[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 14, Volume 3] [Revised as of January 1, 2006] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 14CFR141.101] [Page 21-40] TITLE 14--AERONAUTICS AND SPACE CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PART 141_PILOT SCHOOLS--Table of Contents Subpart F_Records Sec. 141.101 Training records. (a) Each holder of a pilot school certificate or provisional pilot school certificate must establish and maintain a current and accurate record of the participation of each student enrolled in an approved course of training conducted by the school that includes the following information: (1) The date the student was enrolled in the approved course; (2) A chronological log of the student's course attendance, subjects, and flight operations covered in the student's training, and the names and grades of any tests taken by the student; and (3) The date the student graduated, terminated training, or transferred to another school. (b) The records required to be maintained in a student's logbook will not suffice for the record required by paragraph (a) of this section. (c) Whenever a student graduates, terminates training, or transfers to another school, the student's record must be certified to that effect by the chief instructor. (d) The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate must retain each student record required by this section for at least 1 year from the date that the student: (1) Graduates from the course to which the record pertains; (2) Terminates enrollment in the course to which the record pertains; or (3) Transfers to another school. (e) The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate must make a copy of the student's training record available upon request by the student. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] Appendix A to Part 141--Recreational Pilot Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum required for a recreational pilot certification course under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Airplane single-engine. (b) Rotorcraft helicopter. (c) Rotorcraft gyroplane. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold a student pilot certificate prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the recreational pilot certification course. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. Each approved course must include at least 20 hours of ground training on the following aeronautical knowledge areas, appropriate to the aircraft category and class for which the course applies: (a) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for recreational pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations; (b) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board; (c) Applicable subjects in the ``Aeronautical Information Manual'' and the appropriate FAA advisory circulars; (d) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass; (e) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts; (f) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence; (g) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance; (h) Weight and balance computations; (i) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems; (j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques, if applying for an airplane single-engine rating; (k) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and (l) Preflight action that includes-- (1) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and (2) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered. [[Page 22]] 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least 30 hours of flight training (of which 15 hours must be with a certificated flight instructor and 3 hours must be solo flight training as provided in section No. 5 of this appendix) on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies, including: (1) Except as provided in Sec. 61.100 of this chapter, 2 hours of dual flight training to and at an airport that is located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally trains, with at least three takeoffs and three landings; and (2) 3 hours of dual flight training in an aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class for which the course applies, in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (b) Each training flight must include a preflight briefing and a postflight critique of the student by the flight instructor assigned to that flight. (c) Flight training must include the following approved areas of operation appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating-- (1) For an airplane single-engine course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (2) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (3) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. 5. Solo flight training. Each approved course must include at least 3 hours of solo flight training on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies. 6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) Each student enrolled in a recreational pilot course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies. (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to operate an aircraft in solo flight. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] Appendix B to Part 141--Private Pilot Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a private pilot certification course required under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Airplane single-engine. (b) Airplane multiengine. (c) Rotorcraft helicopter. (d) Rotorcraft gyroplane. (e) Powered-lift. (f) Glider. (g) Lighter-than-air airship. (h) Lighter-than-air balloon. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold a recreational or student pilot certificate prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the private pilot certification course. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating: (1) 35 hours of training if the course is for an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift category rating. (2) 15 hours of training if the course is for a glider category rating. (3) 10 hours of training if the course is for a lighter-than-air category with a balloon class rating. (4) 35 hours of training if the course is for a lighter-than-air category with an airship class rating. (b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical knowledge areas: (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for private pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations; (2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board; (3) Applicable subjects of the ``Aeronautical Information Manual'' and the appropriate FAA advisory circulars; [[Page 23]] (4) Aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems; (5) Radio communication procedures; (6) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts; (7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence; (8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance; (9) Weight and balance computations; (10) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems; (11) If the course of training is for an airplane category or glider category rating, stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques; (12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and (13) Preflight action that includes-- (i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following flight training, as provided in this section and section No. 5 of this appendix, on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of this section, appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating: (1) 35 hours of training if the course is for an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating. (2) 6 hours of training if the course is for a glider rating. (3) 8 hours of training if the course is for a balloon rating. (b) Each approved course must include at least the following flight training: (1) For an airplane single-engine course: 20 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(1) of this section that includes at least-- (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a single-engine airplane; (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a single-engine airplane that includes-- (A) One cross-country flight of more than 100-nautical-miles total distance; and (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. (iii) 3 hours of instrument training in a single-engine airplane; and (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a single-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (2) For an airplane multiengine course: 20 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(2) of this section that includes at least-- (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a multiengine airplane; (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a multiengine airplane that includes-- (A) One cross-country flight of more than 100-nautical-miles total distance; and (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. (iii) 3 hours of instrument training in a multiengine airplane; and (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a multiengine airplane in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 20 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that includes at least-- (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a helicopter. (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a helicopter that includes-- (A) One cross-country flight of more than 50-nautical-miles total distance; and (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. (iii) 3 hours of flight training in a helicopter in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (4) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 20 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(4) of this section that includes at least-- (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a gyroplane. (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a gyroplane that includes-- (A) One cross-country flight over 50-nautical-miles total distance; and (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. (iii) 3 hours of flight training in a gyroplane in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (5) For a powered-lift course: 20 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(5) of this section that includes at least-- (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a powered-lift; [[Page 24]] (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a powered-lift that includes-- (A) One cross-country flight of more than 100-nautical-miles total distance; and (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. (iii) 3 hours of instrument training in a powered-lift; and (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a powered-lift in preparation for the practical test, within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (6) For a glider course: 4 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(6) of this section that includes at least-- (i) Five training flights in a glider with a certificated flight instructor on the launch/tow procedures approved for the course and on the appropriate approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d)(6) of this section; and (ii) Three training flights in a glider with a certificated flight instructor in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (7) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 20 hours of flight training from a commercial pilot with an airship rating on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of this section that includes at least-- (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight training in an airship; (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in an airship that includes-- (A) One cross-country flight over 25-nautical-miles total distance; and (B) Five takeoffs and five landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. (iii) 3 hours of instrument training in an airship; and (iv) 3 hours of flight training in an airship in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: 8 hours of flight training, including at least five training flights, from a commercial pilot with a balloon rating on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of this section, that includes-- (i) If the training is being performed in a gas balloon-- (A) Two flights of 1 hour each; (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and (C) Two flights in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (ii) If the training is being performed in a balloon with an airborne heater-- (A) Two flights of 30 minutes each; (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 2,000 feet above the launch site; and (C) Two flights in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (c) For use of flight simulators or flight training devices: (1) The course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets the requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized instructor. (2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 15 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (4) Training in flight simulators or flight training devices described in paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. However, credit for training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this section. (d) Each approved course must include the flight training on the approved areas of operation listed in this paragraph that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating-- (1) For a single-engine airplane course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; (x) Emergency operations; (xi) Night operations, and (xii) Postflight procedures. (2) For a multiengine airplane course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; (x) Emergency operations; (xi) Multiengine operations; (xii) Night operations; and (xiii) Postflight procedures. [[Page 25]] (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; (ix) Night operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (4) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (ix) Emergency operations; (x) Night operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (5) For a powered-lift course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; (viii) Navigation; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (x) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xi) Emergency operations; (xii) Night operations; and (xiii) Postflight procedures. (6) For a glider course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and gliderport operations; (iv) Launches/tows, as appropriate, and landings; (v) Performance speeds; (vi) Soaring techniques; (vii) Performance maneuvers; (viii) Navigation; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (7) For a lighter-than-air airship course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Launches and landings; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Navigation; (vii) Emergency operations; and (viii) Postflight procedures. 5. Solo flight training. Each approved course must include at least the following solo flight training: (a) For an airplane single-engine course: 5 hours of solo flight training in a single-engine airplane on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(1) of section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least-- (1) One solo cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (b) For an airplane multiengine course: 5 hours of flight training in a multiengine airplane performing the duties of a pilot in command while under the supervision of a certificated flight instructor. The training must consist of the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(2) of section No. 4 of this appendix, and include at least-- (1) One cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (c) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 5 hours of solo flight training in a helicopter on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(3) of section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least-- (1) One solo cross-country flight of more than 50 nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 25 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (d) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 5 hours of solo flight training in gyroplanes on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(4) of section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least-- (1) One solo cross-country flight of more than 50 nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 25 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a [[Page 26]] flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (e) For a powered-lift course: 5 hours of solo flight training in a powered-lift on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(5) of section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least-- (1) One solo cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (f) For a glider course: Two solo flights in a glider on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(6) of section No. 4 of this appendix, and the launch and tow procedures appropriate for the approved course. (g) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 5 hours of flight training in an airship performing the duties of pilot in command while under the supervision of a commercial pilot with an airship rating. The training must consist of the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of section No. 4 of this appendix. (h) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Two solo flights in a balloon with an airborne heater if the course involves a balloon with an airborne heater or, if the course involves a gas balloon, at least two flights in a gas balloon performing the duties of pilot in command while under the supervision of a commercial pilot with a balloon rating. The training must consist of the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section No. 4 of this appendix, in the kind of balloon for which the course applies. 