Possible interferences should be reported by the
industrial hygienist to the laboratory with submitted samples.
3.6.2. GC parameters (temperature, column, etc.) may be changed to
circumvent interferences.
3.6.3. A useful means of structure designation is GC/MS. It is
recommended that this procedure be used to confirm samples whenever
possible.
3.7. Calculations
3.7.1. Results are obtained by use of calibration curves.
Calibration curves are prepared by plotting detector response against
concentration for each standard. The best line through the data points
is determined by curve fitting.
3.7.2. The concentration, in ug/mL, for a particular sample is
determined by comparing its detector response to the calibration curve.
If any analyte is found on the backup section, this amount is added to
the amount found on the front section. Blank corrections should be
performed before adding the results together.
3.7.3. The BD air concentration can be expressed using the
following equation:
mg/m \3\ = (A)(B)/(C)(D)
Where:
A = [mu]g/mL from Section 3.7.2
B = volume
C = L of air sampled
D = efficiency
3.7.4. The following equation can be used to convert results in
mg/m \3\ to ppm:
ppm = (mg/m \3\)(24.46)/54.09
Where:
mg/m \3\ = result from Section 3.7.3.
24.46 = molar volume of an ideal gas at 760 mm Hg and 25 deg.C.
3.8. Safety precautions (analytical)
3.8.1. Avoid skin contact and inhalation of all chemicals.
3.8.2. Restrict the use of all chemicals to a fume hood whenever
possible.
3.8.3. Wear safety glasses and a lab coat in all laboratory areas.
4. Additional Information
4.1. A procedure to prepare specially cleaned charcoal coated with TBC
4.1.1. Apparatus.
4.1.1.1. Magnetic stirrer and stir bar.
4.1.1.2. Tube furnace capable of maintaining a temperature of 700
deg.C and equipped with a quartz tube that can hold 30 g of
charcoal.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ A Lindberg Type 55035 Tube furnace was used in this evaluation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1.1.3. A means to purge nitrogen gas through the charcoal inside
the quartz tube.
4.1.1.4. Water bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 60
deg.C.
4.1.1.5. Miscellaneous laboratory equipment: One-liter vacuum
flask, 1-L Erlenmeyer flask, 350-M1 Buchner funnel with a coarse fitted
disc, 4-oz brown bottle, rubber stopper, Teflon tape etc.
4.1.2. Reagents
4.1.2.1. Phosphoric acid, 10% by weight, in water.9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\ Baker Analyzed'' Reagent grade was diluted with water for use in
this evaluation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1.2.2. 4-tert-Butylcatechol (TBC).10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\ The Aldrich Chemical Company 99% grade was used in this
evaluation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1.2.3. Specially cleaned coconut shell charcoal, 20/40
mesh.11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\ Specially cleaned charcoal was obtained from Supelco, Inc. for
use in this evaluation. The cleaning process used by Supelco is
proprietary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1.2.4. Nitrogen gas, GC grade.
4.1.3. Procedure.
[[Page 417]]
Weigh 30g of charcoal into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add about 250
mL of 10% phosphoric acid to the flask and then swirl the mixture. Stir
the mixture for 1 hour using a magnetic stirrer. Filter the mixture
using a fitted Buchner funnel. Wash the charcoal several times with 250-
mL portions of deionized water to remove all traces of the acid.
Transfer the washed charcoal to the tube furnace quartz tube. Place the
quartz tube in the furnace and then connect the nitrogen gas purge to
the tube. Fire the charcoal to 700 deg.C. Maintain that temperature for
at least 1 hour. After the charcoal has cooled to room temperature,
transfer it to a tared beaker. Determine the weight of the charcoal and
then add an amount of TBC which is 10% of the charcoal, by weight.
CAUTION-TBC is toxic and should only be handled in a fume hood while
wearing gloves.
Carefully mix the contents of the beaker and then transfer the
mixture to a 4-oz bottle. Stopper the bottle with a clean rubber stopper
which has been wrapped with Teflon tape. Clamp the bottle in a water
bath so that the water level is above the charcoal level. Gently heat
the bath to 60 deg.C and then maintain that temperature for 1 hour.
Cool the charcoal to room temperature and then transfer the coated
charcoal to a suitable container.
The coated charcoal is now ready to be packed into sampling tubes.
The sampling tubes should be stored in a sealed container to prevent
contamination. Sampling tubes should be stored in the dark at room
temperature. The sampling tubes should be segregated by coated adsorbent
lot number.
4.2 Chromatograms
The chromatograms were obtained using the recommended analytical
method. The chart speed was set at 1 cm/min for the first three min and
then at 0.2 cm/min for the time remaining in the analysis.
The peak which elutes just before BD is a reaction product between
an impurity on the charcoal and TBC. This peak is always present, but it
is easily resolved from the analyte. The peak which elutes immediately
before benzene is an oxidation product of TBC.
5. References
5.1. ``Current Intelligence Bulletin 41, 1,3-Butadiene'', U.S.
Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for
Disease Control, NIOSH.
5.2. ``NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods'', 2nd ed; U.S. Dept. of
Health Education and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health: Cincinnati, OH. 1977, Vol. 2, Method No. S91 DHEW (NIOSH)
Publ. (US), No. 77-157-B.
5.3. Hawley, G.C., Ed. ``The Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', 8th
ed.; Van Nostrand Rienhold Company: New York, 1971; 139.5.4. Chem. Eng.
News (June 10, 1985), (63), 22-66.
Appendix E to Sec. 1910.1051 [Reserved]
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[61 FR 56831, Nov. 4, 1996, as amended at 63 FR 1294, Jan. 8, 1998; 67
FR 67965, Nov. 7, 2002]
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