[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 14, Volume 1]
[Revised as of January 1, 2007]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 14CFR1.1]
[Page 5-17]
TITLE 14--AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
PART 1_DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS--Table of Contents
Sec. 1.1 General definitions.
Sec.
1.1 General definitions.
1.2 Abbreviations and symbols.
1.3 Rules of construction.
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701.
As used in Subchapters A through K of this chapter, unless the
context requires otherwise:
Administrator means the Federal Aviation Administrator or any person
to whom he has delegated his authority in the matter concerned.
Aerodynamic coefficients means non-dimensional coefficients for
aerodynamic forces and moments.
Air carrier means a person who undertakes directly by lease, or
other arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
Air commerce means interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce or
the transportation of mail by aircraft or any operation or navigation of
aircraft within the limits of any Federal airway or any operation or
navigation of aircraft which directly affects, or which may endanger
safety in, interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce.
Aircraft means a device that is used or intended to be used for
flight in the air.
Aircraft engine means an engine that is used or intended to be used
for propelling aircraft. It includes turbosuperchargers, appurtenances,
and accessories necessary for its functioning, but does not include
propellers.
Airframe means the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings,
airfoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating
airfoils of engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their
accessories and controls.
Airplane means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than
air, that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air
against its wings.
Airport means an area of land or water that is used or intended to
be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, and includes its
buildings and facilities, if any.
Airship means an engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be
steered.
Air traffic means aircraft operating in the air or on an airport
surface, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas.
Air traffic clearance means an authorization by air traffic control,
for the purpose of preventing collision between known aircraft, for an
aircraft to proceed under specified traffic conditions within controlled
airspace.
Air traffic control means a service operated by appropriate
authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air
traffic.
Air Traffic Service (ATS) route is a specified route designated for
channeling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air
traffic services. The term ``ATS route'' refers to a variety of airways,
including jet routes, area navigation (RNAV) routes, and arrival and
departure routes. An ATS route is defined by route specifications, which
may include:
(1) An ATS route designator;
(2) The path to or from significant points;
(3) Distance between significant points;
(4) Reporting requirements; and
(5) The lowest safe altitude determined by the appropriate
authority.
Air transportation means interstate, overseas, or foreign air
transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft.
Alert Area. An alert area is established to inform pilots of a
specific area wherein a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type
of aeronautical activity is conducted.
Alternate airport means an airport at which an aircraft may land if
a landing at the intended airport becomes inadvisable.
Altitude engine means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated
takeoff power that is producible from sea level to an established higher
altitude.
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Appliance means any instrument, mechanism, equipment, part,
apparatus, appurtenance, or accessory, including communications
equipment, that is used or intended to be used in operating or
controlling an aircraft in flight, is installed in or attached to the
aircraft, and is not part of an airframe, engine, or propeller.
Approved, unless used with reference to another person, means
approved by the Administrator.
Area navigation (RNAV) is a method of navigation that permits
aircraft operations on any desired flight path.
Area navigation (RNAV) route is an ATS route based on RNAV that can
be used by suitably equipped aircraft.
Armed Forces means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and
Coast Guard, including their regular and reserve components and members
serving without component status.
Autorotation means a rotorcraft flight condition in which the
lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the
rotorcraft is in motion.
Auxiliary rotor means a rotor that serves either to counteract the
effect of the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft or to maneuver the
rotorcraft about one or more of its three principal axes.
Balloon means a lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven,
and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an
airborne heater.
Brake horsepower means the power delivered at the propeller shaft
(main drive or main output) of an aircraft engine.
Calibrated airspeed means the indicated airspeed of an aircraft,
corrected for position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is
equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.
Canard means the forward wing of a canard configuration and may be a
fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control
surfaces.
Canard configuration means a configuration in which the span of the
forward wing is substantially less than that of the main wing.
Category:
(1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges,
and limitations of airmen, means a broad classification of aircraft.
Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-than-air;
and
(2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a
grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or operating limitations.
Examples include: transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited,
restricted, and provisional.
Category A, with respect to transport category rotorcraft, means
multiengine rotorcraft designed with engine and system isolation
features specified in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled takeoff and
landing operations under a critical engine failure concept which assures
adequate designated surface area and adequate performance capability for
continued safe flight in the event of engine failure.