6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies. (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to operate an aircraft in solo flight. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997; as amended by Amdt. 141-10, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998] Appendix C to Part 141--Instrument Rating Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for an instrument rating course and an additional instrument rating course, required under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Instrument--airplane. (b) Instrument--helicopter. (c) Instrument--powered-lift. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold at least a private pilot certificate with an aircraft category and class rating appropriate to the instrument rating for which the course applies prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the instrument rating course. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section appropriate to the instrument rating for which the course applies: (1) 30 hours of training if the course is for an initial instrument rating. (2) 20 hours of training if the course is for an additional instrument rating. (b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical knowledge areas: (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for IFR flight operations; (2) Appropriate information in the ``Aeronautical Information Manual''; (3) Air traffic control system and procedures for instrument flight operations; (4) IFR navigation and approaches by use of navigation systems; (5) Use of IFR en route and instrument approach procedure charts; (6) Procurement and use of aviation weather reports and forecasts, and the elements of forecasting weather trends on the basis of that information and personal observation of weather conditions; (7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft under instrument flight rules and conditions; (8) Recognition of critical weather situations and windshear avoidance; (9) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and (10) Crew resource management, to include crew communication and coordination. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following flight training on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of this section, appropriate to the instrument-aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies: (1) 35 hours of instrument training if the course is for an initial instrument rating. (2) 15 hours of instrument training if the course is for an additional instrument rating. (b) For the use of flight simulators or flight training devices-- (1) The course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets the requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized instructor. [[Page 27]] (2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 40 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (4) Training in flight simulators or flight training devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. However, credit for training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (c) Each approved course must include the following flight training-- (1) For an instrument airplane course: Instrument training time from a certificated flight instructor with an instrument rating on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d) of this section including at least one cross-country flight that-- (i) Is in the category and class of airplane that the course is approved for, and is performed under IFR; (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways or ATC-directed routing with one segment of the flight consisting of at least a straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between airports; (iii) Involves an instrument approach at each airport; and (iv) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems. (2) For an instrument helicopter course: Instrument training time from a certificated flight instructor with an instrument rating on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d) of this section including at least one cross-country flight that-- (i) Is in a helicopter and is performed under IFR; (ii) Is a distance of at least 100 nautical miles along airways or ATC-directed routing with one segment of the flight consisting of at least a straight-line distance of 50 nautical miles between airports; (iii) Involves an instrument approach at each airport; and (iv) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems. (3) For an instrument powered-lift course: Instrument training time from a certificated flight instructor with an instrument rating on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d) of this section including at least one cross-country flight that-- (i) Is in a powered-lift and is performed under IFR; (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways or ATC-directed routing with one segment of the flight consisting of at least a straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between airports; (iii) Involves an instrument approach at each airport; and (iv) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems. (d) Each approved course must include the flight training on the approved areas of operation listed in this paragraph appropriate to the instrument aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies: (1) Preflight preparation; (2) Preflight procedures; (3) Air traffic control clearances and procedures; (4) Flight by reference to instruments; (5) Navigation systems; (6) Instrument approach procedures; (7) Emergency operations; and (8) Postflight procedures. 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each student enrolled in an instrument rating course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997] Appendix D to Part 141--Commercial Pilot Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a commercial pilot certification course required under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Airplane single-engine. (b) Airplane multiengine. (c) Rotorcraft helicopter. (d) Rotorcraft gyroplane. (e) Powered-lift. (f) Glider. (g) Lighter-than-air airship. (h) Lighter-than-air balloon. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold the following prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the commercial pilot certification course: (a) At least a private pilot certificate; and (b) If the course is for a rating in an airplane or a powered-lift category, then the person must: (1) Hold an instrument rating in the aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft category rating for which the course applies; or (2) Be concurrently enrolled in an instrument rating course that is appropriate to the [[Page 28]] aircraft category rating for which the course applies, and pass the required instrument rating practical test prior to completing the commercial pilot certification course. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies: (1) 35 hours of training if the course is for an airplane category rating or a powered-lift category rating. (2) 65 hours of training if the course is for a lighter-than-air category with an airship class rating. (3) 30 hours of training if the course is for a rotocraft category rating. (4) 20 hours of training if the course is for a glider category rating. (5) 20 hours of training if the course is for lighter-than-air category with a balloon class rating. (b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical knowledge areas: (1) Federal Aviation Regulations that apply to commercial pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations; (2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board; (3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight; (4) Meteorology, to include recognition of critical weather situations, windshear recognition and avoidance, and the use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts; (5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft; (6) Weight and balance computations; (7) Use of performance charts; (8) Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft performance limitations; (9) Use of aeronautical charts and a magnetic compass for pilotage and dead reckoning; (10) Use of air navigation facilities; (11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; (12) Principles and functions of aircraft systems; (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency operations appropriate to the aircraft; (14) Night and high-altitude operations; (15) Descriptions of and procedures for operating within the National Airspace System; and (16) Procedures for flight and ground training for lighter-than-air ratings. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following flight training, as provided in this section and section No. 5 of this appendix, on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of this section that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies: (1) 120 hours of training if the course is for an airplane or powered-lift rating. (2) 155 hours of training if the course is for an airship rating. (3) 115 hours of training if the course is for a rotocraft rating. (4) 6 hours of training if the course is for a glider rating. (5) 10 hours of training and 8 training flights if the course is for a balloon rating. (b) Each approved course must include at least the following flight training: (1) For an airplane single-engine course: 55 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this section that includes at least-- (i) 5 hours of instrument training in a single-engine airplane; (ii) 10 hours of training in a single-engine airplane that has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is turbine-powered; (iii) One cross-country flight in a single-engine airplane of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day VFR conditions; (iv) One cross-country flight in a single-engine airplane of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night VFR conditions; and (v) 3 hours in a single-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (2) For an airplane multiengine course: 55 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d)(2) of this section that includes at least-- (i) 5 hours of instrument training in a multiengine airplane; (ii) 10 hours of training in a multiengine airplane that has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is turbine-powered; (iii) One cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day VFR conditions; (iv) One cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night VFR conditions; and (v) 3 hours in a multiengine airplane in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 30 hours of flight training from a certificated flight [[Page 29]] instructor on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that includes at least-- (i) 5 hours of instrument training; (ii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure and occurring in day VFR conditions; (iii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night VFR conditions; and (iv) 3 hours in a helicopter in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (4) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 30 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d)(4) of this section that includes at least-- (i) 5 hours of instrument training; (ii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day VFR conditions; (iii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night VFR conditions; and (iv) 3 hours in a gyroplane in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (5) For a powered-lift course: 55 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d)(5) of this section that includes at least-- (i) 5 hours of instrument training in a powered-lift; (ii) One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day VFR conditions; (iii) One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at least a 2- hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night VFR conditions; and (iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (6) For a glider course: 4 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(6) of this section, that includes at least-- (i) Five training flights in a glider with a certificated flight instructor on the launch/tow procedures approved for the course and on the appropriate approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d)(6) of this section; and (ii) Three training flights in a glider with a certificated flight instructor in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (7) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 55 hours of flight training in airships from a commercial pilot with an airship rating on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of this section that includes at least-- (i) 3 hours of instrument training in an airship; (ii) One cross-country flight in an airship of at least a 1-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day VFR conditions; and (iii) One cross-country flight in an airship of at least a 1-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night VFR conditions; and (iv) 3 hours in an airship, in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Flight training from a commercial pilot with a balloon rating on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of this section that includes at least-- (i) If the course involves training in a gas balloon: (A) Two flights of 1 hour each; (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent to at least 5,000 feet above the launch site; and (C) Two flights in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (ii) If the course involves training in a balloon with an airborne heater: (A) Two flights of 30 minutes each; (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent to at least 3,000 feet above the launch site; and (C) Two flights in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test. (c) For the use of flight simulators or flight training devices: (1) The course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets the requirements of this paragraph, and is given by an authorized instructor. (2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. [[Page 30]] (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (4) Training in the flight training devices described in paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. However, credit for training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this section. (d) Each approved course must include the flight training on the approved areas of operation listed in this paragraph that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating-- (1) For an airplane single-engine course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Navigation; (vii) Slow flight and stalls; (viii) Emergency operations; (ix) High-altitude operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (2) For an airplane multiengine course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Navigation; (vii) Slow flight and stalls; (viii) Emergency operations; (ix) Multiengine operations; (x) High-altitude operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; (ix) Special operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (4) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Navigation; (vii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (viii) Emergency operations; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (5) For a powered-lift course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Emergency operations; (x) High altitude operations; (xi) Special operations; and (xii) Postflight procedures. (6) For a glider course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and gliderport operations; (iv) Launches/tows, as appropriate, and landings; (v) Performance speeds; (vi) Soaring techniques; (vii) Performance maneuvers; (viii) Navigation; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (7) For a lighter-than-air airship course: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subjects; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lessons on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (viii) Performance maneuvers; (ix) Navigation; (x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subjects; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport operations; (vii) Launches and landings; (viii) Performance maneuvers; (ix) Navigation; (x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. 5. Solo training. Each approved course must include at least the following solo flight training: (a) For an airplane single-engine course: 10 hours of solo flight training in a single-engine airplane on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(1) of section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least-- (1) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in the State of Hawaii, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one of the segments consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; [[Page 31]] (2) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in a State other than Hawaii, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and (3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (b) For an airplane multiengine course: 10 hours of flight training in a multiengine airplane performing the duties of pilot in command while under the supervision of a certificated flight instructor. The training must consist of the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(2) of section No. 4 of this appendix, and include at least-- (1) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in the State of Hawaii, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one of the segments consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; (2) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in