[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 31]
[Revised as of July 1, 2006]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR798.5275]
[Page 190-192]
TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED)
PART 798_HEALTH EFFECTS TESTING GUIDELINES--Table of Contents
Subpart F_Genetic Toxicity
Sec. 798.5275 Sex-linked recessive lethal test in drosophila
melanogaster.
(a) Purpose. The sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) test using
Drosophila melanogaster detects the occurrence of mutations, both point
mutations and small deletions, in the germ line of the insect. This test
is a forward mutation assay capable of screening for mutations at about
800 loci on the X-chromosome. This represents about 80 percent of all X-
chromosome loci. The X-chromosome represents approximately one-fifth of
the entire haploid genome.
(b) Definitions. (1) Lethal mutation is a change in the genome
which, when expressed, causes death to the carrier.
(2) Recessive mutation is a change in the genome which is expressed
in the homozygous or hemizygous condition.
(3) Sex-Linked genes are present on the sex (X or Y) chromosomes.
Sex-linked genes in the context of this guideline refer only to those
located on the X-chromosome.
(c) Reference substances. These may include, but need not be limited
to, ethyl methanesulfonate or N-nitroso-dimethylamine.
(d) Test method--(1) Principle. Mutations in the X-chromosome of D.
melanogaster are phenotypically expressed in males carrying the mutant
gene. When the mutation is lethal in the hemizygous condition, its
presence is inferred from the absence of one class of male offspring out
of the two that are normally produced by a heterozygous female. The SLRL
test takes advantage of these facts by means of specially marked and
arranged chromosomes.
(2) Description. Wild-type males are treated and mated to
appropriate females. Female offspring are mated individually to their
brothers, and in the next generation the progeny from each separate dose
are scored for phenotypically wild-type males. Absence of these males
indicates that a sex-linked recessive lethal mutation has occurred in a
germ cell of the P1 male.
(3) Drosophila stocks. Males of a well-defined wild type stock and
females of the Muller-5 stock may be used. Other appropriately marked
female stocks
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with multiple inverted X-chromosomes may also be used.
(4) Control groups--(i) Concurrent controls. Concurrent positive and
negative (vehicle) controls shall be included in each experiment.
(ii) Positive controls. Examples of positive controls include ethyl
methanesulfonate and N-nitroso-dimethylamine.
(iii) Other positive controls. Other positive control reference
substances may be used.
(iv) Negative controls. Negative (vehicle) controls shall be
included. The size of the negative (vehicle) control group shall be
determined by the availability of appropriate laboratory historical
control data.
(5) Test chemicals--(i) Vehicle. Test chemicals should be dissolved
in water. Compounds which are insoluble in water may be dissolved or
suspended in appropriate vehicles (e.g., a mixture of ethanol and Tween-
60 or 80) and then diluted in water or saline prior to administration.
Dimethylsulfoxide should br avoided as a vehicle.
(ii) Dose levels. For the initial assessment of mutagenicity, it is
sufficient to test a single dose of the test substance for screening
purposes. This dose should be the maximum tolerated dose, or that which
produces some indication of toxicity, or shall be the highest dose
attainable. For dose-response purposes, at least three additional dose
levels should be used.
(iii) Route of administration. Exposure may be oral, by injection or
by exposure to gases or vapors. Feeding of the test compound may be done
in sugar solution. When necessary, substances may be dissolved in 0.7
percent NaCl solution and injected into the thorax or abdomen.
(e) Test performance--(1) Treatment and mating. Wild-type males (3
to 5 days old) shall be treated with the test substance and mated
individually to an appropriate number of virgin females from the Muller-
5 stock or females from another appropriately marked (with multiply-
inverted X-chromosomes) stock. The females shall be replaced with fresh
virgins every 2 to 3 days to cover the entire germ cell cycle. The
offspring of these females are scored for lethal effects corresponding
to the effects on mature sperm, mid or late stage spermatids, early
spermatids, spermatocytes and spermatogonia at the time of treatment.
(2) F11 matings. Heterozygous F1 females from
the above crosses shall be allowed to mate individually (i.e., one
female per vial) with their brothers. In the F2 generation,
each culture shall be scored for the absence of wild-type males. If a
culture appears to have arisen from an F1 female carrying a
lethal in the parental X-chromosome (i.e., no males with the treated
chromosome are observed), daughters of that female with the same
genotype shall be tested to ascertain if the lethality is repeated in
the next generation.
(3) Number of matings. (i) The test should be designed with a
predetermined sensitivity and power. The number of flies in each group
should reflect these defined parameters. The spontaneous mutant
frequency observed in the appropriate control group will strongly
influence the number of treated chromosomes that must be analysed to
detect substances which show mutation rates close to those of the
controls.
(ii) Test results should be confirmed in a separate experiment.
(f) Data and report--(1) Treatment of results. Data shall be
tabulated to show the number of chromosomes tested, the number of
nonfertile males and the number of lethal chromosomes at each exposure
concentration and for each mating period for each male treated. Numbers
of clusters of different size per male shall be reported.
(2) Statistical evaluation. Data shall be evaluated by appropriate
statistical techniques.
(3) Interpretation of results. (i) There are several criteria for
determining a positive result, one of which is a statistically
significant dose-related increase in the number of sex-lined recessive
lethals. Another criterion may be based upon detection of a reproducible
and statistically significant positive response for at least one of the
test points.
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(ii) A test substance which does not produce either a statistically
significant dose-related increase in the number of sex-linked recessive
lethals or a statistically significant and reproducible positive
response at any one of the test points is considered non-mutagenic in
this system.
(iii) Both biological and statistical significance should be
considered together in the evaluation.
(4) Test evaluation. (i) Positive results in the SLRL test in D.
melanogaster indicate that under the test conditions the test agent
causes mutations in germ cells of this insect.
(ii) Negative results indicate that under the test conditions the
test substance is not mutagenic in D. melanogaster.
(5) Test report. In addition to the reporting recommendations as
specified under 40 CFR part 792, subpart J the following specific
information shall be reported.
(i) Drosophila stock used in the assay, age of insects, number of
males treated, number of sterile males, number of F2 cultures
established, number of F2 cultures without progeny.
(ii) Test chemical vehicle, treatment and sampling schedule,
exposure levels, toxicity data, negative (vehicle) and positive
controls, if appropriate.
(iii) Criteria for scoring lethals.
(iv) Number of chromosomes tested, number of chromosomes scored,
number of chromosomes carrying a lethal mutation.
(v) Historical control data, if available.
(vi) Dose-response relationship, if applicable.
(g) References. For additional background information on this test
guideline the following references should be consulted:
(1) Sobels, F.H., Vogel, E. ``The capacity of Drosophila for
detecting relevant genetic damage,'' Mutation Research 41:95-106 (1976).
(2) Wurgler F.E., Sobels F.H., Vogel E. ``Drosophila as assay system
for detecting genetic changes,'' Handbook of mutagenicity test
procedures. Eds. Kilbey, B.J., Legator, M., Nichols, W., Ramel, C.,
(Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1977) pp. 335-373.
[50 FR 39397, Sept. 27, 1985, as amended at 52 FR 19079, May 20, 1987]