Category B, with respect to transport category rotorcraft, means
single-engine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not fully meet all
Category A standards. Category B rotorcraft have no guaranteed stay-up
ability in the event of engine failure and unscheduled landing is
assumed.
Category II operations, with respect to the operation of aircraft,
means a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of an airport under a
Category II ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the
Administrator or other appropriate authority.
Category III operations, with respect to the operation of aircraft,
means an ILS approach to, and landing on, the runway of an airport using
a Category III ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the
Administrator or other appropriate authority.
Category IIIa operations, an ILS approach and landing with no
decision height (DH), or a DH below 100 feet (30 meters), and
controlling runway visual range not less than 700 feet (200 meters).
Category IIIb operations, an ILS approach and landing with no DH, or
with a DH below 50 feet (15 meters), and controlling runway visual range
less than 700 feet (200 meters), but not less than 150 feet (50 meters).
Category IIIc operations, an ILS approach and landing with no DH and
no runway visual range limitation.
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Ceiling means the height above the earth's surface of the lowest
layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as ``broken'',
``overcast'', or ``obscuration'', and not classified as ``thin'' or
``partial''.
Civil aircraft means aircraft other than public aircraft.
Class:
(1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges,
and limitations of airmen, means a classification of aircraft within a
category having similar operating characteristics. Examples include:
single engine; multiengine; land; water; gyroplane; helicopter; airship;
and free balloon; and
(2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a
broad grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion,
flight, or landing. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider;
balloon; landplane; and seaplane.
Clearway means:
(1) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after August
29, 1959, an area beyond the runway, not less than 500 feet wide,
centrally located about the extended centerline of the runway, and under
the control of the airport authorities. The clearway is expressed in
terms of a clearway plane, extending from the end of the runway with an
upward slope not exceeding 1.25 percent, above which no object nor any
terrain protrudes. However, threshold lights may protrude above the
plane if their height above the end of the runway is 26 inches or less
and if they are located to each side of the runway.
(2) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after
September 30, 1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area beyond the
takeoff runway extending no less than 300 feet on either side of the
extended centerline of the runway, at an elevation no higher than the
elevation of the end of the runway, clear of all fixed obstacles, and
under the control of the airport authorities.
Climbout speed, with respect to rotorcraft, means a referenced
airspeed which results in a flight path clear of the height-velocity
envelope during initial climbout.
Commercial operator means a person who, for compensation or hire,
engages in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or
property, other than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under
the authority of Part 375 of this title. Where it is doubtful that an
operation is for ``compensation or hire'', the test applied is whether
the carriage by air is merely incidental to the person's other business
or is, in itself, a major enterprise for profit.
Consensus standard means, for the purpose of certificating light-
sport aircraft, an industry-developed consensus standard that applies to
aircraft design, production, and airworthiness. It includes, but is not
limited to, standards for aircraft design and performance, required
equipment, manufacturer quality assurance systems, production acceptance
test procedures, operating instructions, maintenance and inspection
procedures, identification and recording of major repairs and major
alterations, and continued airworthiness.
Controlled airspace means an airspace of defined dimensions within
which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR
flights in accordance with the airspace classification.
Note: Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers Class A,
Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E airspace.
Controlled Firing Area. A controlled firing area is established to
contain activities, which if not conducted in a controlled environment,
would be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.
Crewmember means a person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft
during flight time.
Critical altitude means the maximum altitude at which, in standard
atmosphere, it is possible to maintain, at a specified rotational speed,
a specified power or a specified manifold pressure. Unless otherwise
stated, the critical altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is
possible to maintain, at the maximum continuous rotational speed, one of
the following:
(1) The maximum continuous power, in the case of engines for which
this power rating is the same at sea level and at the rated altitude.
(2) The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure, in the case of
engines, the maximum continuous power
[[Page 8]]
of which is governed by a constant manifold pressure.
Critical engine means the engine whose failure would most adversely
affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft.
Decision height, with respect to the operation of aircraft, means
the height at which a decision must be made, during an ILS or PAR
instrument approach, to either continue the approach or to execute a
missed approach.