a State other than Hawaii, with landings at a minimum of three points and one segment of the flight consisting of straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and (3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (c) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 10 hours of solo flight training in a helicopter on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(3) of section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least-- (1) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three points and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and (2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (d) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course: 10 hours of solo flight training in a gyroplane on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(4) of section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least-- (1) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and (2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (e) For a powered-lift course: 10 hours of solo flight training in a powered-lift on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(5) of section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least-- (1) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in the State of Hawaii, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; (2) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in a State other than Hawaii, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and (3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (f) For a glider course: 5 solo flights in a glider on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(6) of section No. 4 of this appendix. (g) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 10 hours of flight training in an airship performing the duties of pilot in command while under the supervision of a commercial pilot with an airship rating. The training must consist of the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of section No. 4 of this appendix and include at least-- (1) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and (2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern). (h) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Two solo flights if the course is for a hot air balloon rating, or, if the course is for a gas balloon rating, at least two flights in a gas balloon, while performing the duties of pilot in command under the supervision of a commercial pilot with a balloon rating. The training shall consist of the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section No. 4 of this appendix, in the kind of balloon for which the course applies. 6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) Each student enrolled in a commercial pilot course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies. (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to operate an aircraft in solo flight. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997; as amended by Amdt. 141-10, 63 FR 20290, Apr. 23, 1998] [[Page 32]] Appendix E to Part 141--Airline Transport Pilot Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for an airline transport pilot certification course under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Airplane single-engine. (b) Airplane multiengine. (c) Rotorcraft helicopter. (d) Powered-lift. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. Prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the airline transport pilot certification course, a person must: (a) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements prescribed in subpart G of part 61 of this chapter for an airline transport pilot certificate that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies; (b) Hold at least a commercial pilot certificate and an instrument rating; (c) Meet the military experience requirements under Sec. 61.73 of this chapter to qualify for a commercial pilot certificate and an instrument rating, if the person is a rated military pilot or former rated military pilot of an Armed Force of the United States; or (d) Hold either a foreign airline transport pilot license or foreign commercial pilot license and an instrument rating, if the person holds a pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. 3. Aeronautical knowledge areas. (a) Each approved course must include at least 40 hours of ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies. (b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical knowledge areas: (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to airline transport pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations; (2) Meteorology, including knowledge of and effects of fronts, frontal characteristics, cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data; (3) General system of weather and NOTAM collection, dissemination, interpretation, and use; (4) Interpretation and use of weather charts, maps, forecasts, sequence reports, abbreviations, and symbols; (5) National Weather Service functions as they pertain to operations in the National Airspace System; (6) Windshear and microburst awareness, identification, and avoidance; (7) Principles of air navigation under instrument meteorological conditions in the National Airspace System; (8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot responsibilities as they relate to en route operations, terminal area and radar operations, and instrument departure and approach procedures; (9) Aircraft loading; weight and balance; use of charts, graphs, tables, formulas, and computations; and the effects on aircraft performance; (10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft's flight characteristics and performance in normal and abnormal flight regimes; (11) Human factors; (12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and (13) Crew resource management to include crew communication and coordination. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least 25 hours of flight training on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies. At least 15 hours of this flight training must be instrument flight training. (b) For the use of flight simulators or flight training devices-- (1) The course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets the requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized instructor. (2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (4) Training in flight simulators or flight training devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. However, credit for training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (c) Each approved course must include flight training on the approved areas of operation listed in this paragraph appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies: (1) Preflight preparation; (2) Preflight procedures; (3) Takeoff and departure phase; (4) In-flight maneuvers; (5) Instrument procedures; [[Page 33]] (6) Landings and approaches to landings; (7) Normal and abnormal procedures; (8) Emergency procedures; and (9) Postflight procedures. 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) Each student enrolled in an airline transport pilot course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies. (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to operate an aircraft in solo flight. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997] Appendix F to Part 141--Flight Instructor Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a flight instructor certification course and an additional flight instructor rating course required under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Airplane single-engine. (b) Airplane multiengine. (c) Rotorcraft helicopter. (d) Rotorcraft gyroplane. (e) Powered-lift. (f) Glider category. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold the following prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the flight instructor or additional flight instructor rating course: (a) A commercial pilot certificate or an airline transport pilot certificate, with an aircraft category and class rating appropriate to the flight instructor rating for which the course applies; and (b) An instrument rating or privilege in an aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies, if the course is for a flight instructor airplane or powered-lift instrument rating. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section: (1) 40 hours of training if the course is for an initial issuance of a flight instructor certificate; or (2) 20 hours of training if the course is for an additional flight instructor rating. (b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical knowledge areas: (1) The fundamentals of instructing including-- (i) The learning process; (ii) Elements of effective teaching; (iii) Student evaluation and testing; (iv) Course development; (v) Lesson planning; and (vi) Classroom training techniques. (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas in which training is required for-- (i) A recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificate that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies; and (ii) An instrument rating that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies, if the course is for an airplane or powered-lift aircraft rating. (c) A student who satisfactorily completes 2 years of study on the principles of education at a college or university may be credited with no more than 20 hours of the training required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following flight training on the approved areas of operation of paragraph (c) of this section appropriate to the flight instructor rating for which the course applies: (1) 25 hours, if the course is for an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating; and (2) 10 hours, which must include 10 flights, if the course is for a glider category rating. (b) For the use of flight simulators or flight training devices: (1) The course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets the requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized instructor. (2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (4) Training in flight simulators or flight training devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. However, credit for training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. [[Page 34]] (c) Each approved course must include flight training on the approved areas of operation listed in this paragraph that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies-- (1) For an airplane--single-engine course: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and seaplane base operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (ix) Performance maneuvers; (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (xiv) Postflight procedures. (2) For an airplane--multiengine course: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and seaplane base operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (ix) Performance maneuvers; (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (xi) Slow flight and stalls; (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xiii) Emergency operations; (xiv) Multiengine operations; and (xv) Postflight procedures. (3) For a rotorcraft--helicopter course: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (ix) Fundamentals of flight; (x) Performance maneuvers; (xi) Emergency operations; (xii) Special operations; and (xiii) Postflight procedures. (4) For a rotorcraft--gyroplane course: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (ix) Performance maneuvers; (x) Flight at slow airspeeds; (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (xii) Emergency operations; and (xiii) Postflight procedures. (5) For a powered-lift course: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (ix) Fundamentals of flight; (x) Performance maneuvers; (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (xii) Slow flight and stalls; (xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xiv) Emergency operations; (xv) Special operations; and (xvi) Postflight procedures. (6) For a glider course: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and gliderport operations; (vii) Tows or launches, landings, and go-arounds, if applicable; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (ix) Performance speeds; (x) Soaring techniques; (xi) Performance maneuvers; (xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (xiv) Postflight procedures. 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) Each student enrolled in a flight instructor course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the appropriate approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this appendix appropriate to the flight instructor rating for which the course applies. (b) In the case of a student who is enrolled in a flight instructor- airplane rating or flight instructor-glider rating course, that student must have: (1) Received a logbook endorsement from a certificated flight instructor certifying the student received ground and flight training on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures in an aircraft that is certificated for spins and is appropriate to the rating sought; and (2) Demonstrated instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997] [[Page 35]] Appendix G to Part 141--Flight Instructor Instrument (For an Airplane, Helicopter, or Powered-Lift Instrument Instructor Rating, as Appropriate) Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a flight instructor instrument certification course required under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Flight Instructor Instrument--Airplane. (b) Flight Instructor Instrument--Helicopter. (c) Flight Instructor Instrument--Powered-lift aircraft. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold the following prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the flight instructor instrument course: (a) A commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with an aircraft category and class rating appropriate to the flight instructor category and class rating for which the course applies; and (b) An instrument rating or privilege on that flight instructor applicant's pilot certificate that is appropriate to the flight instructor instrument rating (for an airplane-, helicopter-, or powered- lift-instrument rating, as appropriate) for which the course applies. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each approved course must include at least 15 hours of ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the flight instructor instrument rating (for an airplane-, helicopter-, or powered-lift-instrument rating, as appropriate) for which the course applies: (b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical knowledge areas: (1) The fundamentals of instructing including: (i) The learning process; (ii) Elements of effective teaching; (iii) Student evaluation and testing; (iv) Course development; (v) Lesson planning; and (vi) Classroom training techniques. (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas in which training is required for an instrument rating that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for the course which applies. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least 15 hours of flight training in the approved areas of operation of paragraph (c) of this section appropriate to the flight instructor rating for which the course applies. (b) For the use of flight simulators or flight training devices: (1) The course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved for, meets requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an instructor. (2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (4) Training in flight simulators or flight training devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. However, credit for training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (c) An approved course for the flight instructor-instrument rating must include flight training on the following approved areas of operation that are appropriate to the instrument-aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies: (1) Fundamentals of instructing; (2) Technical subject areas; (3) Preflight preparation; (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight; (5) Air traffic control clearances and procedures; (6) Flight by reference to instruments; (7) Navigation systems; (8) Instrument approach procedures; (9) Emergency operations; and (10) Postflight procedures. 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each student enrolled in a flight instructor instrument course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the flight instructor instrument rating (for an airplane- , helicopter-, or powered-lift-instrument rating, as appropriate) for which the course applies. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997] [[Page 36]] Appendix H to Part 141--Ground Instructor Certification Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a ground instructor certification course and an additional ground instructor rating course, required under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Ground Instructor--Basic. (b) Ground Instructor--Advanced. (c) Ground Instructor--Instrument. 2. