[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 18]
[Revised as of July 1, 2003]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR92.8]
[Page 414-416]
TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED)
PART 92--CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES--
Table of Contents
Subpart A--General Provisions for Emission Regulations for Locomotives
and Locomotive Engines
Sec. 92.8 Emission standards.
(a) Exhaust standards. Exhaust emissions from locomotives and
locomotive engines, when measured in accordance with the provisions of
Subpart B of this part, shall comply with both the applicable line-haul
duty-cycle standards, and the applicable switch duty-cycle standards of
paragraph (a)(1) (and/or the standards of paragraphs (a)(3) and (a)(4)
of this section, as applicable) of this section, and the smoke standards
of paragraph (a)(2) of this section. Emissions that do not exceed the
standards comply with the standards.
(1) Gaseous and particulate standards. Gaseous and particulate
emission standards are expressed as gram per brake horsepower hour (g/
bhp-hr). Non-methane hydrocarbon standards apply to locomotives and
locomotive engines fueled with natural gas, and any combination of
natural gas and other fuels where natural gas is the primary fuel; total
hydrocarbon equivalent standards apply to locomotives and locomotive
engines fueled with an alcohol, and any combination of alcohol and other
fuels where alcohol is the primary fuel. Total hydrocarbon standards
apply to all other locomotives and locomotive engines; that is, those
not fueled by natural gas or alcohol. The line-haul duty-cycle standards
and switch duty-cycle standards apply to the respective cycle-weighted
emission rates as calculated in subpart B of this part.
(i) Tier 0. The following locomotives (and the engines used in the
following locomotives) are subject to the Tier 0 emission standards
listed in Table A8-1 of this section: Locomotives manufactured on, or
after, January 1, 1973, and before January 1, 2002; and upgraded
locomotives manufactured prior to January 1, 1973. The standards apply
when such a locomotive or locomotive engine is manufactured,
remanufactured, or imported on or after January 1, 2002; except where
the locomotive was previously certified to one or more FELs under
subpart D of this part instead of the applicable standards, in which
case, the applicable standards are replaced at each subsequent
remanufacture by the FELs specified by the previous certificate.
Example: a locomotive that is certified to a NOX FEL of 8.0
g/bhp-hr must be recertified to a NOX FEL of 8.0 g/bhp-hr at
each subsequent remanufacture, except as allowed by paragraph
(a)(4)(iii) of this section.
(ii) Tier 1. Locomotives and engines used in locomotives
manufactured on, or after, January 1, 2002, and before January 1, 2005
are subject to the Tier 1 standards listed in Table A8-2 of this
section. The standards apply when such a locomotive or locomotive engine
is manufactured or imported, and each time it is remanufactured; except
where the locomotive was previously certified to one or more FELs under
subpart D of this part instead of the applicable standard, in which
case, the standards are replaced at each subsequent remanufacture by the
FELs specified by the previous certificate.
(iii) Tier 2. Locomotives and engines used in locomotives
manufactured on, or after, January 1, 2005 are subject to the Tier 2
standards listed in Table A8-3 of this section. The standards apply when
such a locomotive or locomotive engine is manufactured or imported, and
each time it is remanufactured except where the locomotive was
previously certified to one or more FELs under subpart D of this part
instead of the applicable standard, in which case, the standards are
replaced at each subsequent remanufacture by the FELs specified by the
previous certificate.
(2) Smoke standards. The smoke opacity standards listed in Table A8-
4 of this section apply, as specified in the table, to locomotives and
locomotive engines subject to the Tier 0, Tier 1, or Tier 2 standards.
Smoke emissions, when measured in accordance with the provisions of
Subpart B of this part, shall not exceed the standards of Table A8-4 of
this section.
(3) Alternate standards. In lieu of the CO and PM standards
specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, manufacturers and
remanufacturers may elect to comply with the alternate CO and PM
standards listed in Table A8-5 of this section. Manufacturers and
remanufacturers electing to comply with these alternate standards must
comply
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with both the CO and PM standards listed in Table A8-5 of this section.
(4) Averaging, banking and trading. (i) In lieu of the
NOX and/or PM standards specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, manufacturers and remanufacturers may elect to include engine
families in the averaging, banking, and trading program, the provisions
of which are specified in subpart D of this part. The manufacturer or
remanufacturer must set family emission limits (FEL) for the applicable
duty-cycle. This FEL serves as the standard for that family.