Enhanced flight visibility (EFV) means the average forward
horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which
prominent topographical objects may be clearly distinguished and
identified by day or night by a pilot using an enhanced flight vision
system.
Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) means an electronic means to
provide a display of the forward external scene topography (the natural
or manmade features of a place or region especially in a way to show
their relative positions and elevation) through the use of imaging
sensors, such as a forward looking infrared, millimeter wave radiometry,
millimeter wave radar, low light level image intensifying.
Equivalent airspeed means the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft
corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude.
Equivalent airspeed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard
atmosphere at sea level.
Extended over-water operation means--
(1) With respect to aircraft other than helicopters, an operation
over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles from
the nearest shoreline; and
(2) With respect to helicopters, an operation over water at a
horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest
shoreline and more than 50 nautical miles from an off-shore heliport
structure.
External load means a load that is carried, or extends, outside of
the aircraft fuselage.
External-load attaching means means the structural components used
to attach an external load to an aircraft, including external-load
containers, the backup structure at the attachment points, and any
quick-release device used to jettison the external load.
Final takeoff speed means the speed of the airplane that exists at
the end of the takeoff path in the en route configuration with one
engine inoperative.
Fireproof--
(1) With respect to materials and parts used to confine fire in a
designated fire zone, means the capacity to withstand at least as well
as steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are
used, the heat produced when there is a severe fire of extended duration
in that zone; and
(2) With respect to other materials and parts, means the capacity to
withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as steel in
dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used.
Fire resistant--
(1) With respect to sheet or structural members means the capacity
to withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as aluminum
alloy in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used;
and
(2) With respect to fluid-carrying lines, fluid system parts,
wiring, air ducts, fittings, and powerplant controls, means the capacity
to perform the intended functions under the heat and other conditions
likely to occur when there is a fire at the place concerned.
Flame resistant means not susceptible to combustion to the point of
propagating a flame, beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is
removed.
Flammable, with respect to a fluid or gas, means susceptible to
igniting readily or to exploding.
Flap extended speed means the highest speed permissible with wing
flaps in a prescribed extended position.
Flash resistant means not susceptible to burning violently when
ignited.
Flightcrew member means a pilot, flight engineer, or flight
navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time.
Flight level means a level of constant atmospheric pressure related
to a reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is stated in three
digits that represent hundreds of feet. For example, flight level 250
represents a barometric altimeter indication of 25,000
[[Page 9]]
feet; flight level 255, an indication of 25,500 feet.
Flight plan means specified information, relating to the intended
flight of an aircraft, that is filed orally or in writing with air
traffic control.
Flight time means:
(1) Pilot time that commences when an aircraft moves under its own
power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to rest
after landing; or
(2) For a glider without self-launch capability, pilot time that
commences when the glider is towed for the purpose of flight and ends
when the glider comes to rest after landing.
Flight visibility means the average forward horizontal distance,
from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted
objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects
may be seen and identified by night.
Foreign air carrier means any person other than a citizen of the
United States, who undertakes directly, by lease or other arrangement,
to engage in air transportation.
Foreign air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft,
or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance
of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in the United
States and any place outside thereof; whether such commerce moves wholly
by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of
transportation.
Foreign air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of persons
or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the
carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce between a place in the United
States and any place outside of the United States, whether that commerce
moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms
of transportation.
Forward wing means a forward lifting surface of a canard
configuration or tandem-wing configuration airplane. The surface may be
a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control
surfaces.
Glider means a heavier-than-air aircraft, that is supported in
flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces
and whose free flight does not depend principally on an engine.
Ground visibility means prevailing horizontal visibility near the
earth's surface as reported by the United States National Weather
Service or an accredited observer.
Go-around power or thrust setting means the maximum allowable in-
flight power or thrust setting identified in the performance data.
Gyrodyne means a rotorcraft whose rotors are normally engine-driven
for takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for forward flight through part
of its speed range, and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of
conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven,
except for initial starting, but are made to rotate by action of the air
when the rotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propulsion, consisting
usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
Helicopter means a rotorcraft that, for its horizontal motion,
depends principally on its engine-driven rotors.
Heliport means an area of land, water, or structure used or intended
to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters.