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each approved course must include at least the following ground training on the knowledge areas listed in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section, appropriate to the ground instructor rating for which the course applies: (1) 20 hours of training if the course is for an initial issuance of a ground instructor certificate; or (2) 10 hours of training if the course is for an additional ground instructor rating. (b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical knowledge areas: (1) Learning process; (2) Elements of effective teaching; (3) Student evaluation and testing; (4) Course development; (5) Lesson planning; and (6) Classroom training techniques. (c) Ground training for a basic ground instructor certificate must include the aeronautical knowledge areas applicable to a recreational and private pilot. (d) Ground training for an advanced ground instructor rating must include the aeronautical knowledge areas applicable to a recreational, private, commercial, and airline transport pilot. (e) Ground training for an instrument ground instructor rating must include the aeronautical knowledge areas applicable to an instrument rating. (f) A student who satisfactorily completed 2 years of study on the principles of education at a college or university may be credited with 10 hours of the training required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. 3. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each student enrolled in a ground instructor course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved knowledge areas in paragraph (b), (c), (d), and (e) of section No. 2 of this appendix appropriate to the ground instructor rating for which the course applies. Appendix I to Part 141--Additional Aircraft Category or Class Rating Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for an additional aircraft category rating course or an additional aircraft class rating course required under this part, for the following ratings: (a) Airplane single-engine. (b) Airplane multiengine. (c) Rotorcraft helicopter. (d) Rotorcraft gyroplane. (e) Powered-lift. (f) Glider. (g) Lighter-than-air airship. (h) Lighter-than-air balloon. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold the level of pilot certificate for the additional aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies prior to enrolling in the flight portion of an additional aircraft category or additional aircraft class rating course. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. Each approved course for an additional aircraft category rating and additional aircraft class rating must include ground training time requirements and ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas that are specific to that aircraft category and class rating and pilot certificate level for which the course applies as required in appendix A, B, D, or E of this part, as appropriate. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course for an additional aircraft category rating or additional aircraft class rating must include the flight training time requirements and flight training on the areas of operation that are specific to that aircraft category and class rating and pilot certificate level for which the course applies as required in appendix A, B, D, or E of this part, as appropriate. (b) For the use of flight simulators or flight training devices: (1) The course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets the requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized instructor. (2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part may be credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (4) Training in the flight simulators or flight training devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. However, credit for training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of [[Page 37]] Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this section. 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) Each student enrolled in an additional aircraft category rating course or an additional aircraft class rating course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation in section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies at the appropriate pilot certificate level. (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to operate an aircraft in solo flight. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997] Appendix J to Part 141--Aircraft Type Rating Course, For Other Than an Airline Transport Pilot Certificate 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for an aircraft type rating course other than an airline transport pilot certificate, for: (a) A type rating in an airplane category--single-engine class. (b) A type rating in an airplane category--multiengine class. (c) A type rating in a rotorcraft category--helicopter class. (d) A type rating in a powered-lift category. (e) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator through the aircraft type certificate procedures. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. Prior to enrolling in the flight portion of an aircraft type rating course, a person must hold at least a private pilot certificate and: (a) An instrument rating in the category and class of aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft type rating for which the course applies, provided the aircraft's type certificate does not have a VFR limitation; or (b) Be concurrently enrolled in an instrument rating course in the category and class of aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft type rating for which the course applies, and pass the required instrument rating practical test concurrently with the aircraft type rating practical test. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each approved course must include at least 10 hours of ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the aircraft type rating for which the course applies. (b) Ground training must include the following aeronautical areas: (1) Proper control of airspeed, configuration, direction, altitude, and attitude in accordance with procedures and limitations contained in the aircraft's flight manual, checklists, or other approved material appropriate to the aircraft type; (2) Compliance with approved en route, instrument approach, missed approach, ATC, or other applicable procedures that apply to the aircraft type; (3) Subjects requiring a practical knowledge of the aircraft type and its powerplant, systems, components, operational, and performance factors; (4) The aircraft's normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures, and the operations and limitations relating thereto; (5) Appropriate provisions of the approved aircraft's flight manual; (6) Location of and purpose for inspecting each item on the aircraft's checklist that relates to the exterior and interior preflight; and (7) Use of the aircraft's prestart checklist, appropriate control system checks, starting procedures, radio and electronic equipment checks, and the selection of proper navigation and communication radio facilities and frequencies. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least: (1) Flight training on the approved areas of operation of paragraph (c) of this section in the aircraft type for which the course applies; and (2) 10 hours of training of which at least 5 hours must be instrument training in the aircraft for which the course applies. (b) For the use of flight simulators or flight training devices: (1) The course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized instructor. (2) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (4) Training in the flight simulators or flight training devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. However, credit training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of [[Page 38]] Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (c) Each approved course must include the flight training on the areas of operation listed in this paragraph, that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies: (1) A type rating for an airplane--single-engine course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Instrument procedures; (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (viii) Emergency procedures; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (2) A type rating for an airplane--multiengine course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Instrument procedures; (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (viii) Emergency procedures; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (3) A type rating for a powered-lift course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Instrument procedures; (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (viii) Emergency procedures; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (4) A type rating for a rotorcraft--helicopter course: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Instrument procedures; (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (viii) Emergency procedures; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (5) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Instrument procedures; (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (viii) Emergency procedures; and (ix) Postflight procedures. 