(ii) When a locomotive is certified to an FEL other than the
applicable standard, it must be recertified to that same FEL at all
subsequent remanufactures, except as specified otherwise in paragraph
(a)(4)(iii) of this section.
(iii) After a locomotive has been certified to any given FEL other
than the applicable standard, it may be recertified to a different FEL
at a subsequent remanufacture, as allowed by subpart D of this part. For
subsequent remanufactures (i.e. those remanufactures that occur after
the recertification to a different FEL), the locomotive must be
recertified to the FEL(s) and standards that were applicable to the
locomotive during its previous useful life, except where specified
otherwise by subpart D of this part.
(5) Tables. The tables referenced in paragraphs (a) (1) through (3)
of this section follow:
Table A8-1--Tier 0 Standards
[g/bhp-hr]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Line-haul
\1\ cycle Switch
standard cycle
standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOX............................................. 9.5 14.0
PM.............................................. 0.60 0.72
CO.............................................. 5.0 8.0
THC............................................. 1.00 2.10
NMHC............................................ 1.00 2.10
THCE............................................ 1.00 2.10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Line-haul standards do not apply to Tier 0 switch locomotives.
Table A8-2--Tier 1 Standards
[g/bhp-hr]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Line-haul Switch
cycle cycle
standard standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOX............................................. 7.4 11.0
PM.............................................. 0.45 0.54
CO.............................................. 2.2 2.5
THC............................................. 0.55 1.20
NMHC............................................ 0.55 1.20
THCE............................................ 0.55 1.20
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table A8-3--Tier 2 Standards
[g/bhp-hr]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Line-haul Switch
cycle cycle
standard standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOX............................................. 5.5 8.1
PM.............................................. 0.20 0.24
CO.............................................. 1.5 2.4
THC............................................. 0.30 0.60
NMHC............................................ 0.30 0.60
THCE............................................ 0.30 0.60
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table A8-4--Smoke Standards for Locomotives
[Percent Opacity]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Steady- 30-sec 3-sec
state peak peak
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 0.................................... 30 40 50
Tier 1.................................... 25 40 50
Tier 2.................................... 20 40 50
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table A8-5--Alternate CO and PM Standards
[g/bhp-hr]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Line-haul Switch cycle
cycle -------------
--------------
CO PM CO PM
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 0...................................... 10.0 0.30 12.0 0.36
Tier 1...................................... 10.0 0.22 12.0 0.27
Tier 2...................................... 10.0 0.10 12.0 0.12
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) No crankcase emissions shall be discharged directly into the
ambient atmosphere from any new locomotive or new locomotive engine.
Discharge of crankcase emissions into the engine exhaust complies with
this prohibition, provided crankcase emissions are measured and included
with exhaust emissions. Compliance with this standard is required
throughout the entire service life of the locomotive or locomotive
engine.
(c) Notch standards. (1) Exhaust emissions from locomotives and
locomotive engines shall not exceed the notch standards set forth in
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, except as allowed in paragraph (c)(3)
of this section, when
[[Page 416]]
measured using any test procedures under any test conditions.
(2) Notch standards for each pollutant for each notch are calculated
from the certified notch emission rate as follows:
Notch standard=(Ex)x(1.1+(1-ELHx/std))
Where:
Ex=The deteriorated brake-specific emission rate (for
pollutant x) for the notch (i.e., the brake-specific emission rate
calculated under subpart B of this part, multplied by the deterioration
factor in the application for certification expressed as a
multiplicative deterioration factor); where x is NOX, HC (or
NMHC or THCE, as applicable), CO or PM.
ELHx=The deteriorated line-haul duty-cycle weighted brake-
specific emission rate for pollutant x, as reported in the application
for certification.
std=The applicable line-haul duty-cycle standard, or the certified line-
haul duty-cycle FEL for locomotives or locomotive engines participating
in the averaging, banking and trading program for NOx or PM.
(3) Where exhaust emissions exceed the notch standards set forth in
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the locomotive or locomotive engine is
considered to be in compliance with such standards only if:
(i) The same emission controls are applied during the test
conditions causing the noncompliance as were applied during
certification test conditions (and to the same degree); or
(ii) The exceeding emissions result from a design feature that was
described (including its effect on emissions) in the approved
application for certification, and is necessary for safety or is
otherwise allowed by this part.