Idle thrust means the jet thrust obtained with the engine power
control level set at the stop for the least thrust position at which it
can be placed.
IFR conditions means weather conditions below the minimum for flight
under visual flight rules.
IFR over-the-top, with respect to the operation of aircraft, means
the operation of an aircraft over-the-top on an IFR flight plan when
cleared by air traffic control to maintain ``VFR conditions'' or ``VFR
conditions on top''.
Indicated airspeed means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its
pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard
atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for
airspeed system errors.
Instrument means a device using an internal mechanism to show
visually
[[Page 10]]
or aurally the attitude, altitude, or operation of an aircraft or
aircraft part. It includes electronic devices for automatically
controlling an aircraft in flight.
Interstate air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft,
or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance
of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of
the United States, or the District of Columbia, and a place in any other
State of the United States, or the District of Columbia; or between
places in the same State of the United States through the airspace over
any place outside thereof; or between places in the same territory or
possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia.
Interstate air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of
persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the
carriage of mail by aircraft in commerce:
(1) Between a place in a State or the District of Columbia and
another place in another State or the District of Columbia;
(2) Between places in the same State through the airspace over any
place outside that State; or
(3) Between places in the same possession of the United States;
Whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft of partly by aircraft and
partly by other forms of transportation.
Intrastate air transportation means the carriage of persons or
property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, by turbojet-
powered aircraft capable of carrying thirty or more persons, wholly
within the same State of the United States.
Kite means a framework, covered with paper, cloth, metal, or other
material, intended to be flown at the end of a rope or cable, and having
as its only support the force of the wind moving past its surfaces.
Landing gear extended speed means the maximum speed at which an
aircraft can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.
Landing gear operating speed means the maximum speed at which the
landing gear can be safely extended or retracted.
Large aircraft means aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds, maximum
certificated takeoff weight.
Light-sport aircraft means an aircraft, other than a helicopter or
powered-lift that, since its original certification, has continued to
meet the following:
(1) A maximum takeoff weight of not more than--
(i) 660 pounds (300 kilograms) for lighter-than-air aircraft;
(ii) 1,320 pounds (600 kilograms) for aircraft not intended for
operation on water; or
(iii) 1,430 pounds (650 kilograms) for an aircraft intended for
operation on water.
(2) A maximum airspeed in level flight with maximum continuous power
(VH) of not more than 120 knots CAS under standard
atmospheric conditions at sea level.
(3) A maximum never-exceed speed (VNE) of not more than
120 knots CAS for a glider.
(4) A maximum stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed without
the use of lift-enhancing devices (VS1) of not more than 45
knots CAS at the aircraft's maximum certificated takeoff weight and most
critical center of gravity.
(5) A maximum seating capacity of no more than two persons,
including the pilot.
(6) A single, reciprocating engine, if powered.
(7) A fixed or ground-adjustable propeller if a powered aircraft
other than a powered glider.
(8) A fixed or autofeathering propeller system if a powered glider.
(9) A fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, teetering, two-blade rotor system, if
a gyroplane.
(10) A nonpressurized cabin, if equipped with a cabin.
(11) Fixed landing gear, except for an aircraft intended for
operation on water or a glider.
(12) Fixed or repositionable landing gear, or a hull, for an
aircraft intended for operation on water.
(13) Fixed or retractable landing gear for a glider.
[[Page 11]]
Lighter-than-air aircraft means aircraft that can rise and remain
suspended by using contained gas weighing less than the air that is
displaced by the gas.
Load factor means the ratio of a specified load to the total weight
of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the
following: aerodynamic forces, inertia forces, or ground or water
reactions.
Long-range communication system (LRCS). A system that uses satellite
relay, data link, high frequency, or another approved communication
system which extends beyond line of sight.
Long-range navigation system (LRNS). An electronic navigation unit
that is approved for use under instrument flight rules as a primary
means of navigation, and has at least one source of navigational input,
such as inertial navigation system, global positioning system, Omega/
very low frequency, or Loran C.
Mach number means the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound.
Main rotor means the rotor that supplies the principal lift to a
rotorcraft.
Maintenance means inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation, and
the replacement of parts, but excludes preventive maintenance.