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) Each student enrolled in an aircraft type rating course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation that are appropriate to the aircraft type rating for which the course applies at the airline transport pilot certificate level; and (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to operate an aircraft in solo flight. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40910, July 30, 1997] Appendix K to Part 141--Special Preparation Courses 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for the special preparation courses that are listed in Sec. 141.11 of this part. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. Prior to enrolling in the flight portion of a special preparation course, a person must hold a pilot certificate, flight instructor certificate, or ground instructor certificate that is appropriate for the exercise of the operating privileges or authorizations sought. 3. General requirements. (a) To be approved, a special preparation course must: (1) Meet the appropriate requirements of this appendix; and (2) Prepare the graduate with the necessary skills, competency, and proficiency to exercise safely the privileges of the certificate, rating, or authorization for which the course is established. (b) An approved special preparation course must include ground and flight training on the operating privileges or authorization sought, for developing competency, proficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self-reliance in the student. 4. Use of flight simulators or flight training devices. (a) The approved special preparation course may include training in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized instructor. (b) Training in a flight simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (c) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. (d) Training in the flight simulators or flight training devices described in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less. [[Page 39]] However, credit for training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph (c) of this section. 5. Stage check and end-of-course tests. Each person enrolled in a special preparation course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation that are appropriate to the operating privileges or authorization sought, and for which the course applies. 6. Agricultural aircraft operations course. An approved special preparation course for pilots in agricultural aircraft operations must include at least the following-- (a) 25 hours of training on: (1) Agricultural aircraft operations; (2) Safe piloting and operating practices and procedures for handling, dispensing, and disposing agricultural and industrial chemicals, including operating in and around congested areas; and (3) Applicable provisions of part 137 of this chapter. (b) 15 hours of flight training on agricultural aircraft operations. 7. Rotorcraft external-load operations course. An approved special preparation course for pilots of external-load operations must include at least the following-- (a) 10 hours of training on: (1) Rotorcraft external-load operations; (2) Safe piloting and operating practices and procedures for external-load operations, including operating in and around congested areas; and (3) Applicable provisions of part 133 of this chapter. (b) 15 hours of flight training on external-load operations. 8. Test pilot course. An approved special preparation course for pilots in test pilot duties must include at least the following-- (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on: (1) Performing aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and certification test flight operations; (2) Safe piloting and operating practices and procedures for performing aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and certification test flight operations; (3) Applicable parts of this chapter that pertain to aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and certification tests; and (4) Test pilot duties and responsibilities. (b) 15 hours of flight training on test pilot duties and responsibilities. 9. Special operations course. An approved special preparation course for pilots in special operations that are mission-specific for certain aircraft must include at least the following-- (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on: (1) Performing that special flight operation; (2) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures for performing that special flight operation; (3) Applicable parts of this chapter that pertain to that special flight operation; and (4) Pilot in command duties and responsibilities for performing that special flight operation. (b) Flight training: (1) On that special flight operation; and (2) To develop skills, competency, proficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self-reliance in the student for performing that special flight operation in a safe manner. 10. Pilot refresher course. An approved special preparation pilot refresher course for a pilot certificate, aircraft category and class rating, or an instrument rating must include at least the following-- (a) 4 hours of aeronautical knowledge training on: (1) The aeronautical knowledge areas that are applicable to the level of pilot certificate, aircraft category and class rating, or instrument rating, as appropriate, that pertain to that course; (2) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures; and (3) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter for pilots. (b) 6 hours of flight training on the approved areas of operation that are applicable to the level of pilot certificate, aircraft category and class rating, or instrument rating, as appropriate, for performing pilot-in-command duties and responsibilities. 11. Flight instructor refresher course. An approved special preparation flight instructor refresher course must include at least a combined total of 16 hours of aeronautical knowledge training, flight training, or any combination of ground and flight training on the following-- (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on: (1) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter that apply to student, recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificates and instrument ratings; (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter that apply to flight instructor certificates; (3) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures, including airport operations and operating in the National Airspace System; and (4) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter that apply to pilots and flight instructors. (b) Flight training to review: (1) The approved areas of operations applicable to student, recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificates and instrument ratings; and (2) The skills, competency, and proficiency for performing flight instructor duties and responsibilities. [[Page 40]] 12. Ground instructor refresher course. An approved special preparation ground instructor refresher course must include at least 16 hours of aeronautical knowledge training on: (a) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter that apply to student, recreational, private, and commercial pilots and instrument rated pilots; (b) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter that apply to ground instructors; (c) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures, including airport operations and operating in the National Airspace System; and (d) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter that apply to pilots and ground instructors. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141-9, 62 FR 40910, July 30, 1997] Appendix L to Part 141--Pilot Ground School Course 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a pilot ground school course required under this part. 2. General requirements. An approved course of training for a pilot ground school must include training on the aeronautical knowledge areas that are: (a) Needed to safely exercise the privileges of the certificate, rating, or authority for which the course is established; and (b) Conducted to develop competency, proficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self-reliance in each student. 3. Aeronautical knowledge training requirements. Each approved pilot ground school course must include: (a) The aeronautical knowledge training that is appropriate to the aircraft rating and pilot certificate level for which the course applies; and (b) An adequate number of total aeronautical knowledge training hours appropriate to the aircraft rating and pilot certificate level for which the course applies. 4. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each person enrolled in a pilot ground school course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting of the approved areas of operation that are appropriate to the operating privileges or authorization that graduation from the course will permit and for which the course applies.