Major alteration means an alteration not listed in the aircraft,
aircraft engine, or propeller specifications--
(1) That might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural
strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or
other qualities affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be
done by elementary operations.
Major repair means a repair:
(1) That, if improperly done, might appreciably affect weight,
balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight
characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be
done by elementary operations.
Manifold pressure means absolute pressure as measured at the
appropriate point in the induction system and usually expressed in
inches of mercury.
Maximum speed for stability characteristics, VFC/
MFC means a speed that may not be less than a speed midway
between maximum operating limit speed (VMO/MMO)
and demonstrated flight diving speed (VDF/MDF),
except that, for altitudes where the Mach number is the limiting factor,
MFC need not exceed the Mach number at which effective speed
warning occurs.
Medical certificate means acceptable evidence of physical fitness on
a form prescribed by the Administrator.
Military operations area. A military operations area (MOA) is
airspace established outside Class A airspace to separate or segregate
certain nonhazardous military activities from IFR Traffic and to
identify for VFR traffic where theses activities are conducted.
VA means design maneuvering speed.
VB means design speed for maximum gust intensity.
VC means design cruising speed.
VD means design diving speed.
VDF/MDF means demonstrated flight diving speed.
VEF means the speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail
during takeoff.
VF means design flap speed.
VFC/MFC means maximum speed for stability characteristics.
VFE means maximum flap extended speed.
VH means maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous
power.
VLE means maximum landing gear extended speed.
VLO means maximum landing gear operating speed.
VLOF means lift-off speed.
VMC means minimum control speed with the critical engine
inoperative.
VMO/MMO means maximum operating limit speed.
VMU means minimum unstick speed.
VNE means never-exceed speed.
VNO means maximum structural cruising speed.
VR means rotation speed.
VS means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at
which the airplane is controllable.
Minimum descent altitude means the lowest altitude, expressed in
feet above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final
approach or during
[[Page 12]]
circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument
approach procedure, where no electronic glide slope is provided.
Minor alteration means an alteration other than a major alteration.
Minor repair means a repair other than a major repair.
Navigable airspace means airspace at and above the minimum flight
altitudes prescribed by or under this chapter, including airspace needed
for safe takeoff and landing.
Night means the time between the end of evening civil twilight and
the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American
Air Almanac, converted to local time.
Nonprecision approach procedure means a standard instrument approach
procedure in which no electronic glide slope is provided.
Operate, with respect to aircraft, means use, cause to use or
authorize to use aircraft, for the purpose (except as provided in Sec.
91.13 of this chapter) of air navigation including the piloting of
aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (as owner, lessee,
or otherwise).
Operational control, with respect to a flight, means the exercise of
authority over initiating, conducting or terminating a flight.
Overseas air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft,
or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance
of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of
the United States, or the District of Columbia, and any place in a
territory or possession of the United States; or between a place in a
territory or possession of the United States, and a place in any other
territory or possession of the United States.
Overseas air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of
persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the
carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce:
(1) Between a place in a State or the District of Columbia and a
place in a possession of the United States; or
(2) Between a place in a possession of the United States and a place
in another possession of the United States; whether that commerce moves
wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of
transportation.
Over-the-top means above the layer of clouds or other obscuring
phenomena forming the ceiling.
Parachute means a device used or intended to be used to retard the
fall of a body or object through the air.
Person means an individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company,
association, joint-stock association, or governmental entity. It
includes a trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar representative of any
of them.
Pilotage means navigation by visual reference to landmarks.
Pilot in command means the person who:
(1) Has final authority and responsibility for the operation and
safety of the flight;
(2) Has been designated as pilot in command before or during the
flight; and
(3) Holds the appropriate category, class, and type rating, if
appropriate, for the conduct of the flight.
Pitch setting means the propeller blade setting as determined by the
blade angle measured in a manner, and at a radius, specified by the
instruction manual for the propeller.
Positive control means control of all air traffic, within designated
airspace, by air traffic control.
Powered parachute means a powered aircraft comprised of a flexible
or semi-rigid wing connected to a fuselage so that the wing is not in
position for flight until the aircraft is in motion. The fuselage of a
powered parachute contains the aircraft engine, a seat for each occupant
and is attached to the aircraft's landing gear.
Powered-lift means a heavier-than-air aircraft capable of vertical
takeoff, vertical landing, and low speed flight that depends principally
on engine-driven lift devices or engine thrust for lift during these
flight regimes and on nonrotating airfoil(s) for lift during horizontal
flight.
Precision approach procedure means a standard instrument approach
procedure in which an electronic glide slope is provided, such as ILS
and PAR.
[[Page 13]]
Preventive maintenance means simple or minor preservation operations
and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex
assembly operations.
Prohibited area. A prohibited area is airspace designated under part
73 within which no person may operate an aircraft without the permission
of the using agency.
Propeller means a device for propelling an aircraft that has blades
on an engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated, produces by its action
on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of
rotation. It includes control components normally supplied by its
manufacturer, but does not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating
airfoils of engines.
Public aircraft means any of the following aircraft when not being
used for a commercial purpose or to carry an individual other than a
crewmember or qualified non-crewmenber:
(1) An aircraft used only for the United States Government; an
aircraft owned by the Government and operated by any person for purposes
related to crew training, equipment development, or demonstration; an
aircraft owned and operated by the government of a State, the District
of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States or a
political subdivision of one of these governments; or an aircraft
exclusively leased for at least 90 continuous days by the government of
a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the
United States or a political subdivision of one of these governments.
(i) For the sole purpose of determining public aircraft status,
commercial purposes means the transportation of persons or property for
compensation or hire, but does not include the operation of an aircraft
by the armed forces for reimbursement when that reimbursement is
required by any Federal statute, regulation, or directive, in effect on
November 1, 1999, or by one government on behalf of another government
under a cost reimbursement agreement if the government on whose behalf
the operation is conducted certifies to the Administrator of the Federal
Aviation Administration that the operation is necessary to respond to a
significant and imminent threat to life or property (including natural
resources) and that no service by a private operator is reasonably
available to meet the threat.
(ii) For the sole purpose of determining public aircraft status,
governmental function means an activity undertaken by a government, such
as national defense, intelligence missions, firefighting, search and
rescue, law enforcement (including transport of prisoners, detainees,
and illegal aliens), aeronautical research, or biological or geological
resource management.
(iii) For the sole purpose of determining public aircraft status,
qualified non-crewmember means an individual, other than a member of the
crew, aboard an aircraft operated by the armed forces or an intelligence
agency of the United States Government, or whose presence is required to
perform, or is associated with the performance of, a governmental
function.
(2) An aircraft owned or operated by the armed forces or chartered
to provide transportation to the armed forces if--
(i) The aircraft is operated in accordance with title 10 of the
United States Code;
(ii) The aircraft is operated in the performance of a governmental
function under title 14, 31, 32, or 50 of the United States Code and the
aircraft is not used for commercial purposes; or
(iii) The aircraft is chartered to provide transportation to the
armed forces and the Secretary of Defense (or the Secretary of the
department in which the Coast Guard is operating) designates the
operation of the aircraft as being required in the national interest.
(3) An aircraft owned or operated by the National Guard of a State,
the District of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United
States, and that meets the criteria of paragraph (2) of this definition,
qualifies as a public aircraft only to the extent that it is operated
under the direct control of the Department of Defense.
Rated 30-second OEI power, with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures
[[Page 14]]
within the operating limitations established for the engine under part
33 of this chapter, for continued one-flight operation after the failure
of one engine in multiengine rotorcraft, limited to three periods of use
no longer than 30 seconds each in any one flight, and followed by
mandatory inspection and prescribed maintenance action.
Rated 2-minute OEI power, with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating
limitations established for the engine under part 33 of this chapter,
for continued one-flight operation after the failure of one engine in
multiengine rotorcraft, limited to three periods of use no longer than 2
minutes each in any one flight, and followed by mandatory inspection and
prescribed maintenance action.
Rated continuous OEI power, with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating
limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter,
and limited in use to the time required to complete the flight after the
failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
Rated maximum continuous augmented thrust, with respect to turbojet
engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is
developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified
altitude, with fluid injection or with the burning of fuel in a separate
combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations established
under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of
use.
Rated maximum continuous power, with respect to reciprocating,
turbopropeller, and turboshaft engines, means the approved brake
horsepower that is developed statically or in flight, in standard
atmosphere at a specified altitude, within the engine operating
limitations established under Part 33, and approved for unrestricted
periods of use.
Rated maximum continuous thrust, with respect to turbojet engine
type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed
statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude,
without fluid injection and without the burning of fuel in a separate
combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations established
under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of
use.
Rated takeoff augmented thrust, with respect to turbojet engine type
certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed
statically under standard sea level conditions, with fluid injection or
with the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the
engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of this chapter,
and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff
operation.
Rated takeoff power, with respect to reciprocating, turbopropeller,
and turboshaft engine type certification, means the approved brake
horsepower that is developed statically under standard sea level
conditions, within the engine operating limitations established under
Part 33, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff
operation.
Rated takeoff thrust, with respect to turbojet engine type
certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed
statically under standard sea level conditions, without fluid injection
and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within
the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of this
chapter, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff
operation.
Rated 30-minute OEI power, with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating
limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter,
and limited in use to a period of not more than 30 minutes after the
failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
Rated 2\1/2\-minute OEI power, with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures
[[Page 15]]
within the operating limitations established for the engine under Part
33 of this chapter, and limited in use to a period of not more than 2\1/
2\ minutes after the failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
Rating means a statement that, as a part of a certificate, sets
forth special conditions, privileges, or limitations.
Reference landing speed means the speed of the airplane, in a
specified landing configuration, at the point where it descends through
the 50 foot height in the determination of the landing distance.
Reporting point means a geographical location in relation to which
the position of an aircraft is reported.
Restricted area. A restricted area is airspace designated under Part
73 within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is
subject to restriction.
Rocket means an aircraft propelled by ejected expanding gases
generated in the engine from self-contained propellants and not
dependent on the intake of outside substances. It includes any part
which becomes separated during the operation.
Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air aircraft that depends
principally for its support in flight on the lift generated by one or
more rotors.
Rotorcraft-load combination means the combination of a rotorcraft
and an external-load, including the external-load attaching means.
Rotorcraft-load combinations are designated as Class A, Class B, Class
C, and Class D, as follows:
(1) Class A rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the
external load cannot move freely, cannot be jettisoned, and does not
extend below the landing gear.
(2) Class B rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the
external load is jettisonable and is lifted free of land or water during
the rotorcraft operation.
(3) Class C rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the
external load is jettisonable and remains in contact with land or water
during the rotorcraft operation.
(4) Class D rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the
external-load is other than a Class A, B, or C and has been specifically
approved by the Administrator for that operation.
Route segment is a portion of a route bounded on each end by a fix
or navigation aid (NAVAID).
Sea level engine means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a
rated takeoff power that is producible only at sea level.
Second in command means a pilot who is designated to be second in
command of an aircraft during flight time.
Show, unless the context otherwise requires, means to show to the
satisfaction of the Administrator.
Small aircraft means aircraft of 12,500 pounds or less, maximum
certificated takeoff weight.
Special VFR conditions mean meteorological conditions that are less
than those required for basic VFR flight in controlled airspace and in
which some aircraft are permitted flight under visual flight rules.
Special VFR operations means aircraft operating in accordance with
clearances within controlled airspace in meteorological conditions less
than the basic VFR weather minima. Such operations must be requested by
the pilot and approved by ATC.
Standard atmosphere means the atmosphere defined in U.S. Standard
Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude tables).
Stopway means an area beyond the takeoff runway, no less wide than
the runway and centered upon the extended centerline of the runway, able
to support the airplane during an aborted takeoff, without causing
structural damage to the airplane, and designated by the airport
authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted
takeoff.
Synthetic vision means a computer-generated image of the external
scene topography from the perspective of the flight deck that is derived
from aircraft attitude, high-precision navigation solution, and database
of terrain, obstacles and relevant cultural features.
Synthetic vision system means an electronic means to display a
synthetic vision image of the external scene topography to the flight
crew.
Takeoff power:
[[Page 16]]
(1) With respect to reciprocating engines, means the brake
horsepower that is developed under standard sea level conditions, and
under the maximum conditions of crankshaft rotational speed and engine
manifold pressure approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in
continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine
specification; and
(2) With respect to turbine engines, means the brake horsepower that
is developed under static conditions at a specified altitude and
atmospheric temperature, and under the maximum conditions of rotor shaft
rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff,
and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the
approved engine specification.
Takeoff safety speed means a referenced airspeed obtained after
lift-off at which the required one-engine-inoperative climb performance
can be achieved.
Takeoff thrust, with respect to turbine engines, means the jet
thrust that is developed under static conditions at a specific altitude
and atmospheric temperature under the maximum conditions of rotorshaft
rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff,
and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the
approved engine specification.
Tandem wing configuration means a configuration having two wings of
similar span, mounted in tandem.
TCAS I means a TCAS that utilizes interrogations of, and replies
from, airborne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories
to the pilot.
TCAS II means a TCAS that utilizes interrogations of, and replies
from airborne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories
and resolution advisories in the vertical plane.
TCAS III means a TCAS that utilizes interrogation of, and replies
from, airborne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories
and resolution advisories in the vertical and horizontal planes to the
pilot.
Time in service, with respect to maintenance time records, means the
time from the moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until
it touches it at the next point of landing.
True airspeed means the airspeed of an aircraft relative to
undisturbed air. True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed
multiplied by ([rho]0/[rho])\1/2\.
Traffic pattern means the traffic flow that is prescribed for
aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an airport.
Type:
(1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges,
and limitations of airmen, means a specific make and basic model of
aircraft, including modifications thereto that do not change its
handling or flight characteristics. Examples include: DC-7, 1049, and F-
27; and
(2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means
those aircraft which are similar in design. Examples include: DC-7 and
DC-7C; 1049G and 1049H; and F-27 and F-27F.
(3) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft engines
means those engines which are similar in design. For example, JT8D and
JT8D-7 are engines of the same type, and JT9D-3A and JT9D-7 are engines
of the same type.
United States, in a geographical sense, means (1) the States, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the possessions, including the
territorial waters, and (2) the airspace of those areas.
United States air carrier means a citizen of the United States who
undertakes directly by lease, or other arrangement, to engage in air
transportation.
VFR over-the-top, with respect to the operation of aircraft, means
the operation of an aircraft over-the-top under VFR when it is not being
operated on an IFR flight plan.
Warning area. A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions,
extending from 3 nautical miles outward from the coast of the United
States, that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating
aircraft. The purpose of such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating
pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over
domestic or international waters or both.
Weight-shift-control aircraft means a powered aircraft with a framed
pivoting wing and a fuselage controllable only in pitch and roll by the
pilot's
[[Page 17]]
ability to change the aircraft's center of gravity with respect to the
wing. Flight control of the aircraft depends on the wing's ability to
flexibly deform rather than the use of control surfaces.
Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-plane surface extending from a
lifting surface. The surface may or may not have control surfaces.
[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4588, May 15, 1962]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec. 1.1,
see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the Finding Aids
section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Effective Date Note: At 71 FR 63425, Oct. 30, 2006, Sec. 1.1 was
amended by adding new definitions in alphabetical order, effective Oct.
30, 2007. For the convenience of the user, the added text is set forth
as follows:
[Page 17]
TITLE 14--AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
PART 1_DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS--Table of Contents
Sec. 1.1 General definitions.
* * * * *
Flight simulation training device (FSTD) means a flight simulator or
a flight training device.
* * * * *
Flight training device (FTD) means a replica of aircraft
instruments, equipment, panels, and controls in an open flight deck area
or an enclosed aircraft cockpit replica. It includes the equipment and
computer programs necessary to represent aircraft (or set of aircraft)
operations in ground and flight conditions having the full range of
capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part
60 of this chapter and the qualification performance standard (QPS) for
a specific FTD qualification level.
* * * * *
Full flight simulator (FFS) means a replica of a specific type; or
make, model, and series aircraft cockpit. It includes the assemblage of
equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft
operations in ground and flight conditions, a visual system providing an
out-of-the-cockpit view, a system that provides cues at least equivalent
to those of a three-degree-of-freedom motion system, and has the full
range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as
described in part 60 of this chapter and the qualification performance
standards (QPS) for a specific FFS qualification level.
* * * * *